What is included in utilities. Rules for the provision of public services. Analysis of the provision of housing and communal services to the population of the State Institution "Directorate of the customer ZhKHIB" and the development of recommendations for their improvement What are housing and communal services

Not every citizen knows exactly what is included in the list of utilities. Let's figure out what amenities each person in the Russian Federation can count on in 2020.

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And we will determine how users pay for resources supplied by management companies or homeowners associations.

Thanks to public services, citizens can count on comfortable living.

And the list of such services is spelled out in the agreement that was drawn up between the owners of apartments and housing and communal services, management companies or HOAs.

But not everyone has a sample contract on hand, and therefore the question often arises of what exactly the governing body should do and what it is worth paying a fee for.

After all, often because of their ignorance of legal norms, citizens do not know about their rights, available benefits. As a result, they overpay.

General aspects

If you know what exactly we are paying for, you can argue the recalculations of utility bills, competently draw up plans for a private house during construction work, etc.

Housing and communal services provide services of 2 types - communal and housing. Both of them increase the comfort of living for people.

Such companies must guarantee the uninterrupted provision of amenities. Citizens, in turn, must pay them in a timely manner.

Basic concepts

Housing and communal services are services that are designed to provide citizens with basic benefits.

If your apartment is not connected to all such communication systems, you can express your wishes for improvement of conditions to authorized persons of the relevant authorities.

Yes, and government agencies can not refuse such requests. Mandatory objects in a residential area:

shower, bath, sink, which has a serviceable faucet;
a heating system that works without interruption (electrical appliances are not taken into account);
European power supply and sockets;
sewer system.

Who is a mandatory payer

The obligation to pay fees for the provision of utility services is spelled out in.

It is indicated when it occurs in a certain circle of people. Must pay:

Only registrants are charged. The legislation does not provide for accrual to persons that actually live in an apartment.

The exception is cases when consumers wish to pay for services on a voluntary basis. But in this case, it is desirable to conclude an appropriate agreement between such a person and the owner.

If there is no such device, then the amount is determined on the basis of the resource consumption standard per tenant (or per square meter).

It refers to the obligation of citizens to install common house metering devices (ODPU) in all apartment buildings.

So you can determine the exact volume of resource consumption in a particular apartment.

What else could be

Not every service provided by the management company is mandatory. There are optional, when a person can choose from 2 one at his discretion. These include the supply of hot water and gas.

You can also select both services. Additional services that citizens have the right to choose on their own include:

cable TV;
radio (if it is not used by residents, then they write a statement about disconnection);
intercom.

But citizens cannot but pay for the elevator and the garbage chute, since they are located on the common house territory. Another thing is if they are faulty.

Then a lawsuit is filed or a lawsuit is submitted and appropriate evidence of the provision of poor-quality services is provided.

Emerging nuances

Consider how utilities are paid by tenants and legal entities.

When paying rent

When a property is rented out, an agreement is drawn up between the owner and the tenant. In such a document, it is worth prescribing who is responsible for paying utility bills.

If there is no such item in, then all bills for services will come in the name of the owner of the apartment.

Therefore, the payment clause in the contract will allow the landlord to protect himself from unscrupulous tenants.

There are 3 possible actions:

Landlords include the cost of housing and communal services in the amount of rent by the tenant	The latter will pay the owner, and he will already repay the accrued amounts for the consumption of resources. This method is trustworthy.
The tenant pays the bills on his own	And the owner transfers the amount only for accommodation in accordance with the drawn up contract. Plus - there will be no overpayment. How much a person spends (of the same water), he will pay for so much. And the landlord thus does not have to bother about paying utility bills. This option is convenient if a long rental period is expected.
Services are paid by the tenant, but this is not mentioned in the agreement	In this situation, the owner should monitor how such an obligation is fulfilled by the tenant

On approval of prices, rates and tariffs for housing and communal services for the populationDOWNLOAD

Dear residents, we inform you about alternative methods of payment for housing and communal services and other services.

In Moscow, there are now several ways to pay for utilities:

1. Cash through a bank.

Payment in any bank convenient for you. Residents themselves pay the commission fee of banks for the service of accepting payments. Decree of the Government of Moscow No. 1294 "On the approval of tariffs for housing and communal services in 2010" dated 01.12. 2009.

2. Remote service channels.

A bank's online account management service that allows you to transfer funds from your bank account to your service provider's account. To do this, you need to know the payment details of the payee and have funds in the account.

When paying through remote access channels (via an ATM, information and payment terminal, Sberbank Online Internet banking, mobile bank) of the Moscow Bank of Sberbank of Russia and on a long-term order (the client draws up an application at the bank, and the bank transfers the agreed amounts from the client's account every month) - at the rates approved by the bank in which the account is opened.

3. Payment terminals.

In many shops, underground passages and other crowded places in the capital, machines have now been installed that allow you to pay in cash for mobile communications, the Internet, digital television and utilities. To make a rent, you need to dial the payer code and the required amount in the appropriate "windows". In most cases, terminals take a commission - an average of 3-5%. The machine does not give change, but the extra money goes towards paying for future months.

4. System of electronic payments.

Today, many companies allow you to make payments, conclude contracts and transfer money using electronic communication tools. Choose the system that you like best, open your personal account - and you will be able to pay for services through a computer. Money can be credited to the account through prepaid cards, cash or non-cash transfers from a bank account or by mail.

5. Post of Russia.

No commission is charged from the client when paying for housing and communal services in the capital's post offices.

An exception is the case when the payer lives in a cooperative house. If its management company does not have contractual relations with the Bank of Moscow, which regulates the procedure for accepting payments from the population, a bank commission is charged from it.

From June 1, 2010, when paying for housing and communal services through banks and payment systems, in addition to the amount of accruals for housing and communal services, residents pay a bank commission for the service of receiving payments. Previously, the payment acceptance service was included in the cost of housing and communal services (Decree of the Government of Moscow dated December 1, 2009 1294-PP "On approval of prices, rates and tariffs for housing and communal services for the population for 2010").

Residents who go on vacation for the summer months can receive advance EPD at the subscriber department of the GU IS of the district and pay for housing and communal services in advance without a commission.

The concept of utility tariffs includes the cost of all housing and communal services (HCS), which are provided to citizens of the Russian Federation by HCS enterprises.

Utilities include: hot and cold water supply; power supply; gas supply; drainage system; apartment heating.

Housing services include: payment for rent of living space; repair and maintenance of the house; cleaning and removal of garbage from the local area; other services.

Other services, along with basic utilities, include: intercoms, combination locks; collective antenna; radio point; other.

Formation of tariffs for utilities

Tariffs - prices (HCS) are established by the executive bodies of state power, regional energy commissions, local authorities, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

How and where are utility bills paid?

Tariffs - housing and communal services (HCS) are paid directly at the cash desks of housing and communal services, at post offices, at banks, through instant payment terminals, etc. You can pay in cash, as well as by non-cash payment (for example, in a bank). Paid receipts and utility bills must be kept so that you can always confirm the timely payment.

What is the frequency of payments?

It is necessary once a month, before the 10th day, to pay in full for all utilities of proper quality.

What happens if utility bills are not paid on time?

As you know, it is necessary to pay for housing and communal services on time - this is what the legislation of the Russian Federation says. For late payment, you are expected to pay a penalty, and malicious debtors are completely deprived of the right to use housing and communal services. But this does not deprive them of their civil obligation to pay the entire debt for housing and communal services in full.

How often do utility rates change?

Tariffs - housing and communal services prices can change no more than once a year. So it is established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Utilities include: cold and hot water supply, sanitation; electricity, gas, heating.

The amount of payment for utilities is calculated according to the tariffs established by the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, in Moscow - by the Government of Moscow.

The owners of premises in an apartment building and the owners of houses pay for cold and hot water, electricity, gas and heat, as well as for sanitation, based on the readings of metering devices installed at the “entrance” to the house. The total amount of resources received is distributed among the owners, taking into account the readings of individual meters. If such devices are not installed in the apartments, all the water used by the residents and the heat received are distributed among the payers.

REMINDER TO THE RESIDENT

List of free services performed by operating organizations during the maintenance and repair of engineering equipment of the housing stock.

1. Elimination of minor malfunctions in the water supply and sanitation system (carried out once a year):

Change of gaskets in water taps;

Squeegee sealing;

Cleaning of deposits at blockages of pipelines of cold and hot water supply;

Adjustment of flush tanks;

stuffing box;

Installation of restrictors throttle washers;

Strengthening pipelines.

2. Elimination of minor malfunctions in heating and hot water supply systems (carried out once a year):

Adjustment of three-way valves;

stuffing box;

Minor repair of thermal insulation;

Replacement of steel radiators in case of leaks (excluding the cost of the radiator);

Disassembly, inspection and cleaning of air collectors, air vents, compensators of control valves, valves, gate valves;

Descaling of shut-off valves;

Strengthening of loose devices at the points of their connection to the pipeline;

Strengthening pipelines;

De-aeration of heating systems.

3. Elimination of minor malfunctions of electrical devices (carried out 2 times a year):

Change of burnt out light bulbs in common areas;

Change or repair of sockets and switches in common areas;

Minor electrical wiring repairs in common areas;

Installation of electrical switches, signal lamps, fittings on electric stoves;

Tightening terminals, wires, cleaning the contacts of electric switches, tightening the plug connector of the electric stove;

Replacement of circuit breakers.

4. Preparation of buildings for operation in the spring-summer and autumn-winter periods (carried out 2 times a year):

Repair and insulation of pipelines in attics and basements;

Repair, adjustment and testing of water supply and heating systems;

Flushing of heating and water supply systems;

Adjustment and adjustment of automatic control systems for engineering equipment;

5. For gas equipment:

Maintenance work;

Work on the repair of domestic gas equipment;

Works on the replacement of in-house gas equipment with an expired service life;

Instructing the population on the Rules for the use of gas appliances, including the issuance of booklets and leaflets;

6. Liquidation of emergencies without additional payment:

Only on equipment installed according to the project;

Arising through no fault of the tenant.

Note:

This list applies only to equipment and devices installed according to the project.

Services are provided at no additional charge to tenants, regardless of whether the apartment is privatized or not.

Free replacement (work) of design plumbing fixtures and gas equipment that have expired and become unusable is carried out if there is a executed act with the participation of the balance holder (or owner) of the house with the operating organization.

The list of paid works performed by the organization operating the housing stock of the district and their estimated cost can be found in the United Dispatch Service.

In order to carry out repair work at the expense of the population, a resident must contact his ODS by phone (or during a personal visit) and make a request to call the master to determine the scope of work (services). Contact the workshop of the operating organization to draw up an estimate and receive a receipt for payment. After payment of the receipt, the foreman of the site agrees with the applicant on the time and organizes the execution of work according to the estimate.

The memo was developed by the State Unitary Enterprise "Dispatch Center "Zelenograd" guided by:

1) Decree of the State Committee of the Russian Federation for construction and housing and communal services of September 27, 2003 N 170 Moscow "On approval of the Rules and norms for the technical operation of the housing stock". Registered in the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on October 15, 2003 Registration N 5176.

2) Regulations for the interaction of the Unified Dispatch Service of the Housing and Communal Services of the Zelenograd Autonomous District with organizations of the municipal economy complex.

For questions about the quality and deadlines for fulfilling applications, contact the Housing and Public Utilities Hotline by calling 957-75-57 around the clock.

Services in the field of housing and communal services are various types of work combined into a single complex. These works are carried out in order to supply communal resources to homes and maintain residential facilities in good technical condition. Services in the housing and utilities sector are also aimed at solving a number of problems that can interfere with the comfortable life of citizens.

In this article, we will describe in detail the services in the housing and communal services sector and consider the features of their provision. Management companies and homeowners' associations, having detailed information about the provision of services, know exactly how they should be provided and what tariffs should be set.

Utilities and housing services in the field of housing and communal services

Services in the field of housing and communal services in apartment buildings are provided by HOA or UK. If direct management is carried out, the obligation to provide services lies with the residents of the house themselves. The owners of most individual households provide self-service housing and communal services, as well as create homeowners associations, conclude cooperation agreements with management companies or contractors.

Housing Services- these are certain types of work on the operation of houses, improving the living conditions of citizens in them, preserving and maintaining the good condition of objects. The amount of payment for housing services is calculated taking into account the footage of a single apartment.

Despite the confidence of many owners that tariffs for housing and communal services can be regulated, this is not the case. Tariffs are approved during the general meeting directly by the owners of the premises in the MKD. At the same time, the management company or HOA has the right to “defend” the cost of housing and communal services offered to residents.

As for social housing, that is, houses in which the form of management has not been chosen, and houses where the tariff for the main service in the housing and communal services sector for maintenance and repair has not been approved, payment is made at the rates established by the municipal authorities.

Utilities services cannot be provided without the participation of monopoly companies. As part of the provision of CG, natural and energy resources are supplied to homes. In this case, tariff regulation and payment on an individual basis are possible on the basis of consumption standards set by the authorities, or meter indicators, in accordance with the volume of the resource used.

It is the UK and HOA that provide consumers with services in the housing and communal services sector. As the current legislation states, homeowners' associations and management companies are the executors of CG, since their duties include maintenance of in-house engineering systems. These systems belong to the owners of apartments in the MKD on the basis of common ownership. If residents do not receive sufficient services in the housing and communal services sector, or the quality of these services is inadequate, the Criminal Code and Homeowners' associations recalculate the payment.

Note that the HOA and the Criminal Code do not have the right to overestimate the cost of purchased resources, that is, to sell them at a premium. Delivery of resources from the border of responsibility to the user's apartment is already carried out during the maintenance and repair of the dwelling.

What services in the housing and communal services sector are provided to the population

The composition of the provided utilities depends on how well the house is. The level of improvement is determined by the presence or absence of engineering systems in it, which make it possible to provide subscribers with such services in the housing and communal services sector, such as:

cold water– round-the-clock supply of high-quality cold water, the composition and properties of which fully comply with the established requirements; water must be supplied with due pressure to the owners of apartments located both on the first and last floors; water is supplied in the required quantity, and it enters the apartment or to the standpipe through the connected network;
DHW- hot water supply around the clock; water must also comply with all norms and rules, that is, temperature standards at the point of analysis, sanitary and hygienic requirements, come with a pressure that matches the calculated one;
drainage; implies a constant removal of domestic wastewater from the apartment through the connected network around the clock;
heating- when providing this service in the housing and communal services sector, the temperature in the apartment or in the house is maintained in accordance with the standards throughout the entire heating season; at the same time, the maximum period of temperature deviations from the calculated indicators is observed in the dwelling;
electricity supply- provision of high-quality electricity, that is, a resource whose parameters (voltage, frequency, etc.) comply with the standards, technical conditions and certification requirements; electricity must be supplied to homes in the right amount through the connected network;
gas supply— providing the consumer with high-quality gas around the clock; this requires the supply of gas in the required quantities through the connected network.

Composition of housing services, the purpose of which is the maintenance of common house property, may include a number of works. The list of services in the field of housing and communal services is determined by the design features, the degree of deterioration and the technical condition of the common property of the MKD.

As part of the provision of services in the housing and communal services sector, responsible persons:

inspect common house property in order to timely identify inconsistencies in its condition with legislative requirements, as well as factors that can harm the health and life of residents of MKD;
provide the proper level of lighting for common areas;
maintain the temperature and humidity in common areas at a level that meets legal standards;
clean the common areas, carry out their sanitary and hygienic cleaning, maintain cleanliness in areas as part of common house property;
collect and take out solid waste, as well as liquid waste;
take fire safety measures in accordance with Russian legislation;
carry out the maintenance and care of the elements of landscaping and landscaping and other facilities for the maintenance, use and landscaping of this MKD, located on the site as part of the common house property;
carry out major repairs and current reconstruction of the building, preparing it for the new season.

Services in the field of housing and communal services do not imply:

maintenance of proper condition and reconstruction of entrance doors to residential premises, windows and doors in apartments and non-residential premises, if they are not common house objects;
insulation of openings in windows and balconies, replacement of broken window panes and balcony doors, insulation of entrance doors in apartments and non-residential premises, if these are not common facilities;
cleaning and cleaning of land plots that are not part of the common house property, as well as landscaping and maintenance of landscaping objects (these include lawns, flower beds, trees, shrubs) located on land plots that are not part of the common house property. Such work is carried out directly by the owners of these land plots.

Responsibility for providing CG may lie with specialized associations, for example:

UK or HOA;
housing construction or housing cooperatives;
directly to resource providers.

The following acts of legislation regulate the provision of housing and communal services:

Civil Code of the Russian Federation;
Federal Law "On Energy Saving";
Law of the Russian Federation "On Protection of Consumer Rights";
The concept of pricing and tariff policy in the housing and communal services of the Russian Federation;
Rules for the provision of public services;
Rules for the use of public water supply and sewerage systems in the Russian Federation.

Taken together, these acts are the legislative basis for regulating the provision of CG.

The owner of housing in the MKD must maintain his premises, as well as common house property in the MKD in accordance with the share in the common property right. The landlord is responsible for paying for maintenance and repairs. All apartment owners in the MKD pay a single amount of payment. The conditions in the contract for the management of MKD are also the same for everyone.

Free and paid services in the field of housing and communal services

Free services in the field of housing and communal services are not provided to the population today - they simply do not exist. Even if a certain group of citizens does not pay for any services in the housing and communal services sector or does not pay them in full, other categories of residents, for example, municipalities, do it for them.

It should be noted that at the moment all KU and work in the housing and communal services sector in accordance with the Housing Code of the Russian Federation are provided on a paid basis. It is necessary to pay for any services in the field of housing and communal services provided by organizations in this industry, for the maintenance and maintenance of the house, regardless of whether there is a corresponding agreement with the owners. At the same time, the responsibilities of tenants include timely and full payment of housing and utility bills.

Apartment owners pay for the maintenance and repair of the house, as well as utilities, on the basis of contracts concluded with persons authorized to provide them.

Often, owners of residential premises think that part of the CG should be provided free of charge, but this belief is erroneous. The fact is that services in the housing and communal services sector are both contractual and non-contractual, and many citizens confuse these concepts. Contractual services are provided on the basis of a contract for the management of MKD (we are talking about emergency work, flushing the heating system, etc.). As for non-contractual, they are provided only if the residents themselves ask for it (the work may be associated with the installation of non-standard plumbing fixtures, the replacement of heating elements). You need to pay for both contractual and non-contractual services in the housing and communal services sector. The only difference is that citizens pay a specified amount every month in order to free themselves from paying for services on an emergency basis, or to exclude various kinds of accidents. As a rule, such items of expenditure are referred to as "maintenance and repair of housing." If we are talking about non-contractual services, the owners of residential premises pay for them after the fact, when they purchase them of their own free will. Accordingly, it is not necessary to pay for non-contractual services with a certain frequency.

From the Decree of the Gosstroy of the Russian Federation of September 27, 2003 N 170 “On the approval of the Rules and norms for the technical operation of the housing stock”, you can find out about the recommended list of maintenance work for residential buildings that an organization serving the housing stock must perform. The owners of apartments can find out about the exact list of services provided as part of the maintenance of the house in the Criminal Code. Companies post lists on their websites, as well as in offices, so that the list of housing and communal services is available to all residents.

There are so-called mandatory services, in the provision of which specialists:

change gaskets in water taps, seal squeegees, eliminate blockages, adjust flush tanks, clean siphons, grind plug taps in mixers, fill seals, clean cisterns from limestone deposits;
repair thermal insulation, eliminate leaks in pipelines, fittings and appliances;
replace burnt-out electric light bulbs in premises that are part of the common house property, change and repair switches, plug sockets, electrical wiring;
check how well the sewer hoods function.

The services of management companies in the housing and communal services sector are quite diverse. So, within the framework of rounds and inspections UC also:

insulate attic floors;
repair, adjust and test central heating systems;
insulate and clean the smoke ventilation ducts;
change broken window panes and doors of auxiliary premises;
repair and strengthen entrance doors.

The following works are performed by specialists when preparing residential buildings for operation. during the autumn-winter period:

landscaping areas, caring for green spaces;
remove snow and ice from the roofs of buildings;
remove debris, leaves, dirt from the roof;
clean up and clean the local area;
clean residential, utility and auxiliary premises;
wash windows, floors, flights of stairs, landings, walls; remove dust and debris in stairwells;
remove garbage from the residential facility and take it out;
clean and wash the trunks of the garbage chute and their loading valves;
watering sidewalks and paved areas.

These types of work are carried out by responsible persons when it is required. It all depends on how polluted the facility is and how often it is used. For example, you need to clean the area adjacent to the house or clean the elevator cabins every day. If it's hot outside, sidewalks should be watered at least twice a day. During the period of snowfalls, the territories are constantly cleared. Stair flights and landings are washed once a month. With the advent of spring, once a year, walls, windows, doors, window sills, heaters, window bars, attic stairs and mailboxes are washed.

As part of the preparation of facilities for spring and summer specialists:

strengthen downpipes, elbows and funnels;
preserve the centralized heating system;
make re-preservation of the irrigation system, repair it;
remove the springs on the front doors;
repair equipment at children's and sports grounds.

Work is carried out with a certain frequency, however, this indicator can be adjusted if the owners of apartments in the MKD identify problems that need to be urgently fixed. For example, if glass breaks in the house in the summer, window sashes, vents or balcony doors are torn off, the defective elements must be replaced with new ones within 3 days. If problems occur during the winter period, a day is allotted for troubleshooting.

Important!

If the breakdown is related to entrance doors to entrances, external brickwork, leaks in water taps, cracks and malfunctions in furnaces, gas ducts, elevators and garbage chutes, it is necessary to fix the problems within 24 hours. Breakdowns in the lighting system of the premises, which are part of the common property, are eliminated within 7 days.
Fuses, circuit breakers, circuit breakers are changed within 3 hours. The same terms apply for troubleshooting in the automatic protection of risers and supply lines, breakdowns in electric stoves with shutdown. Breakdowns in cables intended for power supply, shutdown of the power supply system at home or power electrical equipment, specialists are required to eliminate in 2 hours.
The period during which it is necessary to resolve the technical problems that have arisen begins to operate from the moment they are discovered or the tenants submit a request for troubleshooting. It should be noted that for scheduled repairs, periods are also provided - from 3 to 5 years. The frequency of repair work is determined by the climatic conditions in the territory where the MKD is located, the level of wear and the capitalization group of the facility.

The housing and communal services listed above are mandatory. The owners pay them every month under the article "maintenance and repair of housing." In order to avoid re-payment for a previously paid service, you should contact the Criminal Code, whose responsibilities include servicing this MKD, apply for the required type of work and receive an order receipt.

The same is the case with additional services provided in excess of the mandatory norm. If there is no receipt from the Criminal Code, the housing office employee has every right to demand payment from the owner of the residential premises upon completion of work, and in an increased amount.

What are the paid services of a management company in the housing and communal services sector

The services of management companies in the housing and communal services sector are not only standard, related to the repair and maintenance of premises - they are mentioned in the MKD management agreement, which apartment owners conclude with the management company. There are also paid services to the population in the housing and communal services sector, which management organizations provide to residents on a reimbursable basis (MCs are commercial enterprises with the right to set the cost of their work). In addition, managing organizations provide homeowners with the following services in the housing and communal services sector:

install, maintain, repair and adjust smoke removal, extinguishing and fire notification systems, access control and management systems, security systems and video surveillance;
install, maintain, repair as planned and adjust low-voltage systems: TV, telephone lines, Internet;
carry out work directly in the apartments of residents:

clean living quarters in a dry and wet way, wash windows;
perform a number of plumbing and electrical work related to the installation, adjustment, repair of communications and equipment in apartments(specialists install and configure plumbing, video intercoms, lighting systems, various video, audio and household equipment);
design and develop the design of premises, make repairs in them;
assist in coordinating the redevelopment of housing;
assemble and install furniture and interior items;
decorate the living quarters.

ensure that the legal rights and obligations of residents of MKDs are respected;
ensure the implementation of the access control rules for the owners of apartments in a residential building, their guests, vehicles;
ensure the implementation of the rules of stay (public order and tranquility) for residents and their guests, as well as transport in the designated area;
carry out armed protection of real estate, transport, owners of apartments in MKD;
inform residents in reference mode about which hospitals, clinics and other medical institutions, emergency rooms, police stations, convenience stores are located in close proximity to the house;
provide individual assistance in the collection of documentation for the privatization of apartments;
landscaping places of common house use and the territory adjacent to the MKD (breeding and caring for plants);
place in public places (that is, on the territory of entrances) decorative elements and art products;
perform loading and unloading work;
organize and conduct celebrations.

The management company can also earn income by equipping playgrounds, ennobling yards, organizing parking lots for vehicles and walking areas.

The above list of services in the housing and communal services sector is conditional, and it can be changed. It all depends on what condition the house is in and what its residents want. In this regard, in order to form and further supplement the list, responsible persons must regularly question the owners of apartments in MKD and find out what services in the housing and communal services sector they need and what they expect from the activities of the management company.

Expert opinion

Residents will have to be convinced of the need for additional services

Alexander Kolomeytsev,

General Director of NP "National Association of Organizations of Housing and Communal Complex"

You will have to additionally collect funds from residents if there is no mention of cosmetic repairs in the entrances of an apartment building:

in the contract for the management of MKD;
in the estimate of the HOA, LCD or other SEC for the year.

Whether current repairs are needed or not, the owners of apartments in the MKD decide at a general meeting. At the same time, payment for planned repairs is included in the item “for the maintenance of housing”. The amount of payment for housing and the amount of contributions is determined by which management company or directly the housing association performs work and provides services in the housing and communal services sector.

The minimum list of services in the field of housing and communal services that exist in order to keep the property in the MKD in proper condition, and the procedure for their provision, is reflected in the Decree of the Russian government of 04/03/2013 No. 290. These types of work are already included in the housing payment.

Services and works that are not mentioned in the minimum list and the contract for the management of MKD (estimate, if we are talking about a housing association), are provided and carried out if the relevant decision is made at the general meeting. It should be remembered that failure to perform work from the minimum list is not allowed. Works that are not mentioned in the contract (estimate) and in the minimum list are also prohibited. In the first option, this is regarded in such a way that you do not carry out compulsory work, in the second, you are trying to impose services in the housing and communal services sector, which the residents did not ask to provide. This is a violation.

Preparatory work is a must. You will not have the opportunity to explain to all homeowners in the MKD that you need to incur additional costs, and therefore it is better to single out active citizens. You must convey to them the importance of the work and argue your position. The activists will use the same arguments in conversations with citizens who are not interested in maintaining the proper condition of their homes.

If there is an MKD council, it is best to contact there. Its members tend to be the most active citizens. If there is no advice in the MKD or exists only according to documents, hang leaflets with information on the entrances of the house.

The preliminary work will certainly bear fruit in the form of positively minded homeowners and agreed initial data for the development of a list of works.

Billing services in the field of housing and communal services is the provision of invoices in a new way

At the moment, the Russian reform of housing and communal services is being actively carried out. Within its framework, it is planned to modernize the sphere by introducing the latest information technologies into it. In order to solve the issue of transparency of charges for utility bills, specialists plan to use billing, a unique tool that provides for determining the price of utilities and the process of issuing invoices for them.

What is typical for billing? It provides for setting the size of tariff rates, determining the tariff characteristics of the billing object, personalized billing for the use of billed services. Today, billing in the field of housing and communal services is a complex of hardware and software solutions responsible for collecting and processing data on how energy resources are used in residential and non-residential facilities.

Before the UK today stand main tasks, whose solution with the help of billing becomes quite successful:

management companies constantly interact with clients and continuously exercise control;
a subscriber department is supported with many clients with different volumes of use of services in the housing and communal services sector;
accurate calculations of the use of energy resources and other services in the field of housing and communal services and charges are provided;
information is accumulated and stored that ensures interaction with debtors;
information is collected and stored for periodic reporting and business performance analysis.

If the information is systematized, all financial calculations on the use of housing and communal services by citizens are made and transferred in full, it becomes much easier for management companies to work and conduct transparent activities that do not raise doubts among homeowners in MKD.

Today, UOs provide a wide variety of services in the housing and communal services sector: they install the necessary equipment, carry out further maintenance and billing of all meters.

Thanks to billing, work in the complex is supported online. These operations are associated with the calculation of payment for services in the housing and communal services sector at all stages: from obtaining initial information to developing payment documents. The system allows you to manage all accruals, transparently collect payments in the face of a large flow of customers.

Distinctive features of the system are flexibility, performance, visibility. It has a specially designed payment processing center, which greatly facilitates the work of the Criminal Code. When using an automated system for the collection and control of payments, the costs of settlements on all personal accounts are reduced.

The following categories of the population can use the billing system:

Citizens. Service goes to a higher level, there is a single window of information, a single dispatch service, a common account, where all accruals are deciphered. The system is convenient to use online with full access to it.
governing organizations. The cost of services is decreasing, new technologies are emerging, customers are fully confident in the transparency and honesty of settlements, and the level of payments is increasing. The management companies are financially stable.
resource supply companies. Mutual settlements become transparent, and settlements become stable. Commercial losses are reduced, and profits are growing.
City administrations. There are no conflicts in the sphere of housing and communal services, the political situation remains stably calm, urban infrastructure is developing, innovations and advanced technologies of city management are being introduced.
Founders work steadily and run a successful business, receiving a good income. In this case, the founders are satisfied with the results of their activities, and the population respects their work.

Billing system works according to the following scheme:

First, you need to authorize the buyer in the system. There, the client indicates how much he buys a utility resource by entering meter readings.
Next, the billing server of the service provider analyzes the reality of the resource used by the buyer and enters this information into the "Subscriber Book".
After entering the data, information about the debt appears. The buyer has the opportunity to independently generate a reconciliation account and, after printing it, make a payment in any of the banks or pay the debt with a card on the Internet online.
The buyer has the opportunity to independently generate a reconciliation act for himself for any number. On the act in automatic mode, the electronic signature of the client can be set.
Each of the operations, fixing the use of resources, calculation and recalculation of the cost, is carried out online, in automatic mode, and the management company employees do not participate in these processes.
The client can always complain using the system and receive an answer or clarification from the public services in it (the system provides for a response period for each of the letters).

Thanks to modern billing systems, enterprises can grow, launch new tariff adjustment grids, take care of the speed of settlements and reduce overall costs. Systems of this kind can be combined with a number of other corporate systems, integrated with packages that the organization used before. Due to billing systems, mutual settlements become transparent and are carried out automatically, and all information in them is reliably protected.

Expert opinion

Billing systems will help conscientious payers save

Yu. M. Fedorov,

lawyer of the Federation Council of the Russian Federation

There are prerequisites for granting RSOs (resource supplying enterprises) the rights to legislatively set discounts when paying for utility bills, including when making advance payments for them. This innovation, presumably, should motivate CU users to conscientiously pay for services in the housing and communal services sector - on time and in full.

Some circulation billing systems already have this option, in the basic version. For example, the “Homeowner” software package provides for the “Calculation and accounting of discounts” and “Alternative calculation of accruals” settings, taking into account the amounts and dates on which accruals were made and payment was made.

The quality of services in the housing and communal services sector, which has become the main problem according to Russians

As the results of the past year showed, the owners of apartments in MKD were dissatisfied, first of all, with the poor quality of services in the housing and communal services sector. In second place was the lack of transparency in the calculation of payment of CG. This is reported by "Rossiyskaya Gazeta", referring to the annual rating of the problems of CU consumers. Complaints and appeals to NP "ZhKKH Control" served as the basis for its compilation.

According to the results of the rating, every fourth owner of an apartment in an MKD in the Russian Federation had complaints about insufficiently good or poor quality of services in the housing and communal services sector (22% of citizens expressed a desire to receive qualified assistance). Most of the complaints were received in the first and fourth quarters of 2016. First of all, homeowners were not satisfied with the quality of heating. Problems were also associated with water - the lack of hot water, the presence of rust. The population also complained about problems with lighting in the entrances.

It should be noted that when checking in the Russian regions, the experts of ZhKKH Control did not find significant deviations from the standards in matters of preparation for the autumn-winter heating season and its course.

This is interesting!

Rossiyskaya Gazeta says that for the first time in the three-year period of the rating's existence, citizens have ceased to concentrate mainly on calculating payments for housing and communal services. This problem came in second place. In 2015, it worried almost 24% of citizens, at the moment - only 17%.

The third place in the rating of problems was occupied by the activities of house managers, including the election and re-election of the Criminal Code, the organization and conduct of general meetings. 13% of citizens paid attention to this issue. At the same time, the number of applications related to the state of apartment buildings (12% of homeowners) has increased. On the fifth line were the issues of capital repairs.

What threatens the provision of services of inadequate quality in the housing and communal services sector

For the provision of low-quality CU, the owners of apartments in the MKD may require recalculation from the managing organizations. In some cases, it is possible to achieve full compensation. Let us consider in more detail what requirements exist for a particular type of service and what a violation entails when they are provided.

Water

The temperature of hot water for residential premises should be in the range of 50-60 degrees Celsius. Suspension in the supply of hot water for a period of not more than 4 hours is allowed. The total number of hours of interruptions in the supply of water in one calendar month should not exceed 8. The same rules apply to wastewater disposal. If the specified rate is exceeded, for each hour of downtime of a dwelling without hot water, the amount for the provision of this service in the housing and communal services sector is reduced by 0.15%.

In the event of an emergency, a break in the supply of hot water should not exceed 24 hours. Planned shutdown associated with carrying out repair activities should last no more than 14 days.

For cold water supply, the same standards apply as for hot water supply.

What should be done if the current regulations have been violated? If services in the housing and communal services sector are of poor quality, when the actual indicators of interruptions exceed the current standards, residents have the right to demand a reduction in the bill by 0.15% for each hour in excess. If there is no water, hot or cold, during a non-emergency shutdown for more than 24 days, you are required to reduce the amount in the provided invoice by 3%.

It is also possible to reduce the price of housing and communal services in cases where the temperature of hot water is below 60 degrees Celsius. Lowering the water temperature for every three degrees from the prescribed standard allows you to deduct 0.1% of the amount of the utility bill.

If water comes out of the tap with rust, impurities, smell, that is, one that cannot be used for household purposes, payment for it is not charged until the situation is corrected.

A reduction factor of 0.1% can also be used in the case when water is supplied under pressure 25% below the standard. If this state of affairs persists throughout the calendar month, tenants can demand a 72% reduction in water charges.

Warm

Normative indicators of air temperature in the room: during the heating period - 18 degrees Celsius. For corner rooms, this figure is 20 degrees. Interruptions in the heat supply of residential premises are allowed for no more than 16 hours at a time, if the temperature does not fall below 12 degrees Celsius. The total monthly period of interruptions in the operation of the heating system cannot be more than 24 hours.

If the temperature drops to 10-12 degrees, heating must be supplied no later than 8 hours from the moment of its suspension, at a temperature of 8-10 degrees - no later than 4 hours.

For every hour when the temperature was below the norm, as well as for lowering the temperature regime in the room by one degree, the heat supply bill is reduced by 0.15%.

Gas supply and electricity

The standard for an interruption in the supply of gas to residential premises is no more than 4 hours per month. If the standard is exceeded, the amount of payment is reduced by 0.15%. In case of improper pressure in the gas supply system, when the indicator is 25% below the norm, the bill for this utility service can be reduced by 0.1% per hour. In the event of a sharp drop in pressure, up to 75% of the normative indicator, residents may not pay for gas supply services in one day.

A power outage is possible for 2 hours if there are two backup sources of electricity. If there is only one backup source, shutdown is possible up to 24 hours. If the standard is exceeded and there are no electricity meters, the deduction is 0.15% per hour.

Contents of the MKD

It is sometimes extremely difficult in practice to prove that such services in the housing and utilities sector are of poor quality, despite the fact that they are in the department of management companies (MC). The situation is aggravated by the fact that the company can respond to messages from residents and instantly correct emerging violations, both in the house itself and in the territory assigned to it.

Services in the field of housing and communal services for the maintenance of the house must comply with the requirements described in Decree No. 354. The text of the regulatory legal act states that the Criminal Code is the main defendant for the utilities provided to residents. The only exceptions are cases when tenants conclude direct agreements with companies involved in the supply of resources.

What should tenants do when they notice a deterioration in the quality of services provided

When quality is substandard, or services are interrupted for longer than the current guidelines, residents should:

1. Draw up an act stating that in a certain period of time(must be exact date and time) by the address(exact address is indicated) services in the housing and communal services sector of inadequate quality were provided. The act is drawn up in any form. In addition, the document must list a list of tenants who can confirm this fact.

2. Apply with this application to the management company, demanding the recalculation of utilities.

On the basis of Decree 354, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation on May 6, 2011, the drawn up act is considered the basis for reducing the amounts set out in the notices for utility bills. The management company, as a performer, is obliged to record all complaints received by it, analyzing the quality of services provided to residents. In addition, within two working days from the date of receipt of the complaint, the management company must notify the consumer that his application has either been accepted or the requirements have been refused, with the obligatory indication of the reasons. If the application is accepted for consideration, a record of execution must be kept. The management company has the right to send its employees to record the fact of harm to health or property, as well as to find out the factors that caused the provision of CG of inadequate quality.

3. If the employees of the Criminal Code refused to satisfy, or the violations were not eliminated, the tenants can apply to the housing and communal inspectorate.

In accordance with Article 7.23 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, the provision of housing and communal services of a substandard nature entails an administrative penalty.

If, after consideration of the application at a higher level, the fact of a violation by the Criminal Code is confirmed, it will be obliged to recalculate the invoices issued and pay fines. The amount of the fine can vary from 40 to 50 thousand rubles.

4. If the tenants are not satisfied with the inspection carried out by the Housing and Communal Inspectorate, or they do not agree with its decision, they have the right to apply to the court.

Expert opinion

For GZHN, the performers will always be to blame

D. Yu. Nifontov,

Head of the Housing and Communal Services Project of the Akato Center for Children's Education

The current housing and communal code in Russia gave the right to identify those responsible for violations in the provision of housing and communal services to the Goszhilnadzor bodies (GZhN). A number of important points should be noted.

GZHN employees are located in the centers of the regions. In settlements that are not such, there are no such specialists. The existing order of Gosstroy No. 41, in force since 1999, determines the number of managers, as well as other employees of the housing and communal inspectorate in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In accordance with the text of this regulatory document, it is assumed that there will be one GZHN specialist per 2 million square meters. housing stock.

It turns out that in the locality where the housing stock is less than 2 million square meters, in accordance with the aforementioned Order No. 41, there is no one to deal with the provision of CG. And these are cities with a population of 60-80 thousand people, and the number of complaints about violations in them is quite large.

Applications that fall into the hands of a GZHN inspector working for several localities often go unconsidered. We are no longer talking about the need to resolve issues on the spot. This approach suggests that many acts are dealt with in haste, and often not the people who should actually be held accountable are punished. There is not enough time, financial or human resources for a more detailed consideration of complaints.

If it is necessary to choose the culprit between the utility service provider and the RSO, the arrow of the scales often outweighs the first one. Firstly, the bankruptcy of a management company or a homeowners association will be more imperceptible than the suspension of the activities of a resource supplying organization. Secondly, many inspectors subconsciously consider the Criminal Code guilty, therefore, when making decisions, they often rely on their personal motives, interpreting any doubts in the direction of the guilt of the Criminal Code or the HOA.

The position of the GZHN is quite clear - the contractor is always to blame for the poor quality of public services.

Legal services in the field of housing and communal services for citizens and organizations

The housing and communal services sector is very important for any citizen of Russia, since it is she who is responsible for many parameters in the matter of comfortable living. But often enterprises in the housing and communal services sector work without paying attention to the desires and interests of citizens, which causes serious conflicts. Legal services (collection of debts in the field of housing and communal services, consultations, proceedings) allow you to resolve any disputes that arise as quickly and efficiently as possible, while maintaining the rights belonging to the parties to the conflict.

Among the civilian population, counseling services are in high demand in the following areas:

payment for the use of public services;
use of existing benefits;
clarification of the rights of citizens who consume services in the housing and communal services sector;
registration of claims and acts for sending to higher authorities;
representing the interests of residents in the Criminal Code;
protection of consumer rights in the housing and communal services sector at court hearings when it is impossible to resolve the conflict peacefully.

If citizens have questions regarding the functioning of the Criminal Code or HOA, legal assistance helps to resolve the following issues:

in the receipts provided by the management company for payment of housing and communal services there are items of expenditure that are unclear to the consumer;
bills are unreasonably high;
The Criminal Code ignores the decision of general house meetings, making decisions that are important for consumers alone;
the management company refuses to inform citizens about the services it provides;
the management company provides services in the housing and communal services sector of inadequate quality.

But not only citizens may need legal services. They often resort to it themselves management companiesHOA, since not all service enterprises have the opportunity to hire a lawyer and use his services. The most requested are:

professional advice on legal issues (can be carried out by phone or in any other way of communication in any volume);
provision of consultations in writing, in accordance with certain regulations;
issuing an expert opinion on legal documentation for compliance of the text of contracts, agreements, claims with the legislation in force on the territory of the Russian Federation;
implementation of claims activities (development of competent claims with their subsequent dispatch, fixation of receipt; fixation of violations for proceedings in court, correspondence);
assistance in paperwork when hiring new employees or dismissing unfavorable employees;
preparation of any legal documentation on the activities of the company (such documents include contracts, agreements, statements, claims, responses to claims from government agencies and business partners, draft orders, instructions, acts of acceptance and transfer of valuables of an inventory nature or absenteeism of an employee, job descriptions and other documents endowed with legal force);
participation in negotiations with business partners and when signing contracts; checking the documentation that needs to be signed, valuable recommendations on their legality and safety for the HOA, housing cooperative or housing cooperative;
training, explanation or direct preparation of office work in the company (we are talking about keeping accounting books and correspondence);
direct protection of the interests of HOAs, housing cooperatives and housing cooperatives in court (arbitration and courts of general jurisdiction) both in matters of collecting debts from apartment owners in MKD for non-payment of contributions and non-payment of CU, and non-provision of services by partner enterprises;
correct execution of documentation on the financial responsibility of employees for the damage caused to the company and its recovery from the perpetrators;
participation in the preparation of procedures related to the termination of contracts and agreements with partners ahead of schedule.

Information about experts

Alexander Kolomeytsev, General Director of NP "National Association of Organizations of Housing and Communal Complex". Non-profit Partnership "National Association of Housing and Communal Services Organizations" is an association that unites leading management companies of Nizhny Novgorod and other regions that provide services to the public in the field of housing and communal services.

D. Yu. Nifontov, Head of the housing and communal services project of the Akato Central Children's House. Distance Learning Center "AKATO" is the Russian leader in the field of information and consulting services on legal and accounting issues of housing and communal services. For more than five years, AKATO has been providing information and consulting services, the high quality of which is confirmed by numerous feedback from event participants and recommendations from state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

In the modern world, as always, the payment for housing and utilities remains relevant. Constant housing wars between tenants and their management company are inexhaustible. This misunderstanding is due to the fact that the service sector is fraught with many ambiguities, residents do not know their rights, and there is no one to explain them to.

In paying for existing housing, there are many options for names: rent, maintenance, payment for all housing services, the rate of managing organizations. The cost of overhaul and full maintenance of the premises includes various services and various works for the maintenance of the public domain of an apartment building.

Available non-residential premises of the entire apartment building are calculated in the same amount. Quite often, managing organizations overstate payments for the maintenance of non-residential areas, as well as general house needs, justifying themselves by the fact that these premises are visited by a large number of people. The Housing Code of the Russian Federation considers these actions unlawful and a direct violation of the entire current law of the Russian Federation.

Housing utilities refer to activities to create the most comfortable living conditions for residents of apartment buildings. All consumers are required to know what exactly is included in the list of public services provided and satisfies their common house needs.

According to the requirements introduced in 2012, the provided utilities have the right to use:

all residents of high-rise buildings and their families;
persons who received their housing from cooperative organizations;
all tenants of residential premises;
tenants renting a room or apartment.

The very concept of these "utility services" has the following common house needs:

The list of all utilities directly depends on the actual livability of a particular apartment building. In the case where the room does not have sewerage, then it should not be counted as a service already provided.

The payment for housing and utilities has some points that complement the general needs of the house:

lighting;
cleaning and ensuring sanitation in all public premises (entrance, stairs) and the land plot adjacent to the house;
cleaning of garbage sites, removal of sewage and generated waste;
landscaping areas that are part of the house;
expenses for current, overhaul and full maintenance of the building;
preparation of a high-rise building for seasonal use (heating, insulation);
expenses providing for the maintenance of public house property;
the fees also include the inspection of all premises and all related activities.
Among other things, there is a separate place in its importance for the removal of wastewater:
drainage, as well as the collection of wastewater (rainwater, collector, sewer network, etc.);
wastewater treatment using various existing methods.

Recently, there has been a strict monitoring of the calculation of wastewater disposal costs. Wastewater treatment using various methods is provided for in houses of any type. In multi-storey buildings, wastewater removal is carried out continuously, properly.

Determining the amount of payment for housing services.

Payment for the maintenance of various premises should be established in accordance with the law.

In the event that the provision of services is not a service in accordance with the law or the provision of services with long interruptions, all changes in payment are calculated in the prescribed manner.

Common house needs, certain utilities, the procedure for their payment. The article “payment for housing and utilities” was amended by law in 2012. So, if earlier heating, its total consumption was divided by the combined amount of all areas of the premises, now heating, its consumption is divided by the sum of the areas of exclusively residential and non-residential areas, not counting public ones, as a result of which the standard has increased. If a heating meter is installed in an apartment building, the calculation is much easier. The costs do not include heating that passed by the house. In this case, the owners pay for the received heating after the fact.

Residents were charged for public heating (entrances). Also, from now on, you do not need to pay for the volume of water that was used to water the lawns. The general norms of water propose to calculate services in a new way, taking into account certain norms: 90 liters per person per month.

Companies have an obligation to reduce service losses. The general house needs in terms of volume should be used within the norm, and if they are nevertheless exceeded, then the management companies themselves, but in no case the owners, must pay the entire difference. If the contractor is a resource provider, the entire difference is divided equally between the residents of the house, taking into account the living space they own.

How to identify improper implementation of services? In a situation where housing services are provided of poor quality (there is no heating, the elevator does not work), the contractor does not answer or there is no way to call him, any consumer can himself establish the fact of a gross violation of consumer rights. For this, an act is drawn up in the presence of the chairman of the house council of two more neighbors. The period of poor service is calculated from the very moment of signing this act.

If the utility workers do not carry out repairs at the entrance or do not clean the territory attached to the house, the following actions can be taken:

The right contract for the quality provision of all utilities. Absolutely all tenants are required to know what exactly is included in the correct contract for the implementation of public services, the procedure for its preparation.

The management company may conclude an appropriate agreement if the user intends to consume housing services or uses them. The rules establish a period when the contractor is obliged to provide all services or require payment. Regardless of the type of property, each organization must qualitatively provide the general house needs necessary for the tenant, cannot prevent the user from including any services in the contract, allowing them to provide a high level of improvement of this house.

For tenants of a certain premises, a lease agreement must be drawn up. If the contract does not comply with the latest innovations, it is concluded according to all the new rules and taking into account the necessary conditions.

Payment for housing and utilities: how to reduce utility costs

Often there are situations when it is no longer possible to remain silent in a dispute with your management company and you need to protect your consumer rights. A few simple steps can help here:

by requesting an official request regarding all tariffs for all items of expenditure, you can find out what exactly is included in the specified list of utility services provided, as well as what exactly the consumer pays for and which services are not received in full;
draw up the necessary act for all housing services that have not been provided over the past month by inviting an employee of your managing organization;
together with an employee of the organization (it is possible without him), it is necessary to draw up a specific statement of claim and collect as many signatures as possible from residents;
submit an appropriate application to the organization for the recalculation of all services, with the application of acts;
in case of refusal of public utilities to recalculate, it is necessary to file a complaint directly with the department specializing in the protection of all consumer rights;
few people know that the owner has every right to completely refuse some housing services. One of these services is the maintenance and cleaning of stairs.

Payment for housing and utilities is a rather complicated topic for an ordinary person, but knowing the rules, tariffs and your rights, you can reduce your expenses for housing services, henceforth paying for the amount that was actually used.

Housing and communal services (HCS) includes about 30 types of activities. The sub-sectors are housing maintenance; landscaping (road and bridge facilities, landscaping, sanitation and waste disposal); resource supply (heat, electricity, water, sewerage, gas); consumer services (hotels, baths, laundries, ritual services), etc.

Each sub-sector is represented by a set of housing and communal enterprises: sanitary, energy, transport, external improvement.

TO sanitary include enterprises for the maintenance and operation of water supply and sewer systems, enterprises for cleaning the territories of populated areas and sanitary cleaning of households, laundries, baths, bathing and swimming facilities.

Energy enterprises- electrical, gas and heating distribution networks, heating boiler houses, thermal power plants and power plants, gas plants serving settlements.

Transport companies- urban public passenger transport (metro, tram, trolleybus, funiculars, cable cars, buses, taxis), local water transport.

To buildings external improvement settlements that are part of the public utilities include roads and sidewalks, bridges and overpasses, underground and surface transport pedestrian crossings and flyovers, structures and networks of storm (drainage) sewers, embankments, various pyrotechnic structures designed to prevent landslides and flooding of territories , their drainage, bank protection, public green spaces, street lighting, etc.

Public utilities also serve industrial enterprises, supplying them with water, electricity, and gas.

The leading enterprises are water supply, water disposal and wastewater treatment, heat supply, diversified enterprises, organizations of external improvement (road and bridge facilities, landscaping, sanitation and waste disposal), hotel enterprises.

The most common organizational and legal form of economic entities in housing and communal services is municipal unitary enterprises. The predominant economic structure in housing and communal services are diversified enterprises.

In terms of competitive potential, the housing and communal services sectors are divided into three sectors: 1) local monopoly; 2) potentially competitive; 3) market.

Local monopolies- industries and enterprises where competition is impossible for economic, technological, environmental, natural-territorial reasons. These include not only supplying enterprises (heat, water, gas, electricity, sanitation), but often organizations serving the housing sector, in particular organizations of the elevator industry. The cost of performing services for the technical operation and repair of elevators in the total cost of housing services is on average over 10% in Russia and significantly affects the total value of their cost.

Potentially competitive industries become competitive as the management system changes, privatization, the introduction of contractual relations between homeowners, management companies and housing contractors.

So, in public utilities potentially competitive are:

management and maintenance of public utilities;
involvement of organizations that use alternative forms of providing public services, including autonomous life support systems and facilities that are not connected with the network engineering infrastructure (rooftop boilers, gas supply from capacitive and bottled gas, etc.);
performance of individual works on maintenance of public utilities (repair and cleaning of networks, garbage collection, etc.);
design and survey and construction work for the development of public utility facilities.

Quite market, competitive industry is the housing sector, primarily home maintenance.

Housing and communal services (HCS) provide a solution to the problems of maintaining the housing stock in good condition and creating favorable conditions for people to live. They are distinguished by high social significance, belonging to a life support group; practically non-interchangeable and cannot be stored for future use, i.e. the production of services coincides with their consumption. The volume and quality of services directly affect the level of well-being of the population, living conditions, sanitary and hygienic conditions, the cleanliness of the water and air basins, and the level of labor productivity.

The annual volume of housing and communal services is about 750 billion rubles, or 7.6% of GDP. The housing and communal services market is stable and always in demand.

Housing Services is a complex of works that ensure the normal functioning of a residential building and the improvement of the adjacent territory.

The list of housing services is approved by the federal authorities and includes:

maintenance of the common property of a residential building (including basements, attics, porches and roofs) and the adjacent territory;
removal of household waste;
work performed during the technical inspection and inspection of individual premises of residential buildings, including the elimination of minor malfunctions in water supply, sewerage, central heating, hot water supply and electrical devices and other works;
works performed during the preparation of reaped buildings for operation in the spring-summer and autumn-winter period;
repair of common property, common communications, technical devices and technical premises of a residential building, objects of the local area;
other types of work (maintenance of elevators, etc.).

Public Utilities are provided in the form of material carriers brought to consumers with certain quality indicators.

Community services include:

cold and hot water supply;
water disposal and wastewater treatment;
power supply;
gas supply, including in cylinders;
heating (heat supply, including the supply of solid fuel for stove heating);
utilization (burial) of municipal solid waste.

For utilities, the characteristic features are:

linking complex engineering infrastructure to the territory;
continuity, strict sequence of the process of production, transportation and consumption of services;
services do not accumulate, underproduction is not compensated by more intensive production in another period;
the process of consumption of services is continuous, refusal of consumption for a significant period, as a rule, is impossible.

Due to the technological features of the industry and the conditions for the formation of life support systems for territories, most utility companies (primarily related to the network supply of resources) occupy a monopoly position in the service area (local monopolies). At the same time, the geographical boundaries of commodity markets are determined by the administrative boundaries of cities and regions, with the exception of inter-district electrical, water supply networks and a number of other objects of inter-district significance.

In the absence of appliances in an apartment or residential building, standards for the consumption of utilities and resources (cold and hot water, network gas, electric and heat energy) are established to determine the amount of payment for housing and communal services.

The standards are set at the initiative of the authorized bodies or resource-supplying organizations and are uniform for houses that have similar design and technical parameters and the degree of improvement. The term of the standards is at least three years.

The general legal and economic conditions for housing and communal services, the functional responsibilities of economic entities of all forms of ownership are determined by the municipal order.

Within the framework of the municipal order, volumes, parameters of quality and reliability of maintenance of the housing stock and the provision of public services are being developed; financing of housing and communal services, the share of consumer payments and compensation by the budget; a set of contracts for the execution of an order.

Criteria for the quality, reliability and sustainability of the supply of housing and communal services are determined in accordance with the rules for the provision of housing and communal services. They are based on established standards (GOSTs, SNiPs, consumption standards, work regulations, etc.), which guarantee the minimum required level of service. The real provision of such a guarantee is supported by financial resources.

Traditional service is based on the key ral and local government in the organization and execution of housing and communal services. Local self-government acts as a representative and consumer of housing and communal services and their suppliers.

Municipal organizations are responsible for the implementation of the entire range of works on the maintenance, operation and repair of engineering infrastructure facilities and external improvement, the provision of public services for the population living in the municipal housing stock. Other consumers enter into contracts for the supply of services directly with enterprises.

The housing fund is transferred to the balance of municipal enterprises. Under the guidance of the local self-government administration, they plan the scope of work, perform work, and collect fees for services rendered. The managing departments of the administration are housing maintenance offices (ZHEK), directorates of a single customer (DEZ), etc. Housing maintenance organizations accept payments from the population for heat, cold and hot water, electricity, garbage collection, etc. and transfer money to resource providers.

In housing and communal services, at the same time there is a change in the organizational forms of interaction between authorities, consumers and service providers. More advanced service methods are used, based on the division of functions, the strengthening of contractual relations, and the competitive selection of contractors. First of all, this applies to the maintenance of the housing stock, which has a high potential for competition on the side of both customers and service contractors.

Initially, the separation of the functions of the customer and the contractor takes place in the structure of the local government administration. The functions of the customer are performed by structural divisions of the local government administration, housing maintenance or diversified housing and communal services enterprises, which provide both maintenance of residential buildings and their heat and power supply. A single customer service is being created, which attracts repair and maintenance enterprises or is divided into several management companies that, on a competitive basis, attract contractors to service the housing stock. At the same time, a competitive environment is being formed in the production of housing services, the public services market is regulated by a municipal order, regardless of the form of ownership of public utilities. The RCC collects payments from consumers and transfers the collected funds to enterprises in accordance with the concluded agreements.

Quite often, local self-government transfers a municipal order for the entire range of works to a diversified housing and communal services enterprise, which becomes a single general contractor. In this case, there are no special municipal institutions or enterprises as intermediaries between the municipality and the contractor, who receive money from the budget for placing an order for housing and communal services. If the functions of the customer service are assigned to housing maintenance enterprises, then they combine them with the functions of the contractor

Customer services have been established in more than half of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. They implement the idea of a municipal order as an effective form of spending budgetary funds and the concept of freeing local government as a level of power from economic functions.

Relations between the administration of the city (district) and the customer are formalized by a municipal contract for the organization of work on the provision of housing and communal services to the population and other consumers, on the management of the housing stock and the technological part, indicating the sources and amounts of financing for services. The municipal contract defines the main tasks of organizing the provision of housing and communal services to all consumers and the maintenance of housing and communal services in accordance with applicable rules and regulations.

The administration transfers the housing stock to the customer for maintenance, reserving the following functions:

monitoring compliance with regulatory and technical requirements for the maintenance and use of housing and engineering infrastructure facilities;
ensuring an appropriate level of funding for the maintenance of his property;
development and conclusion of contracts for the lease or lease of residential and non-residential premises.

The customer is responsible for maintaining the housing stock in good condition.

Costs for the production of housing and communal services include material costs, including costs for raw materials and materials, fuel, energy; labor costs; deductions for social needs; depreciation of fixed assets; other costs. The administration finances the customer in the form of appropriations for wages and subsidies for losses, including the repayment of the difference in tariffs, landscaping, and major repairs.

In the cost of services of enterprises of local natural monopolies, products and services of other monopoly enterprises occupy a large weight. An enterprise is not able to independently influence the tariffs and prices of its main suppliers, since the growth of tariffs of one monopoly enterprise almost always causes a chain reaction of an increase in prices and tariffs of the entire industry.

The functions of the customer service include maintaining contractual relations at all levels of service provision, forming a municipal order for housing and communal services, organizing the provision of subsidies to the population for paying for services, monitoring the provision of services and their payment. The customer concludes contracts with enterprises - service providers and resource providers. Their work is organized in the following areas:

maintenance of housing facilities and landscaping:
provision of public services.

A competitive selection of contractors for the current maintenance of the housing stock, major repairs, and the identification of service providers and resources is being carried out. An agreement is concluded with utility service providers, with the utility company acting on the seller’s side, and the customer and the administration of the municipality acting on the buyer’s side. Moreover, the customer is responsible to the contractor within the limits of payments from the population, and the administration of the municipality - within the limits of the amounts of budgetary subsidies for utilities.

The customer service can function without the presence of a management company or with its establishment. In the absence of a management company, its functions are performed by the customer service.

If there is a management company, the single customer service provides:

compliance with regulatory and technical requirements for the maintenance and use of housing and communal infrastructure facilities;
the necessary level of financing for the maintenance of real estate;
conclusion of an agreement with a competitively selected or established organization for the management of municipal housing stock, as well as the provision of other communal services;
systematic control over the implementation of contracts.

The management company, in turn, is responsible for:

maintenance and modernization of real estate;
selection of contractors to perform work in the housing stock entrusted to her management;
conclusion of contracts and control of their implementation;
collection of payments for housing and communal services from the population.

Local self-government bodies are obliged to create equal conditions for the provision of housing and communal services to all organizations, regardless of ownership. In particular, it is important to involve private managers and contractors in order to overcome the monopoly of municipal subdivisions and develop competition in the housing and communal services market.

Private organizations appear on the housing and communal services market as a result of:

transformation of state and municipal enterprises of housing and communal services;
creation of new business entities;
development of public-private and municipal-private partnerships.

The transformation of state and municipal enterprises of housing and communal services is carried out in the form of privatization, corporatization or absorption (bankruptcy). All of these areas of transformation are regulated by federal law and are in line with the accepted course for the maximum possible reduction in the share of municipal property and, accordingly, municipal enterprises. Since the stage of mass privatization has long passed, we are talking about the privatization of enterprises that directly serve the housing stock, as well as the privatization of the housing and communal services department. A list of housing and communal services facilities that are not subject to privatization has been approved. This list includes mainly communal property, the loss of control over which is considered socially dangerous.

The objects of privatization of the housing and communal services management are ZhEKs, dezas and other municipal management structures.

Since communal infrastructure facilities are, as a rule, local monopolies, they are corporatized with 100% of the shares remaining in the ownership of local government. Then the shares are put up for tender and, according to its results, are transferred to the trust management of the managing company-investor for a period not less than the payback period of investments in the modernization of fixed assets. The number of shares of at least 50% plus 1 share and not more than 75% minus 1 share is transferred to the management company for trust management.

Shareholding is carried out under the control of the authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In the Chuvash Republic and Tatarstan, for example, decisions were made on the full corporatization of housing and communal enterprises within a tight deadline. The plan for corporatization of regional state enterprises is being implemented in the Stavropol Territory. Joint-stock utility companies are included in regional joint-stock companies (holdings) according to their lines of business. For example, in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, the Yugra Heat and Power Company was formed.

If municipal enterprises are corporatized and privatized, then the organization of electricity, gas, heat supply and sanitation does not cease to be a matter of local importance, since otherwise it would be contrary to the Law “On General Principles of Organization of Local Self-Government”.

Absorption is a consequence of the competitive struggle of enterprises in the open market. In housing and communal services, the competition has not reached such an acute stage, but takeovers take place here as well. It is carried out by creditors on the basis of bankruptcy procedures, when the property complexes of municipal enterprises are sold for debts. However, the debts of housing and communal services enterprises are not grounds for absorption and change of ownership, since they are the result of huge underfunding, economic imbalance; they should be settled by restructuring.

The transformation of enterprises, changing only their organizational and legal form, does not affect the change in the competitive environment, since neither additional resources nor new economic entities are involved.

In addition, not all municipal enterprises are enthusiastic about the transformation; some of them are afraid of losing the support of local administrations, others are not sure about the predictability of the tariff policy, which may change during privatization.

The appearance on the market of new, including private, housing and communal services operators as a result of deepening market transformations, capitalist relations really changes the situation and is therefore welcomed both by local governments and, under certain conditions, by consumers of services. The Housing Code of the Russian Federation has introduced provisions that create favorable conditions for attracting private capital to housing and communal services. The key point here is the introduction of housing self-government, the transfer of management of residential buildings into the hands of residents, who receive the right to choose a list of services, contractors and pay for them upon provision.

Private firms willingly take contracts for the maintenance of residential buildings, as long as budget financing is carried out. It is important that this market be attractive even in the event of the abolition of subsidies, a possible increase in payments with an increase in tariffs for services. If there are no conditions and opportunities to receive high incomes, a boom in private capital in housing and communal services is not to be expected. Until property relations are fully regulated, the horizon of tariff regulation is short. Not conducive to long-term investment in housing and communal services and the frequent change of heads of municipalities, the fragmentation of districts into small independent settlements. True, the Federal Antimonopoly Service receives applications for the transfer of communal network facilities to ownership or lease. The rate, apparently, is being made on future income after the easing of tariff regulation.

The existing experience of public services on the basis of municipal-private partnership in the form of concession agreements providing for the attraction of capital in housing and communal services and its modernization is also taken into account.

A concession is a long-term lease agreement between the state (municipality) and a legal (private) person, accompanied by investment conditions. The object is transferred to management, but the ownership remains with the state (municipality). The concessor is a municipal entity represented by a local government, and the concessionaire is an individual entrepreneur or legal entity. The decision to conclude a concession agreement is made by the grantor on the basis of an open or closed tender, all the details of the agreement are negotiated with the winner: the terms of operation, the amount of the fee, the rights and obligations of the parties, etc. An agreement can be terminated unilaterally only by a court decision.

Contracts can be concluded based on various conditions of relationships and performance of work. Thus, some contracts provide for the conditions:

on the performance of works (rendering of services) using an object of state (municipal) property:
on the management of an object of state (municipal) property, in particular, trust management or lease of objects.

Other contracts reflect the areas of use of the constructed facilities. These include contracts by model:

construction - transmission (VT);
construction - operation - transfer (BOT);
construction - transfer - operation (WTO);
build-own-operate-transfer (BOOT).

It is possible to transfer to a concession roads, railway and pipeline transport facilities, sea and river ports, airfields and airports, hydraulic structures, subways and other public transport, housing and communal services, healthcare, education, culture, sports, and tourism facilities. The authorities are interested in seeing private investment come into so far unclaimed, now lagging behind, but promising sectors.

The new structures combine production activity with investment and management. The investor not only invests in new technologies, but also finances current activities.

The Federal Agency for Construction, Housing and Communal Services has signed agreements with a number of large companies and banks on cooperation in the field of communal infrastructure.

The most active concession activity was launched by OAO Russian Communal Systems (OAO RKS), which formed subsidiaries in 27 regions of the Russian Federation. RAO "UES of Russia" as the main founder of JSC "RCS" has entered into agreements with the administrations of more than 20 regions (signed by the Chairman of the Board of RAO "UES of Russia" as a representative of one side and the governors and heads of regional representative authorities as representatives of the other) on the transfer under the management of JSC " RKS" of housing and communal services enterprises (electricity and heat supply enterprises, water utilities and a number of others).

Gazenergo enterprises (subdivisions of Mezhregiongaz LLC) operate municipal boiler houses and corresponding heating networks, considering this process as a deeper processing of their own products - gas. For them, this is justified, since even in conditions of insufficient payments, deeper processing of raw materials, in this case gas, brings additional financial resources, which are a source of further investment.

The implementation of projects in various regions and cities will lead to a reduction in subsidies and costs for heat supply and the redistribution of released funds for the production of other utilities.

At present, there are many problems in the housing and communal services, in the solution of which private business could participate with great benefit. The most urgent is to stop the degradation of the housing stock and utility networks. Formal operation of housing, non-compliance with repair and maintenance standards provoke the destruction of the housing stock and an increase in the need for housing (housing and communal services and construction are inextricably linked). Due to the high level of depreciation of engineering networks, scheduled preventive maintenance has given way to emergency restoration work, the costs of which are 2-3 times higher. The massive underfunding of conventional homes contrasts sharply with the excessive luxury of maintaining high-end urban and suburban high-end apartments and country houses.

In financially prosperous regions, capital repairs of the housing stock can be carried out at the expense of budgetary funds so that management companies can start work from scratch. In other regions, the need for funds cannot be covered even by increasing payments from the population. It is understandable and market justified the desire of business to go where you can earn more. But for what more, if we abstract from social responsibility?

As a result of privatization, industrial, agricultural and other enterprises transferred housing stock and social and cultural facilities to the local government. The process of transferring housing to municipal ownership continues, it is planned to transfer another 160.4 million m 2 or almost 6% of the total housing stock. It is not clear from what sources local budgets will serve it, if subventions from higher budgets are allocated only for housing subsidies and benefits to the population.

Now it becomes clear that the release of business from social responsibility is not a well-founded decision. Now is the time to take steps to partially correct the mistake, in which privatized enterprises should be made responsible for maintaining at least their former housing stock and other social facilities. After all, the new owners of enterprises in each city are well known.