Old Russian literature presentation for a literature lesson on the topic. Old Russian literature presentation for a literature lesson on the topic The Tale of Bygone Years

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ChroniclerNestor

Lived in the second half of the 11th century - early 12th century. CHRONICLE Description of events in Russian history by year (years) What happened this year What descendants should know and remember NESTOR - monk (monk) of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery, CHRNICAL

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The beginning of Russian literature

Baptism of Rus' In 988, the Kiev prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich decided to be baptized by the Church of Constantinople. After which, during the reign of Emperors Vasily II and Constantine VIII the Porphyrogenitus, the clergy baptized the Kyiv people in the waters of the Dnieper and Pochayna. According to the tradition of the Russian Church, this happened on August 1, although there is no reliable information about this. According to the Russian chronicle The Tale of Bygone Years, the prince offered the following prayer during the baptism of his people: Prince Vladimir the Red Sun

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The adoption of Christianity by Prince Vladimir largely determined the spiritual and political development of Rus' for many centuries to come, contributed to the spread of writing, the development of architecture and painting in its medieval forms, and the penetration of Byzantine culture. K. Lebedev “Baptism of the Kievites” Great God, who created heaven and earth! Look at this new people and grant them, Lord, to lead You, the true God, as You led the Christian countries, and establish in them a faith that is right and incorruptible, and help me, Lord, against the opposing enemy, and trusting in You and Your power, I will escape his wiles!

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"The Tale of Bygone Years"

“This is the story of the bygone years, where the Russian land came from, who began the first princedom in Kyiv...” - this is a literary presentation of the history of the Russian land from ancient times to the events of the beginning of the 12th century “The Miracle of George about the Serpent” Oleg the prophetic Prince Igor and Princess Olga Prince Svyatoslav “The Tale of Belgorod Kisel” “The Tale of Nikita Kozhemyak” Author - monk Nestor Compiled around 1113

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Think and answer:

How did books spread in Ancient Rus'? What is a list? Manuscript? Are the names of the authors known for all works of ancient Russian literature? What do ancient Russian writers value most in a person? What is the humanism of ancient Russian literature?

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Slide text: Today, reader interest in Russian, especially ancient Russian literature, has sharply decreased with the advent of new video technologies. But modern man needs to know the history and culture of his people. We can glean this knowledge from primary sources: chronicles, chronographs, lives, historical stories.

Slide text: If I attract the attention and interest of children and adult readers to the works of ancient Russian literature, then every citizen will be imbued with pride in his people: their glorious military and labor feats, the enormous creative search of monastic chroniclers, historians, cartographers and the spiritual culture of past generations.

Slide text: Get acquainted with the main genres of ancient Russian literature. Give a brief analysis of “The Tale of Bygone Years” and “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.” Determine the role of the author in works of ancient Russian literature. Get acquainted with the origins of Christianity in Rus'. Arouse reader interest in works of ancient Russian literature.

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Slide text: More than a thousand years ago, Russia was inhabited by a people calling themselves Slavs. It was divided into tribes: Polyans, Drevlyans, Krivichi, Northerners... Only one of the tribes was simply called Slavs. Having settled in separate clans, which constantly quarreled among themselves, they could not give a strong rebuff to the enemy and often paid tribute.

Slide text: Then the Ilmen Slavs, Krivichi and two Finnish tribes, all and Chud, gathered at a meeting and began to discuss how to establish peace and order in themselves. They decided to install a prince who would own them and judge them by right.

Slide text: And so that the prince would not favor his family more than others, the veche decided to summon a foreign prince from the Varangians, equipping ambassadors for this.

Slide text: There was a small tribe of Rus among the Varangians, and the ambassadors turned to them: “Our land is great and abundant, but there is no order in it, come to reign and rule over us.” Three brothers Rurik, Sineus and Truvor responded with their relatives in 867 came. It was from them that the land was called Russian.

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Slide text: Rule of the Russians on Slavic land. In 879, Rurik died, leaving an infant son, Igor; his relative Oleg began to reign. Having gathered an army, Oleg went down the Dnieper, saw a large and beautiful city, and learned that Askold and Dir, people from Rurik’s squad, reigned there. This angered him.

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Slide text: He told them: “You are not princes or a princely family, but I am a princely family and here is the son of Rurik.” Then he pointed to Igor. Askold and Dir were killed, and Oleg remained in Kyiv and called it “the mother of Russian cities.”

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Slide text: Oleg reigned for 33 years. After him, Rurik’s son, Igor, reigned. One day he went to the Drevlyan land, took tribute, and it seemed to him that what he collected was not enough. He returned back, but the Drevlyans came out of their city and killed him. The young widow Olga remained, she avenged her husband and conceived a big deal: she went to Constantinople, became acquainted with the Christian religion and accepted its religion. In holy baptism she was named Helen.

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Slide text: Vladimir, Olga’s grandson, also began to waver in the pagan faith. He thought for a long time about different religions and settled on Christianity. But he wanted to remain the same free Russian prince. Oleg promised to convert to Christianity on the condition that the emperors marry his sister Anna to him.

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Slide text: The emperors replied that they would marry his sister if he accepted baptism, but a Christian woman could not marry a pagan. Vladimir was immediately baptized, was named Vasily in holy baptism, and after baptism he and Anna walked down the aisle.

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Slide text: Returning to Kyiv, Vladimir ordered to chop and burn all the idols. And the next morning the Grand Duke went out to the Dnieper with the Tsaritsyn and Korsun priests to baptize the people of Kiev.

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Slide text: Book art came to our ancestors in the 10th century along with Christianity, and therefore the first literate people we had were priests and monks.

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Slide text: Nestor the Chronicler. The name of the first chronicler was Nestor. He was a monk of the Kyiv Pechora Monastery, born in 1056, settled in the monastery at the age of seventeen and lived until 1114... About the reign of the first Russian princes, only what Nestor wrote down has reached us. In his stories, fiction is mixed with the truth, but we do not have more reliable information.

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Slide text: The greatest monument of Kievan Rus, the basis of the chronicle tradition of the 11th century, is the “Tale of Bygone Years.” It was compiled in the 10th-11th centuries by Nestor. The author set as his goal not just to talk about the settlement of the Slavic peoples of antiquity, about morals and customs, but to emphasize the unity of peoples, their culture, language and writing created in the 9th century by the brothers Cyril and Methodius.

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Slide text: The main genres of Old Russian literature Literature in Rus' arose after the adoption of Christianity, therefore the oral folk art of the ancient Russians received almost no response in Old Russian literature. The exception is chronicles. The main genres of ancient Russian literature: lives, chronographs, chronicles and cartography. Slavic writing was created in the middle of the 9th century specifically for the needs of Christian worship. That is why “useless” worldly works did not appear in Rus' in the first centuries after baptism.

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Slide text: Style in Old Russian literature. In ancient Russian literature, style depended not on the genre of the work, but on the subject of the story. The descriptions used “stencils” and biblical quotes. In ancient Russian literature, the canon ruled - rules and images: the saint was called an “earthly angel” and a “heavenly man”, the enemy surrounded the Russian army like a forest, the princes were fair.

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Slide text: The role of the author in Old Russian literature Old Russian authors did not try to be original, and scribes were not careful with other people's texts. As a rule, the authors mentioned their names only when it was necessary to give the story authenticity and documentary quality. The concept of authorship appeared in the 17th century.

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Slide text: Even in ancient times, they discovered the truth that books, like people, have their own destiny. The Bible was truly destined for great things. It became a kind of code that opened access to the values ​​of European culture, and also had a great influence on the development of medieval literature. The Bible is the sacred history of man, the history of man’s relationship with God, a history unfolding into the future.

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Slide text: Life is a work of art in the modern sense of the word. It always tells about events that its compilers and readers consider to be true and not fictitious. Lives were classified as works of church literature. A chronicle or historical story about the military campaigns of Russian princes, a battle with foreigners, or a story about internecine strife are secular texts.

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Slide text: Historical works telling about the events of world history by year and reign were called chronograph in Rus'. In its meaning, this word is very close to the word “chronicle” (from the Greek “chrono” - time and “graph” - writing). Any chronograph is, first of all, a version of history, permeated with a Christian worldview. Medieval Rus' became part of the Christian world and thereby turned into a “historical country.”

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Slide text: The Golden Word of Russian literature is called “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign,” created in 1187. Folk images in the work are closely related to its folk ideals. The artistic and ideological sides in “The Lay” are inseparable from each other. For example, a comparison of the battle with the harvest, in the battle of Igor with the Polovtsians, “the black ground under the hooves was covered with bones, and the clearing was covered with blood.” The word calls for a fight against the Polovtsians, first of all, in the name of peaceful labor.

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Slide text: The meaning of “The Word...” is especially great for us because it is a sacred and indisputable witness to the height of ancient Russian culture, its identity and its nationality. This is not a historical narrative about the distant past - it is a response to the events of its time, full of grief that has not yet dulled.

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Slide text: Among various cultural monuments, cartographic works occupy a special place. Figuratively and succinctly, old maps reflect the level of material and spiritual culture of past generations, the centuries-old history of our Motherland. Before the appearance of drawings in the 16th century, there were already textual descriptions of various territories, i.e. geographical descriptions of the area.

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Slide text: For example, one of the oldest Russian texts about the transfer of land ownership to the Novgorod Anthony Monastery reads: “... and the allotment of that land from the river to the Volkhov by a branch stream up, and to Lyuschik, and by Lyuschik along the prest, and from the prest to a cow run, and by a cow run to the alder, and from the alder to the spruce bush, from the spruce bush to the upper reaches of Dontsovoye, and down Dontsovoye...". The oldest Russian geographical drawing with inscriptions that has come down to us dates back to 1536.

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Slide text: We know that the purpose of Russian literature is to give readers, first of all, artistic and aesthetic pleasure. But in Ancient Rus' everything was not like that. Wasting God-given time and energy on empty “useless stories and fictitious incidents” was considered sinful. Old Russian literature is connected with everyday life, rituals and practical details of society in a completely different way than the literature of modern times.

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Slide text: Old Russian literature is the first source of writing that has come down to us from time immemorial, a source of culture and spirituality in Rus', a reference book on history, geography and a biographical messenger about the life of our ancestors.

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Slide text: From those distant and glorious times, time moves with small steps, The voice of the Slavic tribes is heard, Having endured the most difficult burden.

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Slide text: THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!!!

HISTORY OF ANCIENT RUSSIAN LITERATURE

Old Russian (or Russian medieval, or ancient East Slavic) literature is the totality of written works written on the territory of Kievan and then Moscow Rus' in the period from the 11th to the 17th centuries. Old Russian literature is the common ancient literature of the Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian peoples. Features and genres of Old Russian literature

Academicians: Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev Boris Alexandrovich Rybakov Alexey Alexandrovich Shakhmatov. Major researchers of ancient Russian literature

all works were of a religious or historical nature; in ancient Russian literature there was no concept of authorship, since the works either reflected real historical events or were expositions of Christian books. Features of Old Russian literature:

works were created in accordance with etiquette, that is, according to certain rules; Old Russian literature developed very slowly: over seven centuries, only a few dozen works were created. Features of Old Russian literature:

CHRONICLE is a description of historical events by “year,” that is, by year. Goes back to ancient Greek chronicles. Examples of works: “The Tale of Bygone Years”, “Lauren’s Chronicle”, “Ipatiev Chronicle” Genres of Old Russian literature

LIFE is the biography of a saint. Examples of works: “The Life of Theodosius of Pechersk”, “The Life of Alexander Nevsky”, “The Life of Sergius of Radonezh” Genres of Old Russian literature

TEACHING is a spiritual testament from a father to his children. Examples of works: “The Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh” Genres of Old Russian literature

WALKING is a description of travel. Examples of works: “Walking across Three Seas” Genres of Old Russian literature

WORD is a genre of church or secular eloquence. Examples of works: “The Tale of Law and Grace”, “The Tale of the Destruction of the Russian Land” Genres of Old Russian Literature

A MILITARY TALE is a description of military campaigns and battles. Examples of works: “Zadonshchina”, “The Tale of the Massacre of Mamayev” Genres of Old Russian literature

Written literature in Old Russian appeared in the 11th century, shortly after the baptism of Rus' by Prince Vladimir. Its basis was initially made up of church books brought from Byzantium and works of oral folk art. The emergence of ancient Russian literature:

1. Kiev-Novgorod period (10-12 centuries) - the first chronicles were created, the first lives and religious books and historical chronicles were written. - the first proper Russian written work was created - “The Word of Law and Grace” In the development of Old Russian literature, two periods are distinguished:

sermon “Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh” autobiographical work “On ways and catches” chronicle collection “Life of Theodosius of Pechersk Works of Old Russian literature of the 1st period

The first part of the chronicle is a story about world history according to the Bible - from the creation of the world to the global flood and the distribution of the earth between the sons of Noah: Shem, Ham and Japheth. Then Nestor talks about the settlement of the Slavic tribes, about their relations with neighboring tribes, about the founding of Kyiv, about the emergence of the Russian land, the state, about the first Novgorod and Kyiv princes.

The literature of this period reflects the gradual revival of Rus', the unification of Russian lands. New genres emerge: the satirical story and the everyday story. The author's principle is strengthened, fiction appears in literature. Muscovite Rus' period (13th-17th centuries):

military stories “Zadonshchina” and “The Tale of the Massacre of Mamayev” “The Life of Stefan of Perm” and “The Life of Sergius of Radonezh” the autobiographical work “The Life of Archpriest Avvakum, written by himself” “Domostroy” - a set of instructions and rules of behavior in the family and society of a pious person. Works of Old Russian literature of the 2nd period

"The Tale of Igor's Campaign" (1187)

The time of the central event described in the “Tale...” - Igor’s campaign - refers to the period from April 23 to May 10, 1185. However, the author states in the introduction that his story will cover times “from old Vladimir to present-day Igor,” that is, two centuries. Chronological framework of the work

Prince Igor's unsuccessful campaign in the Polovtsian steppe was an occasion for the author to reflect on the fate of the Russian land and call on the Russian princes to unity. At the beginning of the campaign, Igor’s army encounters a solar eclipse, which was considered a bad sign in those days. Igor calls on the soldiers to be brave. In the first battle, the Russians win, but in the second they suffer a crushing defeat, and Igor himself is captured. The author admires the prince’s courage; on the other hand, he condemns Igor for his short-sightedness, since the defeat in the battle with the Polovtsians opened the way for enemies to new raids. Plot

Thank you for your attention Completed by a 10th grade student of the MBOU “Suleevskaya Secondary School” Gayazova Ilyuza Nailevna

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