Working time concept
Measured work time differently. This could be a shift, a day, a week, a month or a year. This time is a measure of labor evaluation. Duration work shift varies in different countries and by different types labor activity, working conditions and professions.
The purpose of classifying working time costs
This classification makes it possible to establish optimal amounts of working time, identify the proportion of wasted time, and determine directions for increasing labor productivity at the enterprise.
Classification of working time costs
Working time costs are divided into separate categories and types. When compiling the classification, the proportions and sizes of the constituent elements of the entire working time are taken into account.
Working time is generally divided into:
- time spent on completing a production task (working time);
- time spent on a break from work.
In turn, working time is divided into:
- preparatory and final time;
- operational time;
- workplace service time.
Preparatory-final time involves spending time preparing for the beginning labor process and at the end of such a process. For example, a worker performs the quota of a certain task (producing products) using some equipment. Before starting work, the worker must prepare workplace(starting equipment, warming up, etc.). At the end of the work task, the worker must put the equipment in proper condition (remove, lubricate, wipe, etc.).
Note 1
It is worth noting that the length of time spent on preparation and completion of work does not depend on the standards for completing the task. For example, one hundred units need to be produced or three hundred units - the time spent on preparation and completion of work will be invariably constant. In this regard, the highest possible standards are being developed that will justify the costs of preparing and completing the work.
Operating time is the time directly spent on completing a production task (compliance with standards).
In turn, operational time is divided into:
- main time;
- auxiliary time.
Basic time is the time during which the actual production of the object of labor occurs.
Auxiliary time is time that ensures quality time spent on primary time. This could be the installation or replacement of some parts in the equipment, stopping most of the time to control the quality of manufactured products, etc.
Workplace maintenance time involves spending time on maintaining the workplace in proper order.
In turn, such time is divided into:
- Maintenance;
- organizational services.
Worksite maintenance ensures the smooth operation of equipment and tools.
Organizational services include maintenance of the workplace (layout, layout, etc.).
In addition to these types of working time costs, there may be other types.
Work time that is not provided for by the production task. In this case we mean random and unforeseen tasks. For example, during a power outage, it is necessary to spend time starting the generator.
Also, time can be spent on non-productive work, that is, on tasks that are in no way related to production requirements.
The time of breaks in work can be regulated or unregulated.
Unscheduled breaks can occur for both production and non-production reasons.
The production process can be viewed as a process of increasing the time spent on manufactured products. In this regard, the first question that arises when organizing labor is to determine what time expenditure is necessary and should be included in the norm. It is also important to determine
Rice. 2.6.1.
efficient use of employee time and equipment. All these issues are resolved based on the classification of working time costs.
Classification of time expenditure can be carried out in relation to three elements production process: subject of labor, workers and equipment. Classification in relation to the subject of labor (Fig. 2.6.1) is also a classification in relation to the production process, because in this case we're talking about about the time required to transform an object of labor into a product of labor. Based on this classification, the composition of time spent included in the standards is established.
When calculating labor standards, the costs of working time are established: preparatory and final, operational, workplace maintenance, rest and personal needs, and regulated (standardized) breaks.
Preparatory and final refers to the time spent preparing to complete a given task and the actions associated with its completion: obtaining tools, devices, technological and planning documentation; familiarization with the work, drawing; instructions on how to perform the work; installation of fixtures and tools; equipment adjustment; removing fixtures and tools after completing the work; delivery of devices, tools, documentation. The peculiarity of the preparatory and final time is that it is spent once on work (a batch of objects of labor) and does not depend on the amount of work performed on this task. In some productions, preparatory and final time is not allocated.
Operational is the time spent on changing the shape, size, properties of the object of labor, as well as on performing auxiliary actions necessary to implement these changes. Operating time costs are repeated with each unit of production or a certain amount of work. It is divided into main and auxiliary.
Basic (technological) time is spent on a purposeful change in the subject of labor (its size, shape, composition, properties, condition and position). Auxiliary - the time during which raw materials, workpieces are loaded, removed finished products, equipment control, changing its operating modes, monitoring progress technological process and product quality.
Workplace service time refers to the time spent by a worker on caring for equipment and maintaining the workplace in good condition. Workplace maintenance time is divided into technical and organizational. Time Maintenance workplace is spent on caring for equipment when performing this specific job. In particular, this category includes the time for replacing worn out tools, adjusting equipment, removing chips, etc. Organizational service time is spent on workplace maintenance associated with performing work throughout the entire shift. This category includes the time spent on setting up tools at the beginning and cleaning up at the end of a work shift, and on cleaning and lubricating equipment.
Time of regulated breaks includes time for rest and personal needs and time for breaks for organizational and technical reasons. Time for rest and personal needs installed to maintain normal performance and for personal hygiene. The length of rest breaks depends on working conditions. Rest time also includes time for industrial exercises. Time of regulated (standardized) breaks for organizational and technical reasons objectively determined by the nature of the interaction between workers and equipment. Eliminating these interruptions is practically impossible or economically impractical. For example, if one worker operates several machines, then in many cases it is impossible to completely synchronize the worker's time with the machine time. The consequence of this is breaks, which must be included in the time standard.
Time for unregulated breaks includes downtime of equipment and workers caused by violations of established technology and production organization. These breaks are not included in the time standard.
When analyzing the time spent by workers, first of all, the time of their employment and the time of breaks are highlighted. Employee's busy time includes the time it takes to complete a production task and the time you are busy with other work. The latter includes the time of casual work outside the established schedule and the time of unproductive work (correcting defects, searching for materials, tools, devices, etc.).
Busy time can also be divided into time of direct work, transitions(for example, during multi-machine operation) and active surveillance over the course of the technological process, which is necessary in order to ensure its normal course. If a worker is engaged in active surveillance, he should not perform other functions. In addition to active, it is also possible passive observation, which is one of the types of breaks in a worker’s employment for organizational and technical reasons. Passive observation time can occur when servicing automatic lines, devices, and multi-machine work. The economic feasibility of passive observation is established as a result of calculations of optimal service standards and numbers. If possible, passive observation time should be used to perform simple functions (laying out tools, cleaning the workplace, etc.), the execution of which is stopped if employee intervention in the production process is necessary.
When analyzing working time costs, we highlight unregulated breaks for organizational and technical reasons and the fault of the employee. The time of unregulated breaks for organizational and technical reasons includes downtime of equipment and workers due to waiting for workpieces, documentation, tools, etc., as well as excess time of breaks associated with non-synchronization of the production process. Break times due to violation labor discipline(due to the fault of the employee) due to the late start and premature completion of work, excess rest time, etc.
To calculate labor standards, it is essential to divide the time spent into overlapping and non-overlapping.
TO overlapped usually refers to the time a worker performs those elements of the labor process that are carried out during the period of automatic operation of the equipment. Non-overlapping is the execution time labor practices(installation of workpieces, quality control, etc.) with stopped (non-working) equipment and time for machine-manual techniques.
In a broader sense, overlapping (combinable) should include the time spent on all work that is performed simultaneously (in parallel) with those elements of the operation that determine its duration. It is especially important to consider the overlapping time costs when an operation is performed by several workers.
The time that the equipment operates without any participation of workers is called free machine (hardware) time. It is necessary to strive to ensure that this time is used for multi-machine service, combining functions and professions.
When establishing labor standards and analyzing working time costs, the latter are divided into standardized And non-standardized. Standardized ones include necessary for given specific conditions the amount of costs of main, auxiliary time, time for servicing the workplace, for rest and personal needs, regulated breaks for organizational and technical reasons, preparatory and final time. The total amount of time spent per unit of production is usually called piece-calculation time(/shk):
Where t w - piece time; T t - preparatory and final time for a batch of items of labor; P - batch size; t 0 - main time; t in - auxiliary time; / 0 b - workplace servicing time; t ml - time for rest and personal needs; t m - time of standardized breaks for organizational and technical reasons; / P z - preparatory and final time per unit of production.
Main time is included t mK completely, and for the remaining terms of formula (2.6.1) only their non-overlapping parts are taken into account.
Since formula (2.6.1) contains terms that are not repeated with each unit of production (for example, t Qb, f 0 ™), the value / shk determines the average cost of normalized time per unit of production for this operation.
For the purpose of study and analysis, working time costs are classified, i.e. are divided into groups according to certain characteristics. Analysis of the employee’s time expenditure allows us to establish the degree of his workload, determine the content and nature of the time expenditure when performing production tasks.
The classification of working time costs based on its use is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2 - Classification of working time costs
Working time is the duration of the working day and working week established by law. Depending on the purpose, working time is divided into work time and break time.
Working time is the part of the working day during which activities related to the performance of work are performed.
Break time is a part of the working day during which the labor process is not carried out for various reasons and the employee is inactive.
Operating time, in turn, includes two types of costs:
The time directly occupied by the execution of a given work (time to complete a production task) is Trz;
Time of work not determined by the production task (performing operations that are not typical for a given worker: going for tools, correcting defective products, etc.) - Tnz.
The time for completing a production task is divided into preparatory - final, operational and workplace maintenance time.
Preparatory-final time (TPT) is spent by workers preparing themselves and their workplace to complete a production task, as well as on all actions to complete it. The amount of this time does not depend on the volume of work, but only on the type of production and the level of labor organization. In single and small-scale production (where frequent equipment changeovers are observed), this time is 12 - 15% of working time, in large-scale production - 3 - 5%, and in mass production - 1-3%. Preparatory - final time includes the time for receiving orders, drawings, devices, tools, setting up equipment, washing and steaming equipment, receiving and handing over shifts, handing over finished products.
Operative time (TOP) is the time during which a worker performs a given operation. This time is divided into main To (technological) - changing the shape, properties and quality of objects of labor and into auxiliary (Tvsp) - actions that contribute to these changes (installation and removal of parts, starting and stopping equipment, eliminating thread breaks, changing the shuttle, loading raw materials and unloading the finished product, etc.).
Workplace maintenance (TORM) - time spent on activities related to the care of the workplace and maintaining equipment, tools and devices in working order during the shift. In machine and automated processes it is divided into technical time (Tto) and time of organizational (Too) maintenance of the workplace. Tto - maintenance of the workplace in connection with the implementation of this operation (replacing a dull tool, adjusting equipment, bringing the solution to the required concentration, etc.). Too - actions to care for the workplace (laying out and putting away tools, cleaning and lubricating equipment, cleaning the workplace at the end of the shift. In some industries (coal, metallurgical, food, etc.) Brake is not allocated, but refers to Tpz.
When analyzing working time costs, it is necessary to allocate manual time (Tvsp), which is overlapped and not overlapped by machine time. The labor standard includes manual time that is not overlapped by machine time (performing auxiliary operations and other types of work when the equipment is stopped).
Break time is divided into the following types:
Rest breaks and personal needs (Toln);
Breaks of an organizational and technical nature (Tpot);
Breaks due to violation of labor discipline (Tndt).
Rest and personal breaks are used by workers to rest in order to prevent fatigue, as well as for personal hygiene. These also include time for conducting industrial gymnastics. The length of breaks depends on working conditions.
Interruptions of an organizational and technical nature can be caused by the established technology and organization of production (Tpt), as well as disruptions in the normal flow of the production process (Tpnt).
Tpt - removal of workers from the explosion zone, breaks between unloading and loading of the thermal furnace, etc. All these breaks are regulated and included in the labor standard.
Tpnt - delays in the supply of raw materials, semi-finished products, lack of energy, blanks, waiting for transport, etc. These interruptions in work are essentially downtime for various organizational and technical reasons depending on production.
As is known, labor is any mental and physical effort exerted by people in the process of economic activity. The time during which a worker creates material goods is called working time.
Labor Code Russian Federation(Chapter 15, Art. 91) defines the concept of working time as follows:
Work time - the time during which the employee, in accordance with the internal labor regulations and conditions employment contract must perform labor duties, as well as other periods of time that, in accordance with this Code, other federal laws and other regulatory legal acts Russian Federation refer to working time.
The content of working time is distinguished by a wide variety of its constituent elements. To disclose them, a classification of working time costs is used, which can be carried out in relation to three elements of the production process: the subject of labor, workers and equipment. The basis of these classifications is the identification of two components of the time of the production process (work time) and the time of breaks.
Classification of contractor's working time costs presented in Figure 1. Here working time means the period during which the employee prepares for work, its immediate implementation and completion. It, in turn, consists of the time of work to complete the production task and the time of work not provided for by the production task.
The work time to complete a production task is the time spent on preparing and directly executing the task. It consists of preparatory and final time, operational time and workplace maintenance time.
Preparatory and final time – this is the time spent by the employee preparing to perform the work and completing it (receiving a task for the work and becoming familiar with its contents, obtaining materials, documentation, tools, handing over finished products, tools, etc.).
The amount of preparatory and final time does not depend on the amount of work to complete the production task, therefore, the larger the volume of the task, the smaller the share of preparatory and final time falls on the unit of work for this task.
Operating time - this is the time during which an employee or group of employees directly performs a production task. It is divided into main and auxiliary.
The main time is the time during which the object of labor undergoes quantitative and qualitative changes, as well as a change in position in space. For example, processing a part in a machine in metal and woodworking, sewing together parts of a product in clothing production, the time of active monitoring of the progress of the hardware process in chemical production, driving a car when transporting goods in road transport.
Auxiliary time is spent by the performer on actions that ensure the completion of the main work (installation of labor objects in the machine and removal from it in machine-tool production, taking measurements of the part being manufactured, loading equipment with raw materials and materials in the food industry, changing operating modes of equipment, etc.).
Workplace service time – this is time to care for the workplace and maintain equipment in working condition. It is divided into technical and organizational maintenance time.
Maintenance time is associated with caring for equipment when performing a specific task on this equipment (replacing worn parts, setting up and lubricating equipment, replacing cartridges in office equipment, etc.).
Organizational maintenance time is the time spent maintaining the workplace in working condition (cleaning up production waste, moving containers with blanks and finished products within the workplace, washing and cleaning cars, etc.).
Depending on the nature of the performer’s participation in the performance of production operations, the preparatory and final time is divided into manual work time, machine-manual work time and time of monitoring the operation of equipment.
Handmade time called work without the use of machines and mechanisms, when only hand-held, non-mechanized tools are used.
Machine-manual work time (including manual mechanized) is the time during which work is performed by a machine with the direct participation of an employee or by an employee using a hand-held mechanized tool (electric drill, pneumatic hammer, chainsaw).
In conditions of mechanized and automated production, a significant proportion of working time is occupied by equipment operation monitoring time . It can be active or passive.
The time for active observation of equipment operation is that the employee does not directly perform physical work, but his presence is required at the workplace to monitor the progress of the technological process.
Passive observation time is the time during which there is no need for constant monitoring of the operation of equipment or the technological process; observation is carried out periodically. This time can be used to perform other work that allows periodic monitoring of the independent operation of the equipment.
Working hours can be overlapping or non-overlapping. Overlapping time is the time of performing any work during the period of automatic operation of the equipment. For example, the time an employee performs auxiliary work and the time the automatic operation of equipment that the employee is monitoring are performed simultaneously, that is, they overlap.
Non-overlapping time is the time for performing auxiliary work when the equipment is stopped (for example, when loading raw materials into intermittent devices).
Non-production work time is time spent performing random or unproductive work.
Odd Jobs – these are works caused by production needs, but not provided for by the production task (for example, correcting defects).
Unproductive work is considered to be one that does not increase the volume of products or improve their quality (for example, excessive mileage of a loaded car due to an incorrectly designed route).
Break times – this is the period during which the employee, while at work, does not work. It forms part of working time and should be distinguished from lunch breaks, which are not included in working time. The time of breaks in work is divided into the time of regulated breaks and unregulated breaks.
Time of regulated breaks involves the time of unavoidable breaks established by technology and the organization of the production process, and time for rest and personal needs (for example, industrial gymnastics).
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The time of unavoidable interruptions established by the technology and organization of the production process is determined by the specific conditions of specific technological processes (for example, so that a heated part cools down to a certain temperature).
Breaks for rest and personal needs are provided to employees to restore performance during the work shift, to perform industrial exercises, for personal hygiene and their own needs.
Time of unregulated (removable) breaks caused by disruptions in the normal production process and violations of labor discipline.
The time of breaks caused by violations of labor discipline is a consequence of lateness to work, unauthorized absences from the workplace, premature termination of work, downtime of workers who cannot perform their duties due to the absence of other employees who violate labor discipline.
Interruptions caused by disruptions in the normal production process arise for organizational and technical reasons. This occurs due to poor organization of labor and production (for example, untimely supply of raw materials, materials, electricity to the workplace, untimely maintenance of equipment).
Classification in relation to the subject of labor , which is also a classification in relation to the production process (after all, we are talking about the costs necessary to transform an object of labor into a product of labor) is presented in Figure 2.
It should be noted that working time costs are divided into standardized and non-standardized.
TO normalized working hours
include the costs necessary to complete a given job. They include:
- preparatory and final time;
- operational time;
- workplace servicing time;
- time of breaks provided for by the technology and organization of the production process;
- time for rest and personal needs.
All these costs are included in the standard time.
TO irregular working hours include loss of time for organizational and technical reasons (for example, emergency stops of equipment, removable deficiencies in labor organization).
The classification of working time costs has a grouping that would allow an objective analysis of the feasibility of using the working time of performers and the time of use of equipment.
In labor standardization, two classifications of working time costs are used: according to one of them, the total time is divided into work time and break time, and according to the other, into standardized and non-standardized time. Work time includes the time required to complete a production task and the time of work not determined by the task (casual or unproductive work). Break times include breaks that depend on workers (for rest, personal needs and caused by violation of discipline) and those that do not depend on them (for technical or organizational reasons). Break time is divided into necessary and unnecessary, covered by machine time and not covered. Standardized time refers to the amount of working time required to complete a given job. Irregular time is the loss of working time and time spent on work not caused by the completion of a task.
1. Standardized time consists of preparatory and final time, operational time, time for servicing the workplace, breaks for rest and personal needs, breaks for organizational and technical reasons.
IN general view magnitude time standards includes:
Preparatory-final time is spent by workers preparing to perform a given job and on actions related to its completion. The standard preparatory and final time is established either for a batch of products or for a work shift.
Operational time is used directly to perform a given job. It is divided into two parts: main (technological) time; auxiliary time. Basic (technological) time is the time spent by a worker on changing the subject of labor (its shape, size, appearance, physical-chemical or mechanical properties, etc.), its state and position in space and repeated during the manufacture of each unit of product. Auxiliary time refers to the time spent on worker techniques, without which the main (technological) process is impossible: installation and removal of a part, machine control, supply and removal of tools, etc.
Workplace maintenance time is used by the worker to care for his workplace and maintain it in working order throughout the shift and is divided into:
- · organizational service time, it is not related to the work performed and is implemented 2 times per shift: at the beginning and at the end of the shift;
- · maintenance time is related to the operation performed; This is the time spent on adjusting equipment and devices during work, changing dull tools, cleaning up chips, etc.
The time for breaks for rest and personal needs is usually set at 8-10 minutes per shift (at construction sites - 15 minutes) and in all cases is included in the time standard.
Break times for organizational and technical reasons -- These are breaks associated with the repair of mechanisms on schedule, waiting for service due to the busyness of a worker servicing several machines.
- 2. Non-standardized time includes loss time:
- · for organizational and technical reasons. These are losses associated with waiting for work, workpieces, tools, repair of a machine, a craftsman, etc.
- · due to the fault of the worker. Loss of working time due to the fault of a worker means interruptions in work due to violation of labor discipline and daily routine.
There are two main types of rationing of working time costs:
Experimental and statistical. With this method, standards are established based on personal experience standardizer, statistical data. Such standards are called experimental-static; they do not contribute to increasing labor productivity, so they need to be replaced by scientifically based standards established by analytical methods.
Analytical. Scientific method. It is based on the study of an operation by dividing it into labor techniques, on the study of factors influencing the duration of individual labor techniques; on the design of a rational labor process, taking into account the psychophysiological characteristics of a person. On this basis it is determined standard duration individual elements of work and the time standard is calculated. When using the analytical method, labor standards are established in the following ways:
- 1) research. It is based on data from photographs of the working day and timekeeping, so it is quite labor-intensive, but it ensures high accuracy of calculations;
- 2) analytical. Time standards are calculated according to ready-made standards that were established in advance using an analytical and research method.
The work time to complete a production task is divided into preparatory and final, main, auxiliary and workplace maintenance time,
The time of preparatory and final work includes the time for preparing the workplace and objects of labor for the task (receiving materials, familiarizing with drawings, preparing equipment for operation, receiving instructions from the foreman, etc.), as well as time for operations related to completion of the task (transfer of equipment to a replacement, delivery of products, tools, etc.).
Primary work time is the time spent on performing the main purpose of the operation, i.e. changing the shape, size, physical or chemical properties, state, appearance, appearance, relative position of the elements of the object of labor.
Auxiliary time includes the time spent creating conditions for performing the main work (for example, installing, fastening and removing workpieces, starting, stopping and controlling the machine, control measurements and journal entries, etc.).
Primary and auxiliary time can be machine, machine-manual or manual. The sum of the time it takes to complete the main and auxiliary work is called the operational work time.
Workplace maintenance time is spent on maintaining equipment, tools, fixtures, control devices and process control devices in working condition, as well as maintaining cleanliness and order in the workplace. When rationing machine and machine-manual work, it is sometimes divided into the time of technical and organizational maintenance.
In machine, automated and instrumental operations, the time of preparatory and final and auxiliary work and maintenance of the workplace, depending on the possibility of combining them with the time of performing the main work, is divided into overlapping and non-overlapping.
Regulated breaks include: rest breaks to prevent overwork; breaks for personal needs - time for personal hygiene and natural needs; interruptions of an organizational and technical nature due to technology or organization of the production process.
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