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Oral speech and its origin Let's talk about the origin of oral speech. Let's start with this: a very, very long time ago, millions of years ago, the first people on Earth could not only write, but also speak! Primitive people, like the animals that surrounded them, could make only the simplest sounds! They screamed if they were in danger, growled if someone was hurt, and squealed with joy if they managed to find food. The first people on Earth were weak and helpless, but they already knew how to move on two legs, which means their hands were not busy, and people could use simple tools - a stick and a stone. This was a very important advantage of humans over wild animals.

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Gradually, people learned to get more food, learned to build simple dwellings, learned to use fire, but still no one could tell anything, no one could exchange their thoughts. But what to do? It was necessary to find some way to agree on the hunt, tell where edible berries grow, and warn about the danger! And primitive people found a way out! They started using gestures! And if some simple sounds were added to the gestures, then the result was quite understandable - sign language! We still use this language today. By shaking each other’s hands, we seem to say “Hello!”; by waving our hand, we say, “Goodbye!”; by clapping our hands, we approve, “Good! Bravo!"

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But no matter how expressive a person’s gestures and facial expressions were, they were not visible in the dark. And during work, your hands are busy - you can’t talk. Ancient people had to come up with something more reliable than sign language. But tens of thousands of years passed before people began to use the sounds of their voices to convey words. People simply had to realize that all objects and natural phenomena could not be depicted with gestures, but could be designated with the sounds of their voice. It really was like a miracle! The sound that just sounded and disappeared can designate everything that does not disappear: wood, fire, rain, wind, water - everything that exists around us! This is how people began to possess the greatest secret of transforming sound into thought, and thoughts into words!

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And only people use this great secret of the language! The ability to master the sounds of one’s voice and remember the meaning of these sounds finally separated man from wild animals. Thus, the first words on Earth gradually began to appear. These were the smallest particles of human speech that had some meaning. They were already understandable to people of the same tribe. The first words on Earth could be words of command, for example: Come on! Stop! Here! Forward! These words no longer meant just objects, but actions. And this was very important for primitive man. Because when people began to explain to each other in words and gestures what they could do and what they couldn’t do, then language arose. Then it became a means of communication!

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Not only the first nouns and words appeared, denoting all the objects existing around people, but also verbs. These are very important words that indicate what a person should do or should not do. Then words appeared that denote the quality of an object. What item is this? Big, small, hot, heavy, beautiful, strong, tall... This is how many other words appeared. All the words gradually formed into sentences. Oral speech emerged. This was the greatest event in the development of mankind. Man began to think in words and speak in words!

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So, the answer to the question of what oral speech is is very simple: oral speech is a person’s ability to speak and listen, a person’s ability to pronounce words using the lips, tongue, mouth. Therefore, the name oral speech comes from the word mouth - lips.

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Written speech and its origins Now we know that it took many thousands of years for people to learn to speak. But it took no less time for people to learn to write and read. Was it really necessary to invent written language? Isn't it enough that we understand each other when we talk? Yes, oral speech is quite enough for conversation and conversation, but the spoken word quickly disappears, and a trace of it remains only in the memory of the one who heard it. It took thousands of years before people could figure out a way to store the sounds of words and then pass them on to other people. And the first steps to writing were drawings on rocks and in caves. These drawings helped people communicate with each other.

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The second step towards writing was the oldest type of writing - pictography, writing with pictures. This word comes from the Latin word pictus - drawn, picturesque and the Greek word grapho - write. The person who wrote such a letter needed to depict objects and life situations as accurately as possible, and the person reading this letter needed to correctly guess what was drawn in it.

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Approximately 4000 BC A state was formed called Sumer. It was located in Asia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers north of the Persian Gulf. A hardworking and prosperous people lived there - the Sumerians. And it was the prosperity of the Sumerians, their wealth that created a new problem in the ancient history of mankind. The Sumerians needed to keep track of their wealth and somehow record all the information about the number of livestock and grain for control and safety! Then the inhabitants of Sumer, in order not to lose count, began to help themselves with drawings. They made small cakes from raw clay and drew on them what they wanted to count. To do this, they used a sharpened stick, and when the clay dried, the design was preserved for a long time.

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So, starting with signs for counting, the Sumerians gradually moved on to writing! They drew birds, plants, livestock and many other objects and over time they noticed that it is not necessary to draw a bird in detail, you can simplify the drawing and depict the same bird with a large icon similar to it. The main thing is to agree with those who will read that this icon means a bird! But then it was necessary to teach other people to understand these icons, otherwise no one would be able to read what was written there. Thus the need for schools and teachers arose! But how difficult it was to learn so many icons! And then a new idea appeared: to designate with icons not objects, because they cannot all be listed, but only words denoting these objects. And then signs for objects turned into signs for words.

Did you know that ancient people could not speak at all? And they learned this gradually. When did speech originate? Nobody knows for sure. Primitive people invented a language, because it did not exist at all. Gradually they gave a name to everything that surrounded them. With the advent of speech, people escaped from the world of silence and loneliness. They began to unite and pass on their knowledge. And when writing appeared, people were able to communicate at a distance and store knowledge in books. During the lesson we will try to answer the questions: why do we need speech? What kind of speech is there? What kind of speech is called oral speech? And which one - written?

You know that the main worker in our language is the word. Sentences are built from words. Our speech consists of words and sentences. Conversations, stories, questions, arguments, advice, even the songs you sing and listen to - this is all speech. Speech conveys our thoughts. By communicating with each other and using language, you perform a speech act.

Look at the pictures. What speech actions do the guys perform (Fig. 1)?

Rice. 1. Speech actions ()

Speaking and listening is oral speech. In ancient times, the mouth and lips were called mouths, which is how the word “oral” appeared, i.e. what is pronounced sounds. The guys also write and read - this is written speech, the one that is written down and read. Oral speech is conveyed by sounds, written speech by signs.

Speech

oral written

listen and speak write and read

What is necessary for writing? Know letters and be able to read and write words and sentences. What is necessary for oral speech? Understand the meaning of words and be able to tell stories using sentences.

Why do we need speech? Imagine a little man who cannot talk, listen, read, or write. There are no books, notebooks, computer, friends, or classmates in his life. Is it interesting to live like this? Do you want to be in his place? I think it's unlikely. Living like this is boring and uninteresting.

A person’s speech “grows” and “matures” with him. The more words a person knows, the more accurately and vividly he expresses his thoughts, the more pleasant it is for people around him to communicate with him, so it is necessary to get acquainted with new words, their meaning, learn the rules and laws by which correct and beautiful speech is built.

In distant, distant times, people did not know how to write and read. But they knew how to compose beautiful songs, fairy tales, and riddles. And some of them have survived to this day. How did they do it? People retold them (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Oral folk art ()

In the old days, people passed on all information by word of mouth. From grandparents to children, from children to grandchildren, and so on from generation to generation (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Oral folk art ().

Read the folk wisdom:

“Good speech is good to listen to.”

“Friendly words will not dry your tongue.”

“Let any other word fall on deaf ears.”

“Think first, and then say.”

“The field is red with millet, but the conversation is with the mind.”

What did our ancestors value? First of all, speech is literate and smart. In our language there are words with which you can give a speech characteristic to a person: loudmouth, silent man, idle talker, joker, grumbler, debater, talker. What you will be called will depend on your oral speech.

Complete the task. Divide the words into two columns. In the first - words that will tell what the speech of an educated person should be like, in the second - speech that needs to be corrected:

Speech (what?) - understandable, thoughtful, illegible, rich, cultured, literate, free, hasty, confused, slurred, illiterate, poor, correct, pleasant, legible, confused.

This is how teachers would like to hear their students speak.

Speech should be clear, thoughtful, rich, cultured, literate, free, correct, pleasant, and intelligible.

Did you know that in Ancient Greece and Rome there were even public speaking competitions (Fig. 4)? An orator is one who gives a speech, as well as a person who masters the art of making speeches.

Rice. 4. Speakers' competition ()

The art of oratory has always interested people and aroused admiration and admiration. The speaker was seen as having a special power that could convince of something with the help of words. The speaker was supposed to have mysterious qualities that do not exist in an ordinary person. That is why orators became government leaders, great scientists, sages and heroes.

Some peoples even had gods and goddesses of eloquence, persuasion, and debate who were worshiped (Fig. 5).

Rice. 5. Goddess of eloquence ()

The art of speech was studied in schools, in families, independently. What did they learn in those distant times (Fig. 6)?

Rice. 6. Pre-revolutionary school ()

First of all, we learned to speak and write only what leads to virtue and happiness of people, not to talk nonsense, not to deceive. In addition, they were taught to collect and accumulate knowledge. They taught that speech should be clear and expressive. Finally, it was necessary to master the art of calligraphy - beautiful and clear writing - and mastery of your voice - its intonations, pauses, voice strength, tempo. Do you think it’s worth learning the same thing in our modern times? Certainly.

What kind of speech do these rules apply to? To oral. How to develop written speech? In Russian language lessons, you need to learn how to correctly compose and write sentences, and collect texts and stories from them. Learn to sign greeting cards and SMS messages on your mobile phone. But always remember: other people will read your written speech, so it needs to be corrected, that is, corrected and improved.

On our huge planet Earth, only we, people, have been given a great gift - the ability to speak, to communicate with each other using words. It is important to use this gift only for the benefit of others and yourself. Try to be interesting interlocutors, good listeners, and active readers. Language is what a person knows, speech is what a person can do. Improve your speech - oral and written.

Today in class we learned what speech is, got acquainted with the concepts of “oral speech”, “written speech”, and learned to distinguish between them.

Bibliography

1. Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. - M.: Astrel, 2011. (download link)
2. Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language 1. - M.: Ballas. (Download link )
3. Agarkova N.G., Agarkov Yu.A. Textbook for teaching literacy and reading: ABC. Academic book/textbook.

1. Nsc.1september.ru ().
2. Festival.1september.ru ().
3. Nsportal.ru ().

Homework

1. Tell your friends what you learned about the topic of the lesson.

2. Why is oral speech called this?

3. What do oral and written language consist of?

4. Choose words that name speech actions.

They listen, sit, talk on the phone, watch, read, sleep, write, type on a computer, tell stories, share impressions, draw, sendsms-message.

5. Read the riddle. What kind of speech do readers use?

I know everything, I teach everyone,

But I myself am always silent.

To make friends with me,

We need to learn to read and write.

6. Connect the parts of the proverbs. What kind of speech do they characterize?

There is no shame in being silent... in time to remain silent.

Know how to say it in time... don’t say too much.

Fear what is above... if you have nothing to say.

Textbook for grade 3 (Part 1)

Russian language

Types of speech

1. Read the poem expressively.

Every year the call is funny
Brings us together.
Hello, autumn! Hello school!
Hello, our favorite class!

Let us feel a little sorry for summer -
We will not be sad in vain.
Hello, the road to knowledge!
Hello, September holiday!
(V. Stepanov)

• Determine the topic and main idea of ​​the text.
• Copy any quatrain. Test yourself.

praz d n And To

2. Read it. Discuss how you would answer any of these questions.

Why does a person need oral speech?
Why did people invent written language?
When does a person use inner speech?

3. Read it. Explain the meaning of proverbs.

1. It's good to sing together, but talk separately.
2. Good speeches are pleasant to listen to.
3. He talks day until evening, but there is nothing to listen to.
4. A person is recognized by his speech.
5. Think first, then speak.

• What kind of speech do you think is called good?
• Write down one of the proverbs from memory. Test yourself.

4. Look at the drawing.

• Determine the theme of the drawing. Write a short text about it and tell it. Title your text.
• What language (oral, written, or internal) did you use when thinking about the content of the text? when was it told? What kind of speech will you use to write down the text?
• Write a short essay on this topic.

together e

Written language is the greatest invention of mankind, and our task is to ensure that children learn to use it. Let’s try to answer a “simple” children’s question: “Why learn to write?” People invented written language so that they could communicate with those who are separated from us by space or time: we write letters to friends living in another city, a note to mom, who will come later. Book authors communicate with their readers, scientists write about their discoveries and inventions. And all this because written speech, unlike oral speech, can be stored for a long time. “What is written with a pen cannot be cut out with an axe,” but the spoken word “flies out and cannot be caught.” Therefore, we often write down what we need to save and not forget. Written speech has its own laws and rules regarding the choice of words, the construction of sentences and the text as a whole. These laws and rules are acquired by us gradually, in the process of special training. Let’s try to answer a “simple” children’s question: “Why learn to write?” People invented written language so that they could communicate with those who are separated from us by space or time: we write letters to friends living in another city, a note to mom, who will come later. Book authors communicate with their readers, scientists write about their discoveries and inventions. And all this because written speech, unlike oral speech, can be stored for a long time. “What is written with a pen cannot be cut out with an axe,” but the spoken word “flies out and cannot be caught.” Therefore, we often write down what we need to save and not forget. Written speech has its own laws and rules regarding the choice of words, the construction of sentences and the text as a whole. These laws and rules are acquired by us gradually, in the process of special training.

Often children do not understand our persistent desire to teach them beautiful and correct writing: “So what, what is ugly (with a mistake), is it still understandable?!” How should an adult react to such phrases? Very simple! Beautiful, legible writing is a sign of respect for those with whom we communicate through writing. It is no coincidence that people who have never learned to write well usually apologize for their handwriting. In addition, a beautiful, neat entry is not only more pleasant, but also much easier to read. There are cases when a person with poor handwriting, who wrote down something important in a hurry, later cannot make out what he wrote. Why create such difficulties for yourself and others? It’s better to work hard and accustom yourself to beautiful, legible writing. As for spelling, it is even easier to explain its purpose. If everyone wrote words the way they are pronounced (and they are pronounced differently by different people) and heard (and they are also heard differently by everyone), it would be very difficult for us to recognize the written words. How long will it take to read and solve such entries? Therefore, people agreed to write words in accordance with rules common to all.

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On topic: HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

After people learned to talk and mastered oral speech, a lot of time passed before they learned to write and read. And the need for written speech did not arise immediately. For thousands of years, people have passed on their knowledge and experience by word of mouth, using only oral speech. But the spoken word cannot be fixed: it quickly disappears and remains only in the memory of the one who heard it. The first written signs that people came up with to leave for each other were drawings on rocks and in caves. The oldest type of writing is writing with pictures; scientists called it pictography. Such ancient letters were found and read by specialists. These are letters written by the ancient inhabitants of Sumer, Egypt, China, and India. By the way, we often use pictography even now: for example, a sign with a shoe or boot on it tells us where the shoe workshop is located, and a drawn kalach will tell us where we can buy baked goods.

But over time, the possibilities of pictography also became insufficient: agriculture and cattle breeding appeared in people’s lives. And to understand how this is connected with the emergence of writing, we need to travel back to the distant past. Around the 4th millennium BC, the state of Sumer was formed in Asia, between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Hardworking people lived in this state, who with their labor made it rich and prosperous. With the advent of agriculture and cattle breeding, they had a surplus of grain, and the growing number of livestock produced offspring, milk and wool - people needed to keep track of this wealth.

At first, the Sumerians counted on their fingers - they could count in tens, counting their fingers several times (we still often count in tens!). Then they began to take into account not only the fingers, but also the joints of the fingers - the result was a count of 60 (that's where there are 60 minutes in an hour, and 60 seconds in a minute!). But their wealth grew, and then the Sumerians began to help themselves with drawings. They made tablets from clay and, using a sharpened stick, drew on them what they wanted to count. After this, the clay dried - the design was preserved for a long time. Over time, the Sumerians began to simplify their drawings: instead of drawing, for example, a goat each time, they depicted some simple icon - the main thing was to agree that this icon meant a goat. Thus, the need arose to teach other people to understand generally accepted signs, because otherwise no one would be able to read such records.

Of course, most people could neither read nor write, and literate people (usually scribes) were held in high esteem. Over time, the first schools, teachers and textbooks appeared. But learning all the icons that could be used to designate numerous objects turned out to be very difficult. And then the idea arose to use icons to denote not objects and phenomena of the surrounding world, but only words. So icons for objects turned into icons for words. And this was also invented by the Sumerians. In their first writing, many symbols did not denote the entire word, but only part of it - a syllable. The ancient Sumerian script is called a syllabic script.
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