"Respiratory hygiene" - About 100 liters of air passes through the lungs in 1 minute. Internal structure lung. Observations: Parietal pleura. Bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli. Sound. Respiratory system. First aid and respiratory hygiene. External. Aims and objectives of the lesson: The biological significance of respiration: Gas exchange in tissues and lungs.
"Biology grade 8 breathing" - How is the process of inhalation and exhalation carried out? The resulting voids will be filled with air. This condition is called emphysema. Breathing regulation. Respiratory system. Mechanism of inhalation and exhalation. Mechanisms of pulmonary respiration. What is the process of gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the blood called? Donders model.
"Plant respiration" - All organs of a plant breathe. The essence of the breathing process. What gas do plants release during respiration? What effect does air pollution have on plant respiration? Where do impurities come from in the air? Experience: What time of day do plants breathe? Conditions affecting plant respiration. Make a conclusion. What trees that are resistant to dusty air do you know?
"Respiration" - The main structural elements of the external respiratory apparatus in mammals. Lungs and chest wall. Expiratory reserve volume. central chemoreceptors. Larynx. Medulla. Internal intercostal muscles. dissolved CO2 (7%). Erythrocyte. systemic capillary. Feedback in the respiratory system.
“Human Breath” - 7) After relaxation, we crawl along the diaphragm to the other side of the chest. Breathing is the link between man and environment a habitat. It's time! 5) In the lungs, we divide into pairs, and each pair rides a separate slide. Journey "Bobik". Today we will go on a journey with me!
"The meaning and structure of the respiratory organs" - Alveoli or pulmonary vesicles. Choose offers that suit your mood. Trachea. The structure of the larynx. Socrates. The structure of the trachea. Reflection. Today at the lesson: I was surprised by the answers of the guys. Lungs. Trp. Respiratory diseases". The structure of the nasal cavity and pharynx. Topic: “The meaning of breathing.
Lesson Objectives:
- to deepen and generalize knowledge on respiratory system, to study the structure of the lungs and their role.
Lesson objectives:
Educational: to study the anatomical features of the human lungs and learn to distinguish between lung and tissue breath ;
Developing: to continue the formation of students' intellectual skills;
Educational: education moral qualities personalities and expanding horizons.
Basic terms:
Lungs- a paired organ that occupies almost the entire volume of the chest. Distinguish between right and left lung. They are the organs of air breathing in humans, all mammals, birds, reptiles, most amphibians, as well as some fish (lungfish, lobe-finned and multi-finned). The lungs are also called respiratory organs in some invertebrates (in mollusks, holothurians). In the lungs, gas exchange takes place between the air in the lung parenchyma and the blood flowing through the pulmonary capillaries.
Lung breathing- the exchange of gases between the blood and atmospheric air, which occurs in the respiratory organs.
Exchange of gases between blood and tissue cells.
During the classes:
Checking homework.
Give short answers to the questions:
1.What is breath and why do we need it?
2. What is the respiratory system?
3. What are the types breathing ?
4. What is related to the upper respiratory tract?
5. What is related to the lower respiratory tract?
Lungs.
The lungs are the main organ of the respiratory system. This is a paired organ that occupies almost the entire volume of the chest. Distinguish between right and left lung. In shape, they are truncated cones, with the top facing the clavicle, and the concave base - to the dome of the diaphragm (figure 1 shows the lungs of a person).
Rice. 1. Human lungs.
The apex of the lung reaches the 1st rib. The outer convex surface is adjacent to the ribs. On the inner side, facing the mediastinum, each lung includes the main bronchus, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins and nerves. They form the root of the lung; it contains a large number of lymph nodes that protect against the penetration of pathogenic microorganisms into the lungs. The place where the bronchi and blood vessels enter the lungs is called the hilum of the lung. Figure 2 shows where they are located.
Rice. 2. Gate of the lung and bronchial tree.
In size, the right lung is wider and shorter than the left. The left lung in the lower anterior region has a recess formed by the heart. Each lung is divided into lobes, the right lung into three, and the left into two. Numerous branches of the bronchi make up the bronchial tree.
The lung tissue consists of pyramidal lobules (25 mm long, 15 mm wide), the base of which faces the surface. The bronchus enters the top of the lobule, which by successive division forms 18-20 terminal bronchioles in it. Each of the latter ends with a structural and functional element of the lungs - the acinus. The acinus consists of 20-50 alveolar bronchioles, dividing into alveolar ducts; the walls of both are densely dotted with alveoli. Each alveolar passage passes into the terminal sections - 2 alveolar sacs.
Alveoli (diameter - 0.15 mm) are hemispherical protrusions and consist of connective tissue and elastic fibers, lined with a thin transparent epithelium and braided with a network of blood capillaries. In the alveoli, gas exchange takes place between the blood and atmospheric air. At the same time, oxygen and carbon dioxide pass through the diffusion process from the blood erythrocyte to the alveoli, overcoming the total diffusion barrier from the alveolar epithelium, basement membrane and blood capillary wall, with a total thickness of up to 0.5 μm, in 0.3 s. Figure 3 shows an example of alveoli.
Rice. 3. Alveoli.
Because The lungs are one of the most important human organs, they are often operated on:
Pulmonary and tissue respiration.
There are pulmonary respiration, which provides gas exchange between air and blood, and tissue respiration, which performs gas exchange between blood and tissue cells.
The exchange of gases in the lungs occurs due to diffusion (Figure 4).
Rice. 4. Diffusion.
An example of the diffusion of molecules is presented in the video:
Blood, which came from the heart into the capillaries that braid the pulmonary alveoli, contains a lot of carbon dioxide. There is little of it in the air of the pulmonary alveoli, so it leaves the bloodstream and passes into the alveoli. Oxygen enters the blood also through diffusion. There is little free oxygen in the blood, because hemoglobin in erythrocytes continuously binds it, turning into oxyhemoglobin. The arterial blood leaves the alveoli and travels through the pulmonary vein to the heart. In order for gas exchange to take place continuously, it is necessary that the composition of gases in the pulmonary alveoli be constant. This constancy is maintained by pulmonary respiration: excess carbon dioxide is removed outside, and the oxygen absorbed by the blood is replaced by oxygen from a fresh portion of the outside air.
Tissue respiration occurs in the capillaries of the systemic circulation, where the blood gives off oxygen and receives carbon dioxide. There is little oxygen in the tissues, and therefore the breakdown of oxyhemoglobin into hemoglobin and oxygen occurs. Oxygen passes into the tissue fluid and there it is used by cells for the biological oxidation of organic substances. The energy released in this process is used for the vital processes of cells and tissues. A lot of carbon dioxide accumulates in the tissues. It enters the tissue fluid, and from it into the blood. Here, carbon dioxide is partially captured by hemoglobin, and partially dissolved or chemically bound by blood plasma salts. Venous blood takes it to the right atrium, from there it enters the right ventricle, which pushes venous blood into the lungs through the pulmonary artery - the circle closes. In the lungs, the blood becomes arterial again and, returning to the left atrium, enters the left ventricle, and from it into the systemic circulation.
The more oxygen is consumed in the tissues, the more oxygen is required from the air to compensate for the costs. That's why at physical work at the same time, both cardiac activity and pulmonary respiration increase. Figure 5 shows what tissue respiration is.
Rice. 5. Tissue respiration.
Conclusions.
1. The lungs occupy all the free space of the chest cavity. The expanded part of the lungs is adjacent to the diaphragm. The main bronchi, pulmonary arteries and veins enter the lungs from the inside, bordering the heart. The place of their entry is called the “gate of the lungs”.
2. Pulmonary respiration is respiration during which gases are exchanged between blood and atmospheric air in the respiratory organs.
3. Tissue respiration occurs in the capillaries of the systemic circulation, where the blood gives off oxygen and receives carbon dioxide.
control block.
1. What are lungs and what is their structure?
2. What is pulmonary respiration?
3. What is tissue respiration?
4. Thanks to what is the exchange of gases in the lungs?
Homework.
Prepare a report on pulmonary and tissue respiration and compare them with each other.
Smoking is one of the worst vices of mankind. Bad habit, which turned into a local disease, which first developed into an epidemic, and very soon into a pandemic. Today, smoking has ceased to be the prerogative of "noble dons", "aristocratic sirs" and "generous gentlemen". All categories of the population of the Earth, all ages and both sexes smoke. They smoke secretly and openly, expensive tobacco and cigarette butts, on the street and at home.
Tobacco smoking is terrible not only by the deterioration in the health of the smoker, but also by the harmful effects on others. In fact, this is not an individual disease, but a social one.
First of all, the respiratory organs are affected. Smoking accounts for 98% of deaths from larynx cancer, 96% of deaths from lung cancer, and 75% of deaths from chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Tobacco smoke contains more than 4,000 chemical compounds, more than forty of which cause cancer, as well as several hundred poisons, including nicotine, cyanide, arsenic, formaldehyde, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocyanic acid, etc. Cigarette smoke contains radioactive substances: polonium, lead, bismuth. A pack of cigarettes a day is about 500 x-rays of exposure per year! The temperature of a smoldering cigarette is 700 - 900 degrees! The lungs of an experienced smoker are a black, rotting mass.
Watch the video, which shows the effect of nicotine on the lungs:
Bibliography:
1. Lesson on the topic “Respiratory system. Pulmonary and tissue respiration” Chervyakova S.M., teacher of biology, MOU “Meshcherinskaya secondary school №1”.
2. Lesson on the topic “Structure of the lungs. Gas exchange in the lungs and tissues” Stafiychuk N.I., biology teacher, YNAO, Vyngapurovsky settlement.
3. Nikishov A.I., Rokhlov V.S., Man and his health. didactic material. M., 2001.
Edited and sent by Borisenko I.N.
Worked on the lesson:
Chervyakova S.M.
Stafiychuk N.I.
Borisenko I.N.
Zaporozhets A.
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Text content of presentation slides: Boyarintseva S.V. Biology teacher, Secondary School No. 36 Magnitogorsk Lesson objectives: To deepen and generalize knowledge of the respiratory system, to study the structure of the lungs and their role. Lesson objectives: To study the anatomical features of the human lungs and learn to distinguish between pulmonary and tissue respiration; To continue the formation of students' intellectual skills; 1. What is breathing and why do we need it? 2. What is the respiratory system? 3. What are the main stages of the breathing process? 4. What is the upper respiratory tract? 5. What applies to the lower respiratory tract?6. How does voice formation occur?7. What organ is called the organ of voice production? This is a paired organ that occupies almost the entire volume of the chest. Distinguish between right and left lung. In shape, they are truncated cones, with the top facing the clavicle, and the concave base - to the dome of the diaphragm. On the inner side, facing the mediastinum, each lung includes the main bronchus, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins and nerves. They form the root of the lung; it contains a large number of lymph nodes that protect against the penetration of pathogenic microorganisms into the lungs. Each lung is divided into lobes, the right - into three, the left - into two. Numerous branches of the bronchi make up the bronchial tree. The lung tissue consists of pyramidal lobules (25 mm long, 15 mm wide). The bronchus enters the top of the lobule, which forms 18-20 terminal bronchioles in it. Each of the latter ends with a structural and functional element of the lungs - the acinus. The acinus consists of 20-50 alveolar bronchioles, dividing into alveolar ducts; the walls of both are densely dotted with alveoli. Each alveolar passage passes into the terminal sections - 2 alveolar sacs. Alveoli (d = 0.15 mm) are hemispherical protrusions and consist of connective tissue and elastic fibers, lined with a thin transparent epithelium and braided with a network of blood capillaries. In the alveoli, gas exchange takes place between the blood and atmospheric air. Pulmonary respiration, providing gas exchange between air and blood. Tissue respiration, which exchanges gases between blood and tissue cells. 1. The lungs occupy all the free space of the chest cavity. The expanded part of the lungs is adjacent to the diaphragm. The main bronchi, pulmonary arteries and veins enter the lungs from the inside, bordering the heart. The place of their entry is called the “gate of the lungs”. 2. Pulmonary respiration is respiration during which gases are exchanged between blood and atmospheric air in the respiratory organs. 3. Tissue respiration occurs in the capillaries of the systemic circulation, where the blood gives off oxygen and receives carbon dioxide. 1. What are lungs and what is their structure? 2. What is pulmonary respiration? 3. What is tissue respiration? 4. Thanks to what is the exchange of gases in the lungs? §27, answer questions.
Attached files
slide 2
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
Consolidate knowledge: about the essence of breathing, its role in metabolism, energy conversion in the human body; about the structure of the respiratory organs in connection with their functions in the process of voice formation Give an idea: about pulmonary respiration, gas exchange between blood and tissues. To enable students to realize the value of knowledge on this topic. Develop communication skills (lead a discussion, argue your opinion). Continue the development of cognitive interests. Attracting knowledge of other subjects (physics, chemistry, computer science).
slide 3
EQUIPMENT
Computer Multimedia projector EI “Kim Virtual School. Biology lessons. Man and his health. EI “Enlightenment. Biology. Human anatomy and physiology". EI “Physicon. Open biology "Biology. Man: Textbook for 8 cells / D.V. Kolesov, R.D. Mash, I.N. Belyaev. Table "Respiratory Organs"
slide 4
Lesson Plan
Organizational moment Updating of basic knowledge. Problem statement. Check of knowledge. Learning new material. Consolidation of new knowledge. Homework instruction. Summing up the lesson.
slide 5
Updating of basic knowledge
Task 1. Without food and water, a person can live for several days, but without air, no one can live even ten minutes. What is the function of the respiratory organs?
slide 6
Slide 7
Updating of basic knowledge
Using the knowledge from the Animals course and the knowledge from the last lesson, solve problem 2. Imagine an oxygen molecule that enters the lungs when you inhale. Follow in your mind what path this molecule will take with the air from the nostrils to the lungs. From the list of organs of the human body, select the airways and connect them with lines.
Slide 8
TASK 2
airways Heart Nasal cavity Stomach Nasopharynx Blood Larynx Esophagus Trachea Intestine Thorax Bronchi “While I breathe, I hope,” said the Roman poet Ovid. Why do you think I took this phrase as an epigraph to the previous lesson?
Slide 9
Check of knowledge
What kind of breathing is called pulmonary, and what is called tissue? “Without a nose, a man - the devil knows what - a bird is not a bird, a citizen is not a citizen - just take it, and throw it out the window! ..” - N.V. Gogol wrote about the nose. What functions of the nasal cavity can you remember?
Slide 10
nasal cavity
slide 11
Now let's test ourselves!
The first function of the nasal cavity is protective (purifies and disinfects the air); the second function is to warm the incoming air (there is a dense network of blood vessels in the walls of the nasal cavity); the third function is to humidify the incoming air (the ciliated epithelium secretes mucus); the fourth is olfactory (in the back of the nasal cavity there are cells that perceive odors); The nose is involved in speech and facial expressions.
slide 12
slide 13
Where does air enter from the nasal cavity?
Slide 14
The larynx is the organ of voice production.
slide 15
The length of the trachea is approximately 15 cm. At the level of 4-5 thoracic vertebrae, it is divided into two bronchi, each bronchus enters the lung, where it branches into bronchioles 0.5 mm thick (about 25 million of them). Each bronchiole ends with passages with a group of air sacs - alveoli (there are 3 billion 400 million)
slide 16
The journey of oxygen (learning new knowledge)
Air enters one of the alveoli. Wow, how she swelled up! With a strong breath, the alveoli stretch and can cover an area of 150 square meters! This is 75 times more than the surface of the human body. The alveoli are densely entwined with capillaries, and the walls of the alveoli consist of only one layer of cells.
Slide 17
Diffusion
A process in which a gas moves from an area of higher concentration to an area where its concentration is low. The wall of the alveolus consists of one layer of cells and is densely braided with capillaries, and the walls of these vessels also consist of one layer of cells. All this creates excellent conditions for the penetration of gases.
A man was taken to the hospital rib cage which was pierced on both sides. The lungs remained intact. After some time, the patient died of suffocation. Why did this happen? From the novels of F. Cooper, we know that the Indians, hiding from enemies in reservoirs, breathed with the help of hollow reed stalks. But you can breathe like this only when the depth of immersion does not exceed 1.5 meters. What are the characteristics of breathing associated with such a restriction? Textbook pp. 140 - 141, questions.
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