Filtering a list means hiding all rows except those that meet the specified selection conditions. In Excel, there are two filtering commands for simple and complex selection conditions, respectively.
2.1 Autofilter command
To filter data with relatively simple selection conditions, use it from the menu Data - submenu Filter- team Autofilter(See Figure 4.). This will cause Excel to display arrow buttons next to each column heading. Clicking the arrow button next to the column header reveals a list of values that are used to set row selection conditions.
Figure 4. Example of useAutofilter
Sorting options in use Autofilter:
Sort Ascending
Sort in descending order
First 10… (see Fig. 5)
Figure 5. TeamFirst 10 … - Example of imposing a condition on a list
Condition (see Fig. 6, 7)
Figure 6. Example of a custom AutoFilter
(Example: displaying the names of countries in the title of which second letter e or fifth letter p)
Figure 7. Result of applying customAutofilter
In the Dialog Window Custom AutoFilter You can set quite complex selection conditions using template symbols:
An asterisk (*) replaces any sequence of characters;
A question mark (?) replaces any single character.
Example: a*; ?va*
To remove filtering, select from the menu Data team Filter and then Show all or select the command again Autofilter, i.e. cancel this command.
2.2. Advanced Filter command
Team Advanced filter allows:
Specify conditions connected by the logical operator OR for multiple columns;
Set three or more conditions for a specific column;
Set calculated conditions.
Team Advanced filter(see Fig. 8) requires specifying a range of row selection conditions in a separate range of the worksheet. The range of conditions must contain at least two lines:
The 1st line (top) must contain one or more list column headings,
2nd line - selection conditions (there can be any number of them) in accordance with the following rules:
Conditions written on the same line are considered to be connected by the logical AND operator;
Conditions written on different lines are considered to be connected by the logical OR operator.
Figure 8. Example of useadvanced filter
An empty cell in a condition range means any value for the corresponding column. If an empty string is included in the range of conditions, the result will be an unfiltered list.
Each time the command is executed Data/Filter/Advanced filter Excel looks at the full list rather than the current set of previously filtered conditions. Using the advanced filter, you can also set text conditions. The rules for specifying text conditions are as follows:
a single letter means: find all values that begin with this letter;
symbol > (greater than) or< (меньше) означает: найти все значения, которые находятся по алфавиту после или до введенного текстового значения;
formula = ”=text” means: find values that exactly match the character string;
In the selection conditions of the advanced filter, the use of wildcard characters is allowed; they work in the same way as in the custom autofilter.
When executing the command Advanced filter you need to set the following in the dialog box (Fig. 9):
source area address Originalrange, i.e. address of the data list location;
if the filtered data needs to be displayed in a separate list, then you need to set the switch Copy the result to another location;
specify the address for storing filtering results.
Figure 9. Filling out the dialog box -Advanced filter
While creating calculated criterion The following rules are taken into account:
The title of the calculated criterion must not match any field title of the filtered list. You can enter a new title or leave the title cell empty.
The criterion formula must reference at least one list field.
A criterion formula is a Boolean formula and therefore returns TRUE or FALSE.
Example: Display those list lines for which the values in field D4 are greater than the average
=D4>AVERAGE($D$5:$D$24), Where
D4– address of the list column header to which the selection condition is applied
Figure 10. Example taskCalculated criterion .
Dialog window Advanced filter allows you to set the mode of copying selected rows to another part of the sheet instead of displaying a filtered list. To do this, in the dialog window Advanced filter switch installed Copy the result to another location, and in the field Place result in range the name or reference to the range is indicated.
Today, many people say that filters are the yesterday of photography and they will sink into oblivion just like film cameras. This opinion has a right to exist. Especially considering that any effect can be realized using computer photo processing.
However, we can hardly expect a complete abandonment of filters. In many cases they are the most reliable and convenient tool for the job. At the same time, their functions have been transformed: with their help, working materials are prepared, which become the basis for future photographic masterpieces.
Since light filters have a future, we will devote today’s article to a story about them, their varieties and properties.
Before you begin a detailed acquaintance with modern light filters, you need to “sort out” the existing “arsenal”: outdated models must “leave the scene.”
We believe that you should know them by sight. Otherwise, in the store the seller will praise you with “new items” and sell you things that he has not been able to sell in the last decade. He needs to sell a product and he will “push” it to someone who doesn’t understand the features of light filters at all.
Color filters and filters that change color temperature
Working in RAW format, you can change color, color temperature, remove noise and sharpen, process a photo and convert the image to any other format. That is why it is hardly worth buying colored glass. Especially considering the fact that you have to pay many times more for them than they actually cost.
Spectacular filters
Star, rays, blur (blur). With the advent of Photoshop, these mega-cool lighting effects have completely lost their relevance.
These versions will be “archived.” We will pay more attention to those light filters that have remained relevant to this day and will be of interest to users in the 21st century.
Ultraviolet filter (UV)
The main purpose of such a filter is to reduce the impact of ultraviolet rays. If filming is carried out at a time when solar activity is at its peak, then the use of UV filters will reduce the influence of ultraviolet rays. This will affect the pictures themselves - the colors will become natural and more realistic. And, in the end, more beautiful.
But in high mountains or on the ocean coast, where solar activity is particularly high, filming is not carried out so often. And therefore, in everyday life, a UV filter is used for completely different purposes - it protects the lens from mechanical damage. Although under normal conditions the filter does not in any way affect the final quality of the image, there are cases (for example, when the camera is dropped) when it literally “saves” the lens. The filter will go bad, but it is much easier to buy than a lens.
It is also important that in everyday use the UV filter will protect the lens from scratches and dirt.
To summarize what has been said, we will give advice: when buying expensive optics, allocate the required amount and also purchase a UV filter. It will serve you well.
Polarizing filters
You've probably admired photographs taken in the tropics more than once. There the sky is turquoise blue, and the blue of the ocean looks fabulous. There is no mystery - the camera lens was “supplemented” with a polarizing filter.
During filming, such a filter (sometimes called a “polar”) removes reflections and glare from shiny non-metallic surfaces. That is why the blue sky is so rich in color - the filter removed the sun's rays reflected by the sky.
The picture is the same with photographs of water: the surface of the water, cleared of glare, looks much better, brighter, more beautiful, juicier.
This filter is used when photographing storefronts and windows. For example, you need to photograph a person who is sitting in a cafe and is separated from the photographer by glass. If you take pictures with a regular camera, the glass will become a kind of “mirror” and the picture will be filled with reflections. Using a polarizing filter will allow you to get an almost perfect shot.
You will say that when processing a photograph, the water and sky can be given the desired tonality. It is possible, but such an opportunity is not always possible. At the same time, using a polarizer allows you to get a better picture. The fact is that the shot turned out beautiful from the very beginning. It is easier and simpler to refine a beautiful base than a glare frame.
Indispensable polarizing filters and in creating reportage photographs. If, for example, you take 500-600 photographs at an event. You will need quite a lot of time to process them. If you take pictures with a polarizer, then to get a package of excellent photographs you will have to spend a minimum of time - they turned out good already during shooting.
Neutral Gray (ND) Filters
Neutral gray - special kind light filters, since the effect they create during processing is quite difficult, and sometimes even impossible. If you still try to implement it, you will have to spend quite a lot of time creating such an effect.
The effect of neutral gray filters can be explained using the example of water falling from a waterfall.
To make the frame beautiful, you need to use ND filters. You will say that you will get a beautiful shot even if you set the exposure settings correctly. You are right: the frame will turn out beautiful, but it will not be alive. The water in it will be frozen. It will not have the liveliness and plasticity that we see in reality. For this smoothness to appear in photographs, you must use long exposure(1/2 second or even longer). Smoothness will appear, but such a shutter speed will entail another problem - the photo will turn out overexposed. To correct the situation, you should use an ND filter. It will remove the light that falls on the camera matrix.
ND filters are labeled as follows: x2, x4, x8 and even x400. The numbers indicate the light transmittance of the filter. If, for example, you take one of the filters and put it on the lens, the amount of light entering the camera lens will be significantly reduced. This will allow you to do nice pictures at optimal holding time.
gradient filters
Gradient filters are ordinary glasses, the surface of which is demarcated. One part is transparent, the second is colored.
There are two types of gradient filters on the market: color and neutral gray. The first type is used only for filming that is carried out on film camera. For digital versions, this effect is not relevant, since using Photoshop it can be done in a couple of mouse clicks. This suggests that its use should not be of interest to the modern photographer.
The neutral gray filter deserves special attention.
The effect of a gradient neutral gray filter is, in principle, similar to that of a regular ND filter. Both of them do not allow excess light to pass through. But you need to remember that in gradient filters the ND coating is applied only to half the glass area.
“Why such a “half-length” filter?” - you ask. Let's explain with an example. You decide to shoot a flowering field and clouds floating across the sky, the brightness of which is different. In the photograph you will not get the desired contrast: either the field will be dark or the sky will be dim. Using a gradient ND filter the situation can be corrected. To do this, turn the transparent half of the filter onto the dark part of the landscape, and turn the neutral gray half toward the sky. The sky will become slightly darker and will be as bright as the bottom half of the photo. As a result, the brightness of both parts will be the same.
This effect can be achieved without filters. But first you need to take several frames that differ in exposure. Then they are processed and, having selected the necessary parts of the photographs, several photographs are glued into one. This procedure takes time and requires taking several pictures with different settings. With a light filter, you can take a photo of the desired quality in one go.
Selection in store
If you have decided which filter you need and intend to go to a photo store to buy it, remember a few more points:
- Light filters differ in thread, as they are made for certain types of lenses. Consult with a smart seller and he will tell you what's what;
- select filters based on the manufacturer and do not take versions without brand markings. The fact is that unknown manufacturers make them from cheap materials, the quality of which can only be dreamed of. After using this filter for a while, you will begin to notice various types of distortion in your photos. This means that the materials from which they are made began to deteriorate, and the filter elements began to spread and delaminate;
- do not buy filters labeled Nikon, Canon, Minolta, etc. We were not mistaken and do not cross out what was said above. Filters of these brands are distinguished by their quality and reliability. But their marking is just a marking: these companies do not produce light filters, but order them from other, less well-known manufacturers. Having bought a filter labeled Nikon or Canon, you will pay the lion's share of the cost for the brand name, and not for the product itself;
- Buy filters from the companies listed below, you won’t overpay and will get really good quality filters. We're talking about:
Rodenstock
Optische Werke G. Rodenstock has been operating in the photo optics market for over 100 years. The brand's products occupy a leading position in the light filter market and are considered the best in the world. The best product recommendation is that the coolest professional photographers from all over the world use Rodenstock branded filters. And if you want a product of impeccable quality, take a closer look at Rodenstock.
HOYA
World-class manufacturer of light filters. A distinctive feature of HOYA products is the use of unique technologies that ensure quality, reliability and durability in operation.
Users digital cameras can pay attention to the filters of the HOYA PRO1 Digital line: they were specially developed for cameras of this type and therefore are the best choice.
Schneider B+W
One of the world's leading manufacturers of light filters. A distinctive feature of the brand’s products is not only a wide range of filters, but also the exceptional strength of the frames.
TIFFEN
Due to their excellent quality, filters marked TIFFEN can be seen in professional photographers worldwide. But in Russia the brand is poorly known due to the fact that the brand’s products are sold much less often than products of other brands.
To summarize, we note that to obtain photographs good quality Light filters are needed - without them the filming process will be incomplete.
The success of a photographer is the totality of his knowledge, skills and processing capabilities. Light filters play an important role in creating a high-quality photograph, allowing the photographer to more fully realize the idea at the very beginning of working on the photograph.
It is unknown what caused the sharp increase in the popularity of using filters at the post-processing stage (processing of ready-made images). It may not be the waning popularity of fashion Instagram or anything else, but the use of "electronic filters" is growing every day. It is now becoming the norm that a finished photo is not considered complete without adding some embellishment in post-processing. There is no doubt that software filters are convenient and play an important role in the filming process. However, you cannot limit yourself to only them.
There are many noteworthy reasons for using physical filters during the filming process. British photographer Jason Row, who has worked for Virgin Atlantic, Ethiad, Cunard and numerous magazines, explores the topic and has a lot to say. He travels constantly, posting his work on his Facebook page. We would like to introduce you to the expert’s advice on using filters before the post-production stage.
Why are physical filters good?
The most obvious reason to use them is image quality. Of course, any “obstacle” that is located between the front lens of the lens and the object being photographed slightly impairs the accuracy of transmitting all the nuances. ‒ is no exception, this must be admitted, no matter what some photographers say. But the important thing is that the quality deteriorates only once, and then they work with the image without transforming it during post-processing. The modified image that is recorded on the memory card will have better performance than a similar one processed by software.
Another clear example of the benefit of filters on a camera is filtering out the negative effects of the flash. Often photographers use physical devices to balance temperature and light levels when working with an external source. It is possible to correct blots and flaws using software, but this is a complex and slow procedure. There are effects that cannot be reproduced at all using post-production filters. For example, these are strong or similar LEE Big Stopper - also neutral, with increased density. These filters are used to create motion blur in the sky or water, allowing you to work with low shutter speeds.
There are other aspects that have advantages over post-processing. These are, for example, graduated filters - ND Grad. You can achieve the corresponding result with the help of quite good software tools. However, their “add gradation” function does not allow removing unwanted lighting effects, and the physical filter copes with the task quite well. It allows you to get the correct exposure throughout the entire image. With it, you don’t need to take several frames (separately for the foreground and sky, for example), combining them into one to preserve key moments of light and color rendering.
And finally, another positive, although not obvious, aspect of working with physical filters is that they force you to shoot a little slower, which allows the photographer to take a closer look at the entire scene, understand how to control the light, how it is distributed, and this ultimately increases the level of professionalism . Slowing down due to the need to install a filter will help you study the composition more deeply and think through the points regarding focal length, depth of field. This cannot be done with a simple mouse click in post-processing. The photographer needs to know exactly what filters he should use in different situations, what he wants to get as a result. Will there be a lot of glare reflected from the surface of the water? Will the evening sky be “lit up” if the camera parameters are set to the ground? How will the temperature of the light change if the light of the flash is mixed with the natural rays pouring from the window? All such technical questions develop the photographer well, which, of course, benefits the creative process.
The main inconveniences associated with the use of filters in post-processing
In post-processing, every action that is performed on the image degrades its quality - albeit not by much. This effect is cumulative, that is, than more picture changes, the worse its quality. When using physical filters made well-known companies made of good glass, losses can be minimized.
In post-production, the temptation is always great to keep applying filters - over and over. This is very simple to implement, and it seems to inexperienced photographers that the result will only get better. However, an excess of technical tools makes it difficult to take a step back to evaluate yourself objectively. Continuing to "adjust" images with the help of software, you can not achieve anything, while working with physical filters reflects the final result as much as possible and, if it is not good, you can see it right away.
Finally, there are things that software simply cannot do. A striking example of this is polarization. It can only be reproduced through a physical means. The polarizing filter allows you to display the rich color of the blue sky, work with contrast, neutralize reflections from the water in the lake or glare from the green smooth foliage. There are also technical possibilities for this - but it is very difficult, sometimes not feasible at all, and it is much easier to use physical devices.
There's nothing wrong with using digital filters in post-processing. In skillful hands, they allow you to create amazing, non-standard paintings and original images. However, physical means should not be neglected. With their help, you can do things that cannot be done with any newfangled software, learn to analyze the scene, camera parameters, lighting, and do things on your own that are inaccessible even to the most advanced computer.
Filter is a way to show in the window only those database records that meet the user's requirements. Filters are one-time queries without a name. They are easy to use. You can apply filters to a table, query, or form, but only the data from one table is filtered. The filter displays all fields.
There are several types of filters in the MS Access DBMS.
To install filters you need to run the command Posts – Filter or use one of the buttons on the toolbar.
They allow accordingly:
ü set a filter by the selected one;
ü change the filter;
ü apply/remove filter.
In addition, there is a filter that can be set by calling the context menu on the desired table field - this is an input filter.
Filter by selection. You need to select a fragment of the content of the desired field and set the filter in one of the following ways: Posts – Filter – Filter by selection, tool , context menu – Filter by selection. As a result, there will be records that match this field or part of it. In the original table Treaties Select tour code 12 (Fig. 3.18) and click on the corresponding icon.
Rice. 3.18. Table Contents Treaties
As a result of these actions, the table is reduced and displays data only for the selected tour code (Fig. 3.19).
Rice. 3.19. Filtered data
The tool will restore the table to its original form.
Filter by shape or change the filter. Using filter by shape the result is an empty table collapsed into a row with a list icon in each field where you can set the selection criterion. You can also use the logical operators AND, OR, NOT in the criterion.
For example, you need in the database Tourism view only those records in which start date tour after 06/01/2006. You need to open the table Contracts. Press the button. In field start date tour type the condition >#01.06.06# (Fig. 3.20), keeping in mind that constants of the Date/Time type are enclosed in #. As a result, only records that meet the criteria will remain on the screen (Fig. 3.21). We will perform these actions for filtered data (tour code 12).
Rice. 3.20. A table row in which you can set filtering conditions
After this you need to press the button Apply filter .
Rice. 3.21. Result of data selection
The sorting tool can be used to organize the found records.
Filter by input. Set by calling the context menu on the desired table field. Can be used in tables and forms. Allows you to find records that satisfy several conditions at the same time.
Advanced filter. Called by the command Posts – Filter – Advanced filter. In the filter form window, the user has the opportunity to create a filter by entering selection conditions, with the help of which from all records in open form or the table is allocated a subset that satisfies the given conditions. In addition, the filter form specifies the sort order for one or more fields.
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