How to make a volcano model. Take a small elongated jar, for example from Actimel. In the bottom of a plastic cup, cut a circle the size of the neck of the bottle. Cover the bottle with a glass and align the neck with the hole. Seal the joint with plasticine. Or you can make a cone out of paper or cardboard, cut off the top of it and cover the bottle with this cone. Also seal the joint with plasticine. It will be a mountain with a hole. For greater naturalness, you can cover our mountain with plasticine and press small pebbles into it. Or spread with glue and sprinkle with buckwheat. Inside the bottle, pour 2-3 tablespoons of baking soda, red gouache (or food coloring), a few drops detergent and some water. Stir it all. The volcano is ready. Place it on a plate. Dilute vinegar with water. Carefully pour the solution into the bottle and the volcano will come to life, hiss and foam!
Source of photos - Internet and our own photos. Personal viewing only. I think that the authors of the photo will not mind that their creativity will help the development of children. However, if the authors do not agree with such use, the presentation will be immediately deleted. Svetlana
Methodological development of a geography lesson in grade 5 “Earthquakes and volcanoes”
Maslienko Larisa Anatolyevna, teacher MBOU Secondary School No. 96, Barnaul, Altai Territory.Description of material: I offer you a methodological development of a geography lesson in grade 5 according to the Federal State Educational Standard “Earthquakes and Volcanoes.” This material will be useful for geography teachers in educational institution. This is a lesson summary from I.I.’s geography textbook. Barinova, A.A. Pleshakova, N.I.Sonina.
Goals:
Educational– form ideas about earthquakes and volcanism.
Developmental– develop geographical thinking, oral speech; expand your horizons, the ability to analyze text.
Educational- develop the ability to work independently, increase interest in the subject.
Methods: visual, partially exploratory, practical.
Shapes: individual, frontal.
Lesson steps:
I. Lesson organization.
II. Motivation and goal setting.
III. Basic.
IV. Reflective-evaluative stage.
V. Homework
Lesson equipment: Physical map of the hemispheres, textbook, workbook, atlas, computer, projector.
Planned results:
Subject: They will learn to name and give examples of natural phenomena in the earth's crust.
Learn to establish seismic belts on Earth using geographic maps.
Metasubject UUD:
Cognitive: set and formulate the goals and problem of the lesson.
Communication: take activity in interaction to solve communicative and cognitive tasks.
Regulatory: draw up a plan for the sequence of actions.
Personal UUD: Express a stable educational and cognitive interest in new ways of solving problems. Realize the integrity of the nature of the Earth.
DURING THE CLASSES
Stage I: Greets students and visually identifies absentees. Checks the readiness of the class for work, establishing the location of students in the room and the availability necessary equipment, if necessary, corrects the situation. (The teacher provides a positive emotional, comfortable mood, which further creates a situation of success, trust, mutual understanding)
P Stage:
In the last lesson we studied the structure of the Earth's crust. The earth's crust and the uppermost solid layer of the mantle located underneath it consist of separate parts - plates. The plates move very slowly through the softened, plastic layer of the mantle. What happens at the boundaries of lithospheric plates?
Name the topic of our lesson “Earthquakes and volcanoes.” (slide No. 1)
Students say the goal of the lesson is “To form ideas about earthquakes and volcanism.” (slide No. 2)
Ш Stage:
Students look at slide number 3, find earthquake areas on the map and conclude that earthquakes occur near plate boundaries. The plates move horizontally and vertically, the edges of the touching plates get stuck, the plates shift and tremors occur.
As a result of tremors from the depths of the Earth, within a few seconds, some parts of the earth's crust rise, others fall by several centimeters or even meters.
The place at depth where a rupture and displacement of rocks occurs is called the source of an earthquake. The place on the earth's surface located above the source is called the epicenter of an earthquake. (slide No. 5)
Students look at slide number 6, determine the relationship between the strength of the earthquake in points and the destruction caused by it.
Slide No. 7 allows students to more clearly see the consequences of an earthquake.
Along the boundaries of lithospheric plates there are mountains of special shape and rock composition, which are called Volcanoes.
The place where molten magma is located is called a magma chamber.
Magma rises to the surface of the earth, burning a passage for itself, which is called a vent. There is a crater at the top of the mountain. During a volcanic eruption, magma flows to the surface in the form of lava and hardens, forming layers of solidified lava. (slide No. 8)
Depending on the activity of volcanoes, they are divided into active and extinct (slide No. 9)
Active volcanoes are those that have erupted or have erupted within the memory of mankind.
Extinct volcanoes are volcanoes about which no information has been preserved about their eruption.
A video fragment of slide No. 10 introduces students to the active volcano Etna.
When volcanoes erupt, the ground around is covered with a layer of volcanic ash. Volcanic bombs and lava cause fires that burn all living things in their path. (slide no. 11)
After studying the material, students need to begin individual task in the workbook.
Task No. 1
On a contour map, indicate the seismic zones of the Earth.
Task No. 2
Mark on the same contour map the following volcanoes: Karatau, Klyuchevaya Sopka, Vesuvius, Hecla, Cotopaxi, Orisoba, Kilimanjaro, Cameroon, Etna.
Stage I:
1. What did you learn new in the lesson?
2. What was interesting for you?
3. What was difficult for you?
Presentation on the topic: Earthquakes and volcanoes
Earthquakes and Volcanoes (3090 downloads)
Posted by: rik
The content of the presentation:
The meaning of the Russian word “earthquake” is clear and means shaking of the earth. To formulate more precisely, an earthquake is a vibration of the earth's surface due to the passage of waves, the source of which is underground. In Greek, an earthquake sounds like seismos, respectively, everything related to earthquakes has similar names - seismic waves, seismic stations, seismographs, seismograms, etc.
The cause of earthquakes is the movement of layers of rock located at a depth measured tens and even hundreds of kilometers from the surface of the earth. This is the source of the earthquake, above it on the surface of the earth is its epicenter.
Most often, seismic activity is observed in mountainous areas. Earth wobbles are also often observed on the Pacific coast.
Sometimes the outbreak occurs under the ocean floor. The tremors produce giant tsunami waves of enormous destructive power.
The strength of the earthquake is estimated in points. The most destructive earthquake is estimated at 12 points. Such a terrible natural phenomenon is accompanied by the destruction of all structures and the formation of wide cracks in the ground. Scientists are creating detailed maps of areas with seismic activity.
Every year more than 100 thousand earthquakes occur on our planet. People learn to predict them with the help of scientific advances in order to be able to protect themselves. In places of increased seismic activity, buildings are erected according to special projects, allowing them to withstand the most terrible natural disasters.
Volcanoes are often figuratively called “Fire-breathing mountains.” This association becomes clear if you look at the image of an awakened volcano. Therefore, it is not surprising that they bear the name of the ancient Roman god Vulcan - the lord of fire.
Volcanic eruptions are formidable and dangerous for people natural phenomenon. What is a volcano? Let's look at its structure.
Typically, a volcano looks like a mountain with a depression at the top. This is a volcanic crater. There is a channel running through the volcano. This is a volcano crater. It connects to a special chamber - a magma chamber.
Magma (from the Greek - “mash”) is the molten substance of the mantle. Its appearance must be expected where the pressure decreases and the hot mantle can no longer remain in a solid state. As a rule, this is observed near plate boundaries. This explains the coincidence of areas of greatest volcanic activity with seismic areas.
Let's consider the cause of a volcanic eruption. An eruption begins at the moment when the molten magma accumulated in the magma chamber rushes up the vent and pours out onto the surface of the earth. Magma erupted onto the surface is called lava.
Along with lava, various gaseous substances, water vapor, volcanic dust and, what is especially dangerous, clouds of hot ash erupt to the surface of the earth. The same ashes that once buried Pompeii.
It happens that lava with increased viscosity hardens and, like a cork, clogs the vent. When the pressure of gas masses from below pushes it out, an extremely strong eruption occurs, which is accompanied by the release of entire stone blocks into the air - volcanic bombs.
About 200 million earthlings live in areas located dangerously close to active volcanoes. People are attracted by the excellent volcanic soils, on which vegetation grows well. People ignore danger. And it is completely in vain, since, as statistics show, about 200 thousand people have become victims of volcanic eruptions over the last 500 years alone.
Catastrophic dangers in volcanic eruptions include: lava flows, mud flows, eruptions, gas releases, scorching clouds and volcanic floods.
A particular danger arises when a lava flow heated to 1000 degrees reaches populated areas. In a short time, liquid lava can fill large areas. To protect them from lava flows, they are bombed from airplanes to cool them down. They also practice diversion of lava flows using artificial chutes and the construction of safety dams.
Earthquakes (1498 downloads)
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Sent by: AlexZaxarov
Earthquake
Slide 2
Earthquake concept
In science, an earthquake refers to any, even the smallest, vibrations of the earth's surface. These vibrations are accompanied by tremors. They can be barely noticeable, or they can be destructive.
Slide 3
Earthquakes can occur anywhere on the planet. However, most often this phenomenon occurs in the seas and oceans. People simply do not notice such tremors. Of course, earthquakes also occur on land. But they happen less often.
Slide 4
Why do earthquakes occur?
Ground vibrations or earthquakes can occur for two main reasons:
Natural. Tectonic processes in the earth's crust provoke noticeable shaking of the earth. This is a natural process.
Artificial. As a result of human activity, nature fails, resulting in irreversible consequences of movements of the earth's surface. Artificial causes include explosions, overflow of reservoirs, etc.
Slide 5
How are earthquakes measured?
Scientists have long studied the extent, frequency and intensity of earthquakes. In order to measure the degree and scale of an earthquake, several methods have been created.
- Richtor scale.
- Earthquake intensity scale.
- Mercalli scale.
Slide 6
Richtor scale
The Richtor scale is based on magnitudes. Depending on the degree of strength of the magnitude fluctuations, the degree of the earthquake itself is measured. The scale starts from zero and goes up to 9.5 divisions. If an earthquake with a magnitude is small enough, then tremors at around 9 are simply destructive.
Slide 7
Intensity scale
Such scales are used more often than others. Moreover, in different countries Different earthquake measurement systems are used. For example, in Russian Federation scientists use the Mercalli scale.
Slide 8
Modified Mercalli scale
The modified Mercalli scale uses a twelve-point system to measure the intensity of tremors on the earth's surface. It is by this that Russian scientists measure the scale of the destructive phenomenon. For each scale, certain parameters are prescribed, by which an earthquake is measured. For example, a magnitude 3 earthquake feels like shaking in a car, and a magnitude 8 earthquake provokes landslides in the mountains and the destruction of large buildings and houses.
Slide 9
Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik scale
Like the Mercalli intensity scale, the Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik Scale also has a 12-point system. It is most often used to measure earthquakes in Europe.
Slide 11
How are earthquakes measured?
To measure the strength of the tremors, scientists use electronic seismographs.
Earthquake (grade 5) (666 downloads)
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Posted by: Lunokhod
Earthquake
An earthquake is a vibration of the earth's surface that is accompanied by tremors. An earthquake can occur anywhere on the planet. Often, they pass in the world's oceans, so people do not notice them. However, on the land surface this phenomenon is also not uncommon.
Causes of earthquakes
There are two main causes of earthquakes:
Natural or natural. In most cases, these include tectonic processes in the earth's crust.
Artificial. It includes many factors: explosions, overflow of reservoirs, etc. All artificial causes are related to human actions.
Earthquake Measurement Methods
An earthquake is small, when a person does not even notice it. Sometimes an earthquake causes enormous damage to human life. Its power is destructive and dangerous to human life. Different scales are used to measure the severity of an earthquake.
Richter scale
This magnitude scale. It classifies earthquakes into different levels, depending on the magnitude of the earthquake. The scale is divided from 0 to 9.5. For example, an earthquake with a magnitude of 3 is practically unnoticeable, while one with a magnitude of 8 is destructive.
Intensity scale.
Most often, earthquakes are classified according to the intensity of the tremors, their strength and impact on human life. There is more than one intensity scale on the planet. In Russia they use the Mercalli scale.
Modified Mercalli scale
This scale is based on a twelve-point system for measuring earthquake intensity.
1 point - invisible to humans and animals
2 points - noticeable only by animals
3 points - not felt everywhere (like shaking in a car)
4 points - average. Felt by people (windows and doors oscillate)
5 points - strong. Felt by everyone (accompanied by the swinging of the chandelier, the swaying of windows, the creaking of floors)
6 points is quite strong. Accompanied by damage to buildings (appearance of cracks, shedding of plaster)
7 points - very strong. Major damage to buildings, cracks in the ground.
8 points - destructive. Damage to buildings, landslides in the mountains.
9 points is devastating. Accompanied by the collapse of some buildings and partitions.
10 points - destructive. Collapses of buildings, cracks in the ground up to 1 m.
11 points is a disaster. Large mountain falls, landslides, cracks in the ground.
12 points - a severe disaster. Changes in land relief. Destruction of all buildings and structures.
Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik scale
This scale is also twelve point. It is often used in Europe and Russia. It was developed in the second half of the 20th century.
Earthquake Measuring Instruments
A seismograph is used to measure the intensity and magnitude of an earthquake. Previously, seismographs used paper tape. Today at developed countries Electronic seismographs are used.
Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions (323 downloads)
Earthquakes.
Volcanism.
The science that studies earthquakes is called seismology
(“seismos” - vibrations).
seismograph
Earthquake - underground shocks and vibrations of the earth's surface.
An earthquake occurs when long-accumulating stresses in the lithosphere exceed the elastic limit and a rapid, almost instantaneous displacement of large masses of the lithosphere relative to each other occurs.
Earthquake diagram
Points
Phenomena
The person doesn't feel.
Small movements of chandeliers, clinking of dishes.
Small objects fall.
There are cracks on the walls of houses.
Destruction of buildings.
Many buildings are destroyed.
Areas where earthquakes occur frequently are called seismically active.
Vesuvius opened its mouth. Smoke poured out in a cloud.
The flame spread wide, Like a battle banner. The earth is agitated - Idols are falling from the shaky columns! The people, driven by fear, Under the rain of stones, Under the inflamed ashes, Crowds, old and young, Flee from the city.
Karl Bryullov "The Death of Pompeii"
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Choose the correct answer.
1. The place of greatest manifestation of an earthquake on the Earth’s surface is called:
a) epicenter b) source c) seismograph d) vent
2. The areas where earthquakes most often occur are called:
a) tectonic c) seismically active
b) lithospheric d) seismically resistant.
3. A volcano formed as a result of solidification of liquid lava is called:
a) cone-shaped b) shield-shaped.
4. A volcano that has erupted at least once in human memory is called:
a) extinct b) active.
5. In the depths of the volcano there is:
a) crater b) lava c) magma chamber d) volcanic bomb.
6. Fill in the missing word.
A volcano is..., in the upper part of which there is a depression -....
The magma that spills onto the surface is called... .
The largest volcano in our country and Eurasia
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