ABSTRACT
DIRECTLY EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES
"Types of transport"
Group teacher
compensating orientation
for children with SNR
MBDOU d\s No. 15g. Belgorod
Program content:
Introduce children to the emergence of various types of transport.
To consolidate knowledge about the driver’s profession and the need to comply with traffic rules.
Practice the ability to classify transport by type.
Activate children's vocabulary with words-names of vehicles, professions of people driving these vehicles.
Develop curiosity, thinking, phonetic hearing, fine motor skills.
Foster respect for the driving profession.
Equipment:
Pictures depicting a variety of vehicles, a road, a sea pier, a railway, an airfield or a sky with clouds.
Audio recordings of sounds made by vehicles.
Three circles symbolizing three traffic lights.
Napkins-sails for breathing exercises.
Preliminary work:
Transport surveillance.
Examination of subject and plot pictures on the topic “Transport”.
Coloring pictures - coloring pages depicting vehicles.
Conversation, didactic game or lesson about traffic rules.
Progress of the lesson:
My years are getting older
will be seventeen.
Where should I work then?
what to do?
Educator. Man has come up with many different and interesting professions. Each of you, when you grow up a little, will choose what to do and what profession to choose.
Today we will talk about people who help us get from one place to another, whose task is to transport people and goods over different distances.
Mystery:
All roads are familiar to me,
I feel like I'm at home in the cabin.
The traffic light is flashing for me
He knows that I am... (Children's answers).
Yes, these are drivers. The driver or, as he is also called, the driver. What qualities do you think a good chauffeur or driver should have? What should he know and be able to do? (Children's answers).
(The teacher corrects the children and emphasizes such qualities as responsibility, attentiveness, conscientiousness, discipline, hard work, politeness).
Educator. But the most important thing is that the driver must know the rules of the road very well. Why do you think?
Children: After all, the safety of both passengers and pedestrians on the roads depends on this. Not only drivers, but also pedestrians must know the rules of the road, and not only know, but always comply with the requirements of these rules. It is very important!
Educator. Guys, now we will look at the types of transport and try to remember who drives which type of transport.
Didactic game "All professions are important"
It is advisable to encourage children to answer in expanded form using epithets (an airplane is a brave pilot, a ship is a brave captain, etc.). The following types of transport are offered: car, plane, ship, rocket, bicycle, motorcycle, train.
- I will ask a question, and you will answer according to my example: Who drives the bus? — The bus is driven by an attentive driver.
—Who flies on an airplane? (A brave pilot flies on an airplane.)
—Who controls the train? (The train is driven by a sharp-eyed driver).
-Who flies on a rocket? (A skilled astronaut flies on a rocket.)
—Who drives the tram? (The tram is driven by a diligent driver).
—Who controls the ship? (The ship is steered by a brave captain).
— Who rides a motorcycle? (A brave motorcyclist rides a motorcycle.)
— Who flies a helicopter? (A brave pilot flies in a helicopter.)
The teacher shows the children all the previously viewed pictures.
— How can you describe in one word everything that is depicted in these pictures?
(Children's answers).
That's right, transport. There are different types of transport - some fly in the sky, others drive on roads, others sail across the seas and oceans. There is even underground transport - the metro.
What types of transport do you know? (Ground, underground, air, water).
Think carefully and answer, why do people need transport?
(Children's answers).
Educator. Guys, each of you has a picture depicting some type of transport. You have to post your picture there , where the place corresponding to this particular type of transport is depicted.
Didactic game “Rides, swims, flies”
Children choose a picture depicting a vehicle and must take it to the place where the place corresponding to this particular type of transport is depicted (road, sea pier, railway, airfield or sky with clouds).
Dynamic pause
It's good to be a driver
But being a pilot is better
I would become a pilot
Let them teach me.
I pour gasoline into the tank,
I'm starting the propeller,
Drive the motor to the heavens,
For the birds to sing.
Educator. Guys, now I invite you to listen to what kind of transport drives along the streets of our country. Be very careful. (sound recording)
Didactic game “Guess the type of transport by ear”
The teacher takes turns turning on to the children a recording of characteristic noises and signals produced by various types of transport - the squeak of brakes, the whistle of a train, the whistle of a steamship, the hum of an airplane, the sound of car wheels, the sound of a running car engine. After listening to a fragment of the recording, children must determine which type of transport the characteristic noise corresponds to.
Educator. You've heard what transport sounds like, now let's compare its different types.
Exercise “Say the opposite”- selecting antonyms.
The train is long and the bus is short.
The plane is fast, but the ship is slow...
The tram is heavy, but the bicycle is light.
The bus is tall and the racing car is low.
The steamer is wide, but the boat is narrow.
Educator. There are quite a lot of types of transport and every year there are more and more. Both children and adults need to be very careful where you can meet these large and powerful cars - on the roads, train stations, ports.
Guys, tell me where the transport arrives (arrives)?
Children: car - garage
Airplane - airport
Ship - seaport
Train - railway station
Bus - bus station
Each of you, of course, would like to have your own car and drive it, but for this you need to have a driver’s license. And to get them you need to know the traffic rules.
Dynamic pause
Traffic lights have three colors
They are clear to the driver:
Red light - no way through.
Yellow - be ready for the journey,
And the green light - roll.
(Children stand in a circle, the teacher is in the center. The teacher shows in turn a red, yellow or green traffic light signal. On red - children squat, on yellow - they stand up, on green - they run in a circle, on yellow they stop).
Educator: Guys, all the equipment was made from different materials. And from which one, we will now find out.
Exercise “From what - which”
The door is made of metal (what kind?) - metal.
Plastic steering wheel (what kind?) - ....
Leather seat (what kind?)—….
Rubber wheel (which one?) - ....
Illuminati (which one?) -….
Educator: “Family of words game” Let's play ball and assemble a family with the word car. What can you call a small car? (typewriter)
And a big one (a car).
What do you call a person who drives a train? (driver)
What do you call the oil for a car engine? (machine)
That's right, all the words you just spoke are derived from the word machine.
Game “What We Confused”
Educator: Look at the pictures on the board. Tell me what I got wrong and correct the mistakes.
Passengers cannot ride on the tank.
Taxi does not carry bread.
They don't carry sand in the van.
The dump truck does not carry water.
Educator
Compiling a story according to an outline.
1. What is the name of the profession?
2. Where does this person work?
3. What does it do
4. What you need for work
This is the driver. He works in a car park. He drives a truck and delivers various goods on it. He turns the steering wheel and presses the pedals. He needs tools to fix the car.
Finger game "Driver"
He worked with us all day, (Clenches and unclenches fingers.)
He is tired, he is dusty, (They bend their fingers one by one.)
He carried bricks to a construction site,
He helped build the house.
And now he leads to the car wash (Turn the imaginary steering wheel.)
Your own huge dump truck.
Initially, the very first dugout boats were made in such a way that only one person could fit in them; he himself set the direction of the vessel’s movement and worked with the oars. After humanity learned to build multi-person ships, the responsibilities that were previously performed by one person were divided; now one person, using a steering oar, set the desired direction and controlled the boat, and several people obeyed his commands, set or removed the sail and rowed with oars. The person who controlled the ship was at the same time a captain, helmsman and navigator; in order to successfully cope with his duties, he had to have extensive experience in navigation and the ability to think calmly in emergency situations, therefore he had high authority among other representatives of the ship’s crew.
With the development of shipbuilding, not only the dimensions of the ships changed, but also the number of people whose efforts maintained the ship in proper technical condition and operated it increased. The division of responsibilities inevitably led to the emergence of highly specialized maritime craftsmen responsible for a separate area of service. Gradation led to the emergence of positions and titles. It is difficult to determine the exact historical date of this process, but we can say that the peoples inhabiting the coastal territories had terms in their language for several thousand years BC that denoted maritime specialties.
In Ancient Egypt, there was a class division into castes, one of which was entirely made up of helmsmen. According to the ideas of the ancient Egyptians, these people were considered almost death row, since according to their beliefs, a person who left the borders of his native land was deprived of the protection of his gods.
The earliest information about the rank system among seafarers dates back to ancient Greek history; this concept was later borrowed from the Greeks by the Romans. Arab sailors developed their own maritime terminology, thanks to their own system of maritime knowledge. Over time, the term “admiral” appeared in all European languages; the word was derived from the Arabic phrase “amir al bahr,” meaning “lord of the seas.” Most Arabic maritime terms became known to European residents from the collection of oriental tales “A Thousand and One Nights,” which includes a series of works united under the general title “The Voyage of Sinbad the Sailor.” The very name of the main character, who is a collective image of the class of Arab traders, is a distortion of the Indian word “Sindhaputi”, which translates as “ruler of the sea”; the inhabitants of India used this term to designate the owners of ships.
The system of maritime terms and titles among the southern Slavs was formed after the thirteenth century, so the owner of the ship was called “brodovlastnik”, from the word “brod”, which meant “ship”, the sailor was called “brodar” or in another way “ladyar”, the rowers were called “oars” ", the captain of the ship was called the "leader", and the crew - the "posada", and, finally, the supreme commander of the entire fleet was called the "Pomeranian governor".
Before the reign and reforms of Peter the Great, the Russian state did not have direct access to the sea, despite this, river navigation was very well developed, historical documents contain designations of ship positions used in the Russian language: the captain was called “head”, the pilot was called “vodich” , the senior man over the team was called “ataman”, and the signalman was called “makhonya” from the word “waving”. The term “sailor” did not yet exist, instead the word “sar” or “sara” was used, the same term was used by gangs robbing the Volga as a call to attack: “Saryn na kichka,” which meant an order for the ship’s crew to move to the bow vessel (“kichka”).
In the Russian state, the words “shipman” or “guest” denoted the owner of the ship, who was both a merchant and a captain. Initially, the word “guest”, which came from the Latin language hostis, had the meaning of “stranger”. In the languages of the Romano-Germanic language group, this word followed the following semantic principle: stranger - foreigner - enemy. In the Russian language, the semantic development of the word “guest” followed a path different from that described above: stranger - foreigner - merchant - guest. In A.S. Pushkin’s fairy tale about Tsar Saltan, the word “shipmen” is used on a par with the word “guests-gentlemen”; they are semantic synonyms. Under Peter the Great, the word “shipman” was replaced by a new foreign term, but in the “Code of Laws of the Russian Empire” it was used as a legal term until 1917.
The first document where foreign maritime terms were used along with the words “feedman” and “shipman” was a collection of “Article Articles” by the author David Butler, who commanded the first warship “Eagle”. The document itself was a prototype of the naval charter and was translated for Tsar Peter from Dutch. On the text of the translation, Peter the Great personally wrote a commentary that the meaning of the articles is correct, and the text of this document should be used by all “initial ship men” and “ship captains.” Thanks to the reforms of Tsar Peter, many foreign terms, words denoting titles and positions that had not previously been used in Russian, came into use. To quickly assimilate new terms, Peter the Great ordered the writing of the “Naval Charter” so that every sailor knew the terminology related to his specialization perfectly. The further structure of the article describes some marine terms and their etymology.
BATTALER - this is the name given to the person responsible for the supply of food and non-food products on the ship, to military topics, namely, this term has nothing to do with the word “battle”, the word comes from the verb in the Dutch language bottelen, which is translated as the phrase “to pour into bottles”, from the same verb the noun bottelier is formed - “cupbearer”.
BOATSWAIN - the responsibilities of this maritime specialist include ensuring order on the deck of the ship, the good technical condition of the rigging and masts, he supervises the ship's work, and also instructs sailors on all issues related to maritime affairs. The word “boatswain” was formed from the word “boat” (in Dutch - boot, in English - boat) and man - man. The English, along with the word boatsman, which has the meaning of a ship's (boat) person, use the word boatswain, which is the name for the “senior boatswain”, who has several “junior boatswains” subordinate to him. The first use of the word “boatswain” in documents in Russian occurs in D. Butler’s “Article Articles”, the form of this word looks like “butswain” or “boatswain”. The same document for the first time regulates the duties of a boatswain; for the merchant fleet, the title “boatswain” was officially introduced in 1768.
WATCH - originally this word was used to refer to a guard on land; the word came into Russian from the German language, where the word wacht means the concepts of “guard” and “guard”. Under Peter the Great, the concept of “watchman” was introduced into the Naval Regulations; the origins of this word lie in the Dutch language.
DRIVER - this is the name given to the helmsman on a boat, the word in Russian in this context began to be used relatively recently, here the meaning is borrowed from the marine terminology of the English language - draiver. In the Russian state, even before the reign of Tsar Peter, nautical terms used to designate pilots with the same root as the word “driver”: “ship leader” and “vodich”. The term “navigator” is currently used in official documents, such as maritime law, for example, “amateur navigator” in the context of “skipper”, “captain” of a small tourist pleasure fleet.
DOCTOR - is a native Russian word, the same root word is “liar”, both of these words derive their etymology from the ancient Russian verb “to lie”, the original meaning of which was “to speak, to blabber, to talk nonsense”, later the word acquired another semantics “to treat”, "speak".
CAPTAIN - the commander-in-chief of a ship. Before appearing in the Russian language, the word went through a difficult path; it was borrowed from the Latin of the Middle Ages - capitaneus, formed from the noun caput - “head”. This word was first found in written texts in 1419; the term “captain” was first used as a military rank in France, which was the name given to the commanders of military detachments numbering several hundred people. This word was used in naval themes thanks to the Italian term capitano. During the boarding battle on galleys, the captain personally led the fighting and defended the banner, was responsible for training officers and soldiers, and was also the first assistant of the “saprokomit”. This experience was subsequently adopted by military sailing ships and merchant ships, which sailed with mercenary detachments taken to provide security.
In the 16th century, the position of captain was most often filled by a person who was more knowledgeable in military affairs than in maritime affairs. The captain had to primarily ensure the protection of the life and property of the shipowner or, with the help of combat maneuvers, defend the political interests of his employers. Since the 17th century, the title “captain” has become mandatory for use on military ships in almost all countries of the world. Subsequently, a division of captains into ranks was formed, depending on the rank of the ship; in Russian the word “captain” has been used since 1615. The first Russian captains were D. Butler, who commanded the crew of the ship "Eagle" in 1699, and Lambert Jacobson Gelt, who led the crew of the yacht built together with the ship "Eagle".
In Tsar Peter's Amusement Troops, the title of "captain" received official status; the tsar himself was awarded the rank of captain of the bombardment company of the Preobrazhensky Regiment. After 1853, on warships the rank of captain was replaced by the phrase “ship commander.” On the ships of the Russian Society of Shipping and Trade since 1859 and on the ships of the Voluntary Fleet, skippers of military officer rank began to be informally called “captains”; this term received official use in the civilian fleet in 1902, replacing the term “skipper”.
KOK - ship's cook, the word appeared in Russian in 1698 and came from the Dutch language, it was originally derived from the Latin word cocus - “cook”.
COMMANDER - commander of the yacht club, head of the joint sailing of the yacht flotilla. Initially, the word denoted one of the highest degrees of the knightly order, and in the era of the Crusades it was the name given to the commander-in-chief of the knightly army. The etymology of the word originates in Latin: the preposition cum - “with” and the verb mandare - “to order”. At the beginning of the 18th century, the officer rank of “commander” in the navy of the Russian Empire was between a captain of the first rank and a rear admiral, the rank still exists in the terminology of foreign naval ranks. As a uniform, commanders wore an admiral's uniform, but with epaulettes without an eagle. Since 1707, the rank of “commander” was replaced by “captain-commander”, and was finally abolished in 1827. The commanders were outstanding explorers and navigators: V. Bering, A.I. Chirikov, I.F. Kruzenshtern.
KUPOR - there are words with a similar sound in both English - cooper, and in Dutch - kuiper - “cooper”, “cooper”, the noun is formed from the word kuip - “tub”, “tub”. “Kupor” was a very important position on wooden ships. His responsibilities included not only maintaining the tubs and barrels in good condition, but also the condition of the ship's hull as a whole, in order to prevent ship leaks. In Russian, the verbs “cork” and “uncork” were formed from this word.
PIlot - a specialist who charts the path of a ship; he had knowledge regarding various dangers along the ship’s route: reefs, shoals, underwater currents, etc., and his duties also included ensuring the safe mooring of the ship. As a rule, the pilot was no longer a young man; among sailors there was an expression about a pilot: “White hair - red nose,” referring listeners to the lights installed for the pilot vessel. Initially, a pilot was a member of the ship's crew, but later in the 13th-15th centuries specialists appeared who worked only in a certain area. The word appeared in the Dutch language - loodsman, derived from lood - “sinker”, “lead”, “lot”. The first document that spelled out the duties of a pilot was the “Naval Code” of 1242, written in Denmark, and the first state pilotage service was organized in 1514 in Great Britain.
The pilot in Rus' was called the “ship’s leader,” and the assistant pilot, who measured the depth with the help of a lot on the bow of the ship, was called the “noser.” The term “pilot” was introduced in 1701 by decree of Peter the Great, but along with this term, the word “pilot” was also used until the mid-18th century. For the first time in Russia, the state pilotage service was organized in Arkhangelsk in 1613, and the first regulatory document of these specialists was a document published in 1711 under the authorship of Admiral K. Kruys “Instructions for pilots of the St. Petersburg port”.
MATROS - the origin of this word is very difficult to determine; all that is known is that the word came to Russia in the 17th century from the Dutch language in the word form “sailor”. Despite the fact that in 1724 the Naval Regulations used the form of the word “sailor”, the original version was widespread until the mid-19th century. Presumably, this word originates from the Dutch noun mattengenoot, which is translated as “bedmate” (matta - “matting”, “mat” and genoot - “comrade”. Subsequently, the word form took on a truncated version of matten and in this form came to France, where it was transformed into the French word matelot, meaning “sailor.” The word itself in the transformed version “matlo” returned back to the Dutch language, where it finally took on the familiar sound, first matrso, and later more convenient for pronunciation matroos.
There is another theory of the origin of the word “sailor”; some researchers see in the first part of the term the Dutch word matt - “comrade”, others - mats “mast”. A number of scientists attribute the etymology of the word to the origins of the Icelandic language, in which the influence of the Viking dialect is observed: mati - “comrade” and rosta - “fight”, “battle”. By adding these two words, they formed the noun “matirosta,” meaning “combat friend” or “comrade in arms.”
MACHINIST - the word appeared during the period of time when sailing ships began to be replaced by ships with a steam engine, the word is borrowed from the German language mashinist, and its origins lie in the ancient Greek language - machina. For the first time in the Russian language, the word “machinist” was found in 1721; at that time this specialty was not a maritime one.
MECHANIC - the origin of this word is similar to the word “machinist”, but its appearance in the Russian language in the word form “mechanicus” is noted much earlier in 1715.
A SAILOR is a person who has connected his life with the sea; supposedly this profession has existed for about 9,000 years. Initially, representatives of this profession were called “morenin”, “sailor” and “sailor”. The root “movement” is important, the origin of which is very ancient; the phrase “walking on the sea” can already be found in the chronicle describing the campaign of Prince Oleg in 907 against Constantinople or in the work “Walking across the Three Seas of the Merchant Afanasy Nikitin.” In the modern Russian language, the root “movement” is fixed in the words: “navigation”, “seaworthiness”, etc. Tsar Peter tried to introduce into use a foreign word of Italian-French origin, denoting the name of a military sailor “mariner”, derived from the Latin word mare - “ sea". This word can be seen in documents starting from 1697 in the forms “marinir” and “marinal”, but by the end of the 18th century it completely fell out of use, remaining only in the name of cadets of the navigating school “midshipman”. The same situation occurred with the Dutch term "zeeman" or "zeiman", which fell out of use at the end of the first quarter of the 19th century.
PILOT - this is the name given to the driver or less commonly the navigator of a racing boat, the word is borrowed from aviation terms, the general tendency can be seen in the indication of high speed. In the Middle Ages, this was the name given to the pilot who accompanied the ship throughout the entire journey from leaving the port to its final destination. The word came to the Russian language from Italian from pilota, the origin of this word is originally ancient Greek: pedotes - “helmsman, derived from the noun pedon - “oar”.
Helmsman - a specialist who directly controls the ship, who stands at the helm, the term is based on the Dutch word “ruhr” - “rudder”, in this form the word was used in 1720 in the Naval Regulations, where it is prescribed to inspect the “ruhr” before starting a voyage. In the mid-18th century, the word "ruhr" finally replaced the Old Russian term "helm", but the title "steerman" was officially used in the Russian galley fleet until the end of the century.
SALAGA - means an inexperienced sailor. On the topic of the origin of this word, there is a historical anecdote about the non-existent island of Alag, that is, an approximate dialogue: “Where are you from?” - “From Alaga”, but a more probable version is that the word “salaga” is related to the name of the small fish “herring”. In the Russian dialects of the northern provinces, the word “salaga” was used to describe any small fish; in the Urals, the word “salaka” was recorded as a nickname in the semantics of “salaga.”
SIGNALMAN is the name given to a sailor who transmits messages using manual semaphore or signal flags from ship to ship or from ship to land. The term “signal” entered the Russian language under Peter the Great from the German language - signal, derived from the Latin signum - “sign”.
STARPOM - the word is formed by adding two Old Church Slavonic stems. The word “senior” is from the root “sta”, which has the semantic meaning “chief”, indicating that the position of chief mate should be occupied by an experienced navigator. The word “helper” is based on the noun “might”, lost from the language, in the meaning of “power”, “strength” (related words: “infirmity”, “help”, “nobleman”).
SKIPPER - is a captain on a civilian ship, the word is synonymous with the term “shipman” - “schipor”, the similarity can be traced in the Dutch term scipper, derived from the noun schip - “ship”. Some linguists trace the etymology of the word "skipper" from the Norman language - skipar or Danish skipper with the same semantics. A number of researchers point to the closeness of the term to the German word schiffer, derived from schiff(s)herr, meaning “chief of the ship.” For the first time in the Russian language, the word “skipper” began to be used at the beginning of the 18th century, as a designation for a junior officer rank. According to the Maritime Charter, the skipper’s responsibilities included monitoring the condition of the ropes, the way they were rolled up, and was also responsible for all manipulations carried out with the ship’s anchor. In the merchant fleet, the rank of skipper officially appeared only in 1768; one could become a skipper only after passing mandatory exams at the Admiralty. After 1867, they began to separate coastal and long-distance skippers; in 1902, the title was abolished completely, although the position of “sub-skipper” still exists on large vessels. The responsibilities of the skipper include ensuring the ship's supplies for the part; there is also the concept of “skipper's storeroom”.
SKOTOVYY - this is the name of a sailor who works on sheets, the word is derived from the Dutch word schoot - “floor”, and the sheet itself is a tackle used to control the clew angle of the sail; it is found for the first time in the Naval Regulations in 1720 in the word form “shhot”.
SHTURMAN - this term refers to a specialist in navigation, for the first time in Russian it appears in the form “sturman” and is used by D. Butler in “Article Articles”, and then by K. Kruys in 1698 in “Listing supplies on the barcolon...” in the word forms “navigator” " and "styurman", already in the Naval Charter of 1720 the word is indicated in its modern form. The origin of the term "navigator" goes back to the Dutch word stuur, meaning "rudder", "to steer". In the era of rapid development of navigation, when ships of the East India Company sailed in the Indian Ocean, the role of navigators became one of the decisive ones during the voyage, thanks to this, the term “navigator” came into international use.
In the Russian language, the word “navigator” replaced the original terms “helmsman” or “helmsman”, derived from the noun stern, where the ship’s control post was traditionally located. The “Articles” note that the navigator was obliged to inform the captain of the height of the pole, present his book with notes on the ship’s voyages and a book with notes on which route the voyage should take, to ensure better safety of the ship and the safety of people on board.
YUNGA - a teenager on a ship who is undergoing training in seamanship; it came into Russian during the reign of Peter the Great from the Dutch jongen - boy. There was a division of the position into a “cabin cabin boy,” who performed the duties of a servant, and a “deck cabin boy,” who carried out deck work. Many subsequently famous admirals began their naval service as a cabin boy, one of such people was Horatio Nelson - “admiral of admirals.”
- additional material on the topic "Professions".New vocabulary
Nouns:
builder, mason, painter, teacher, salesman,carpenter, glazier, architect, teacher, cook, doctor,
nurse.Names of data-related toolsprofessions (see the topic “Tools”).
Verbs:
lift, put, manage, paint, collect,build, repair, heal, teach.
Adjectives:
high, low, beautiful, blocky, brick, desmart, urban, attentive, strict, smart, able
Adverbs:
beautiful, neat, even, straight, high, fast, catch
Game "Who is the most attentive?"
Goals: develop auditory attention and memory, clarify andactivate the dictionary on the lexical topic “Professions”.
HODgames: the teacher reads a poem to the children, thenasks them to try to remember the names of which professions
found in the poem, what other professions do they know.
I DON'T LIKE SITTING AT HOME
I don't like to sit at home
To me I like to walk.
I love walking, I like to look,
Bring your friends with you.
I love looking at the clouds
At sunrise;
On like a roaring river
Breaks the ice.
How a carpenter makes crafts
Table, chair or stool,
AND painter paints rooms
IN any fun color.
How a janitor cleans the yard -
Rakes the snow into a heap,
And How floor polisher dancing -
Cheerful man .
Like a storm , sultry or frosty,
A sharp whistle under the wind
Driving a heavy locomotive
Fearless driver.
I don't like to sit at home
No, I don't like to sit.
I like to look at the world
Look at the sun!
E. Blaginina
Game "Tall Poems"
Goals: develop auditory attention, logical thinking,activate vocabulary on the topic “Professions”.
Hodigames.poem and find errors in it.
The teacher cleverly built the house,
The singer writes the music,
Sews clothes seller.
S. Chesheva
Game "Guess who I want to be?"
Goals: develop auditory attention, thinking, coherent speech,update vocabulary for the topics “Professions”,
"Tools".
Progress of the game. The teacher invites the children to think about who they arewould like to be, describe your profession so that others
guessed right.
For example:
Child: I need the following tools: scissors, comb , razor, hairdryer.
Other children: You want to be a hairdresser.
Game "Who controls what"
Target: consolidate the ability to use nounsinstrumental case form.
Hodigames. The teacher displays pictures on panelsimage of a vehicle and offers to say who is which
manages transport.
(Driver) ... drives the bus.
(Driver) ... drives the truck.
(Driver) ... controls the train.
(Helicopter pilot) ... controls the helicopter.
(Pilot) ... controls by plane.
(Captain) ... controls the ship.
(Motorcyclist) ... drives a motorcycle.
(Cyclist) ... drives a bicycle.
(Cosmonaut) ... controls the rocket.
Game "Who is doing what?"
Goals: develop the grammatical structure of speech, activatevocabulary on the topic “Professions”.
Hodigames. The teacher invites the children to answer questions.
For example:
The doctor (what does he do?) treats people.
Teacher... Cook...
Fireman... Dressmaker...
Janitor... Postman...
Seller... Artist...
Teacher... Hairdresser...
Game "Explain"
Goals: develop grammatical speech,word formation: teach understanding and interpretation of complex words
Hodigames. The teacher invites the children to explainwhat words were used to create the names of professions?
Words: fisherman, lumberjack, woodcutter, fur farmer, horse breeder,vegetable grower, gardener, etc.
Game "Who needs what?"
Goals: develop auditory attention, formgrammatical structure of speech, teach the use of the dative
noun case, relative formation adjectives.
Hodigames. The teacher invites the children to listen offer , find the error, correct it, repeat
the proposal is correct.
The cook (the cook) needs a saucepan.
Saw need... a carpenter (carpenter).
Machine need... a turner (turner).
The baker (baker) needs flour.
Brushes needed... artist(to the artist).
I need an ax... a lumberjack(lumberjack).
Need scissors... tailor(to the tailor).
Need a hammer... shoemaker(to the shoemaker).
Game "Scattered Syllables"
Target: develop syllable analysis and synthesis, visualattention and visual memory, activate vocabulary
stock on the topic “Professions”.
Progress of the game. The teacher invites the children to “fix” the words,which crumbled. On the carpet printer - syllables: TOR - PO -
PA - SAME - RIK - MA - DOV - NICK - SA - DODGE - HU - NICK -
IN - HER - NER - DOC - VAR. Children make words from them.
Words: artist, hairdresser, doctor, gardener, engineer, cook.
Game “Name the sounds”
Goals: improve phonemic processes, abilityidentify the first and last sounds in a word.
Progress of the game. The teacher invites the children to name the first andthe last sounds in words are names of professions.
Words: cook, doctor, engineer, carpenter, machinist, carpenter,mason, artist, painter, architect.
Game "Who to be?"
Goals: develop coherent speech, teach coherent speechmonologue statement, activate children's vocabulary
on the topic "Professions".
Progress of the game. The teacher invites the children to add to the story.
One day in kindergarten the children dreamed about who they would be,when they become adults. Petya said:
I want to heal people. I will be (who?)... .
And I,” said Yulia, “when I grow up, I will begin to educatelittle children. I will be (who?)... .
What is that! - answered Vasya. - So I will soon become people fromsave fire, fight fire. I will be (who?)... ..
Just think, a fireman! - Katya laughed. - YavotI’ll start painting pictures. I will become (who?)... .
The smallest boy Oleg looked at the children quietly said:
And I will cook food for you. I will become (who?)...
S. Chesheva
Text for retelling
WHAT ARE HANDS FOR?
Petya and his grandfather were great friends. About everything. talked.
A grandfather once asked his grandson:
And why, Petenka, do people need hands?
“To play with a ball,” Petya answered.
And also for what? - asked the grandfather.
To hold a spoon.
What else?
To pet the cat.
What else?
To throw pebbles into the river...
I answered Peter's grandfather all evening. He answered correctly.Only he was small and could handle all the others
judged, and not by labor, working hands, with which all life,all the light holds on.
E. Permyak Questions:
What did grandfather ask Petya? What did Petya answer?
Why did Petya answer like that? Why does a person
What do you need most of all?
Text for retelling
TWO PLOWS
From the same piece of iron and waterthe workshop made two plows.
One of them fell into the hands of a farmer and immediately wentat work, and the other lay for a long time and completely useless,
fell into a merchant's shop.
It happened after a while that both fellow countrymen againmet. The plow, formerly the farmer's, shone like
silver, and was even better than when hejust left the workshop; a plow lying without
all business in the shop, darkened and covered with rust.
Tell me, please, why do you shine so much? - askeda rusty plow from an old friend.
“Of course, my dear,” he answered. “Aslitsrusted and became worse than it was, because all this
you lay on your side for a while, doing nothing.
TO . Ushinsky
Questions :
How and where were the two plows made?
Who got one plow and what happened to the other?
What did the two plows look like when they met again?
What were the two plows talking about?
Among the many working specialties, there are those that have been dreamed of since childhood. They are shrouded in an aura of romance and high professionalism. One of them is the profession of “train driver”. He is the most important person in railway transport, and his activities are related to locomotive control.
A brief excursion into the history of the profession
As soon as the first rails were laid and the first train was released, the question of its management became acute. For a successful trip, you need not only relevant knowledge, but also specific character traits.
In Russia, the profession of “train driver” arose back in 1834. Initially, small trains of only four cars ran on the rails. Their speed did not exceed 33 km/h. But after increasing the power and speed limit to 42 km/h, people were needed to cope with the increasing load. Therefore, training courses were organized to gain knowledge and skills in railway transport management.
Machinists were especially in demand during the Soviet Union. The laying of rails proceeded at a tremendous pace, and various trains for transporting goods and passengers were produced in the country. Qualified people were required, fully trained to manage the train.
Characteristic features of the specialty
The profession of a machinist is often seen as a purely male profession. However, no one will restrict female representatives if they deign to learn this skill. But in order for the choice to be informed, it is necessary to know exactly the description of the profession “train driver”.
The specialty has a number of specific features that you should pay attention to. The activity requires not only endurance, but also excellent health. Therefore, upon admission to the relevant educational institution, a medical certificate of fitness will be required.
The profession of “train driver” implies knowledge of the technical features of the machine and automatic devices located in the locomotive cabin.
The driver is required to have extreme concentration. To prevent an accident, you need to pay attention to road signs, weather conditions and instrument readings. Long-distance trains are always equipped with assistants who provide backup for the chief driver and give him the opportunity to rest.
Main responsibilities of a locomotive driver
When the train is moving, the driver and assistant perform the following main functions:
- monitor signs and signals on the railway track;
- monitor the instrument panel readings, which indicate the uninterrupted operation of all rolling stock;
- monitor the condition of the locomotive and its integrity;
- give the established signals at the entrance to the station;
- responsible for the safety of maneuvers;
- If any malfunctions are detected, they must immediately notify the station duty officers.
The profession of “train driver” requires frequent absences from home. But it gives you the opportunity to see many new places. Therefore, people who crave new experiences and are ready to study the technical characteristics of railway transport often choose this specialty.
Toy railway
Those children who, during career guidance lessons, write an essay on the topic “My future profession is a train driver” need to visit the children's railway.
Such organizations already exist in many Russian cities. For those who dream of driving not just a toy, but a real full-fledged train on rails, special training is organized. After receiving the necessary knowledge, the guys can work as real conductors, station attendants, and even help the driver drive a real train with passengers.
The Children's Railway not only provides entertainment services for young children, but is also an institution of additional education. Children aged 8 to 15 years can study various railway specialties and consolidate their acquired skills in practice.
The profession of “train driver” for children is learned not only in classrooms. On real trains of a slightly smaller format and on a narrower rail track, under the strict guidance of an adult, a teenager masters the basics of a complex skill.
Everything is real on the children's railway. To the extent technically possible, all equipment corresponds to that on general purpose tracks. And, although the rails do not have access to a common track, the train fully corresponds to a full-fledged passenger locomotive and the people are real.
Driving skills training
For those who dream of conquering a heavy machine and becoming a manager of a long train, it is useful to know where to get the profession of a train driver. Specialties are taught at railway technical schools; admission is possible after 9 years of secondary school.
The main disciplines that future students will study are related to technical sciences, safety rules for transporting people and goods, and the basics of railway traffic.
In order to competently manage an entire train, it is necessary to study its characteristics and have knowledge of the software and the principles of its operation.
To make your dream come true, all that remains is to choose the nearest educational institution, the list of which is quite extensive. Among the most famous are: Saratov, Samara, Orenburg, Penza technical schools of railway transport.
To obtain higher education, it is necessary to enroll in state universities of railways, where you can obtain the profession of a train driver and the qualification of a railway engineer. Universities are located in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Samara, Rostov, the Far East and other regions.
Demand for the profession
Before choosing a future profession, it is important to know its prospects. The locomotive driver specialization occupies a leading position in the list published by Rossiyskaya Gazeta a couple of years ago.
The demand is evidenced by requests from employers on labor exchanges, among which 33% of the total number corresponded to the job “machinist”.
Advantages of the specialty and its disadvantages
Like any other, the profession of a driver has its undeniable advantages. One of them is associated with the aura of romance, when a person is constantly on the move and sees many new places. But this advantage also gives rise to disadvantage. The specifics of the profession forces a person to be away from his family for a long time, which may not suit some people.
But the colossal responsibility for the lives of passengers and the safety of cargo also guarantees decent wages. Russian railways, in addition, provide their employees with additional support in the form of bonuses, vouchers to a sanatorium and long vacations.
The downside is the high stress on the body and the impact of harmful factors on health. The driver's shift lasts 12 hours, which he spends in a confined space and extremely concentrating.
The thorny path
After training, all specialists begin their journey as an assistant driver. Depending on basic education and practical skills, an aspiring specialist can hold the position of assistant from several months to two years.
Only after testing by a professional and passing an appropriate interview is a person trusted to independently lead
When you become a sailor, you not only get used to a special world, to a ship - steel, stuffed with machines, instruments, wires, to the ever-changing ocean, to bad weather, which cannot be ignored for a minute, as can those who live on the shore. You get used to being surrounded by people, among whom the place and responsibilities of each are strictly defined by the job description. On the ship you know exactly who is who - this is ship's crew.
CAPTAIN OF THE SHIP
Let's imagine a picture. If a piece of land somehow broke away from the shore and began to float in the ocean, of course, on this part of the earth it would become necessary to have a person who could maintain order, adhere to the law, and at the same time manage this piece of land. Such a part of the state, which is temporarily separated from the shore and sails in the waters of the world's oceans, is a ship or, and such a person becomes the captain. The word "captain" has been around for many centuries and is said to come from the word "head".
The word of the captain on a ship or vessel is law. All orders coming from the shore are transmitted only to the captain of the ship. It is not surprising that the law gives the captain the right to arrest, as well as witness the birth or death of a person.
ship captain
We can talk endlessly about the duties of a captain. The captain of the ship must know and be able to do everything. If the ship discovers people or another ship in trouble at sea, the captain must provide assistance to the people and, after concluding a rescue contract, begin rescuing the ship.
The captain of the ship must be an attentive and careful person. The list of his responsibilities directly states that he must calculate the ship's course with special care in order to avoid mistakes. When approaching reefs, he should pay more attention to the color of the water (the water is darker in shallow water) and the presence of floating algae in it. When approaching the shore, these precautions should be doubled. Even the presence of an invitee on the ship does not relieve the captain of the ship of responsibility for the safety of the ship.
In case of danger of a collision with another ship, the captain must act clearly and unambiguously: he is obliged to personally inform the other ship the name of his ship and home port and receive the same data in response. Otherwise, when unavoidable, the captain may abandon ship only when all possible means of rescue have been exhausted. First, he takes measures to save the passengers, then allows the crew to leave the ship and leaves the ship last, taking with him the logs (ship's, engine's), maps and the ship's cash register.
In times of trouble, saving people, regardless of the passengers of his ship or people from another ship that is sinking, the captain must be concerned that children, women, the elderly and the sick are placed first.
And a completely unpleasant duty: in the event of the death of a person on board, captain of the ship must witness the death and decide whether to deliver the body to the port or bury it at sea...
And this is only a small part of the responsibilities of a ship captain.
CAPTAIN'S ASSISTANTS
Assistants help the captain command the ship. There are many of them, but the ship they are on is also quite large.
Major assistant- the first deputy captain, ready at any time to replace him at sea or in the parking lot. Order and discipline on the ship depend on it. The captain goes ashore and all the rights and responsibilities of the captain are transferred to the chief mate.
chief mate and helmsman
The chief mate is administratively subordinate to the entire crew of the ship, and his orders regarding compliance with ship order, discipline, organization of service and routine are mandatory for all crew members and persons on board the ship. The chief mate is the head of the general ship service and supervises the deck crew and the service crew, the work of the second, third, fourth and fifth mates.
The chief mate must be constantly ready to replace the captain and take command of the ship. In the absence of the captain, he can independently carry out re-moorings and passages of the vessel in the port waters, calling a pilot and port officials if necessary.
The chief mate is obliged to:
1. Draw up and adjust the ship's schedule.
2. Organize and conduct training for the crew in combating the survivability of the vessel, using life-saving equipment and rescuing people, cargo and ship property, and supervise the training of emergency teams.
3. Ensure the availability on board and proper storage of a minimum supply of food.
4. Monitor and keep records of the amount of water in ballast and drinking tanks and its consumption.
5. Ensure the correct technical operation and maintenance in proper order of the hull, decks and superstructures of the ship, ship premises and compartments, drinking tanks, collective protection rooms, medical care and provision storerooms, dosimetric instruments, personal protective equipment and shading, spars and rigging, cargo , anchor, mooring, towing devices, life-saving equipment of the vessel; fire-fighting, rescue equipment, property and inventory, measuring, air and receiving pipes; air vents and welded ventilation ducts, clinquet doors and their drives (except for engine and boiler rooms), ladders, storm ladders and fender protection.
6. Together with the chief engineer, the chief mate is obliged to check the condition of the watertight compartments and closures of the vessel.
7. Plan and monitor shipboard work, as well as monitor the quality of food preparation.
Before and during cargo operations, the chief mate is obliged to:
1. Ensure the preparation of cargo devices and premises for receiving cargo; check their readiness together with the second mate, chief engineer, electrician and assistant captain for the fire-technical department.
2. Personally supervise the loading (unloading) and securing of large and heavy cargo, placement and securing of deck cargo.
3. Personally supervise the preparation of the vessel for the transportation of dangerous goods and ensure compliance with the rules of maritime transportation.
Before going on a voyage, the senior mate must:
1. Ensure that the vessel is prepared for voyage, and take measures to properly secure deck equipment and cargo.
2. Check the readiness of steering, anchor, mooring and boat devices, signal lights, light, sound and emergency signaling equipment, on-board communications, engine telegraph and remote control of the main engines; monitor the reliable closure of holds, hatches, necks, portholes, hoods and other openings on the deck and sides.
During the voyage, the chief mate is obliged to:
1. Monitor the proper securing of deck equipment and cargo; organize and monitor the water tightness of the hull and the tightness of the external contour of the vessel; take measures to ensure them; supervise the preparation of the vessel for storm navigation and anti-icing.
2. The chief mate maintains running watches from 4 to 8 o'clock and from 16 to 20 o'clock. In difficult conditions, carries out sea watches as directed by the captain.
also in ship's command staff includes: the second assistant, who is also called the cargo assistant. He is responsible for loading and unloading, loading of holds, their cleanliness and safety.
Third Mate- navigator. It contains maps, magnetic compasses, a chronometer, a ship's clock and other instruments.
Fourth Mate is responsible for electronic navigation devices - gyrocompass, log, echo sounder, etc.
Fifth Mate The captain ensures the fire safety of the ship. He monitors the state of fire safety of the ship, and compliance by the crew with fire safety rules; provides fire protection measures when performing repair work and work with open fire on the ship; does not allow the operation on board of equipment, technical means and materials, the condition of which creates a fire hazard; daily checks stationary and portable fire extinguishing equipment, smoke-insulating devices for individual use, their readiness for action, serviceability of fire alarm systems and fire closure systems; monitors the condition of fire-fighting equipment and equipment, takes timely measures to repair and replenish them to established standards.
Chief engineer
control room for the power plant of the container ship "Mathilde Maersk"
Chief engineer- independent leader of the machine team. It ensures the operation of the main and auxiliary engines, main gearbox, shafting lines, desalinators, general ship systems, auxiliary mechanisms, mechanical and hydraulic parts of drives, means of preventing sea pollution, mechanical parts of deck and fishing mechanisms, steering and cargo devices, mechanical means for household purposes, systems air conditioning (without refrigeration part), automation systems and devices, tiller compartment, mechanical workshops, fuel, oil, water, bilge water receiving and dispensing stations, fire extinguishing stations.
Second mechanic- his assistant and deputy. Ensures reliable operation, proper operation and maintenance of technical equipment of bilge systems. Monitors the availability of fuel, lubricating oils, water, supplies for the needs of the service.
Third mechanic Responsible on ships for the operation of additional engines.
Fourth mechanic Responsible for deck mechanisms and ventilation system.
Senior Electrician is responsible for the operation of electrical mechanisms and the electrical network. The senior electromechanic is in charge of sources of electricity: main and auxiliary generators on a ship with electric propulsion, generators with autonomous drive and shaft generators on ships without electric propulsion, emergency power supply stations from the shore, a rowing electrical installation, main and emergency distribution boards, and other distribution devices; electrical equipment of posts and control panels, electrical (electronic) parts of automation systems and devices, including remote-controlled systems, all types of alarms and protection; current sewer networks, demagnetization devices, electric drives with ballasts and protective equipment for machinery and boiler room mechanisms, for general ship and industrial purposes; the electrical part of the steering unit (including the autopilot), engine telegraphs and axiometers, telephony, batteries with chargers and electrical measuring instruments of their department, lighting, electrical equipment for household use.
Senior Electrician ensures safe organization of work, reliable operation and maintenance of mechanisms, devices, systems, equipment in proper technical condition, proper operation of electrical equipment and automation equipment; monitors the operating mode of electrical mechanisms.
Boatswain- head of the deck crew. Being on the forecastle, he supervises all work during anchoring and unloading and mooring. During the launching of boats, housekeeping work, and rigging work, the boatswain's orders are the law.
Ship's doctor, in charge of the infirmary, outpatient clinic and everything that serves health ship's crew.
All of the above positions - from the chief mate to the ship's doctor - are the command staff of the ship. But there is also a ship's crew. I'll start with those who work under the guidance of the boatswain on the upper deck.
Podskipper (skipper)- boatswain's assistants for economic matters.
Senior sailor performs carpentry work on the ship, takes on fresh water, and manages the mooring at the stern.
Senior helmsman stands on the steering wheel, including during difficult maneuvering (entering a port, passing through bottlenecks).
Sailor 1st class must be able to stand on the helm, use signal flags and semaphore, and control a boat under sail. Performs all rigging and painting work.
Sailor 2nd class must be able to row a boat, tie sea knots, operate a winch and capstan, clean rooms, paint and remove rust, and use semaphore flags.
Sailor diver performs underwater work and also works on a ship as a sailor.
In the engine room of the ship near the boilers and engines, in the holds the following people work: a senior boiler operator, mechanics, a pump operator and electricians.
In the galley, in warehouses, in passenger cabins and corridors there are workplaces for the storekeeper, senior cook, galleyman, barman, sailor and service personnel.
cruise director
Dredgers, radio navigation technician and electric radio navigator.
counting all the maritime professions, it turns out that the ship is actually a floating city
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