The power of water flow to generate electricity has faithfully served humanity for more than 100 years. But what is the first thing that comes to mind for FORUMHOUSE users when it comes to hydropower? Usually, the imagination pictures a cyclopean structure in the form of a hydroelectric power station blocking the river.
Now imagine a small water turbine made of modern composite materials, which can be installed in a water stream with the help of two people and whose power is enough to power a refrigerator, TV and laptop. Sounds like science fiction, doesn't it? But Japanese engineers from Ibasei don't think so, having announced last year their latest development - a miniature hydraulic turbine called Cappa.
The turbine does not require earthworks and can be installed in a water stream using special mounts. And at a flow speed of 2.0 m/sec, this system can generate 250 W of power.
According to company representatives, the turbine is based on a specially shaped diffuser, due to which even a small flow of water is accelerated and rotates the turbine blades, generating electric current.
The generated energy is converted into electricity using a generator. Then, with the help of a controller, the direct current is converted into alternating current, with a frequency of 50/60 Hz, which can be used at home.
As preliminary tests have shown, a wind generator with a sail diameter of 120 cm produces electricity with a power of 400 to 600 Watts. And in this moment The company's engineers are working to improve the design of the installation.
Thus, using modern technologies expands significantly, allowing you to give your country house greater autonomy and independence from energy suppliers.
FORUMHOUSE users can learn more about alternative energy from the corresponding forum. This article addresses the issue of using a wind generator. The use of heat pumps is discussed.
And after reading this video, you will see how a geothermal pump provides heat to a house in the absence of main gas.
Introduction………………………………………………………….………….2
I. The main methods of obtaining energy………………….3
1. Thermal power plants……………..…………………3
2. Hydroelectric power stations……………………………………5
3. Nuclear power plants……………………..…………6
II. Non-traditional energy sources……………………..9
1. Wind energy……………………………………………………9
2. Geothermal energy…………………………………11
3. Thermal energy of the ocean…………………………….12
4. Energy of ebbs and flows…………………………...13
5. Energy of sea currents……………………………13
6. Solar energy……………………………………………………14
7. Hydrogen energy…………………………………17
Conclusion……………………………………………………19
Literature…………………………………………………….21
Introduction.
Scientific and technical progress impossible without the development of energy and electrification. To increase labor productivity, mechanization and automation of production processes and the replacement of human labor with machine labor are of paramount importance. But the vast majority technical means mechanization and automation (equipment, instruments, computers) has an electrical basis. Electrical energy is especially widely used to drive electric motors. Power electric machines(depending on their purpose) varies: from fractions of a watt (micromotors used in many branches of technology and in household products) to huge values exceeding a million kilowatts (power plant generators).
Humanity needs electricity, and the need for it increases every year. At the same time, the reserves of traditional natural fuels (oil, coal, gas, etc.) are finite. Supplies are also finite nuclear fuel- uranium and thorium, from which plutonium can be produced in breeder reactors. Therefore, it is important today to find profitable sources of electricity, and profitable not only from the point of view of cheap fuel, but also from the point of view of simplicity of design, operation, low cost of materials needed to build the station, and durability of the stations.
This abstract is a brief overview of the current state of human energy resources. The work examines traditional sources electrical energy. The purpose of the work is, first of all, to become familiar with the current state of affairs in this unusually broad issue.
Traditional sources primarily include: thermal, nuclear and water flow energy.
Russian energy today there are 600 thermal, 100 hydraulic, 9 nuclear power plants. There are, of course, several power plants that use solar, wind, hydrothermal, and tidal energy as a primary source, but the share of the energy they produce is very small compared to thermal, nuclear and hydraulic plants.
I. The main ways to obtain energy.
1. Thermal power plants.
Thermal power plant (TPP), a power plant that generates electrical energy as a result of the conversion of thermal energy released during combustion organic fuel. The first thermal power plants appeared at the end. 19th century and became predominantly widespread. All R. 70s 20th century Thermal power plants are the main type of power plants. The share of electricity they generated was: in Russia and the USA, St. 80% (1975), worldwide about 76% (1973).
About 75% of all Russian electricity is produced at thermal power plants. Most Russian cities are supplied by thermal power plants. CHP plants are often used in cities - combined heat and power plants that produce not only electricity, but also heat in the form of hot water. Such a system is quite impractical because Unlike electric cables, the reliability of heating mains is extremely low over long distances; the efficiency of centralized heat supply is greatly reduced due to a decrease in the temperature of the coolant. It is estimated that when heating mains are more than 20 km long (a typical situation for most cities), installing an electric boiler in a detached house becomes economically profitable.
At thermal power plants, the chemical energy of the fuel is converted first into mechanical and then into electrical energy.
The fuel for such a power plant can be coal, peat, gas, oil shale, and fuel oil. Thermal power plants are divided into condensing power plants (CHPs), designed to generate only electrical energy, and combined heat and power plants (CHPs), which produce, in addition to electricity, thermal energy in the form of hot water and steam. Large CPPs of regional significance are called state district power plants (SDPPs).
The simplest principle IES diagram, operating on coal, is shown in Fig. Coal is fed into the fuel bunker 1, and from it into the crushing unit 2, where it turns into dust. Coal dust enters the furnace of a steam generator (steam boiler) 3, which has a system of tubes in which chemically purified water, called feedwater, circulates. In the boiler, the water is heated, evaporated, and the resulting saturated steam is brought to a temperature of 400-650°C and, under a pressure of 3-24 MPa, enters steam turbine 4 through a steam line. Steam parameters depend on the power of the units. Thermal condensing power plants have low efficiency (30-40%), since most of the energy is lost with flue gases and condenser cooling water.It is advantageous to build CPPs in close proximity to fuel production sites. In this case, electricity consumers may be located at a considerable distance from the station.
A combined heat and power plant differs from a condensing station by having a special heating turbine installed on it with steam extraction. At a thermal power plant, one part of the steam is completely used in the turbine to generate electricity in the generator 5 and then enters the condenser 6, and the other, which has a higher temperature and pressure (dashed line in the figure), is taken from the intermediate stage of the turbine and is used for heat supply. The condensate is supplied by pump 7 through the deaerator 8 and then by the feed pump 9 to the steam generator. The amount of steam taken depends on the thermal energy needs of enterprises.
The efficiency of thermal power plants reaches 60-70%.
Such stations are usually built near consumers - industrial enterprises or residential areas. Most often they run on imported fuel.
The considered thermal power plants, based on the type of the main thermal unit - the steam turbine, are classified as steam turbine stations. Thermal stations with gas turbine (GTU), combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) and diesel units have become significantly less widespread.
The most economical are large thermal steam turbine power plants (abbreviated TPP). Most thermal power plants in our country use coal dust as fuel. To generate 1 kWh of electricity, several hundred grams of coal are consumed. In a steam boiler, over 90% of the energy released by the fuel is transferred to steam. In the turbine, the kinetic energy of the steam jets is transferred to the rotor. The turbine shaft is rigidly connected to the generator shaft.
Modern steam turbines for thermal power plants are very advanced, high-speed, highly economical machines with a long service life. Their power in a single-shaft version reaches 1 million 200 thousand kW, and this is not the limit. Such machines are always multi-stage, that is, they usually have several dozen disks with working blades and the same
the number, in front of each disk, of groups of nozzles through which a stream of steam flows. The pressure and temperature of the steam gradually decrease.
It is known from a physics course that the efficiency of heat engines increases with increasing initial temperature of the working fluid. Therefore, the steam entering the turbine is brought to high parameters: temperature - almost 550 ° C and pressure - up to 25 MPa. The efficiency of thermal power plants reaches 40%. Most of the energy is lost along with the hot exhaust steam.
According to scientists, the energy sector of the near future will continue to be based on thermal power generation based on non-renewable resources. But its structure will change. Oil use must be reduced. Electricity production will increase significantly nuclear power plants. The use of the still untouched gigantic reserves of cheap coal will begin, for example, in the Kuznetsk, Kansk-Achinsk, and Ekibastuz basins. Natural gas, the reserves of which in the country far exceed those in other countries, will be widely used.
Unfortunately, the reserves of oil, gas, and coal are by no means endless. It took nature millions of years to create these reserves; they will be used up in hundreds of years. Today, the world has begun to seriously think about how to prevent the predatory plunder of earthly wealth. After all, only under this condition can fuel reserves last for centuries.
2. Hydroelectric power plants.
Hydroelectric station, hydroelectric power station (HES), a complex of structures and equipment through which the energy of water flow is converted into electrical energy. A hydroelectric power station consists of a sequential chain of hydraulic structures that provide the necessary concentration of water flow and the creation of pressure and energy. equipment that converts the energy of water moving under pressure into mechanical energy rotation which, in turn, is converted into electrical energy.
According to the scheme of water resource use and pressure concentration, hydroelectric power stations are usually divided into run-of-river, dam-based, diversion with pressure and free-flow diversion, mixed, pumped storage and tidal. In run-of-river and dam-based hydroelectric power plants, the water pressure is created by a dam that blocks the river and raises the water level in the upper pool. At the same time, some flooding of the river valley is inevitable. If two dams are built on the same section of the river, the flood area is reduced. On lowland rivers the highest economically permissible
The flood area limits the height of the dam. Run-of-river and near-dam hydroelectric power stations are built both on lowland high-water rivers and on mountain rivers, in narrow compressed valleys.In order to generate electricity, you need to find a potential difference and a conductor. By connecting everything into a single flow, you can provide yourself with a constant source of electricity. However, in reality, taming the potential difference is not so simple.
Nature conducts enormous power of electricity through a liquid medium. These are lightning discharges, which are known to occur in air saturated with moisture. However, these are just single digits, not constant flow electricity.
Man took on the function of natural power and organized the movement of electricity through wires. However, this is just a transfer of one type of energy to another. Extracting electricity directly from the environment remains mainly at the level of scientific research, experiments in the category of entertaining physics and the creation of small low-power installations.
The easiest way to extract electricity is from a solid and moist environment.
Unity of three environments
The most popular medium in this case is soil. The fact is that the earth is the unity of three media: solid, liquid and gaseous. Between small particles of minerals there are drops of water and air bubbles. Moreover, the elementary unit of soil - a micelle or clay-humus complex - is a complex system with a difference in potential.
A negative charge is formed on the outer shell of such a system, and a positive charge on the inner shell. The negatively charged shell of the micelle attracts positively charged ions in the medium. So electrical and electrochemical processes are constantly occurring in the soil. In a more homogeneous air and water environment, there are no such conditions for the concentration of electricity.
How to get electricity from the ground
Since the soil contains both electricity and electrolytes, it can be considered not only as an environment for living organisms and a source of crops, but also as a mini power plant. In addition, our electrified homes concentrate in the environment around them the electricity that “drains” through grounding. You can't help but take advantage of this.
Most often, homeowners use the following methods to extract electricity from the soil located around the house.
Method 1 - Neutral wire –> load –> soil
Voltage is supplied to residential premises through 2 conductors: phase and neutral. When creating a third, grounded conductor, a voltage of 10 to 20 V arises between it and the zero contact. This voltage is enough to light a couple of light bulbs.
Thus, to connect electricity consumers to “ground” electricity, it is enough to create a circuit: neutral wire - load - soil. Craftsmen can improve this primitive circuit and obtain a higher voltage current.
Method 2 - Zinc and copper electrode
The next method of generating electricity is based on using only land. Two metal rods are taken - one zinc, the other copper, and placed in the ground. It is better if it is soil in an isolated space.
Isolation is necessary in order to create an environment with high salinity, which is incompatible with life - nothing will grow in such soil. The rods will create a potential difference, and the soil will become an electrolyte.
In the simplest version, we get a voltage of 3 V. This, of course, is not enough for a home, but the system can be complicated, thereby increasing the power.
Method 3 - Potential between roof and ground
3. A fairly large potential difference can be created between the roof of the house and the ground. If the surface on the roof is metal and the surface in the ground is ferrite, then you can achieve a potential difference of 3 V. This figure can be increased by changing the size of the plates, as well as the distance between them.
conclusions
- While studying this issue, I realized that modern industry does not produce ready-made devices for generating electricity from the ground, but this can also be done from scrap materials.
- However, it should be noted that experiments with electricity are dangerous. It’s better if you still involve a specialist, at least at the final stage of assessing the system’s security level.
University of Alberta researchers have found a fundamentally new way to generate electricity from water. The first prototype electrokinetic battery produced 1 milliamp of electricity at about 10 V, which was enough to light an LED.
The invention uses the effect of charge separation. There is a phenomenon called an electrical double layer, when water ions flow through a channel with a diameter of 10 microns with non-conducting walls, a positive charge appears at one end of the battery, and a negative charge at the other.
The prototype had about 400-500 thousand separate channels.
Professor Kostyuk believes that in the future such water batteries can be used as batteries for smartphones and PDAs.
Nothing is impossible. It seemed that two different things, two different hypostases - electricity and water, were practically antagonists, but it was possible to obtain electrical energy in this way.
To do this, you will need two metals that form the anode and cathode, one of them needs to be stuck into a tree, and the other into the soil.
New technology for generating electricity from ordinary water
The Tata Group recently signed a collaboration agreement with Daniel Nocera, a scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and also the founder of SunCatalytix. The subject of their agreement was the technology developed by the scientist for generating electricity from ordinary water. Although aspects of their collaboration have not yet been disclosed, it is already clear that new technology obtaining energy will provide electricity to more than three billion people around the world! Moreover, it is stated that Daniel Nocera's technology produces energy more efficiently than using solar panels.
Nocera and his team recently discovered that artificial cobalt and a phosphate-coated silicon wafer placed in a vessel of water generate electricity. As in photosynthesis, this process occurs due to the “knocking out” of hydrogen from a water molecule under the influence of sunlight. All the secrets of the new method of generating electricity have not yet been revealed, but it has already been proven that the technology allows you to get enough electricity from 1.5 liters to supply a small house with it, and a whole pool of water, in which it will be renewed once a day, will generate so much enough electricity to run the plant!
Despite the fact that the work is still at the testing stage, the team of the Tata Group and Daniel Nocera is already envisioning how many billions of people they will be able to provide with electricity. True, with the caveat that areas that especially experience a shortage of electricity most often also experience a shortage of water necessary for their technology. Having teamed up just a month and a half ago, the Tata Group and Daniel Nocera were already wondering how, based on their discovery, they could generate electricity using land instead of water.
How to make electricity from hydrogen
The environmentally friendly production of electricity from electrolytically produced hydrogen and oxygen is a promising technology for generating electricity. You can verify this yourself by building a mini electrolysis power station at home.
Step 1: Make the Electrodes
Take a thin platinum wire and cut two pieces of 15 centimeters long from it. Wrap the first piece of wire tightly around a thick nail to form a spiral. Remove the spiral from the nail. Repeat the same for the second piece of wire. These two spirals will serve as electrodes.
Platinum wire or platinum-coated nickel wire should be used as electrodes.
Step 2: Connect the wires
Take four short wires and strip the insulation from their ends. Then twist the end of the first wire with the end of the second and with a straight section of spiral wire. After this, repeat the operation for the remaining spiral - twist its free end with the ends of the third and fourth wires.
Step 3: Attach the Electrodes
On a wooden ice cream stick, secure the electrodes with electrical tape next to each other so that the twists of the wires with the electrodes are located under the electrical tape, and the spirals of the electrodes themselves are not covered with electrical tape.
Step 4: Prepare the glass
Place the stick with the wires attached to it on top of the glass of water so that the electrode spirals are immersed in the water. Glue the ends of the stick to the edges of the glass with small pieces of electrical tape. Make sure that only the spirals are immersed in water; the twisted wires should be out of the water.
Step 5: Connect the voltmeter
Connect one wire from the first spiral and one from the second to the voltmeter. The voltmeter should show zero voltage.
Sometimes the voltmeter may show a non-zero voltage, for example .01 V.
Step 6: Connect the battery
Connect a 9-volt battery to the remaining ends of the wire for a few seconds. You will see that gas bubbles have begun to form on the surface of the electrodes immersed in water. This phenomenon is called electrolysis. At the same time, hydrogen is released at one electrode, and oxygen at the other.
Step 7: Disconnect the battery
Disconnect the battery. You will see that the voltmeter still shows some voltage. It is the platinum of the electrodes that causes free oxygen to react with hydrogen, producing enough electricity to even power some low-voltage electrical devices.
In the process of generating such electricity, no environmentally harmful waste is generated, because all that is obtained in the end is water and water vapor.
Sources: www.membrana.ru, electro-montazh.postroyforum.ru, itw66.ru, showsteps.ru, www.1958ypa.ru
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