Opposing American aircraft carrier groups was the main task of the Soviet Navy immediately after the end of World War II. It was for this purpose that the “killers” of aircraft carriers began to be created - Soviet highly specialized submarines of the Antey 949A project.
Start of creation
In the 1960s, Soviet designers worked on two interconnected projects. Employees of OKB-52 were engaged in a new anti-ship missile system designed to destroy enemy ship formations, and workers of the Rubin Central Design Bureau designed a third-generation submarine missile carrier. It was further planned to be used as a carrier for a new missile system. The military needed both a powerful and very effective tool capable of destroying enemy ship groups, and a submarine with high stealth and diving depth. In the future, after the modernization of a number of submarines, these qualities will combine the Antey-class submarines.
Project "Granite 949"
In 1969, the Navy set the Soviet designers the task of creating a new submarine. The missile it transports must meet the following requirements:
- It must have a high speed: at least 2500 km / h.
- Range - 500 km.
- Designed for launch from both underwater and surface positions. It was planned to use them on submarines and surface ships.
Since in most cases the enemy's echeloned air defense is broken through by a "flock" of two dozen missiles, the Soviet military was interested in the possibilities of firing in one gulp. According to the developers, in order to achieve the effectiveness of anti-ship missiles, it is necessary, in addition to high speed and a large mass of warheads, to equip them with reliable systems that provide target designation and reconnaissance.
System "Success"
With the help of this world's first Soviet space system, surface objects were detected and monitored. "Success" had the following advantages:
- Absolute independence from weather conditions.
- The collection was carried out on a huge area.
- inaccessibility to the enemy.
Target designations were sent to weapon carriers and command posts. The production of nuclear submarines was carried out by the workers of the Northern Machine-Building Enterprise. In 1980, according to project 949, the first nuclear submarine "Arkhangelsk" was ready, and in 1983 - "Murmansk".
Nuclear submarines "Antey", project 949A
After the successful completion of the Granit project, design work was carried out according to a more advanced project. In the documentation, it is listed as 949 A "Antey". The submarine, due to upgraded equipment and an additional compartment, had an improved internal layout, increased length and displacement. In addition, the developers managed to increase the stealth readings of this submarine.
At the very beginning, it was planned to produce twenty units of nuclear submarines under the Antey project. K-148 "Krasnodar" is considered the very first nuclear submarine of this class. She was launched in 1986. Soon after this submarine, the K-173 Krasnoyarsk was ready. At the moment, these submarines are in a state of disposal. Despite the serial production of twenty nuclear submarines planned by the Soviet leadership, only eleven units were produced under the Antey project. K-141 Kursk, built in 1994, was sunk in August 2000.
Nuclear submarines in the Russian fleet
At the moment, the following Antey-class nuclear submarines are in service with the Russian Navy:
- K-119 "Voronezh" (Northern Fleet).
- K-132 "Irkutsk" (Pacific Fleet).
- K-410 "Smolensk" (Northern Fleet).
- K-456 "Tver" (Pacific).
- K-442 "Chelyabinsk" (Pacific Fleet).
- K-266 "Eagle" (currently under repair).
- K-186 "Omsk" (Pacific).
- K-150 "Tomsk". (Pacific Fleet).
Another submarine K-135 Volgograd created under the project 949 "Antey" is currently mothballed. And K-139 "Belgorod" will be completed according to project 09852.
APL 949 device
Type "Antey" have a two-hull scheme: a light external hydrodynamic hull of a cylindrical shape surrounds the inner one, which differs from the outer one in high strength. The thickness of its walls exceeds 6 cm. Due to this two-hull architecture, nuclear submarines have the following advantages:
- Submarines are provided with high buoyancy.
- Nuclear submarines are protected from underwater explosions.
- Submarines have increased displacement.
The nuclear submarine corps consists of the following departments:
- Torpedo.
- Managerial.
- Compartment for combat posts and radio room.
- Residential premises.
- Department for electrical equipment and auxiliary mechanisms.
- Reactor.
- Department of GTZA.
- Compartment with propeller motors.
In the event of an accident, the nuclear submarine is equipped with two zones (bow and stern) in which the crew can wait for rescue. The crew consists of 130 people. According to other data, the number does not exceed 112. In autonomous mode, the submarine can stay no more than 120 days.
Description of the power plant
Block GEU NPS consists of two nuclear reactors OK-650B and two steam turbines OK-9. Their capacity is 98 thousand liters. from. They work by comb screws using gearboxes. The nuclear submarine has two additional DG-190 diesel generators with a capacity of at least 8,700 hp. from.
Combat control of the submarine
For the Antey nuclear submarine, sonar systems MGK-540 Skat-3 and systems providing space reconnaissance, target designation and combat control of the submarine are provided. Information received by a satellite or an aircraft enters the submarine using special antennas. Additionally, Antey-class submarines are equipped with a towed Zubatka antenna.
Its location is the aft stabilizer. The buoy type of the Zubatka antenna is designed to receive radio messages and signals by a boat that is at a very great depth or under a thick layer of ice.
Navigation in the submarine is provided by a special Symphony-U complex. High accuracy, large range and volume of processed information are the characteristic features of this navigation system.
What are submarines armed with?
The armament of the Antey-class nuclear submarine is represented by two types:
- P-700 "Granite" (24 units). Both sides of the cabin behind the wall of the pressure hull (the middle part of the submarine) became the location of the missile containers. To close them, special fairing covers are used, which are part of the outer case. The container is installed at an inclination of 40 degrees. Missiles can be used both conventional (weighing up to 750 kg) and equipped with nuclear warheads. PRK move at a speed of 2.5 m / s and are designed for distances up to 550 km.
- Mine-torpedo tubes (four pieces). Two of them have a caliber of 533 mm, the rest - 650 mm. They are designed to fire both conventional torpedoes and torpedo missiles. The bow of the nuclear submarine became the location of these devices. Due to the system responsible for automatic loading, torpedo weapons have a high rate of fire. In just a few minutes, the entire ammunition, consisting of rocket torpedoes (12 units) and torpedoes (16 units), can be fired by the Antey submarine.
Specifications
- The nuclear submarine above the water has a displacement of 12 thousand 500 cubic meters. m.
- Displacement under water is 22 thousand 500 cubic meters. m.
- Antey-class ships above water are capable of speeds up to 15 knots.
- Under water, their speed is higher: 32 knots.
- Submarines can dive to a maximum depth of 600 m.
- The submarine can stay offline for 120 days.
The feasibility of mass production "Anteev"
As many Russian experts note, the Antey-class nuclear submarine is, in terms of its effectiveness, the most preferred means of combating enemy aircraft carriers. In 1980, the cost of manufacturing one nuclear submarine did not exceed 227 million rubles (only 10% of the price of the American Roosevelt). On the other hand, the effectiveness of the Soviet nuclear submarine turned out to be very high: the Antey poses a danger to the aircraft carrier and the ships accompanying it. According to other experts, the effectiveness of "Anteev" is overstated. This is due to the fact that nuclear submarines are ships with a narrow specialization. In this regard, they cannot fully resist multi-purpose aircraft carriers.
Conclusion
Today, the developments of the 1980s are considered quite outdated. In this regard, in 2011 it was decided to replace the Granit-700 anti-ship missiles with more modern Onyx and Caliber missiles.
This will allow "Antey" to become a universal tool for solving a variety of problems.
Wrote an article on Project 949A Antey submarines on "Defend Russia". They released eleven. The continuation of the project 949 "Granite" - the submarine of the project 949A "Antey" - was waiting for a very different fate: there were tragedies and fires. But the Antei faithfully continue to serve the Russian fleet.A photo: zvezdochka_ru
After the first two submarines of project 949 were built, the construction of the next ones was carried out according to the modified project - 949A "Antey". The development was carried out at the Central Design Bureau "Rubin" under the leadership of the chief designer P.P. Pustyntsev, and then - I.L. Baranov.
A new compartment appeared on the improved submarine, the length and displacement increased, it was also possible to lower the level of unmasking fields and install the latest equipment.
Architecture:
Duplex architecture. The hull is designed for a working depth of 480 meters, maximum - 600 meters. Compared to its predecessor, Project 949, the length of the hull has grown by 10 meters. The increase in size is associated with the appearance of an additional compartment (6th), due to which the internal layout of systems, mechanisms and equipment has significantly improved. In addition, it was possible to reduce the level of unmasking physical fields and improve the RTV.
The hull is divided into 10 compartments: 1 - torpedo, 2 - control, 3 - radio room and combat posts, 4 - living quarters, 5 - auxiliary mechanisms and electrical equipment, 6 (additional) - auxiliary mechanisms, 7 - reactor, 8-9 - GTZA , 10 - propulsion motors.
The fencing of retractable devices was located closer to the bow of the submarine. There were VSK (pop-up rescue chamber) and containers for the Igla-1 portable air defense system.
The submarine is divided into two rescue zones: in the bow (1-4 compartments) there is a pop-up rescue chamber, in 5-9 compartments there is an emergency hatch (in the 9th compartment), through which diving equipment is exited.
Electronic weapons:
The submarine is equipped with the MGK-540 Skat-3 hydroacoustic system, as well as a radio communication, combat control, space reconnaissance and target designation system. Reception of intelligence data from spacecraft or aircraft is carried out in a submerged position on special antennas. After processing, the received information is entered into the ship's CICS.
3.NPS "Voronezh" at the berth of the enterprise "Zvezdochka". 
Navigation system:
The submarine is equipped with the Medveditsa navigation system - automated, with increased accuracy, increased range and a large amount of processed information.
Power plant:
Two pressurized water reactors OK-650M (each 190 MW) and two steam turbines (with a total capacity of 100 thousand hp) with the main turbo-gear unit OK-9. There are two turbogenerators (3200 kW each) and two backup diesel generators DG-190 (800 kW each), as well as a pair of thrusters.
Armament:
24 anti-ship missiles "Granit" in twin launchers, which are located outside the strong hull (range - from 500 to 600 km, speed - at least 2500 km / h). Target designation took place through the 17K114 space reconnaissance and target designation satellite.
The missiles could be launched both singly and in one gulp - all 24 missiles. When firing in one salvo, the control system automatically distributed targets between the missiles in the group. This made it easier to overcome enemy air defenses and increased the likelihood of hitting the main target - an aircraft carrier. According to calculations, nine hits by Granite are needed to sink an American aircraft carrier, and one missile hit was enough for it to stop flying operations.
4.NPS "Smolensk" in the dock of the enterprise "Zvezdochka". 
The submarine's automated torpedo-missile system allows the use of torpedoes, as well as Vodopad, Veter and Shkval rocket-torpedoes at all immersion depths. It includes four 533-mm and two 650-mm torpedo tubes located in the bow of the hull.
The torpedo tubes are equipped with an automated quick loader and a mechanized loading device. Thanks to this apparatus, all ammunition can be used within a few minutes.
It was planned to build 18 submarines, of which the last 5 were to be built according to an improved design, but due to the difficult situation in the country, only 11 submarines were produced. The twelfth building - "Belgorod" - was subsequently completed according to project 949A, then according to project 949AM, and in 2012 it was relaid according to project 09852. The thirteenth and fourteenth buildings - "Barnaul and Volgograd" - in the 90s were delivered unfinished at the Sevmash pier, in 2012, they were dismantled, and parts of the hull structures were used to build new submarines.
5. Unfinished submarines of project 949A "Volgograd" and "Barnaul" 
All Project 949A ships became part of the Northern and Pacific Fleets.
Submarines built according to project 949A:
- Krasnodar. Recycled. During the disposal process on March 17, 2014, a fire occurred due to non-compliance with safety regulations during hot work.
- Krasnoyarsk. It sits in sludge awaiting disposal. The name of the submarine was given to the new nuclear submarine of project 885, which is being built at the Sevmash enterprise.
- "Irkutsk". Undergoing repairs and modernization under project 949AM at the Zvezda shipyard in Bolshoi Kamen.
- "Voronezh". In the combat composition of the fleet.
- "Smolensk". In the combat composition of the fleet.
- "Chelyabinsk". Undergoing repairs and modernization under project 949AM at the Zvezda shipyard in Bolshoi Kamen.
- "Tver". In the combat composition of the fleet.
- "Eagle". Undergoing repairs at the Zvyozdochka shipyard. On April 7, 2015, a fire broke out on the submarine due to non-compliance with safety regulations during hot work. The repair will continue, the boat will be handed over to the fleet in 2016.
- "Omsk". In the combat composition of the fleet.
- "Kursk". Died along with the crew under unclear circumstances on August 12, 2000.
- "Tomsk". Undergoing repairs and modernization under project 949AM at the Zvezda shipyard in Bolshoi Kamen. During the repair on September 16, 2013, a fire occurred due to non-compliance with safety regulations during hot work.
Future:
In the coming years, the grouping of Project 949A ships will undergo a major modernization at the Zvezda Far East plant. According to the plans of the command, the boats of the project will go through a rearmament program for the Onyx and Caliber missile systems. The project for the modernization of submarines and their weapons was developed by the Rubin Central Design Bureau.
6. Nuclear submarine "Smolensk" in the dock of the enterprise "Zvezdochka".
After the improvement of the potential enemy’s naval weapons (F-14 Tomcat carrier-based fighter-interceptors, S-3 Viking anti-submarine aircraft), the “anti-aircraft” capabilities of the SSGN of the 675th project (even after their modernization) looked insufficient for guaranteed destruction of groups. It was necessary to create a new, much more powerful and long-range submarine-launched missile system, which would provide massive underwater strikes against ships (mainly aircraft carriers) from considerable distances with the ability to select the target to be hit.
Under the new complex, a new carrier was also needed, which could carry out salvo fire with 20–24 missiles from a submerged position (according to calculations, this concentration of weapons can “break through” the missile defense of a promising US Navy aircraft carrier formation). In addition, the new missile carrier had to have increased stealth, speed and depth of immersion, to ensure separation from pursuit and the ability to overcome enemy anti-submarine defenses.
Preliminary work on the 3rd generation submarine missile carrier began in 1967, and in 1969 the Navy issued an official TTZ for a "heavy missile submarine" equipped with an operational missile system.
The project, which received the code "Granite" and the number 949, was developed at the Rubin Central Design Bureau for Marine Engineering under the leadership of P.P. Pustyntsev. In 1977, after his death, I. L. Baranov was appointed chief designer, and V. N. Ivanov, captain of the second rank, was appointed chief observer from the navy. It was assumed that in the development of a new missile carrier, scientific and technical groundwork would be widely used, as well as individual design solutions obtained during the creation of the world's fastest submarine project 661.
The Granit missile system, developed by OKB-52 (today the Research and Production Association of Mechanical Engineering), had to meet very high requirements: maximum range - at least 500 km, maximum speed - at least 2500 km / h. "Granite" from previous complexes with a similar purpose, differed in flexible adaptive trajectories, versatility in launch (surface and underwater), as well as carriers (surface ships and submarines), salvo firing with a rational spatial arrangement of missiles, the presence of a noise-protected selective control system.
Fire was allowed on targets whose coordinates have a large error, as well as with a significant data aging time. All operations for the launch and daily maintenance of missiles were automated. "Granite" as a result acquired a real opportunity to solve any problems of naval combat with one carrier.
However, the effectiveness of long-range anti-ship missile systems was determined to a large extent by the capabilities of target designation and reconnaissance means. The "Success" system, based on the Tu-95 aircraft, no longer possessed the necessary combat stability. As a result, in the early 1960s branch science and industry were given the task of creating the world's first space-based all-weather system for monitoring surface targets throughout the world's oceans and issuing command control with direct transmission of information to weapon carriers or ship (ground) command posts.
The first government decree on the start of development work on the development of the MKRTS (marine space reconnaissance and target designation) system was issued in March 1961. The largest design teams and scientific centers of the country were involved in this large-scale work.
The parent organization that was responsible for the creation of the ICRC was initially identified as OKB-52, under the leadership of General Designer Chelomey V.N. Minsredmash OKB-670 (research and production association Krasnaya Zvezda) of Minsredmash was responsible for the development of a unique (unparalleled in the world so far) nuclear onboard power plant for satellites included in the system. But OKB-52 did not have the necessary production facilities to ensure the serial production of spacecraft for the navy. Therefore, in May 1969, the Leningrad design bureau and the Arsenal plant named after V.I. Frunze, who became the leaders in the program of "marine" satellites.
The ICRC Legenda system consisted of two types of spacecraft: a satellite with a nuclear power plant and an onboard radar station, as well as a satellite with a solar power plant and a radio intelligence space station. The plant "Arsenal" already in 1970 began the production of prototypes of spacecraft. In 1973, flight and design tests of a radar reconnaissance spacecraft began, and a year later, a radio reconnaissance satellite. The radar reconnaissance spacecraft was put into service in 1975, and the complex in full force (with a radio reconnaissance spacecraft) - in 1978.
The space complex of radio intelligence provides detection and direction finding of objects that emit electromagnetic signals. The spacecraft has a high-precision three-axis orientation and stabilization system in space. The power source is a solar power plant in combination with buffer chemical batteries.
The multifunctional liquid-propellant rocket launcher ensures the stabilization of the spacecraft, the correction of its orbital height, the issuance of a pre-acceleration impulse during the launch of the spacecraft into orbit. The mass of the apparatus is 3300 kg, the orbital inclination is 65 degrees, the height of the working orbit is 420 km.
Launch of "Granit" missiles from SSGN pr.949 "Granit" - OSCAR-I, 1987
The 17K114 space complex was intended for conducting space marine reconnaissance and target designation and consisted of a 17F16 spacecraft equipped with a two-way side-scan radar, which provided all-day and all-weather detection of surface targets. The onboard power source was a nuclear power plant, which, upon completion of the active operation of the apparatus, is separated and transferred to a high orbit.
The multifunctional liquid-propellant rocket launcher stabilized the spacecraft, corrected the height of its orbit, and also issued a pre-acceleration pulse when entering orbit. The mass of the apparatus is 4300 kg, the inclination of the orbit is 65 degrees, the height of the working orbit is 280 km.
In addition to the space component, the ICRC included ship data points directly from spacecraft, which ensure their processing and issuance by the control center for the use of missile weapons (the developer is the Kiev research and production association Kvant).
In November 1975, tests of the P-700 RK began, which received the same name "Granite" (like the SSGN code). The tests were completed in August 1983. In April 1980, even before their completion, the lead submarine of Project 949, K-525, was accepted into the Northern Fleet.
Like all previous Soviet ones, the SSGN of the 949th project structurally has a two-hull architecture - an external hydrodynamic shell and an internal strong hull. The aft part with plumage and two propeller shafts is similar to nuclear submarines with Project 661 cruise missiles. The distance between the outer and inner hulls provides a significant margin of buoyancy and survivability in the event of a torpedo hit. However, for the same reason, the submarine has a huge underwater displacement - 22.5 thousand tons, of which 10 thousand tons are water.
The robust cylindrical case was made of AK-33 steel, the thickness of which was 45-68 mm. The hull was designed for a maximum diving depth of 600 meters (working depth - 480 meters). The end bulkheads of the pressure hull are spherical, cast, the aft radius is 6.5 meters, the bow radius is 8 meters. Cross bulkheads are flat. Bulkheads between 1 and 2, as well as 4 and 5 compartments, they are designed for a pressure of 40 atmospheres and have a thickness of 20 mm.
Thus, the submarine is divided into three shelter compartments for emergencies at depths of up to 400 meters: in the event of flooding of a part of the strong hull, people have a chance to escape in the first, second or third, or in the aft compartments. Other bulkheads inside the rescue zones were designed for 10 atmospheres (for depths up to 100 meters). Rugged body was divided into 9 compartments:
The first is torpedo;
The second is control, AB;
The third is a radio room and combat posts;
Fourth - living quarters;
Fifth - auxiliary mechanisms and electrical equipment;
Sixth - reactor;
Seventh and eighth - GTZA;
Ninth - propeller motors.
Open launchers of missiles "Granit" SSBN pr.949
Launcher SM-225 / SM-225A of the Granit complex (V. Asanin, Russian photo rockets. // Equipment and weapons)
The fencing of the shafts of retractable devices was shifted towards the bow. It has a large length - 29 meters. In addition to retractable devices, it contains a pop-up rescue chamber capable of accommodating the entire crew, containers for a portable anti-aircraft missile, two VIPS devices designed to fire sonar countermeasures. The retractable shaft guard (as well as the light hull) is equipped with ice reinforcements and a rounded roof designed to break the ice during ascent in difficult ice conditions. Retractable horizontal horizontal rudders are placed in the bow. The light body has an anti-hydroacoustic coating.
The power plant of the ship is maximally unified with the main power plant of Project 941 SSBNs and has a two-stage depreciation system and block design. It includes two pressurized water reactors OK-650B (190 MW each) and two steam turbines (with a total capacity of 98 thousand hp) with the main turbo-gear unit OK-9, which operate through gearboxes that reduce the rotational speed by two propeller shafts. The steam turbine plant is located in two different compartments. There are also two turbogenerators (3200 kW each) and two backup diesel generators DG-190 (800 kW each), as well as a pair of thrusters.
The main power plant has 100% redundancy due to the two-shaft. The main turbo gear unit, steam generating unit, electric motors, autonomous turbogenerators, as well as the shaft line and the propeller of one side are duplicated by the second side. In this regard, if one element or the entire mechanical installation of one side fails, the submarine does not lose its combat capabilities.
The main armament of the SSGN of the 949th project includes 24 Granit anti-ship missiles in twin launchers. Containers with missiles are placed outside a strong hull with a constant elevation angle of 40 degrees. Target designation for anti-ship missiles was provided from satellites of the 17K114 space reconnaissance and target designation system. The submarine was equipped with a pop-up buoy-type antenna - "Catfish", which allows you to receive radio messages, satellite navigation signals and target designation, while under the ice and at great depths. The antenna is located behind the cutting fence in the superstructure.
Project 949A nuclear attack submarine with open starboard missile silos
The 3M45 rocket of the Granit complex, which has a nuclear (500 Kt) or high-explosive warhead (750 kg), is equipped with a sustainer KR-93 turbojet engine with a solid-fuel ring rocket booster. The maximum range of fire is from 550 to 600 km, the maximum speed at high altitude corresponds to M = 2.5, at low altitude - M = 1.5. Launch weight - 7 thousand kg, body diameter - 0.88 meters, length - 19.5 meters, wingspan - 2.6 meters.
Missiles can be fired not only singly, but also in salvo (up to 24 anti-ship missiles launched at a very high rate). During salvo fire, targets are automatically distributed between missiles. A volley ensures the creation of a dense grouping of missiles, making it easier to overcome the enemy's anti-missile defenses. The organization of the flight of all missiles in the salvo, the additional search for an order and the “covering” of the rocket flying above the rest with the included radar sight, allows the rest of the anti-ship missiles of the salvo to fly in radio silence on the marching section.
During the flight of missiles, there is an optimal distribution of targets between them within the order. The complex flight trajectory and supersonic speed, high noise immunity of electronic equipment, as well as the presence of a special system for the removal of enemy aircraft and anti-aircraft missiles provide the Granita, when fired with a full salvo, with a high probability of overcoming the anti-missile and air defense systems of an aircraft carrier formation (it is believed that in order to sink an attack aircraft carrier of the Navy The United States needs nine hits with Granit missiles). To increase the survivability of the missile warhead from close-range weapons, it was made armored.
Torpedo-missile automated complex "Leningrad-949" makes it possible to use torpedoes, as well as missile-torpedoes "Wind" and "Waterfall" at all depths of immersion. The complex includes two 650-mm and four 533-mm torpedo tubes equipped with a quick loader with transverse and longitudinal feed racks located in the bow of the submarine, and Grinda torpedo fire control devices. The fast loader allows you to use the entire torpedo ammunition within a few minutes. The ammunition load includes 24 torpedoes (650 mm anti-ship missiles 65-76A, 533 mm universal USET-80), missiles and anti-submarine missiles (84-R and 83-R). Torpedoes can be fired from depths up to 480 meters at speeds from 13 knots (65-76A) to 18 knots (USET-80).
The basis of the electronic weapons of a nuclear submarine with cruise missiles of project 949 is the BIUS MVU-132 "Omnibus", the consoles of which were located in the second compartment in the GKP. The boat is equipped with a sonar MGK-540 "Skat-3", consisting of a locator NOR-1, a mine detection station MG-519 "Arfa", an emergency transponder station MGS-30, a navigation detector circular NOK-1, MG-512 "Screw" , echometer MG-543, MG-518 "North". All these tools make it possible to automatically find, find and track various targets (up to 30 targets simultaneously) in narrow and wideband direction finding modes in the infrasound, sound and high-frequency ranges.
There is a low-frequency towed receiving antenna, which is released from the upper tube on the stern stabilizer and hydrophones, placed on the sides of the light hull. The GAK operates at a distance of up to 220 kilometers. The main mode is passive, but there is the possibility of automated detection, measurement of the heading angle and distance to the target by an echo signal (in active mode). A degaussing device is installed along the light body.
Automated navigation complex "Medveditsa" consists of a direction finder, a navigation system for referencing by hydroacoustic transponder beacons, an ADK-ZM space system, a GKU-1M gyrocompass, a KM-145-P2 magnetic compass, inertial systems, logs and other devices connected to the Struna digital computer complex. All means of communication are combined into the Molniya-M complex.
Reconnaissance data from aircraft or spacecraft can be received on the Zubatka buoy antenna in a submerged position. The information received after processing is entered into the ship's combat information and control system "Omnibus". Also on the submarine there is a television-optical complex MTK-110, which allows visual observation from a submerged position from a depth of 50 ... 60 meters.
For members of the crew of a nuclear submarine with cruise missiles of the 949th project, optimal conditions were created for autonomous navigation of a long duration (autonomy is estimated at 120 days). The personnel were provided with individual permanent berths in 1-, 2-, 4- and 6-bed cabins. Compartments with living quarters were equipped with a radio broadcasting network. The submarine has a dining room and a wardroom for the simultaneous eating of forty-two sailors, for baking bread and cooking - a galley, consisting of a cooking and harvesting compartment. The supply of provisions, designed for complete autonomy, was in pantries and provisional chambers (including freezers). Submarines also have a gym, solarium, swimming pool, living area, sauna and so on.
In all modes, when the main power plant is running, the air conditioning and ventilation system provides indoor air with standard values for humidity, temperature and chemical composition. The system of chemical regeneration ensures the content of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the submarine's compartments during the entire voyage in autonomous mode within the established norms. The air purification system eliminates the content of harmful impurities.
The emergency rescue equipment developed for submarines of the 949th project surpasses similar equipment for submarines of previous projects. The design margin of buoyancy is more than 30%, which ensures surface navigation and unsinkability in the event of complete flooding of any compartment of the pressure hull, as well as two adjacent main ballast tanks adjacent to the flooded compartment of one side. The reserves of high-pressure water provided by the project provide the possibility of blowing the ballast in the amount necessary to compensate for negative buoyancy in the event of flooding of any compartment with damage to two tanks of the main ballast at a depth of less than 150 meters. The blowing time of all tanks from the periscope depth is less than 90 seconds.
Powder gas generators are used for emergency blowing. The hydraulic system operates from a pair of duplicating each other steering and ship hydraulic pumping stations located in the ninth and third compartments. In the event of a complete blackout of the submarine, they have the energy reserve necessary for three shifts of the horizontal bow and stern rudders. The submarine's drainage means ensure the removal of water not only on the surface, but also at all depths, including the maximum, and the total pumping at the maximum depth is more than 90 cubic meters per hour.
The submarine is divided along the length into two rescue zones: from the 1st to the 4th compartment and from the 5th to the 9th compartment. In the bow area there is a pop-up chamber accommodating the entire crew from the maximum depth (in the fencing of retractable devices). The aft area is equipped with an individual rescue system - by exiting the emergency hatch in diving equipment. The hatch is located in the ninth compartment. All zones are separated by inter-compartment bulkheads, the main purpose of which is to ensure the unsinkability of the vessel.
The autonomous buoy of the V-600 complex, rising from depths of up to 1,000 meters, provides automatic transmission of data over a distance of up to 3,000 kilometers within 5 days about the accident on a submarine and its coordinates at the moment the buoy separated from the boat. The rescue hatch of the ninth compartment makes it possible to use the submariner's rescue equipment. The hatch is equipped with a locking system with manual or semi-automatic control, which ensures the exit of divers from a depth of up to 220 meters, as well as locking when exiting along a buoy from depths of up to 100 meters without flooding the 9th compartment. Placing a coaming platform above the 9th compartment provides landing of a deep-sea rescue apparatus or a rescue bell, which is lowered along the guide cable.
In the navy of the USSR, the boats of the 949th project were classified as nuclear missile submarines of the first rank. In the west, they received the designation Oscar class. According to domestic experts, the SSGN of the 949th project, according to the criterion "efficiency / cost", is the most preferable means against enemy aircraft carriers. The cost of one Project 949-A submarine, as of the mid-80s, was 226 million rubles, which at face value was only 10% of the cost of the Roosevelt multipurpose aircraft carrier ($2.3 billion excluding the cost of the aviation wing). At the same time, according to the calculations of industry and navy experts, one nuclear-powered submarine was capable of putting out of action a number of security ships and an aircraft carrier with a high probability.
But other fairly reputable experts questioned these estimates, believing that the relative effectiveness of these submarines was greatly overestimated. In addition, the problem of identification and target designation for any long-range weapon, and especially missile weapons, has always been an “Achilles heel”. To effectively hit moving targets, such as ships, it was necessary to obtain target designation immediately before the shooting itself, that is, in real time. Such target designation for nuclear submarines with cruise missiles according to the AUG, in principle, can be obtained from reconnaissance aircraft (Success-U) and a spacecraft (MKRTS Legend).
However, the spacecraft is very vulnerable - even before the start of a combat operation, it can be shot down, suppressed, and reconnaissance aircraft will have to obtain data in the zone of dominance of a potential enemy aircraft, fighting with it, and it will simply be unrealistic to receive information from a surface vessel during hostilities .
It is also necessary to take into account the fact that an aircraft carrier is a universal combat weapon capable of solving a wide range of tasks, while a submarine was a ship of a narrower specialization. And if you do not compare with the aircraft carriers of the US Navy, then two submarines of project 949 cost (even in the Soviet Union, where mass production of nuclear submarines was going on) more than, for example, the heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser of project 11435 "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov".
Modifications
On the SSGN of project 949, starting from the second hull, a towed sonar antenna was installed, located on the upper vertical stabilizer in a tubular fairing.
Construction program
The construction of the SSGN project 949 has been carried out since 1978 in Severodvinsk at the Northern Machine-Building Enterprise (SSZ No. 402). 2 hulls were built - K-525 ("Arkhangelsk") was introduced into the fleet on 02.10. 1981 and K-206 ("Murmansk") was introduced on 12/20/1983.
Further construction was carried out according to the improved project 949-A. Initially, it was planned to build at least 20 nuclear submarines with cruise missiles, but the collapse of the Soviet Union and the economic crisis actually crossed out this program.
The main characteristics of the SSGN project 949:
Surface displacement - 12500 tons;
Underwater displacement - 22500 tons;
Main dimensions:
The greatest length is 144 m;
The greatest width is 18.2 m;
Draft on design waterline - 9.2 m;
Main power plant:
— 2 pressurized water reactors OK-650B, with a total capacity of 380 MW;
- 2 PPU;
— 2 GTZA OK-9
- 2 steam turbines, with a total capacity of 98,000 hp (72000 kW);
- 2 turbogenerators, the power of each is 3200 kW;
- 2 diesel generators DG-190, 800 kW;
- 2 shafts;
- 2 thrusters;
- 2 seven-blade propellers;
Surface speed - 15 knots;
Underwater speed - 30 ... 32 knots;
Working depth of immersion - 480 ... 500 m;
Maximum immersion depth - 600 m;
Autonomy - 120 days;
Crew - 94 people (including 42 officers);
Strike missile weapons:
- launchers SM-225 anti-ship missile systems sea-based P-700 "Granit" - 12 X 2;
- anti-ship missiles 3M45 (SS-N-19 "Shipwreck") - 24;
Anti-aircraft weapons:
Launchers of the portable anti-aircraft missile system 9K310 "Igla-1" / 9K38 "Igla" (SA-14 "Gremlin" / SA-16 "Gimlet") - 2 (16)
Torpedo armament:
650 mm torpedo tubes - 2 bow;
650 mm torpedoes 65-76A - 6;
533 mm torpedo tubes - 4 bow;
533 mm USET-80 torpedoes - 18;
Anti-submarine guided missiles 83-R "Waterfall" / 84-R "Wind"; missiles "Shkval" - instead of part of the torpedoes;
Mine armament:
- can carry mines instead of part of the torpedoes;
Electronic weapons:
Combat information and control system - "Omnibus-949";
Radar system of general detection - MRCP-58 "Radian" (Snoop Head / Pair);
Hydroacoustic complex MGK-540 "Skat-3";
Electronic warfare means:
"Anis", "Zone" (Bald Head / Rim Hat, Park Lamp) 2 x VIPS to launch the GPA;
Navigation complex:
— "Synthesis" space navigation;
- "Medveditsa-949";
- GKU-1M gyrocompass;
- ADK-ZM "Sail" space navigation;
SCRC target designation means:
- "Selena" (Punch Bowl) AP kosmich. "Coral" systems;
- MRTS-2 AP aviation system "Success";
Radio communication complex:
- "Bark" PMU;
- "Lightning-M" (Pert Spring);
- "Catfish" buoy antenna;
Radar system of state recognition: "Nichrome-M".
Project 949A "Antey" (Oscar-II class)
After the first two ships built according to project 949, the construction of submarine cruisers began according to the improved project 949A (code "Antey"). As a result of the modernization, the boat received an additional compartment, which made it possible to improve the internal layout of weapons and onboard equipment. As a result, the displacement of the ship increased somewhat, at the same time, it was possible to reduce the level of unmasking fields and install improved equipment.
Currently, Project 949 boats have been put into reserve. At the same time, the grouping of Project 949A submarines, along with naval missile-carrying and long-range aircraft, is in fact the only means capable of effectively countering US strike aircraft carrier formations. Along with this, the combat units of the grouping can successfully operate against ships of all classes during conflicts of any intensity.
The strong hull of a double-hulled submarine made of steel is divided into 10 compartments. The power plant of the ship has a block design and includes two water-cooled reactors OK-650B (190 MW each) and two steam turbines (98,000 hp) with GTZA OK-9, working on two propeller shafts through gearboxes that reduce the rotational speed of the propellers . The steam turbine plant is located in two different compartments. There are two turbogenerators of 3200 kW each, two diesel generators DG-190, two thrusters.
The boat is equipped with the MGK-540 Skat-3 hydroacoustic system, as well as a radio communication system, combat control, space reconnaissance and target designation. Reception of intelligence data from spacecraft or aircraft is carried out in a submerged position on special antennas. After processing, the received information is entered into the ship's CICS. The ship is equipped with an automated navigation system "Symphonia-U", having increased accuracy, increased range and a large amount of processed information.
The main armament of the missile cruiser is 24 supersonic cruise missiles of the P-700 Granit complex. On the sides of the cabin, which has a relatively large length, outside the strong hull, there are 24 twin airborne missile containers inclined at an angle of 40 °. The ZM-45 missile, equipped with both nuclear (500 Kt) and high-explosive warheads weighing 750 kg, is equipped with a KR-93 turbojet sustainer engine with an annular solid-fuel rocket booster. The maximum firing range is 550 km, the maximum speed corresponds to M=2.5 at high altitude and M=1.5 at low altitude.
The launch weight of the rocket is 7000 kg, the length is 19.5 m, the body diameter is 0.88 m, the wingspan is 2.6 m. Missiles can be fired both singly and in salvo (up to 24 anti-ship missiles, starting at a high pace). In the latter case, target distribution is carried out in a salvo. The creation of a dense grouping of missiles is ensured, which makes it easier to overcome enemy missile defense systems. The organization of the flight of all missiles of the salvo, the additional search for the warrant and the “covering” of it with the included radar sight allows the anti-ship missiles to fly on the marching section in radio silence mode.
Supersonic speed and a complex flight trajectory, high noise immunity of electronic equipment and the presence of a special system for the removal of enemy anti-aircraft and air missiles provide the Granita with a relatively high probability of overcoming the air defense and missile defense systems of an aircraft carrier formation when firing at full salvo.
The submarine's automated torpedo-missile system allows the use of torpedoes, as well as the Vodopad and Veter missile torpedoes at all immersion depths. It includes four 533-mm and four 650-mm torpedo tubes located in the bow of the hull.
The Granit missile system, created in the 80s, was already obsolete by 2000. First of all, this refers to the maximum firing range and noise immunity of the missile. The elemental base underlying the complex is also outdated. At the same time, the development of a fundamentally new operational anti-ship missile system is currently not possible for economic reasons. The only real way to maintain the combat potential of the domestic "anti-aircraft" forces is, obviously, the creation of a modernized version of the "Granit" complex for placement on the SSGN 949A during their scheduled repair and modernization.
According to estimates, the combat effectiveness of the modernized missile system, which is currently under development, should increase approximately three times compared to the Granit missile system, which is in service. The re-equipment of submarines is supposed to be carried out directly at the base points, while the time and costs for the implementation of the program should be minimized. As a result, the existing grouping of Project 949A submarines will be able to function effectively until the 2020s. Its potential will be further expanded as a result of equipping the ships with the Granit cruise missile variant, capable of hitting ground targets with high accuracy with non-nuclear equipment.
/Based on materials topwar.ru And en.wikipedia.org /
Project 949A Antey submarine cruisers are a series of third-generation nuclear submarines armed with Granit anti-ship cruise missiles, which were designed in the early 1980s at the Rubin Design Bureau. Submarines of project 949A, in fact, are an improved version of the ships of project 949 "Granite", work on which began in the late 60s. The main task of these submarines is to destroy enemy aircraft carrier strike groups.
The first Project 949A submarine was commissioned by the Soviet Navy in 1986. In total, eleven submarines of this series were built, eight of which are currently serving in the Russian Navy. Another submarine is under conservation. Each of the "Anteev" bears the name of one of the Russian cities: Irkutsk, Voronezh, Smolensk, Chelyabinsk, Tver, Orel, Omsk and Tomsk.
One of the most tragic pages in the recent history of the Russian fleet is connected with Project 949A submarines. In August 2000, the nuclear submarine Kurs was lost in the Barents Sea along with the crew. The official causes of this catastrophe still raise a lot of questions to this day.
One of the main tasks that faced the Soviet Navy after the end of World War II was the fight against American aircraft carrier groups. Project 949A "Antey" became the pinnacle of the development of highly specialized submarine cruisers - "killers" of aircraft carriers.
The cost of one Antey submarine was 226 million Soviet rubles (mid-80s), which is ten times less than the cost of an American Nimitz-class aircraft carrier.
History of creation
At the end of the 60s, the development of two projects inextricably linked with each other began in the USSR. OKB-52 began work on the creation of a new long-range anti-ship missile system that could be used against powerful enemy ship groups. First of all, it was about the destruction of American aircraft carriers.
At about the same time, the Rubin Central Design Bureau began to create a third-generation submarine missile carrier, which would become the carrier for the new missile system and replace the obsolete Project 675 nuclear submarines.
The military needed a powerful and effective means capable of hitting enemy ships at considerable distances and a submarine with greater speed, stealth and immersion depth.
In 1969, the Navy prepared an official assignment for the development of a new submarine, the project received the designation "Granite" and the number 949. The military requirements for a new anti-ship missile were also formulated. They had to have a flight range of at least 500 km, high speed (at least 2500 km / h), start from both underwater and surface positions. This missile was planned to be used not only for arming submarines, but also for surface ships. In addition, the military was very interested in the possibility of salvo fire - it was believed that a "flock" of twenty missiles had more chances to break through the layered air defense of an aircraft carrier order.
However, the effectiveness of long-range anti-ship missiles was determined not only by their speed and the mass of the warhead. A reliable system of target designation and reconnaissance was needed: the enemy first had to be found in the vast ocean.
The “Success” system that existed at that time, which used Tu-95 aircraft, was far from perfect, so the Soviet military-industrial complex was tasked with creating the world's first space system for searching for surface objects and monitoring them. Such a system had a number of advantages: it did not depend on the weather, could collect information about the situation on vast areas of the water surface, and was practically inaccessible to the enemy. The military demanded that target designations be issued directly to weapon carriers or command posts.
The lead organization responsible for the development of the system was OKB-52 under the leadership of V.N. Chelomey. In 1978, this system was adopted. She received the designation "Legend".
In the same year, the first submarine of project 949, K-525 Arkhangelsk, was launched, in 1980 it was commissioned into the fleet, in 1983 the second ship of this project, the nuclear submarine K-206 Murmansk, was put into operation. The construction of submarines was carried out at the "Northern Machine-Building Enterprise".
At the end of 1975, tests began on the main weapon of these submarines - the P-700 Granit missile system. They were successfully completed in August 1983.
Further construction of submarines was carried out according to the improved project 949A "Antey". On the modernized nuclear submarines, one more compartment appeared, which improved its internal layout, the length of the ship increased, and its displacement increased. More advanced equipment was installed on the submarine, the developers managed to increase the stealth of the ship.
It was originally planned to build twenty nuclear submarines under the Antey project, but the collapse of the Soviet Union corrected these plans. A total of eleven ships were built, two boats, K-148 Krasnodar and K-173 Krasnoyarsk, have been scrapped or are in the process of being scrapped. Another submarine of this project, K-141 Kursk, was lost in August 2000. Currently, the Russian fleet includes: K-119 Voronezh, K-132 Irkutsk, K-410 Smolensk, K-456 Tver, K-442 Chelyabinsk, K-266 Eagle , K-186 "Omsk" and K-150 "Tomsk".
The completion of another nuclear submarine of this project, K-139 Belgorod, will be continued according to a more advanced project - 09852. Another Antey-class submarine, K-135 Volgograd, was mothballed in 1998.
Design description
Submarines of the Antey project are made according to a two-hull scheme: the inner strong hull is surrounded by a light outer hydrodynamic hull. The stern part of the vessel with plumage and propeller shafts as a whole resembles a Project 661 nuclear submarine.
The double-hull architecture has a number of advantages: it provides the vessel with excellent buoyancy and increases its protection against underwater explosions, but at the same time significantly increases the ship's displacement. Underwater displacement of nuclear submarines of this project is approximately 24,000 tons, of which about 10,000 are water.
The robust hull of the submarine cruiser has a cylindrical shape, the thickness of its walls is from 48 to 65 mm.
The body is divided into ten compartments:
- torpedo;
- management;
- combat posts and radio room;
- Living spaces;
- electrical equipment and auxiliary mechanisms;
- auxiliary mechanisms;
- reactor;
- GTZA;
- rowing motors.
The ship has two crew rescue zones: in the bow, where the pop-up camera is located, and in the stern.
The number of the crew of the submarine is 130 people (according to other information - 112), the autonomy of the vessel's navigation is 120 days.
The submarine cruiser "Antey" has two OK-650B pressurized water reactors and two steam turbines that rotate propellers through gearboxes. The ship is also equipped with two turbogenerators, two DG-190 diesel generators (800 kW each) and two thrusters.
Submarines of the Antey project are equipped with the MGK-540 Skat-3 sonar system, as well as space reconnaissance and target designation and combat control systems. The cruiser can receive information from a satellite system or from aircraft in a submerged position, using special antennas for this. Also, the boat has a towed antenna, which is released from a pipe located on the stern stabilizer.
The 949A submarines are equipped with the Symphony-U navigation system, which is distinguished by increased accuracy, a large range and can process a significant amount of information.
The main type of nuclear submarine weapons are anti-ship missiles (ASM) P-700 "Granit". Missile containers are located on both sides of the wheelhouse, outside the strong hull of the boat. Each of them has a slope of 40°. The missile can carry a conventional warhead (weight 750 kg) or a nuclear warhead (500 Kt). The firing range is 550 km, the rocket speed is 2.5 m/s.
The submarine cruiser can conduct both single firing and launch anti-ship missiles in one salvo, releasing up to 24 missiles at a time. Anti-ship missiles "Granit" have a complex trajectory, as well as good noise immunity, which makes them a serious threat to any enemy. If we talk about the defeat of an aircraft carrier order, then the probability of this is especially high with salvo fire. It is believed that in order to sink an aircraft carrier, nine Granites must hit it, but even one accurate shot is enough to prevent planes from taking off from its deck.
In addition to missiles, Project 949A Antey submarines also have torpedo weapons at their disposal. The submarines have four torpedo tubes with a caliber of 533 mm and two with a caliber of 650 mm. In addition to conventional torpedoes, they can fire missile torpedoes. Torpedo tubes are located in the bow of the ship. They are equipped with an automatic loading system, so they have a high rate of fire - the entire ammunition load can be fired in just a few minutes.
Nuclear submarine of the Antey project
Below is a list of all nuclear submarines of this project:
- Krasnodar. Recycled at the plant "Nerpa".
- Krasnoyarsk. It is in the process of being scrapped, its name has already been given to another Project 885 submarine.
- "Irkutsk". It is currently under repair and modernization under the project 949AM. Part of the Pacific Fleet.
- "Voronezh". It is in the combat composition of the Northern Fleet.
- "Smolensk". Included in the combat composition of the Northern Fleet.
- "Chelyabinsk". It is part of the Pacific Fleet. It is currently under repair and modernization under the project 949AM.
- "Tver". It is in the combat composition of the Pacific Fleet.
- "Eagle". It is under renovation, which should be completed this year.
- "Omsk". Included in the combat composition of the Pacific Fleet.
- "Kursk". She died in the Barents Sea on August 12, 2000.
- "Tomsk". Part of the Pacific Fleet, currently under repair.
Project evaluation
To evaluate the effectiveness of the Antey submarines, one should first of all pay attention to the main weapon of these submarine cruisers - the P-700 Granit anti-ship missiles.
Developed back in the 80s of the last century, today this complex is clearly outdated. Neither the range of this missile nor its noise immunity correspond to modern requirements. And the elementary base on which this complex was created has long been outdated.
In 2011, it was announced that the specialists of the Rubin Central Design Bureau had developed a project to modernize the submarines of this project. First of all, it concerns the missile armament of the cruiser. Containers for the Granit anti-ship missiles will be replaced with launchers from which modern Onyxes and Calibers can be fired. This will turn Antei into a versatile tool capable of solving a variety of tasks.
Characteristics
Below are the characteristics of the nuclear submarine of project 949A:
- overhead displacement, m3 - 12500;
- displacement podv., m. - 22500;
- power plant - 2 × OK-650 (with a capacity of 2 x 190 MW);
- surface speed, knots - 15;
- underwater speed, knots - 32;
- Max. immersion depth, m - 600;
- autonomy, days - 120;
- crew, people - 94;
- weapons - 24 anti-ship missiles "Granit", TA 650 mm - 4 pcs., TA 533 mm - 4 pcs.
Future
In the coming years, the grouping of Project 949A ships will undergo a major modernization at the Zvezda Far East plant. According to the plans of the command, the boats of the project will go through a rearmament program for the Onyx and Caliber missile systems. The project for the modernization of submarines and their weapons was developed by the Rubin Central Design Bureau.
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