The total value of export and import operations of an individual state or several countries for a certain period.

To collect statistical data on external trading operations Evaluation of VO is very important, since on its basis, in the future, they calculate:

• trade balance;
• average prices;
• efficiency foreign trade operations in general and other significant parameters.

Foreign trade turnover is closely related to the concept of foreign trade.

What is foreign trade

Trade relations of one state with other countries, including import operations (import) and export operations (export) of goods, are called foreign trade. This term applies exclusively to individual countries.

Foreign trade helps:

• receive additional income from the sale of the national product abroad;
• to saturate the internal market of the state;
• increase labor productivity;
• cope with limited resources within the country.

In the aggregate, foreign trade transactions of different states form world (international) trade.

International trade is the oldest form of economic relations between states, which has a huge impact on the development of the world economy as a whole.

How is foreign trade turnover calculated?

So, the main concepts of foreign trade are export and import.

• Exports - the total volume of goods produced in the country, which is exported from it for a certain time period.
• Import - a set of goods produced outside a certain state and imported into it for a certain period.

Export and import transactions are recorded at the moment when the goods cross the border. They are displayed in foreign economic and customs statistics. The export operation of the state-seller corresponds to the import operation of the state-buyer.

As a rule, exports are recorded at FOB (free of board) prices. In international trade relations, this means that the price of the goods includes the costs of its transportation on board an international ship or other transport and insurance until the completion of loading.

Imports are accounted for at CIF prices (cost, insurance, freight). This means that the price of the goods includes the costs of its transportation and insurance, customs duties to the port of shipment of the buyer. That is, all these costs are borne by the seller.

The formula for the total volume of foreign trade turnover is as follows:

VO = Import of goods + Export of goods

The country's VO is calculated in monetary units, since different goods cannot be compared in physical terms, for example, in tons, liters or meters.

How is the balance of foreign trade turnover calculated?

The balance of foreign trade turnover is also a significant concept for assessing the economy of a particular country. It can be calculated using the following formula:

VO balance \u003d Export of goods - import of goods

The balance of foreign trade turnover can be either positive or negative. A positive VO balance (the state sells more than it buys) indicates the growth of the economy. On the contrary, a negative balance indicates that the market is oversaturated. imported goods, and the interests of the domestic manufacturer may be infringed.

World trade turnover

World trade is the sum of the exports of all countries, which is expressed in US dollars.

The participation of a state in world trade is displayed by such indicators as export and import quotas.

• Export quota - ratio export operations to gross domestic product (GDP). This indicator allows you to understand what part of the goods and services produced within the state is sold on the international market.
• Import quota - the ratio of import operations to the volume of domestic consumption of the state's products. Shows the share of goods imported into the country in domestic consumption.

Statistical data on world foreign trade turnover are collected, summarized and systematized. For this, international nomenclatures were developed (they are taken into account in the course of building national foreign trade classifications).

Which reflects the essence of net exports is the difference between exports and imports. The formula looks like this:
* Xn \u003d Ex - Im.

If imports are higher than exports, then we can say that the calculated value is negative; if there are more imports, then exports are positive.

If you look at macroeconomic models, you will see that they refer to net exports as the current balance. If it is negative, then we can talk about the deficit of the operations account, if it is positive, then there is an account of operations on this moment.

When determining net exports, it is important to take into account financial factors influencing. According to the IS-LM model, this value will take next view:
* Xn \u003d Ex (R) - Im (Y)

This formula shows that exports are negatively dependent on R - rates, but at the same time do not depend on Y - the level of income in the country where the goods are exported from. Basically, it is GDP. The interest rate affects exports through changes in the exchange rate. If it grows, so does the exchange rate. As a result, exports become more for foreign buyers, which means that they are steadily declining.

Import in the formula according to the IS-LM model is directly dependent on the income level of the population. Such is the nature of the dependence of imports on the exchange rate. With the growth of the national currency is growing and the solvency of citizens in terms of imports - it becomes cheaper for them, therefore, they can have more foreign goods than before.

It is equally important when determining net exports to take into account the income of the population in the countries where the goods produced in the country go. In this case, net exports can be calculated using the formula
* Xn \u003d Xn - mpm Y

Here Xn is an autonomous net export that does not depend on the income of the producer population, and mpm is an indicator of the marginal propensity of the population to import. It shows how the share of imports will decrease or increase with or increasing income.

Helpful advice

The IS-LM macroeconomic model was developed by John Hicks with Alvin Hansen in 1937. It describes the balance of macroeconomics in natural and monetary terms. IS stands for investment and savings, while LM stands for liquidity and money.

With the development of the media, various professional concepts began to enter people's lives. Especially in the media you can meet economic terminology. At the same time, many readers and listeners do not know the exact meaning of such words as " export».

Export is economic concept, meaning the export of goods or services outside the country in which they were produced. The receiving state is called, the sending - export er. Based on basic concepts such as export, a modern one is being built. It should be noted that there are no states that deal only export ohm. The modern global economy implies active mutual and services between countries. There are various classifications export A. For example, experts often share export raw materials and finished goods as facts that have a different impact on the economy. A country that exports only raw materials actually incurs losses due to the fact that the sale of trade goods is much more profitable and useful for the economy. Since it creates additional jobs within the country. Volume export and can become an indicator that determines the economic state of the state. It is used to calculate the trade balance. A positive trade balance means dominance export and over

Newcomers to foreign economic activity very often succumb to the temptation and thoughtlessly conclude deals, looking only at an attractive difference between the purchase and sale prices. As a result, not all operations have the expected commercial efficiency due to unaccounted for customs payments, which can significantly increase the final cost of products and, accordingly, reduce profits. Therefore, even at the stage of planning a foreign economic transaction, it is important to correctly calculate customs payments.

What are customs payments and how to calculate them?

Import / import and export / export duties, excise, VAT, customs fees - costs that are commonly called the general term "customs payments".

Depending on the product code and the direction of the foreign economic operation (import / export), along with the price of the warehouse and delivery, customs payments are levied on the final cost of the purchased / sold products.

• Importer pays: customs duties, import duty, excise (for excisable goods) and VAT (if it is not zero).
• Exporter pays A: Customs payments are usually limited to the clearance fee. Except for those cases when the exported products fall into the category of goods subject to export duties. To help the novice exporter, we have published on our website.

At risk:

• goods, the export of which is considered by the state to be little desirable (the goods are in great demand within the country, for example, industrial timber);
• goods that are always in demand on the world market (the presence of an additional payment in favor of the state does not diminish the demand for this unique product, for example, Far Eastern sturgeons).

To calculate customs payments, you first need to, or, find out the TN VED code. In ambiguous cases, you can make an official request to customs and they will determine the product code from the description provided. The list and description are available in a special section of our resource.

Calculation of payments according to the TN VED code

Why is code so important?

With the code in hand, we can:

• calculate nominal customs payments;
• receive information about the need for additional certificates/permits for import/export of goods;
• find out if the goods are excisable;
• whether export duty is payable;

Knowing the code and the country of origin, we can:

• see if there are preferences for the product (preferential rates)

If there are preferences (reduced rates) in the country, then it is necessary to ask the supplier for confirmation of the country of origin in order to reduce the duty.

customs duty

This is a mandatory payment collected from the declarant when the goods cross the border.

Customs duties depending on the types of rates are:

• ad valorem, i.e. calculated as a percentage of the customs (contract) value (for example, chipboard, code 4411949000, the rate is 7.5%);
• Specific, i.e. calculated in monetary terms per unit of goods (for example, carpets, code 5703201209, the rate is 0.25 Euro/m2);
• Combined(for example, knitwear code 6103290009 rate 10%, but not less than 1.88 Euro/kg).

The rate depends on the product code and country of origin. Rates are reviewed regularly. For certain groups of goods sometimes introduced special conditions, implying a decrease, increase or cancellation of rates. The list of goods for which the export customs duty is established and their amount is fixed in the resolution of the Russian Federation Government of August 30, 2013 N 754.

Customs duty rates are reviewed regularly.

excise tax

Import excises apply to the same goods as in domestic trade. Of those that everyone hears are alcohol, tobacco, cars. A more detailed list and all excise rates are specified in Article 193 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

Payment of the excise tax by the importer is made before the fact of submission of the customs declaration to the customs.

When exporting excisable goods, this type of payment is not charged from the exporter.

VAT

When exporting goods outside the Russian Federation, VAT is not charged.

All imported goods fall into 3 categories depending on the VAT rate applicable to them:

1. VAT is charged in full (18%)- this is where the bulk of the goods go;
2. Accrued preferential rate (10%) - this includes some categories food products and a range of products for children. A detailed list is indicated in paragraph 2 of Art. 164 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation;
3. Zero VAT rate applied (0%)- if high-tech equipment that has no domestic analogues is imported into the country. The list of equipment is constantly changing. The decision on whether imported equipment is subject to exemption from VAT is made by the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation and fixed by the Cabinet of Ministers with relevant resolutions.

How to calculate VAT on customs payments for imports?

The VAT calculation base is determined as the sum of the customs value of the purchase, customs duty and excise tax, and then 18% or 10% VAT is calculated from the amount received.

For example, the invoice value of the goods is $1,000, delivery to the customs territory of the Russian Federation is $150, duty is 7.5%, the goods are not excisable, VAT is payable at 18%.

• Customs value 1000+150 = 1150 USD
• Duty 1150 * 7.5% = 86.25 dollars.

The base for calculating VAT will be the amount of 1150 + 86.25 = 1236.25 dollars. As a result, VAT will be 1236.25 * 18% = 222.53 dollars. (in rubles at the exchange rate on the day of sending the declaration).

Remember that import VAT is paid together with general customs payments, that is, before the declaration is sent to customs, and not at the end of the quarter.

Customs duties

Separated by a separate group, but in fact these are three completely different payments:

The procedure for calculating customs payments according to the formula

To calculate customs payments, you need to know the product code, its customs value and country of origin. You can contact a broker, or you can calculate customs payments with an online calculator or even manually. How to calculate payments?

• When exporting: if the goods are not included in the list on which the export duty is set, then customs payments are limited to the clearance fee (minimum 500 rubles).
• When importing: everything is also simple if the goods are not subject to duties, excises and does not imply preferences.

The calculation formula literally looks like this: we take the customs value of the goods, add the clearance fee to it and calculate VAT based on this amount. The resulting VAT, together with the processing fee, will make up the customs payments.

However, to be safe, it is better to use the services of a broker or a professional online calculator of customs payments, where payments are calculated according to the TN VED code.

When exporting excisable goods, this excise duty is not levied.

Calculation example

For a full calculation, you must specify the product code, its quantity, customs value (invoice value plus delivery to the customs border of the Russian Federation) and the country of origin of the goods.

Watch a video containing useful information on the procedure for calculating customs payments:

Let us give an example of a calculation for a small batch of Chilean wine.

Suppose we managed to buy 500 liters. wines of Chilean origin for 2000 dollars. already with delivery to the Russian Federation.

• We determine the product code 2204 10 980 1 (sparkling wines with an actual alcohol concentration of at least 8.5 vol.%)
• Information about the product gives us a duty of 15% and an excise tax of 25 rubles / l.
• We enter all the known data into the calculator and get the result:

Customs clearance costs	Payment types	In the currency of the supply contract	In the currency of customs payments
Customs value of goods	—	2000.00USD	RUB 138351.00*
customs duty	12.5%	250.00 USD	17193.88 rub.
excise tax	25 rub/l – Sparkling wines	180.70 USD	12500.00 RUB
VAT	18%	$437.53	30266.08 rub.
customs duty	500 rub.	$7.23	500.00 RUB
Total- customs clearance costs	—	$875.46	60559.96 rub.
*The calculation was made at the rate of 1 USD = 69.1755 rubles.

• Of pleasant surprises: the duty rate for deliveries from Chile is reduced by 25%, i.е. when confirming the origin of the goods (usually with a certificate of origin), instead of 300 USD, only 250 USD will be paid.
• From unpleasant: customs payments in this case increased the cost of goods by more than 40%.

To do this, you must have information not only about the cost of all goods, but also the price of insurance and transport costs when importing abroad. These data can be obtained on the website of the economic department or statistics service of the country you are interested in. If you do not trust these, use the information of international economic organizations. Corresponding reports on the level of imports are published, for example, by organizations associated with the UN - the Economic Commission for Europe and the UN Economic Council.

Determine the size of exports as an economic indicator. Unlike imports, when calculating exports, only the total value is taken into account. goods sold.

Use the obtained indicators to analyze the economic situation in the country. For example, by the size of imports and exports, you can find out the trade balance of the state. To do this, subtract the first from the second indicator. The result can be a negative or positive trade balance. The second option is considered more preferable in modern times, as it provides an influx monetary resources to the state both in the form of direct income from the sale of state property, and in an indirect form - as tax revenues from national enterprises.

Compare the import and export figures of different countries. This will help you understand their role in the economy and consumption. Additionally, you can calculate the total of all . Such data will be useful for considering the development of the world economy as a whole.

An export quota is an economic indicator that allows you to understand the importance of exports for the economy of a particular state. There is an order in which this coefficient is calculated.

Instruction

Find out the volume of a country's exports, that is, the value of all goods sold to other countries. Usually this figure is calculated on a yearly basis. You can choose the currency in which payments will be made. For example, if you match economic indicators different countries, then the expression of figures in dollars or in euros will suit you.

Specify the gross domestic product (GDP) of the state for which you are making calculations. This indicator reflects the total value of goods and services produced in the country. This also takes into account material values made in the country at the expense of the capacities of transnational companies. In this coefficient, it is not the national source of capital that matters, but the place where the goods were produced. GDP is calculated monthly and annually, after which it is published in various economic publications and on the official websites of government agencies. For example, such information is regularly posted on the website of the Ministry economic development- http://www.economy.gov.ru/minec/main. For calculations, you should use the total GDP for the year.

GDP is Gross Domestic Product...

Gross domestic product (GDP) is a total measure of output that is equal to the sum of all gross outputs of resident institutional entities related to the production process (including taxes, but excluding subsidies for goods/services not included in the value of the final product). This definition is official according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

The calculation of GDP is usually used to measure the level of productivity of an entire country or a particular region. Also, the GDP indicator can show the relative contribution of a single industrial sector to the total volume of production in the country. Determining the relative contribution of sectors of the economy through the indicator of gross domestic product is possible because this indicator reflects value added rather than total revenue. The calculation involves summing the value added of each firm in the analyzed region (the value of the final product minus the value of the products used in the production). For example, a firm buys steel to produce a car, thus creating added value. If, when calculating GDP in this situation, the cost of steel and machinery were summed up, then the final indicator would be incorrect, since the input cost of steel would be calculated twice. Because this measure is based on value added, GDP increases when firms reduce the use of inputs or other inputs (intermediate consumption) to produce the same amount of output.

A more familiar way of calculating GDP is to calculate the growth of the economy from year to year (or quarter to quarter). The change in the GDP growth indicator reflects the success or lack of it in the economic policy used in the country. Also, by GDP growth, you can determine whether the country's economy is in a recession.

History of GDP

The concept of GDP was first discovered by Simon Kuznets in a report to the US Congress in 1934. In this report, Kuznetz cautioned against using GDP as a measure of wealth. Since the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944, GDP has become the main tool for measuring the size of an economy.

Before the GDP indicator became widely used, the gross national product (GNP-Growth National Product) was used to analyze the performance of the economy. The main difference from GDP is that GNP measures the level of production generated by the citizens of a particular state, both on the territory of this state and abroad. GDP, in turn, measures the level of production of "institutional entities", that is, entities located within the country. The transition from the use of GNP to GDP took place in the mid-1990s.

The history of the concept of gross domestic product is divided into stages according to the methods of calculating this indicator. The value added by firms is relatively easy to calculate. It is enough to check the movement of accounts and financial statements. However, the value added of the private sector, financial corporations and value added generated by intangible assets is a technically difficult quantity to calculate. These types of activities are very significant for developed economies and the international conventions that are the basis for these calculations change very often to comply with industrial changes in the non-material sectors of the economy. In other words, the GDP indicator is the product of complex mathematical calculations and manipulations over data arrays to be presented in a form acceptable for further analytical actions.

GDP Formula

GDP is the monetary value of all finished goods and services produced in a country during a given period of time. GDP is usually calculated at the end of the financial year. This figure includes all private and public consumption, government spending, investment, and exports minus imports.

Standardized formula for GDP:

AD=C+I+G+(X-M)

AD (aggregate demand) - total demand

С (consumption)-consumption

I (investment)-investments

G (government spending)

X (export)-export

M (import)

This formula shows the main theoretical components of the total demand in the economy. Total demand is the sum of all individual purchases made in the economy. In a state of equilibrium, total demand should be equal to total supply - the total volume of production in the country, which is the indicator of GDP.

So the GDP (Y) includes consumption (C), investment (I), government spending (G) and net exports (X-M).

Y = C + I + G + (X − M)

The following is a description of each of the components of GDP:

1. C(consumption -consumption) is the most significant component in the economy. Consumption consists of private consumption (consumption or costs incurred by final consumers). Private sector consumption is in turn divided into different categories: durables, non-durables and services. Examples include: rent, household goods, gasoline, expenses for medical services, but not consumption is not, for example, the purchase of real estate.
2. I (investments —investment) includes, for example, a company's investment in equipment, but excludes the exchange of existing assets. Examples of investments include the construction of a new mine, the purchase of software or the purchase of equipment and machines for the factory. The costs of individuals associated with the acquisition of new real estate are also investments. Contrary to popular belief, the term "investment" has nothing to do with the purchase financial instruments. The purchase of financial products is classified as "saving" rather than an investment. This terminology avoids duplication of transactions when calculating GDP: if a person buys shares of any company and the company uses the received funds to purchase equipment, then the figure taken into account when calculating GDP will be the cost of purchasing equipment, but not the transaction value when buying shares. Buying bonds or stocks is just a transfer Money that is not directly a cost to purchase products or services.
3. G(government spending-government spending)it's su mma of government spending on final services or products. They include wages state employees, the purchase of weapons for military purposes and any investment made by the government.
4. X(export -exports) represents the gross volume of goods and services supplied abroad. Since the theoretical meaning of the GDP indicator is to measure the level of production generated by domestic producers, it is necessary to take into account the production of goods/services exported to other countries.
5. M(import -imports)— part of the calculation of GDP, representing gross imports. The indicator of gross domestic product is reduced by the volume of imports, since goods and services supplied by foreign suppliers are already included in other variables ( C, I, G).

A fully equivalent definition of GDP(Y) is the sum of final consumption expenditure (FCE), gross capital formation (GCF), and net exports (X-M).

Y = FCE + GCF+ (X − M)

FCE, in turn, can be divided into three components: the consumption costs of individuals, non-profit organizations and the government). The GCF is also divided into five components: non-profit corporations, government, individuals, commercial organizations And non-profit organizations for individuals). The advantage of the second formula is that the costs are systematically separated by type of end use (final consumption or capital formation), as well as by the sectors making these expenditures. The first mentioned GDP formula separates the components only partially.

Components C, I And G- these are the costs of final goods and services, the costs of intermediate products are not taken into account (intermediate goods and services are used by companies to produce other products and services during the financial year).

Example of GDP Components

C, I, G, And NX(net exports): if individual reconstructs the hotel in order to increase the flow of future guests, then this cost is considered a private investment, but if this person owns shares construction company- the contractor, then this cost is considered savings. However, when the contractor settles with his suppliers this will be included in the GDP.

If the hotel is a private residence, the renovation costs will be considered consumption, but if the municipality uses the building as an office for government employees, then this cost will be attributed to the state. spending or G.

If, during the reconstruction, component materials were purchased abroad, then these costs will be taken into account in items C, G, or I(depending on whether the contractor is an individual, municipality or legal entity) but after that the item "import" will be increased by the amount of costs, which means a decrease in the final GDP indicator.

If a local manufacturer manufactures components for a hotel overseas, then this transaction will not apply to C, G, or I, but will be taken into account in the "export" article.

GDP calculation

GDP can be found in three ways, which in theory should give the same result. These methods include: production (value added method), income and cost methods.

The simplest calculation method is the production method, in which the goods and services produced by each type are summed up. entrepreneurial activity presented in the economy. The cost method for calculating GDP is based on the principle that the product produced must be bought by someone, so the cost of the final product must be equal to the total costs incurred by the citizens of the analyzed country. The income approach, in turn, is based on the assumption that the income of the factors of production (producers) must be equal to the value of the goods produced. Thus, when using this approach, GDP is calculated by adding the income of all producers.

Nominal and real GDP

The gross domestic product can be of two types. Nominal GDP shows the total value of all goods and services produced in the country during the year, without taking into account their rise in price (inflation) over this period. More useful for purposes economic analysis type of indicator of gross domestic product is real GDP. Real GDP is the indicator of goods and services produced in the country for the year, taking into account the annual inflation rate. For example, if the growth of the nominal gross product is 4%, and the inflation rate is 2%, then the real GDP will be 2% (4% - 2% = 2%).

Investocks explains "GDP-Gross Domestic Product"

The standard measure of calculation is GDP growth, which is measured as a percentage (increase in the monetary value of goods and services produced). GDP is commonly used as an indicator economic condition country, as well as to measure the level of economic development of the state. Often, the GDP indicator is criticized because the calculations do not take into account the shadow economy - operations that, for one reason or another, are not brought to the attention of the government. Another disadvantage of GDP is the fact that this indicator does not assess material well-being, but serves as a measure of a country's productivity.

Thus, the gross domestic product is an indicator of the overall level of production. Analysts often use the indicator of GDP growth, which is calculated through changes in the annual volume of production in the economy (gross domestic product).