Lunar exploration
Performed
5th grade student
Municipal educational institution Korablinskaya secondary school No. 1
Tsoi Evgenia
The moon has attracted the attention of people since ancient times. In II century BC e. Hipparchus studied the movement of the moon starry sky, determining the inclination of the lunar orbit relative to ecliptic , dimensions Moon and distance from the Earth, and also revealed a number of features of movement.
Invention telescopes made it possible to distinguish finer details of the lunar relief. One of the first lunar maps was compiled by Giovanni Riccioli in 1651, he also gave names to large dark areas, calling them “seas,” which we still use today. Data toponyms reflected the long-standing idea that the weather on the Moon was similar to that on Earth, and the dark areas were supposedly filled with lunar water, and the light areas were considered dry land. However, in 1753, a Croatian astronomer Ruger Boskovic proved that the Moon has no atmosphere. The fact is that when stars are covered by the Moon, they disappear instantly. But if the Moon had an atmosphere, the stars would fade out gradually. This indicated that the satellite had no atmosphere. And in this case, there cannot be liquid water on the surface of the Moon, since it would instantly evaporate.
Inserting a picture
With the light hand of the same Giovanni Riccioli craters began to give the names of famous scientists: from Plato , Aristotle And Archimedes before Vernadsky , Tsiolkovsky And Pavlova .
The Soviet Union reached the moon for the first time automatic interplanetary station « Luna-2 » September 13 1959 . For the first time we managed to look at the far side of the Moon in 1959 when the Soviet station " Luna-3 "flew over it and photographed a part of its surface invisible from the Earth. The far side of the Moon is an ideal location for an astronomical observatory . Optical telescopes placed here would not have to break through the dense earth's atmosphere. And for radio telescopes The moon would serve as a natural shield of solid rocks 3500 km thick, which would reliably cover them from any radio interference from the Earth. The world's first soft landing on the Moon was completed February 3rd 1966 Soviet AMS " Luna-9 ", which also transmitted images of the surface of another celestial body for the first time.
Inserting a picture
The successful American manned mission to the Moon was called "Apollo" . The world's first flyby of the Moon took place in December 1968 on a manned spacecraft. Apollo 8 . After a rehearsal flight in May 1969 to the Moon without landing a ship on it Apollo 10 The world's first moon landing took place July 20 1969 on the ship Apollo 11 (the first person to set foot on the surface of the Moon on July 21 was Nile Armstrong , second - Edwin Aldrin ; third crew member Michael Collins remained in the orbital module); last sixth - in December 1972 . Thus, the Moon is the only celestial body visited by man, and the first celestial body from which samples were delivered to Earth (the USA delivered 380 kilograms , USSR - 324 grams lunar soil )
It is possible that the Moon may contain not only silver , mercury And alcohols , but also others chemical elements and connections. Water ice , molecular hydrogen , found in the lunar crater Cabeus indicate that the Moon has resources that could be used in future missions
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First information about the moon THE MOON is perhaps the only celestial body about which, since ancient times, no one had any doubts that it was moving around the Earth. In the II century. BC. Hipparchus determined the inclination of the lunar orbit to the ecliptic plane and identified a number of features of the Moon’s movement. He created a theory of its movement that was very advanced for its time, as well as a theory of solar and lunar eclipses. The MOON, the natural satellite of the Earth, is located at an average distance of 384,400 km from it. The inclination of the orbit to the ecliptic plane is 5 ° 8 "43", mass 7,349.1022 kg (1/81.3 = 0.0123 Earth mass), average radius of the Moon 1737.1 km (0.2727 Earth), gravity acceleration on the surface 1, 62 m/s2. The average density is 3341 kg/m3, the sidereal period of circulation is 27.3 days, the synodic period of circulation is 29.5 days (708 hours). Shines with reflected sunlight, visual spherical albedo 0.075 (reflects 7.5% of incident sunlight). After periods of intense solar activity, certain places on the lunar surface may glow faintly under the influence of luminescence. The temperature on the surface of the Moon is 100-400 K (during the day at the equator it reaches 130°C, and at night minus 170°C. During 1.5 hours of the eclipse it cools to minus 100°C), the magnetic field is 0.4 gamma.
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Exploration of the Moon by spacecraft Explorations of the Moon were carried out by several series of spacecraft: Luna (the first three Lunar, USSR), Ranger (USA), Surveyor ("Researcher", USA), Lunar Orbiter ("Lunar Orbiter", USA), Probe (USSR) and manned by the Apollo spacecraft. The last flight under the Apollo program took place at the end of 1972, and 4 years later the flights of the Soviet “lunars” also ceased. Only two decades later, in 1990, Japan sent its artificial satellite Hiten to the Moon, becoming the third “lunar power”. Then there were two more American satellites - Clementine (1994) and Lunar Prospector (1998). Finally, in 2003, the European Space Agency launched its spacecraft.
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The Illusion of the Moon Near the horizon, the Moon appears much larger than it does high in the sky. This is an optical illusion. Psychological experiments have shown that the observer subconsciously adjusts his perception of the size of an object depending on the size of other objects in the field of view. The moon appears smaller when it is high in the sky and surrounded by large empty space; but when it is near the horizon, its size is easily compared with the distance between it and the horizon. Under the influence of this comparison, we unconsciously strengthen our impression of the size of the Moon.
Class: 2
Lesson type: combined.
Lesson format: traditional (using ICT).
The purpose of the lesson: to form an idea of a cold celestial body - the Moon.
- To introduce the Earth's satellite - the Moon, with its movement around the Earth, its size and distance from the Earth, to establish the reason for the change in the phases of the Moon during the month.
- Develop observation, imagination and fantasy, the ability to construct messages orally, find an answer to asked question, the ability to take a role in educational collaboration.
- Cultivate an interest in learning about the world around us.
Equipment: computer, multimedia projector, tellurium, illustrations depicting the Moon, presentation, table “Solar System”, textbook “Environmental World” by N.Ya. Dmitriev.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment
(slide 1)The bell rang
The lesson begins.
To become nature's friend
Find out all her secrets,
Solve all the riddles
We learn to observe.
Let's develop mindfulness together,
And our curiosity will help us find out everything.
- Hello guys, look at each other, smile and sit down. Now we have a lesson about the world around us.
II. Repetition of what has been covered
– What topic are we covering about the world around us?
– What space objects did you get acquainted with?
– What did you learn about the sun, planets, stars?
III. Test
– Before proceeding to study new topic, we will take a test, thereby checking how well you have mastered the topic of the last lesson. (slide 2-7)
Test
- The planets of the solar system are being studied...
- Planets revolve around the Sun. Their...
- Pluto is...
- The planets are located relative to the Sun as follows:
- What is Earth?
A) star;
B) planet;
B) a flaming ball. (Children show answers with a card)
A) geographers; B) chemists; B) astronomers; D) physicists.
A) 7; B) 9; AT 11.
A) the largest planet in the solar system;
B) the smallest planet in the solar system;
C) the planet closest to the Sun in the Solar System.
A) Venus, Earth, Mars, Mercury, Neptune, Pluto, Saturn, Uranus, Jupiter;
B) Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Neptune, Pluto, Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus;
C) Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto.
IV. Setting the topic and objectives of the lesson
Have we discovered all the secrets of the Galaxy? To find out the topic of the lesson, let's solve riddles.
- White flowers
They bloom in the evening,
And in the morning they fade. - Sparks burn through the sky
But they don’t reach us ( meteorites) - In the evening the peas scattered,
I got up in the morning - there was nothing - Decorated the night blue
Silver orange
And a week has only passed...
There's a piece left of it - The little blue fur coat covered the whole world ( sky)
While guessing the riddles, the children pinned the answers to the board ( stars, moon, meteorites)
What kind of sky did they depict?
What objects do we see at night, and what objects do we see during the day and at night?
– I have prepared a small crossword puzzle for you. Let's guess it and see what keyword we come up with. (Slide 8)
- The star around which the Earth revolves?
- What is the most distant planet from the Sun?
- A celestial body orbiting the Sun?
- A celestial body that itself glows?
- So, what was the keyword? (Moon)
So what are we going to talk about today? (about the Moon)
-Have you seen the Moon?
-What do you know about her?
Do you know everything about her?
– Do you want to know more? (Yes)
– Guys, the topic of our lesson is called “Earth’s satellite - the Moon” (slide 9)
- Let's see what we need to learn about her during this lesson, (slide 10)
- The Moon is the Earth's satellite.
- Surface of the Moon.
- Lunar phases.
- Human exploration of the Moon.
– You will be real researchers, astronomers. You will draw conclusions based on scientific facts.
V. Studying a new topic.
“Here we are.” Let's start looking for answers to our questions?
1. The Moon is a satellite of the Earth. (Slide 11)
- Guys, in front of you is our planet Earth and the Moon. What can you say about them?
– What do you think the size of the Moon is compared to the size of the Earth?
– Read on p. 65, what is said about the size of the Moon.
The Moon is smaller and lighter than the Earth and the gravity is less. A 60 kg person weighs 10 kg. How much will you weigh?
What is the distance to the moon?
– The distance to the Moon is approximately 400 thousand kilometers. This is the closest cosmic body to Earth. If it were possible, a person could reach the Moon in 40 years. The car would have arrived in six months. The rocket will reach the Moon in about three days of flight.
Table used: on the board:
– Work in pairs.
Solving a humorous problem about how a second grader went to the moon. How old will the old man be when he comes back?
(40L + 40L + 8L = 88L)
– It turns out that the Earth and the Moon, they are like 2 brothers, are always inseparable. The Moon moves around the Earth, and together with the Earth around the Sun. That's why the Moon is called the Earth's satellite.
– Let’s imagine all this better, consider the movement of the Earth and the Moon around the sun with the help of tellurium.
- During practical activities children receive Additional information based on observations and facts. (The moon faces the Earth with one side, the change of day and night every 14 Earth days, temperature + 130, – 170. The period of rotation around the Earth is 1 month, during which time a day passes on the moon. Absence of atmosphere, air, wind)
– Now we have clearly seen the movement of the Earth’s satellite, the Moon.
– Why is the Moon called the Earth’s satellite? (children's answers)
2. Surface of the Moon.(slide 13)
– What do you see in the image?
– Look at the surface of the Moon and tell me what it is like?
– Look at the photograph of the Moon and listen to Gianni Rodari’s poem, which your classmate will tell us... (one student says). Think about what was called the lunar seas.
By the lunar sea
Special secret -
It doesn't look like the sea.
There is not a drop of water in this sea,
And there are no fish either.
In the waves of it
Impossible to dive
You can't splash around in it,
You can't drown.
Swim in that sea
Convenient only for those
Who swim
He still can’t do it at all!
(Students make assumptions:
– Most likely, these are mountains and depressions on the surface of the Moon.)
The surface of the Moon is rocky and very uneven. Mountains alternate with plains covered in dust. There are many depressions on the Moon that were formed from meteorite impacts on its surface.
– These depressions are called craters or otherwise called “lunar seas.”
Let's repeat this word in chorus - crater (in unison).
– People even gave names to these seas: Sea of Tranquility, Sea of Rains, Ocean of Storms.
– So, what are “lunar seas”? (craters formed as a result of the fall of meteorites - stones fallen from space).
Fizminutka
3. Moon phases
– Now, guys, watch the fairy tale that your classmates and I have prepared for you. It’s called “Why doesn’t the month have a dress?” And think about why they called her that? (dramatization of a fairy tale by two students)
Crescent dropped in to see Tailor,
Not to the heavenly, but to the earthly.
– Sew me, master, an elegant dress,
I will walk across the sky on holiday!
The Tailor took the measurements from the Crescent.
Invites him to a fitting.
But in just a few days
The month became twice as full.
Both his shoulders and chest are tight
- So the Heavenly Moon has recovered!
– Tailor almost cries with frustration:
– What kind of demon played a trick on me!
Your Grace has gained a little weight
Or the matter has shrunk from washing,–
To be honest, I don't understand...
OK! I'll take a new fitting.
Here they pass behind for days a day,
Tailor doesn't waste a minute.
Well, the Moon is a night reveler
- In the meantime, he became the full moon.
He tries on a tight dress
And, sighing, mutters curses:
– Sinner, swindler, villain!
– I would be ashamed of good people.
– For the last three days and three nights
The dress has become tighter and shorter!
Tailor did not answer anything,
Why can Tailor argue with Luna?
He took the customer’s measurements again:
The dress will be ready for the holiday.
The seams of the dress were ripped apart by the tailor,
The chest was expanded and the hem was added.
There's a little work left to do,
And the Moon is knocking on the window.
Yes, not a Month, but a thin Sickle
- At this time he was doing damage,
– Not the Moon, but only half:
Only horns and a round back.
Tailor shook all over with anger:
– No, stop making fun of me!
I tried to please you foolishly.
Every day, you changed your figure.
Then you became round like a pancake.
That's as thin as this arshin.
Sewing a dress for you is a waste of time,
Better stay without a dress!
– What secret does this fairy tale reveal? (slide 14)
- Why doesn’t the month have a dress? (The moon is different)
– Do you know what the different appearance of the Moon depends on?
– The different appearance of the Moon depends on how it is illuminated by the Sun, which is invisible to us at night. The appearance of the Moon changes throughout the month because it occupies different positions relative to the Sun and Earth. Even in ancient times, people noticed that the Moon changes its shape all the time. The changes in the shape of the Moon are called phases. They exist only for us; there are no phases on the Moon. Either the Moon looks like a round plate, or like a sickle, which was called the month. There is an explanation for all this. The sun is a flaming ball. It emits light. And the Moon does not emit light; it is like a mirror, reflecting the light of the Sun. The sun's rays illuminate it from only one side. Only this illuminated side of the Moon is visible from Earth. As the Moon moves around the Earth, the Sun illuminates it differently. Depending on what part of the Moon is illuminated, we see it in the sky either as a whole, or as a half, or as a narrow crescent. If you observe the Moon, you will notice that the crescent of the “young”, “growing” Moon is different from the “aging” Moon. To do this, you need to connect the tips of the horns with a straight line segment and extend this line down a little. We will get the letter “P”, i.e. the first letter of the word “growing”. So we drew a young Moon. And the “aging” sickle itself speaks about this, because it looks like the letter “C” - the first letter of the word “aging”.
4. Human exploration of the Moon
(slide 15)– Guys, do you think people dreamed of visiting the Moon?
– People have long dreamed of visiting the Moon. The real assault on the Moon begins in 1959. In 1966, the Luna 9 station landed on the moon and transmitted a television image of the lunar landscape. In 1970, the Luna-16 station drilled and delivered lunar soil to Earth. Other countries also studied the Moon.
– And now we will read about who managed to visit the Moon. Listen carefully and remember . (one student reads)
Card (read by student) In 1969, American astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin walked on the moon. They even managed to ride on a lunar rover. In 1970, the first domestic self-propelled vehicle “Lunokhod - 1” began its movement on the surface of the Moon. Many craters on the Moon are caused by falling meteorites, because... The Moon does not have an atmosphere, unlike the Earth. Due to the lack of atmosphere on the surface of the Moon, sharp temperature fluctuations occur. On a sunlit surface it rises to +130 degrees, and at night it drops to -160 degrees.
– What were the names of the American astronauts who walked on the Moon? ( Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin)
VI. Reinforcing the material learned
(slide 16)– What did astronomers manage to find out as a result of studying the Moon? (Scientists have proven that there is no air, water on the Moon, and therefore no animals and plants, etc.)
VII. Bottom line
– Have we received answers to previously unknown questions?
– What new did you learn in the lesson? (about the fact that the Moon is a satellite of the Earth, about the surface of the Moon, about the phases, about people who conquered the moon)
We received a lot of scientific information. Is it possible to admire the Moon? And we are not alone, we have admired the Moon at all times. Artists, writers, composers dedicated their works to the Moon.
1. Listen to an excerpt from “The Tale of the Dead Princess” by A.S. Pushkin:
A month, a month, my friend,
Gilded horn!
You rise in deep darkness,
Chubby, bright-eyed,
And, loving your custom,
The stars are looking at you.
2. L Beethoven “Moonlight Sonata”. Watch slides while playing music.
Home rear Prepare a message about the Moon on behalf of an astronaut or astronomer scientist.
Slide 1
Our companion Moon
Completed by: Pogrebnyak Ksenia. Grade 11. Kolybelskaya secondary school. 2007
Slide 2
First information about the moon
The MOON is perhaps the only celestial body about which, since ancient times, no one had any doubts that it was moving around the Earth. In the II century. BC. Hipparchus determined the inclination of the lunar orbit to the ecliptic plane and identified a number of features of the Moon’s movement. He created a theory of its movement that was very advanced for its time, as well as a theory of solar and lunar eclipses. The MOON, the natural satellite of the Earth, is located at an average distance of 384,400 km from it. The inclination of the orbit to the ecliptic plane is 5 ° 8 "43", mass 7,349.1022 kg (1/81.3 = 0.0123 Earth mass), average radius of the Moon 1737.1 km (0.2727 Earth), gravity acceleration on the surface 1, 62 m/s2. The average density is 3341 kg/m3, the sidereal period of circulation is 27.3 days, the synodic period of circulation is 29.5 days (708 hours). Shines with reflected sunlight, visual spherical albedo 0.075 (reflects 7.5% of incident sunlight). After periods of intense solar activity, certain places on the lunar surface may glow faintly under the influence of luminescence. The temperature on the surface of the Moon is 100-400 K (during the day at the equator it reaches 130°C, and at night minus 170°C. During 1.5 hours of the eclipse it cools to minus 100°C), the magnetic field is 0.4 gamma.
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Appearance
Like all planets and their satellites, the Moon shines with reflected sunlight. Usually the part of the Moon that is illuminated by the Sun is visible. The exception is during periods near the new moon, when the light reflected from the Earth weakly illuminates the dark side of the Moon, creating a picture of the “old Moon in the arms of the young.”
Slide 4
Surface of the moon
There are three main types of formations on the Moon: 1) seas - vast, dark and fairly flat areas of the surface covered with basaltic lava. The shores of most seas are cliffs, and low swells tens of meters long stretch along the bottom.
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Bright, raised, overlapping areas that account for a few areas filled with many large and small circular craters, often over 83% of the Moon's surface area. The surface of the “continents,” which is older, is mountainous, its level is higher than that of the “seas,” and the difference in average heights reaches 2.3 km. Cracks and steep canyons 1–2 km wide often stretch for hundreds of kilometers almost in a straight line. Their depth ranges from one to several hundred meters; more than a thousand of them are cataloged. These fissures in the lava crust often parallel the edges of seas. Some of them resemble the meanders of earthly river beds.
Continents
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Mountain ranges
So familiar to us on Earth, such as the Apennines, are quite rare on the Moon and there are many small mountain systems - ring structures (circuses) similar to the one that surrounds the Copernicus crater. The main ranges of mountains on the visible side of the Moon (Apennines, Alps and Caucasus) were, of course, formed by the impact that gave birth to the Mare Mons. Concentric chains of mountains surround some other seas. Some mountains along the southern edge of the Moon are comparable in height to Everest. The maximum heights of the lunar mountains are ~ 5 km. The mountains are gentle with a slope of 15-200. More mountainous back side Moons.
Slide 7
Structure and composition of the moon
The density of lunar rocks averages 3.343 g/cm3, which is noticeably inferior to the average density for the Earth (5.518 g/cm3) The surface layer is the lunar crust with an average thickness of 68 km (from 6 km in the Sea of Crisis to 107 km in the invisible one - in the northern part of the crater Korolev) - has a composition close to the composition of the “continents”. The crust on the side facing the Earth is thinner. Beneath the crust is the upper mantle - a layer about 250 km thick. Even deeper - the middle mantle is about 500 km thick; It is believed that it was in this layer that “marine” basalts were formed as a result of partial melting. At depths of about 600-800 km, that is, at the bottom of the solid shell of the Moon - the lithosphere, deep-focus lunar seismic sources are located. It should be noted, however, that natural seismic activity on the Moon is low. The main reasons for the seismic activity of the Moon are the tidal influence of the Earth and the fall of large meteorites. .
Slide 8
Craters of the Moon
The largest structure on the Moon officially listed as a crater is Hertzsprung, with a diameter of 591 km, which is located on the far side of the Moon and is therefore not visible from Earth. This crater is a multi-ringed impactor. Similar impact structures on the visible side of the Moon were later filled with lava, which hardened into dark, hard rock.
Slide 9
Gassendi. A lunar crater 100 km in diameter located on the northern edge of the Mare Humidity. The crater has several peaks, and its floor is intersected by chasms. The Gassendi crater has become famous, in particular, in connection with the study of non-stationary phenomena on the Moon.
Slide 10
Tsiolkovskii Crater on the far side of the Moon, with a diameter of 180 km. The crater is half filled with dark lava, through which the central peak breaks through. In a hemisphere devoid of dark seas, this crater is, by contrast, one of the most noticeable features. The Apollo 13 astronauts photographed it upon returning home as a candidate site for the future landing of Apollo 17. Then it had to be abandoned due to the difficulty of communicating with the site on the far side of the Moon.
Slide 11
Lunar exploration spacecraft
The exploration of the Moon was carried out by several series of spacecraft: Luna (the first three Lunar, USSR), Ranger (USA), Surveyor ("Researcher", USA), Lunar Orbiter ("Lunar Orbiter", USA), Probe (USSR) and manned spacecraft " Apollo". The last flight under the Apollo program took place at the end of 1972, and 4 years later the flights of the Soviet “lunars” also ceased. Only two decades later, in 1990, Japan sent its artificial satellite Hiten to the Moon, becoming the third “lunar power”. Then there were two more American satellites - Clementine (1994) and Lunar Prospector (1998). Finally, in 2003, the European Space Agency launched its spacecraft.
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Harrison Schmidt, a geologist, collects samples of lunar soil using an adjustable scoop. The device on the rock in the foreground provides a stable vertical position.
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Apollo (lunar lander "Eagle") and lunar rover.
Time on the Moon
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Moon illusion
The Moon appears much larger near the horizon than it does high in the sky. This is an optical illusion. Psychological experiments have shown that the observer subconsciously adjusts his perception of the size of an object depending on the size of other objects in the field of view. The moon appears smaller when it is high in the sky and surrounded by large empty space; but when it is near the horizon, its size is easily compared with the distance between it and the horizon. Under the influence of this comparison, we unconsciously strengthen our impression of the size of the Moon.
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He grew up, he grew up, He was horned - he became round. Only a circle, a miracle circle, Suddenly he became horned again.
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In the blue village there is a round-faced maiden. She can't sleep at night - she looks in the mirror.
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Are the moon and the month different celestial bodies? Do people live on the moon?
Slide 7
There is not a single child among you who has not seen the Moon. How do you remember her? For many millennia, people have raised their heads up and seen the Moon in the exact sky. She just looks different. Either round, like a pancake, or similar to a sickle. Man could not explain these phenomena. They even thought that they were seeing different celestial bodies, so two names appeared: “moon” and “month”. But all this is the same Moon. Why then do we see her so different?
Slide 8
Why doesn't the month have a dress? (Serbian fairy tale) I decided to sew a dress for myself this month. The tailor took his measurements and sat down to work. The month for the dress arrived on time. And the dress is both narrow and short. “Apparently, I was mistaken,” says the tailor. And he sat down to work again. The month for the dress arrived on time. Again the dress is too small. “Apparently, now I was mistaken,” said the tailor. And he began to cut and sew again. For the third time the month came to the tailor. I saw a tailor: walking across the sky all month long, not a month, but a whole moon, and twice as wide as the dress he had just sewn. What was the tailor to do? He started to run. I looked for him for a month, looked for him, but didn’t find him. So a month remained without a dress.
Slide 9
Scientists today know more about the Moon than about any other planet except Earth. When you look at the Moon from Earth, it appears to change shape. These various shapes are called phases of the Moon and they arise due to the fact that we see only the part of the Moon illuminated by the Sun as it moves around the Earth. The Moon moves around the Earth and is its natural satellite. What is a satellite? A satellite is a celestial body that moves around a larger body. Natural satellites of planets are their natural satellites, that is, those that are not created by man.
Slide 10
Remember, in class we said that man created artificial satellites that he launches into space. Natural satellites are created by nature, not man. The satellite must move around a body that is larger than itself. What conclusion can we draw about the sizes of the Earth and the Moon?
Slide 11
Right. The Earth is larger than the Moon. How much more? We see the Moon very small. Actually this is not true. The Moon is only six times smaller than the Earth. For comparison, you can imagine a one-story house and a house with six floors. So the Moon is huge! The Earth is separated from the Moon by a distance of 384,000 kilometers space rocket this distance can be covered in two to three days. Since the Moon is a natural satellite of the Earth, scientists constantly monitor it. Now any student can explain why it is so different.
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The Moon itself does not glow; it reflects light from the Sun. At night it is visible because the Sun illuminates it. The Moon orbits the Earth, so it looks different in the night sky. When the Moon is between the Earth and the Sun, the unlit half of the Moon faces the Earth, and the Moon is not visible in the sky. This phase is called the new moon. After 2-3 days, the Moon appears in the sky in the form of a narrow crescent, convexly facing the Sun. It's a new month. It is increasing every day. The moon takes the form of a whole disk. It's a full moon. The Earth is already between the Sun and the Moon. Then the disk begins to decrease. The moon again becomes a sickle, but already facing the other direction. It's an old month. Then everything repeats itself again.
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The moon rotates around its axis and at the same time makes its way around the Earth, since it is a satellite of our planet. It completes a revolution around the Earth in 29 and a half days. It takes the same amount of time to turn around its axis. The earth rotates around its axis every day. That's the difference. We know all this thanks to scientists. How do they study the moon? What do you know about this?
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From the Earth, the same thing is always visible on the Moon, since the Moon always faces the Earth with one side. Even with powerful binoculars you can see some grayish spots on the Moon. In the old days these spots were considered seas. The interesting thing is that there is not a drop of water in these “seas”. The lunar “seas” are deep depressions covered with frozen volcanic mass. The color of this mass is darker than the surrounding stones, so it is clearly visible from Earth. Although today scientists know that there are no seas on the Moon, they decided not to change the names on the map of this planet, so you can find the Ocean of Storms, the Sea of Clouds, the Sea of Rains and many other seas there.
Slide 18
The bright parts of the Moon are its mountainous regions. The Moon has high mountain ranges and many ring mountains called craters. Craters are large pits surrounded by hills. Some of these craters were formed when meteorites fell on the Moon. The largest craters were formed during volcanic eruptions. The largest craters have a flat bottom and look like a stadium surrounded by stands.
Slide 19
What's it like there on the Moon? It's always quiet there. There is no air on the Moon, so sounds cannot be transmitted. Can a person live there if there is no air? There is no grass or trees here either. There is nothing but dust and stone desert all around. A day lasts two weeks. Then the night lasts for two weeks. During such a long day, the surface of the Moon manages to heat up to a temperature of +130 degrees. When night falls, the stones cool very quickly and the frost reaches a temperature of -170 degrees. The temperature in the sun and in the shade also differs sharply there - after all, there is no air on the Moon that would smooth out these temperature differences.
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If we were on the Moon, raised our heads and looked at the sky, we would see a picture that is unusual for us. The sky on the Moon is not like the sky on Earth. It is not blue, but black. Black both day and night.
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The moon is constantly studied by lunar spacecraft. In 1959, a rocket was launched for the first time to circle our natural satellite and take pictures of the other side of the Moon. Thanks to these images, scientists have compiled the first map of both sides of the lunar surface. It turned out that the far side of the Moon is completely different from the visible one. It is almost entirely mountainous and there are only a few “seas”. In 1966, the world's first rocket landed on the Earth's satellite for the first time. Over the years, many rockets have landed on the Moon. Automata and cosmonauts delivered unique photographs and soil samples to Earth. Research on the planet continues.
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Presentation author: Irina Kotova [email protected] You downloaded this presentation on the website - viki.rdf.ru http://www.junior.ru/students/sadikova/moon.gif http://www.photohost.ru/pictures/127241.jpg http://www. hitlife.net.ua/pictures/435e4c91370cbc1a.jpg http://www.llama.ru/other/mesyaz.gif http://www.turkmenistan.gov.tm/foto/science/2009/150909-1.jpg http ://kashkin.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/pia02441.jpg?w=500&h=406 http://stranamasterov.ru/files/imagecache/orig_with_logo/icraft/moon.jpg http://img0.liveinternet .ru/images/attach/c/0/42/265/42265929_space020.jpg http://i.focus.ua/img/a/8/9/61698.jpg?1251976431 http://i329.photobucket.com /albums/l362/Nemosix/ASTRONAUTIK/APOLLO11.png http://schools.keldysh.ru/sch444/projekts/2008-2/Sait/pictures/as8-14-2383c75.jpg http://img.oboz.obozrevatel .com/files/NewsPhoto/308771/163217_image_large.jpg
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