“Respiratory hygiene” - About 100 liters of air passes through the lungs in 1 minute. Internal structure lung Observations: Parietal pleura. Bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli. Sound. Respiratory system. First aid and respiratory hygiene. External. Goals and objectives of the lesson: Biological significance of respiration: Gas exchange in tissues and lungs.
“Biology 8th grade breathing” - How is the process of inhalation and exhalation carried out? The resulting voids will be filled with air. This condition is called pulmonary emphysema. Regulation of breathing. Respiratory system. The mechanism of inhalation and exhalation. Mechanisms of pulmonary respiration. What is the process of gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the blood called? Donders model.
“Plant respiration” - All plant organs breathe. The essence of the breathing process. What gas do plants produce during respiration? What effect does air dust have on plant respiration? Where do impurities in the air come from? Experience: At what time of day do plants breathe? Conditions affecting plant respiration. Draw a conclusion. What trees do you know that are resistant to dusty air?
“Breath” - The main structural elements of the external respiratory apparatus in mammals. Lungs and chest wall. Expiratory reserve volume. Central chemoreceptors. Larynx. Medulla. Internal intercostal muscles. dissolved CO2 (7%). Erythrocyte. Systemic capillary. Feedback in the respiratory system.
“Human Breathing” - 7) After relaxation, we crawl along the diaphragm to the other side of the chest. Breathing is the link between man and environment a habitat. It is time! 5) In the lungs we divide into pairs, and each pair rides along a separate hill. Bobik's journey. Today we will go on a journey with me!
“The meaning and structure of the respiratory organs” - Alveoli or pulmonary vesicles. Choose offers that suit your mood. Trachea. Structure of the larynx. Socrates. Structure of the trachea. Reflection. Today in class: I was surprised by the guys’ answers. Lungs. Trp. Respiratory diseases." Structure of the nasal cavity and pharynx. Topic: “The meaning of breathing.
Lesson objectives:
- deepen and generalize knowledge on respiratory system, study the structure of the lungs and their role.
Lesson objectives:
Educational: study the anatomical features of the human lungs and learn to distinguish between pulmonary and tissue breath ;
Developmental: continue to develop students’ intellectual skills;
Educational: education moral qualities personality and broadening one's horizons.
Key terms:
Lungs- a paired organ that occupies almost the entire volume of the chest. There are right and left lungs. They are the organs of air respiration in humans, all mammals, birds, reptiles, most amphibians, as well as some fish (lungfishes, lobe-fins and polyfins). The lungs are also called the respiratory organs of some invertebrate animals (mollusks, sea cucumbers). In the lungs, gas exchange occurs between the air in the lung parenchyma and the blood flowing through the pulmonary capillaries.
Pulmonary breathing- exchange of gases between blood and atmospheric air that occurs in the respiratory organs.
Exchange of gases between blood and tissue cells.
During the classes:
Checking homework.
Give a short answer to the questions:
1.What is breath and why do we need it?
2.What is the respiratory system?
3.What types exist breathing ?
4.What is the upper respiratory tract?
5.What is the lower respiratory tract?
Lungs.
The lungs are the main organ of the respiratory system. This is a paired organ that occupies almost the entire volume of the chest. There are right and left lungs. In shape, they are truncated cones, with the apex facing the collarbone, and the concave base facing the dome of the diaphragm (Figure 1 shows the human lungs).
Rice. 1. Human lungs.
The apex of the lung reaches the first rib. The outer convex surface is adjacent to the ribs. On the inner side, facing the mediastinum, each lung includes the main bronchus, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins and nerves. They form the root of the lung; it contains a large number of lymph nodes that protect against penetration of pathogenic microorganisms into the lungs. The place where the bronchi and blood vessels enter the lungs is called the hilum of the lung. In Figure 2 you can see where they are located.
Rice. 2. Gate of the lung and bronchial tree.
In size, the right lung is wider and shorter than the left. The left lung in the lower anterior region has a recess formed by the heart. Each lung is divided into lobes, the right one into three, the left into two. Numerous branches of the bronchi make up the bronchial tree.
Lung tissue consists of pyramidal lobules (25 mm long, 15 mm wide), the base of which faces the surface. The apex of the lobule includes a bronchus, which by successive division forms 18-20 terminal bronchioles. Each of the latter ends with a structural and functional element of the lungs - the acini. The acini consists of 20-50 alveolar bronchioles, divided into alveolar ducts; the walls of both are densely dotted with alveoli. Each alveolar duct passes into the terminal sections - 2 alveolar sacs.
Alveoli (diameter - 0.15 mm) are hemispherical protrusions and consist of connective tissue and elastic fibers, lined with thin transparent epithelium and intertwined with a network of blood capillaries. In the alveoli, gas exchange occurs between the blood and atmospheric air. In this case, oxygen and carbon dioxide pass through the process of diffusion from the red blood cell to the alveoli, overcoming the total diffusion barrier of the alveolar epithelium, basement membrane and blood capillary wall, with a total thickness of up to 0.5 μm, in 0.3 s. Figure 3 shows an example of alveoli.
Rice. 3. Alveoli.
Because The lungs are one of the most important human organs; operations are often performed on them:
Pulmonary and tissue respiration.
There are pulmonary respiration, which provides gas exchange between air and blood, and tissue respiration, which provides gas exchange between blood and tissue cells.
The exchange of gases in the lungs occurs due to diffusion (Figure 4).
Rice. 4. Diffusion.
An example of the diffusion of molecules is shown in the video:
Blood, coming from the heart into the capillaries that encircle the pulmonary alveoli, contains a lot of carbon dioxide. There is little of it in the air of the pulmonary alveoli, so it leaves the bloodstream and passes into the alveoli. Oxygen also enters the blood due to diffusion. There is little free oxygen in the blood, because it is continuously bound by hemoglobin found in red blood cells, turning into oxyhemoglobin. The blood that has become arterial leaves the alveoli and travels through the pulmonary vein to the heart. In order for gas exchange to occur continuously, it is necessary that the composition of gases in the pulmonary alveoli be constant. This constancy is maintained by pulmonary breathing: excess carbon dioxide is removed outside, and the oxygen absorbed by the blood is replaced with oxygen from a fresh portion of the outside air.
Tissue respiration occurs in the capillaries of the systemic circulation, where the blood gives off oxygen and receives carbon dioxide. There is little oxygen in the tissues, and therefore oxyhemoglobin breaks down into hemoglobin and oxygen. Oxygen passes into tissue fluid and is used there by cells for the biological oxidation of organic substances. The energy released in this case is used for the vital processes of cells and tissues. A lot of carbon dioxide accumulates in tissues. It enters the tissue fluid, and from it into the blood. Here, carbon dioxide is partially captured by hemoglobin, and partially dissolved or chemically bound by salts of the blood plasma. Venous blood carries it into the right atrium, from there it enters the right ventricle, which pushes venous blood through the pulmonary artery into the lungs - the circle closes. In the lungs, the blood again becomes arterial and, returning to the left atrium, enters the left ventricle, and from it into the systemic circulation.
The more oxygen is consumed in the tissues, the more oxygen is required from the air to compensate for the costs. That's why when physical work At the same time, both cardiac activity and pulmonary respiration increase. In Figure 5 you can see what tissue respiration is.
Rice. 5. Tissue respiration.
Conclusions.
1. The lungs occupy all the free space of the chest cavity. The expanded part of the lungs is adjacent to the diaphragm. The main bronchi, pulmonary arteries and veins enter the lungs from the inside, bordering the heart. Their entry point is called the “porta of the lungs.”
2.Pulmonary respiration is breathing during which the exchange of gases between the blood and atmospheric air occurs in the respiratory organs.
3.Tissue respiration occurs in the capillaries of the systemic circulation, where the blood gives off oxygen and receives carbon dioxide.
Control block.
1.What are lungs and what is their structure?
2.What is pulmonary respiration?
3.What is tissue respiration?
4.What causes the exchange of gases in the lungs?
Homework.
Prepare a report on pulmonary and tissue respiration and compare them.
Smoking is one of the worst vices of humanity. Bad habit, which turned into a local disease, which first grew into an epidemic, and very soon into a pandemic. Today, smoking has ceased to be the prerogative of “noble dons”, “aristocratic sirs” and “generous gentlemen”. All categories of the world's population, all ages and both sexes smoke. They smoke secretly and openly, expensive tobacco and cigarette butts, on the street and at home.
Tobacco smoking is dangerous not only because of the deterioration of the health of the smoker, but also because of its harmful effects on others. In essence, this is not an individual disease, but a social one.
The respiratory organs are primarily affected. 98% of deaths from laryngeal cancer, 96% of deaths from lung cancer, 75% of deaths from chronic bronchitis and emphysema are caused by smoking. Tobacco smoke contains more than 4,000 chemical compounds, more than forty of which cause cancer, as well as several hundred poisons, including nicotine, cyanide, arsenic, formaldehyde, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocyanic acid, etc. Cigarette smoke contains radioactive substances: polonium, lead, bismuth. A pack of cigarettes a day is about 500 x-rays of radiation per year! The temperature of a smoldering cigarette is 700 - 900 degrees! The lungs of an experienced smoker are a black, rotting mass.
Watch the video showing the effects of nicotine on the lungs:
Bibliography:
1.Lesson on the topic “Respiratory system. Pulmonary and tissue respiration" Chervyakova S.M., biology teacher, Municipal Educational Institution "Meshcherinskaya Secondary School No. 1".
2. Lesson on the topic “Structure of the lungs. Gas exchange in the lungs and tissues” Stafiychuk N.I., biology teacher, Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Vyngapurovsky village.
3. Nikishov A.I., Rokhlov V.S., Man and his health. Didactic material. M., 2001.
Edited and sent by Borisenko I.N.
Worked on the lesson:
Chervyakova S.M.
Stafiychuk N.I.
Borisenko I.N.
Zaporozhets A.
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Text content of presentation slides: Boyarintseva S.V. Biology teacher, Secondary Educational Institution No. 36 Magnitogorsk Lesson objectives: Deepen and generalize knowledge of the respiratory system, study the structure of the lungs and their role. Lesson objectives: To study the anatomical features of the human lungs and learn to distinguish between pulmonary and tissue respiration; Continue to develop students’ intellectual skills; Nurturing the moral qualities of an individual and broadening one's horizons 1. What is breathing and why do we need it? 2. What is the respiratory system? 3. What are the main stages of the breathing process? 4. What is related to the upper respiratory tract? 5. What is the lower respiratory tract?6. How does voice formation occur?7. Which organ is called the vocal organ? This is a paired organ that occupies almost the entire volume of the chest. There are right and left lungs. In shape they are truncated cones, with the apex facing the collarbone and the concave base facing the dome of the diaphragm. On the inner side, facing the mediastinum, each lung includes the main bronchus, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins and nerves. They form the root of the lung; it contains a large number of lymph nodes that protect against penetration of pathogenic microorganisms into the lungs. Each lung is divided into lobes, the right one into three, the left into two. Numerous branches of the bronchi make up the bronchial tree. The lung tissue consists of pyramidal lobules (25 mm long, 15 mm wide). The apex of the lobule includes a bronchus, which forms 18-20 terminal bronchioles. Each of the latter ends with a structural and functional element of the lungs - the acini. The acini consists of 20-50 alveolar bronchioles, divided into alveolar ducts; the walls of both are densely dotted with alveoli. Each alveolar duct passes into the terminal sections - 2 alveolar sacs. Alveoli (d = 0.15 mm) are hemispherical protrusions and consist of connective tissue and elastic fibers, lined with thin transparent epithelium and intertwined with a network of blood capillaries. In the alveoli, gas exchange occurs between the blood and atmospheric air. Pulmonary breathing, which provides gas exchange between air and blood. Tissue respiration, which carries out gas exchange between blood and tissue cells. 1. The lungs occupy all the free space of the chest cavity. The expanded part of the lungs is adjacent to the diaphragm. The main bronchi, pulmonary arteries and veins enter the lungs from the inside, bordering the heart. Their entry point is called the “porta of the lungs.” 2.Pulmonary respiration is breathing during which the exchange of gases between the blood and atmospheric air occurs in the respiratory organs. 3.Tissue respiration occurs in the capillaries of the systemic circulation, where the blood gives off oxygen and receives carbon dioxide. 1.What are lungs and what is their structure? 2.What is pulmonary respiration? 3.What is tissue respiration? 4.What causes the exchange of gases in the lungs? §27, answer questions.
Attached files
Slide 2
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
To consolidate knowledge: about the essence of breathing, its role in metabolism, the transformation of energy in the human body; about the structure of the respiratory organs in connection with their functions in the process of voice formation Give an idea: about pulmonary respiration and the exchange of gas between blood and tissues. Enable students to understand the importance of knowledge on a given topic. Develop communication skills (lead a discussion, argue your opinion). Continue developing cognitive interests. Involving knowledge of other subjects (physics, chemistry, computer science).
Slide 3
EQUIPMENT
Computer Multimedia projector EI “Virtual school of Kosmet. Biology lessons. Man and his health." EI “Enlightenment. Biology. Human anatomy and physiology". EI Physicon. Open biology" Biology. Man: Textbook for 8th grade / D.V. Kolesov, R.D. Mash, I.N. Belyaev. Table “Respiratory Organs”
Slide 4
Lesson Plan
Organizational moment Updating of basic knowledge. Statement of a problematic question. Check of knowledge. Learning new material. Consolidation of new knowledge. Homework instructions. Summing up the lesson.
Slide 5
Updating of reference knowledge
Problem 1. A person can live for several days without food and water, but no one can live without air for even ten minutes. What is the function of the respiratory organs?
Slide 6
Slide 7
Updating of reference knowledge
Using knowledge from the course “Animals” and knowledge from the previous lesson, solve problem 2. Imagine an oxygen molecule penetrating into the lungs when inhaled. Mentally trace the path this molecule will take with the air from the nostrils to the lungs. From the list of organs of the human body, select the airways and connect them with lines.
Slide 8
TASK 2
airways Heart Nasal cavity Stomach Nasopharynx Blood Larynx Esophagus Trachea Intestines Chest Bronchi “As long as I breathe, I hope,” said the Roman poet Ovid. Why do you think I took this phrase as the epigraph to the previous lesson?
Slide 9
Check of knowledge
Which breathing is called pulmonary breathing, and which breathing is called tissue breathing? “Without a nose, a person is the devil knows what - a bird is not a bird, a citizen is not a citizen - just take it and throw him out the window!..” - this is what N.V. Gogol wrote about the nose. What functions of the nasal cavity can you remember?
Slide 10
Nasal cavity
Slide 11
Now let's test ourselves!
The first function of the nasal cavity is protective (cleanses and disinfects the air); the second function is to warm the incoming air (there is a dense network of blood vessels in the walls of the nasal cavity); the third function is to humidify the incoming air (the ciliated epithelium secretes mucus); the fourth is olfactory (in the back of the nasal cavity there are cells that perceive odors); the nose is involved in speech and facial expressions.
Slide 12
Slide 13
Where does air go from the nasal cavity?
Slide 14
The larynx is the organ of voice production.
Slide 15
The length of the trachea is approximately 15 cm. At the level of 4-5 thoracic vertebrae, it is divided into two bronchi, each bronchus enters the lung, where it branches into bronchioles 0.5 mm thick (there are about 25 million of them). Each bronchiole ends in passages with a group of air sacs - alveoli (there are 3 billion 400 million of them)
Slide 16
Journey of oxygen (learning new knowledge)
Air enters one of the alveoli. Wow, how she immediately swelled up! With a strong inhalation, the alveoli stretch and can cover an area of 150 square meters! This is 75 times more than the surface area of the human body. The alveoli are densely intertwined with capillaries, and the walls of the alveoli consist of only one layer of cells.
Slide 17
Diffusion
A process as a result of which gas flows from an area of higher concentration to an area where its concentration is low. The wall of the alveoli consists of a single layer of cells and is densely intertwined with capillaries, and the walls of these vessels also consist of a single layer of cells. All this creates excellent conditions for the penetration of gases.
A person was taken to the hospital rib cage which was pierced from both sides. The lungs remained undamaged. After some time, the patient died of suffocation. Why did this happen? From F. Cooper's novels we know that the Indians, hiding from enemies in reservoirs, breathed with the help of hollow reed stalks. But you can breathe like this only when the depth of the dive does not exceed 1.5 meters. What breathing characteristics are associated with this limitation? Textbook pp. 140 – 141, questions.
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