Adaptation of birds to flight: signs. How do birds adapt to flight? Abstract on biology on the topic "Features of the internal structure of birds. Features of the adaptation of birds to flight" (Grade 8) Features of the adaptation of birds to flight

Lesson topic: Habitat and external structure of birds.

The purpose of the lesson: the formation of students' knowledge about the features of the external structure of a bird associated with flight and habitat.

Tasks:

provide students with knowledge general characteristics birds, features of their organization in connection with the adaptability to the air habitat.

to promote the development of schoolchildren's skills to analyze and compare cognitive objects;

create conditions for the inclusion of students in active cognitive activity, research work;

educate the desire to preserve the species diversity of birds

Lesson form: lesson - study

Lesson type: a lesson in discovering new knowledge

Methods: partial search, research, verbal

Forms: group, individual

Equipment: stuffed birds, tables “Type Chordata. Bird class”, a set of feathers, an interactive microscope.

During the classes:

Org.moment:

Knowledge update: Ekaterina’s monologue sounds from Ostrovsky’s Thunderstorm “Why don’t people fly?

I say why don't people fly like birds? You know, sometimes I feel like I'm a bird. When you stand on a mountain, you are drawn to fly. That's how I would run up, raise my hands and fly"

Guys, can you answer this question?

Motivation:

The miracle of flight - this quality has always been desirable for people, and unattainable, and enviable. But flight is precisely the most characteristic feature of the animals, the study of which we begin today. What class are we talking about? Recording the topic of the lesson. Demonstration of a video film about birds.

Birds are amazing animals and are currently the most prosperous group of animals. This is evidenced by the fact that now there are 9 thousand species of birds, while mammals are 2 times less. They tried to master the aerial habitat, and they succeeded brilliantly in this attempt. Even a person who has put himself at the top of the evolutionary ladder is not able to fly. It is easy and unconstrained to soar up, as if without any effort breaking away from the earth, only birds are capable of sweeping over the vast expanses of water and land.

Operational-executive stage.

3.1 Statement of the problem:

What questions do you have when looking at these amazing creatures?

Why do birds fly?

Why does a bird fly?

Why do birds interrupt their flight?

What question should we answer? (ABOUT FITNESS FOR FLIGHT)

To resolve the issues that have arisen, we will conduct a series of studies. The science of birds is called ORNITOLOGY, and we will be ornithologists-researchers.

Definition of the research topic.

object research is the Bird Class.

Item research: adaptations of birds for flight.

Determining the purpose of the study.

aim Our work is to study the features of the external structure of birds associated with flight and habitat.

Putting forward a hypothesis.

How can we achieve the goal of the lesson? (children's answers)

Choosing a method for solving a problem situation.(work with a textbook, additional information, a microscope, a set of feathers, stuffed birds)

Drawing up a research plan:

Research 1.

Complete the task"The external structure of a bird" . (All do)

Work with stuffed birds - natural objects according to the plan: 2-3 min.

1g - rook 2g - sparrow 3g - swallow

1) Fitness in the external structure:

Investigated Organs	fixtures
1. Departments of the body:
2.Body shape
3.Body cover

Announcement of results. Slides.

Conclusion: The shape of the body is ________________, it is _____________ friction in the air and makes it easier to fly.

The cover, which _______________ resistance in flight and __________ body of a bird.

2) Study of body parts:

1 gr.

Explain proverb: “Every bird is full with its beak,” says folk wisdom (slide)

Conclusion:

2 gr.

Conclusion:

3 gr. Features of the body cover:

Laboratory work "Study of the external structure of birds"

“A child lifts from the ground, but a strong man will not throw over a fence”

Consider a collection of bird feathers.

Study the structure of the pen by looking at the drawing in the textbook (p. 135). Sign pen pieces.

Consider the proposed types of feathers. Determine their name.

Using Additional information, complete the table (p.134).

At modern birds There are two main types of feathers - contour (1,2) and down (3). Strong contour flight feathers grow on the wings (1). The contour feather has a narrow solid trunk and a wide fan, which is formed by a dense network of horny beards of the I and II orders with hooks. This structure of the wing makes it flexible, light and almost impervious to air.

Contour covers (3), leaning on top of each other like tiles, form a continuous streamlined surface on the bird's body, which facilitates flight. During flight, the large contour feathers of the wings and tail are of primary importance.

Down feathers are located under the contour. Their fan is light, loose, without barbs of the second order. Some birds also have down (6) - a short rod with a bunch of beards on top in the form of a brush. Down feathers keep the body heat of the bird. And there are also bristles (5,6), they play a role in touch.

The groups report on the results of their research.

The teacher completes.

1gr. work with the table.

2gr. working with a table

3gr. How do birds take care of their plumage? (cosmetics of birds).

Individual work:

ENVIRONMENTAL aspect:

Primary fastening:

Why do birds fly? How are they adapted for flight? Analysis of the resulting table. Conclusions: Birds are very well adapted to flight in the external structure: a streamlined body shape to reduce friction, a feather cover that both protects from the cold and reduces drag in flight. The presence of a tail regulates the direction of flight. Formation of a tarsus - as a landing device. Sense organs.

All conclusions on the slide.

Cognitive reflection: Why don't people fly?

Consolidation: test to execute.

But have you ever wondered:� Why do birds fly?�

1. To - build higher nests.

2. To - escape from enemies.

3. To - catch prey in the air.

4. To - look out for prey on the ground.

5. To - get to warm places where there is more food.

Second question:� Why do birds interrupt their flight?�

1. To - relax.

2. To - quench your thirst.

3. To - incubate eggs.

4. To - feed the chicks.

5. To - collect food from the ground.

Suggest your answers.

Guys, today in the lesson we found out a number of traits of bird fitness for flight in the external structure. Of course, there are such devices in the internal structure, but we will get acquainted with them in the next lesson.

Educational reflection: cards on the board, put magnets.

D.Z.p.44;

*Why do birds fly?

Why do birds interrupt their flight

Last name, first name _____________________

Investigated Organs	fixtures
1. Departments of the body:
2.Body shape
3.Body cover

Conclusion:

Self-esteem:_____

Group work

Investigated part of the body	fixtures
Head: Eyes (where they are located)
Beak (structure)
Nostrils (where they are located)
hearing organs

Pair work

Explain proverb: “Every bird is full with its beak »

Conclusion: Birds have well-developed _____________, which help ______________ in flight. The neck ___________ provides the best _________ of the body.

Self-assessment:_____

Last name, first name______________

Instructional card for the lesson.

Exercise 1. Fitness in external structure: Working in a group

Investigated Organs	fixtures
1. Departments of the body:
2.Body shape
3.Body cover

Conclusion: The shape of the body is ________________, it is _____________ friction in the air and makes it easier to fly. _____________ cover, which _______________ resistance in flight and __________ body of a bird.

Self-esteem:_____

Task2. Study of body parts:

Group work

Investigated part of the body	fixtures
Torso (shape)
Upper limbs (name, where they are located, cover)
Lower limbs (where are they located, which part does not have plumage, what is covered with?)

Pair work

Compare the structure of the lower limbs in the table different birds, what are the differences?

Conclusion: The upper limbs are transformed into ______________. The lower limbs have ___________, which does not have a feather and is necessary for the takeoff and landing of the bird.

Self-esteem:______

Last name, first name______________

Instructional card for the lesson.

Exercise 1. Fitness in external structure: Working in a group

Investigated Organs	fixtures
1. Departments of the body:
2.Body shape
3.Body cover

Self-esteem:_____

Task 2. Features of the body cover: Group work:

Consider a collection of bird feathers.

Study the structure of the pen with an interactive microscope, and look at the drawing in the textbook. Sign pen pieces.

3. Consider the proposed types of feathers. Determine their name.

individually

Complete the table using the additional information.

Conclusion: ___________ the cover consists of _______, _______, _______, _______ feathers. When flying, ______ and ______ feathers play a role. The structure of the pen makes it _________________, __________________, ___________________.

Self-esteem:_____

Perform a test on the fitness of the external structure of the bird for flight and habitat.

Feathers contribute to the preservation of heat in the bird's body, since:

A) consist of a trunk and a fan;

b) the air that is between them has a high thermal conductivity.

C) the air that is between them has a low thermal conductivity.

D) they are lubricated with an oily fluid that is formed in the coccygeal gland.

2. Birds, unlike reptiles, have:

A) tail b) neck; c) wings; d) claws.

3. The streamlined body shape of birds is an adaptation to:

A) flight

B) protection from predators;

B) reproduction

D) looking for food

4. There are horny scales on the legs of birds, which indicates their relationship with:

A) reptiles

B) amphibians;

B) mammals;

D) annelids.

In birds, it is not an adaptation for flight:

A) streamlined body shape;

B) wings;

D) the formation of a tarsus

Self-Esteem:______

Individual work:

ENVIRONMENTAL aspect: MINI STUDENT STUDY: Oil. No one will argue that it is necessary for humanity. And no one groans to assert that it is deliberately thrown into the water, that they deliberately cause accidents in the oil fields or set fire to ships carrying oil. As a result of all these accidents, millions of tons of oil end up in the water. The world's oceans and its inhabitants are suffering, birds are suffering. sea birds covered with a thick layer of feathers. Their density provides almost complete insulation from cold water. Oil destroys the structure of feathers. An experiment is being carried out. Oil is poured into a glass of water (a thin film forms on the surface) and a bird's feather is lowered. A clean pen easily restores its integrity. If the grooves are separated from each other, then after a light stroke, which the bird can make with its beak, the integrity of the feather is restored. In a pen covered with oil, the grooves stick together, and it is impossible to restore the former appearance of the pen.

The sight of oil-covered birds is terrifying. Feathers no longer protect birds from being chilled. In addition, the ability to swim is impaired in birds due to the lack of an air gap between the body and feathers. As a result, the birds sink deeper into the water, and often can no longer get their own food. An experiment is being carried out. Let's try to wash off the oil from the feathers of a bird with water - after all, this is the only remedy for birds. Nothing succeeded. If the bird does not die of hunger, then sooner or later it will die of hypothermia. But the unfortunate creature can swim for a long time with a heart beating twice as fast in order to compensate for the loss of heat. Maybe the end will be hastened by the ingestion of a small amount of oil, which acts as a poison.

Municipal treasury educational institution"Bogorodsk School No. 8"

Methodological development of the lesson:

“Features of the internal structure of birds. Features of the fitness of birds for flight

Completed by: biology teacher

S.V. Kulikova

Bogorodsk - 2017

Lesson Objectives:

To study the features of the internal structure of birds associated with flight;

show the place of birds in the wildlife system;

to teach to see the beauty in the world of birds, to show the unity of man and nature.

Lesson objectives:

Educational

To ensure that students acquire knowledge about the life processes of birds,

On the features of the structure of their internal organs in connection with their functions, fitness for flight.

To teach to recognize the organ systems of the bird class, to establish the relationship between the structure and functions of organs.

Educational

Promote the development of logical thinking,

ability to compare, analyze,

Identify cause and effect relationships in nature.

educators

Continue the education of love and respect for nature.

Equipment: bird picture,

use of the presentation “Features of the structure of birds. Features of the fitness of birds for flight.

During the classes

1.Organizing time.

Greeting: Birds are amazing creatures of nature. They - birds are one of the most important natural components, their role is significant. But birds are also an ornament of nature. Entering the forest or walking through the field, we are accompanied by the voices of birds

Question - What is the name of the branch of zoology that studies birds? (ornithology)

What type are birds in the animal kingdom? (Chordates) slide-2

On board: Type: Chordates

Class: Birds

Today we will continue to get acquainted with the Class "Birds", with the structural features of birds in connection with the fitness of birds for flight.

lesson problem: can birds be called living aircraft?

Survey of the material covered

In the previous lesson, we got acquainted with some features of the adaptation of birds to flight. Slides 3.4.5

What are these traits? (Integuments, skeleton and muscles)

At home, you should have started filling out the chart and putting the fitness traits on the chart.

Working with a table

1. The body of the bird is covered with feathers.

What is the meaning of feathers? Students answer.

Nature gave birds universal clothes - feather cover, which warms them in the cold, protects them from attack, and most importantly, this clothing is adapted for flight.

2. What are the structural features of the limbs in birds? Students answer.

Movement in the air is carried out with the help of forelimbs transformed into wings, and tail. The wings serve both as aerodynamic surfaces to keep the bird in the air and as a source of thrust to propel it forward.

When flying, the bird makes rhythmic synchronous movements with its wings.

Let's remember! What do birds need to be in order to take to the air? Student responses.

on the one hand, they must be light in order to rise into the air (comparing a bird to a balloon filled with air. Demonstration of a balloon.

on the other hand, they are very strong, like weightlifters (image of a weightlifter athlete)

Question - What allows a bird to be as light as a balloon and as strong as a weightlifter at the same time?

3. What are the features of the skeleton? Student responses. (slide 6)

bird skeleton has its own characteristics, and they are also associated with flight.

The bones of a bird are very light because they are hollow.. Some bones have air-filled cavities associated with the respiratory organs. However, despite the lightness, the bones of the bird are very elastic and durable. These qualities are absolutely necessary to overcome all the difficulties of flying.

Man also learned to fly. But not with the help of wings attached to the body. After all, man is completely unsuitable for flight, and in order to correct this situation, he needed to come up with something more radical.

What? (eg = aircraft)

What lifts a bird into the sky?

What allows us to raise and lower our hands? Students' answers are muscles.

Teacher - What muscles? Where are they located?

Wing muscles, pectoral muscles.

Teacher - Muscles in birds have reached a high level of development.

The weight of the human pectoral muscles, which move the shoulders and arms, is only one percent of the total body weight, while in some birds this figure reaches 30 percent of the total weight.

Question - Which muscles of birds lower their wings? The answer of the students is Breast.

Birds have a bone in the skeleton - the keel, a special outgrowth of the sternum, allows you to increase the area of attachment of the pectoral muscles, which contribute to the lowering of the bird's wing

Grades for D /Z. (compilation of the table)– for compiling all columns of the table -"5", if not completely filled without the 3rd column - "4", "3" and "2" at the discretion of the teacher.

Explanation of new material

Guys, as we have already learned, the body of birds is perfectly adapted for flight. This is a feather cover, wings, features of the skeleton. People have long dreamed of making wings and flying like birds. And there were craftsmen who made excellent wing designs ... and flew? Answer uch-Xia, their assumptions.

So, having wings is still far from enough to fly.

The purpose of our lesson: further study of the internal structure of birds. Find out if there are any more structural and functional features that help to adapt birds to flight?

Fizminutka.

Work in a notebook: recording the topic of the lesson

Theme "features of the internal structure, traits of birds' fitness for flight":

Digestive system : consider the features of the structure and work of the digestive system (slides 7.8)

1. Guys, look at the pictures of birds. Why don't they have the same beaks? What is it connected with? (with food) student answers.

Peculiarity digestive system - food is digested very fast. For example, a snake digests within 1-2 days, small owls - a mouse - in 3 hours. Juicy berries pass, intestines in 8-10 minutes.

Note the structural features of the digestive system? Slide

Mouth sections no teeth

esophagus - goiter - an enlarged part of the esophagus where food accumulates,

glandular stomach

muscular - an organ in which swallowed pebbles) crush its contents, thereby compensating for the absence of teeth.

small intestine

Conclusion: To compensate for the energy consumption during the flight, the digestive system is adapted to the rapid process of digestion.

Circulatory system Significant changes have taken place in the circulatory system.

The circulatory system is closed, 2 circles of blood circulation - large and small (show). slide 10,11

How many chambers in the heart do reptiles have? Name the departments?

Birds have a heart chamber - 2 atria, 2 ventricles. The ventricle is completely divided in half by a septum. Thanks to such changes, the blood flows unmixed throughout the body. What does it give the bird? student's answer

What kind of blood moves in the systemic circulation?

Arterial blood moves through the body. What kind of blood is called arterial?

Blood enters the small circle -? Student's answer (Venous).

What kind of blood is called venous? student's answer

What are the functions of the circulatory system? Student's answer (Movement of nutrients and supply of oxygen to the body).

In what organ does the blood give off carbon dioxide, and is saturated with oxygen? Student's answer -Easy.

The blood circulation rate in birds is extremely high, associated with high frequency heart contractions. The bullfinch has 730 times per minute.

Conclusion from the study: due to the appearance of a septum in the ventricle, venous and arterial blood does not mix, and the organs are supplied with oxygenated blood. It happens very quickly.

Respiratory system . (Slide 12.13) Using the manual 1C of the laboratory "Why do we breathe"

Consider the structure and work respiratory systems s.

The organ where gas exchange takes place lungs. Air enters them through the nostrils larynx trachea bronchi - these are respiratory tubes - the teacher demonstrates a diagram of the structure of the respiratory system. The bronchi enter the lungs and they strongly branch. Many of them end in bubbles, wrapped in a dense network of capillaries.

The metabolism of birds is very fast. With body
. This requires a lot of oxygen. Therefore, there are features in the structure of the lungs. depart from the lungs air bags(Slide show ) which are many times larger than the lungs. When the wings flap, the air fills the lungs and air sacs. The lungs are designed in such a way that air passes through them through and through. When you inhale, only 25% of the outside air remains directly in the lungs, and 75% passes through them and enters the air sacs. When exhaling, the air from the air sacs again goes through the lungs, but outward, forming the so-called double breathing.

For a better understanding of the breathing process, a fragment of the microfilm of the 1C laboratory “Why do we breathe” is shown on the computer. After watching, answer questions. What is breath? Why does the body need oxygen? What is its meaning? (Students began to study chemistry and knowledge about oxygen can apply and justify what they saw. Generalization of the teacher.)

Conclusion: Thus, the lungs are constantly saturated with oxygen, both during inhalation and exhalation. This double breathing relieves birds of shortness of breath: the faster they fly, the more they breathe. Increase the energy of the bird in flight. Working muscles and organs require a lot of energy. Air sacs are located between organs, under the skin, and even inside hollow bones, reducing the density of the bird, making it lighter. Air bags also protect internal organs from overheating during the flight.

excretory system: (slide 14) bean-shaped buds that form liquid products decays flow down the ureters into the cloaca and, together with the feces, are brought out. Birds do not have a bladder. What is it connected with? (facilitates birds in flight)

Nervous system (slide15) birds are well developed compared to reptiles. Let's note which departments are developed better. (cerebellum, anterior hemispheres)

Why do you think? What is the cerebellum responsible for? - cerebellum responsible for the coordination of movements. Birds in flight have to maneuver a lot in search of food, dodge predators.

Large hemispheres much larger, especially the visual lobes of the brain.

Sense Organs - Vision in birds is very good, especially in birds of prey. Color vision.

Hearing is well developed. The sense of smell in birds is less developed.

The large brain of birds testifies to their high development: they have complex behavior (flights, care for offspring, etc.), they easily learn new things, remember. slide 16

Anchoring . (slide 19) Thus, we learned that the internal structure of birds is much more complicated than that of reptiles. Features of the external and internal structure of birds indicate the adaptability of birds to life in flight.

Lesson conclusion: Can a bird be called an aircraft? Yes. Birds are perfect aircraft.

Birds are perfectly adapted to flight, and today we tried to prove it.

View Slide 20. As we study animals further, we will learn about another group of flying animals.

Slide 21 Reflection on the lesson.

Grading a lesson.

Houses §42, table.

Complete the table you started in the previous lesson. Describe the characteristics of bird adaptations for flight.

In the lesson, you can use the DER - presentation, microfilm from the educational digital manual 1C: Laboratory "Why do we breathe"

Birds are highly organized warm-blooded animals adapted for flight. The general features of the organization of birds in connection with their fitness for flight are the following:

Streamlined body. The forelimbs are transformed into an organ of flight - wings, the hind limbs serve as a support for the body and for movement.

The skin is thin, dry, devoid of glands. The only coccygeal gland is located in the caudal region. The skin has horny formations in the form of feathers that create flying surfaces and protect the body from heat loss.

The bones of the skeleton are thin, strong, in the tubular bones there are air cavities that facilitate their mass. The skull is formed by fully fused, without seams, bones. All parts of the spine (except the cervical) are motionless. The sternum of flying birds has a protrusion in front - a keel, to which powerful flying muscles are attached. In the skeleton of the hind limbs, a long tarsus is developed, which increases the stride length of the bird.

The muscular system is highly differentiated. The largest muscles are the pectorals, which lower the wing. The subclavian, intercostal, cervical, subcutaneous and leg muscles are well developed. The movements of birds are fast and varied: walking, running, jumping, climbing, swimming. Types of flight - waving and soaring. Birds of many species are capable of long-distance flights.

The structural features of the digestive system are associated with the need to quickly break down large volumes of food and lighten the mass of the digestive tract. This is achieved due to the absence of teeth, the participation of the beak and tongue in obtaining food, softening it in the expanded part of the esophagus - goiter, mixing food with the digestive juices of the glandular section of the stomach and grinding it, as if on a millstone, in the muscular section of the stomach, and shortening the hindgut, ending cloaca. The structure of the beak and tongue in birds is diverse and reflects their food specialization.

Respiratory organs - lungs. In a flying bird, breathing is double: gas exchange in the lungs is carried out both during inhalation and during exhalation, when atmospheric air from the air sacs enters the lungs. Thanks to double breathing, the bird does not suffocate during the flight.

The heart is four-chambered, all organs and tissues are supplied with pure arterial blood. As a result of the intensive process of vital activity, a lot of heat is generated, which is retained by the feather cover. Therefore, all birds are warm-blooded animals with a constant body temperature.

There is no bladder due to the need to lighten the bird's body weight.

Like all vertebrates, the avian brain has five sections. The most developed hemispheres of the forebrain, covered with a smooth cortex, and the cerebellum, due to which birds have good coordination of movements and complex behaviors. Orientation of birds in space is carried out with the help of acute vision and hearing.

61. Superorder Ostrich-like birds. Features of the structure and life. Representatives.

Ostrich-like (lat. Struthioniformes) - a detachment of ratites. Modern ostriches inhabit Africa. Ostriches are characterized by a number of traits due to the lack of the ability to fly. Ostrich-like wings are underdeveloped, but legs are developed, on which there are only two fingers (the only case among modern birds), directed forward. Males are 2.7 m high and weigh from 50 to 90 kg. All ostriches run well, reaching speeds up to 70 km / h. Omnivorous, with an emphasis on plant foods.

The skeleton is not pneumatized, the keel is absent, the feathers have a simple structure: their beards do not interlock with each other and do not form feather plates.

In ostriches, males incubate eggs and raise brood chicks. These birds are nomadic, one male leads several females with him. The male arranges the nest; all females of the group lay their eggs in it - each with 7-9 eggs. As a result, the nest contains 15-20 eggs (North Africa) or even 50-60 eggs (East Africa) weighing 1.5-2 kg each. They incubate the clutch in turn: during the day - females, at night - male; incubation lasts 42 days. The type of reproduction is brood: ostriches hatch sighted, covered with down and capable of independent movement.

Ostrich-like animals live in deserts, steppes, savannahs. During non-breeding times, they sometimes unite in herds of several dozen birds. Sometimes ostriches are bred in a semi-domesticated state.

Representatives: African ostrich.

Sections: Biology

Class: 7

Lesson Objectives:

Educational: consolidation of general biological concepts: habitat, fitness: the formation of general educational skills (work with a textbook, notebook, reference book) and special biological skills (observe, explore natural objects: a stuffed bird, a skeleton, feathers. Identification of a trait of fitness for a lifestyle (flight) in the external structure of the studied group of animals ( birds)).
Educational: develop the logical thinking of students, stimulate cognitive activity, develop interest in the subject, form the ability to highlight the main thing in the studied material; to compare features and analyze them, the ability to work with natural objects, tables, reference material, basic abstracts.
Educational: to form independence, hard work, a creative attitude to learning, a responsible attitude towards the environment, love for nature. Attracting the attention of students to the problems of environmental protection ( environmental education); help to feel the beauty and harmony in nature, reveal its role as a source of inspiration (aesthetic education); in order to prevent fatigue of students in the lesson, change activities, monitor their posture (physical education). Education of the communicative culture of students.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment.

II. Target settings.

Motivation:

theme + presentation + poem

We are immensely rich.
In our thickets and groves
So many feathered ones -
You just wonder.
But ask someone else
What does he know about birds
Let him answer sensibly -
And, look, you will be surprised:
How, the fauna, they say,
How about our wealth?
In the fields, in the woods,
So to speak, the bird kingdom ...
Bird kingdom, and only?
Well, thrushes, well, titmouse...
Where do you remember the names
Just birds and birds.
(A. Yashin)

Problem.

How are birds different from other animals? Why does the bird fly?

II. Learning new material.

Table in the textbook and on the board in the form of a poster.

III. Group work.

Task number 1

1. Origin of birds

2. Determine the similarities and differences between reptiles and pizzas with Archeopteryx.

ARCHEOPTERYX

SIGNS

Archeopteryx. (relief table).

Spreadsheet.

Task number 2

Determine the adaptations for flight in the external structure.

Stuffed bird.

Task number 3

stuffed bird

torso.
in. limbs.
n. limbs.

Task number 4. Features of the structure of the musculoskeletal system in connection with the flight.

Structural features of the skeleton in connection with flight.

Group presentations by students. Filling out notebooks.

Questions session. Between groups.

IV. Laboratory work. №8 "Studying the structure of the pen"

Instructional cards for students are included as a handout.

Textbook page 208.

V. Consolidation.

Computer table. Pen structure.

Practical question.

1) Wave your pen like a bird in flight, squeezing your fingers lightly. Make sure the pen is trying to unroll between your fingers. Explain the meaning of the inequality of the fans on opposite sides of the pen shaft.

VI. Knowledge control.

Habitats and external structure of birds.

Part A

1. What sign brings birds closer to reptiles to a greater extent than the rest:

A) warm-bloodedness; b) feather cover;

B) method of reproduction; d) the number of limbs.

2. Steppe birds include:

A) bustard; b) black grouse; c) hazel grouse; d) capercaillie.

3. The part of the feather immersed in the skin is:

A) trunk b) fan; c) chin; d) rod.

4. Lack of teeth in birds:

A) provides easy capture of food;

B) lightens the weight when flying;

B) makes it harder to catch prey

D) is proof of evolution.

5. The tarsus is part of:

A) upper limb b) chest;

B) lower limb; d) part of the skeleton.

ANSWERS: c, a, c, b, c.

Part B.

Choose the correct statements.

All birds are warm-blooded animals.
All birds fly.
There are about 9,000 species of birds on Earth.
Falcons, hawks, eagles are birds of prey.
Flying birds don't have feathers.
Most birds have only one gland - the coccygeal.
The bird's beak is covered with bony shields.
Down feathers do not have fans.
The largest contour feathers are flight and tail feathers.
The skin of the bird is dry, without sweat glands.

ANSWERS: 1.3, 4, 6, 9.10.

2) Ecological task. /application/

VII. Reflection.

What discovery did you make in the lesson for yourself? (Student answers. Summarizing what was learned in the lesson)

VIII. Homework.

Paragraph 49, pp. 229-233

A. Fill in the columns of the crossword puzzle;

B. Start work on issuing a bird passport for the topic "Bird Species Diversity";

B. Pick up poems, riddles, proverbs, sayings, songs about birds (optional).

Time reserve:

For an unforeseen event, "spare options for tasks" were prepared:

Ecological tasks;
Test control of knowledge;
Crossword on the topic "Birds".

1) double breath birds are tricky. Let's try to understand the scheme:

The lungs of birds are spongy, they cannot expand and contract like ours. This work (expand during inhalation and contract during exhalation) in birds is performed air bags. When inhaling(blue arrows) the air sacs expand and air enters. Air that has passed through the lungs (saturated with carbon dioxide, "used") enters bags No. 2. No. 1 bags store clean air. When exhaling(red arrows) bags are compressed. The used air from bags No. 2 is exhaled immediately, and the clean air from bags No. 1 passes through the lungs before being released. Thus, both inhalation and exhalation fresh air passes through the lungs of a bird. That is why bird breathing is called "double". By the way, pay attention: the air through the lungs of birds moves all the time in the same direction, which facilitates the organization of countercurrent. Due to double breathing and countercurrent (it turns out “quadruple breathing”), birds receive much more oxygen than us.

2) To store oxygen flying muscles contain a lot of myoglobin.

3) Circulatory system does not lag behind the respiratory: it has a very high pressure and heart rate. (The average pressure in birds is 133 mm Hg, and in mammals - only 97 mm Hg. But the pulse of a half-kilogram mammal will be about 250 times per minute, and in a similar bird - only 180. But the mass of the bird's heart is an average of 0.8% of body weight, compared to only 0.6% in a mammal. .)

4) Due to the well-developed circulatory and respiratory systems, birds have a very fast metabolism and high body temperature (in mammals from 36 to 39 ° C, and in birds - from 40 to 42 ° C). At high temperature all life processes go faster, including faster muscle contraction. This allows the birds to do more work per unit of time. For non-physics buffs: work divided by time is called power. Birds over powerful so they can fly.

5) To get a lot of bird energy eat a lot more than mammals with the same body weight (against the background of birds, even a shrew, which has to eat 80 times a day, after eating - sleep for 10 minutes, then eat again - does not look like such a sufferer). To save at least a little, some birds (for example, hummingbirds) decrease their body temperature during sleep ( heterothermia).

2. Aerodynamics

6) Streamlined body shape. In particular, the large muscles that move the limbs are located on the body, and the tendons go to the limbs (that's why the birds are so thin-legged).

7) Chewing food takes place not in the head, but in the stomach (with the help of stones). Relief of the body is unlikely, but heavy chewing devices are at least located in the center of the body ( centering aircraft).

3. Body lightening

8) Feathers, forming the flying surface of the wings, dead (analogues of our hair). They do not need blood vessels to bring food and oxygen, so the feathers are very light.

9) light skeleton filled with air (in the bones there are air sacs from item 1). (In this regard, birds do not have red bone marrow and red blood cells have to reproduce themselves - for this they have a nucleus.)

10) Decreased number of bones especially in the wings and legs.

11) One ovary.

12) There are no salivary glands.

13) no bladder(this is more likely due to the excreted metabolic product - uric acid, which is not poisonous, so it does not need to be diluted).

4. Other features of the skeleton

14) Keel for attaching powerful flight muscles (lowering the wing).

15) The forelimbs have turned into wings(What, didn’t you expect?), so you have to walk on two legs. To reach the ground, large birds have a long, flexible neck.

16) Lumbar vertebrae to create a good base grown together among themselves, with the sacral and caudal vertebrae, as well as with the ilium.

5. Nervous system and sense organs

17) Enlarged cerebellum for better coordination.

18) At a height, sense of smell and hearing are useless, therefore they are developed so-so in birds. But they have the best on earth vision.