Presentation "nuclear energy in Russia and the world." World forecasts for the development of nuclear energy Nuclear energy presentation

Slide 19

4. Work done in the preparatory phase

The implementation of the preparatory work plan is ensured by the Council of Ministers and the National Academy of Sciences Organizes and coordinates the construction of nuclear power plants Ministry of Energy General designer - Republican Unitary Enterprise "BelNIPIEnergo" Scientific support of the work - state scientific institution "Joint Institute for Energy and Nuclear Research - Sosny" of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus Preparations for construction are being carried out in cooperation with the United Nations International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

Slide 20

Selecting a site for a nuclear power plant

An extensive range of research, design and survey work is being carried out. The work has been carried out in all regions of the republic (more than 50 sites). An independent expert opinion will be prepared for each of the potential sites. The full cycle of research is expected to be completed by the end of 2008 and to provide materials to the IAEA (at least 2 sites) A ​​legislative framework is being developed to regulate the operation of the future nuclear power plant. Materials are being prepared for an international tender for the construction of a nuclear power plant.

Slide 21

5. Economic and social effects of nuclear energy development

Reducing the state's need for imported energy resources by a third Reducing the level of use of natural gas Will allow us to get away from one-sided dependence on Russian gas supplies (uranium is mined in Canada, South Africa, the USA, Namibia, Australia, France, etc.) Development of modern high-tech technologies, advanced training of personnel Economic and social development of the region where the nuclear power plant is located. The experience gained during construction will in the future make it possible to participate in the construction of nuclear power facilities in Belarus and abroad

View all slides

Slide 2

TARGET:

Assess the positive and negative aspects of the use of nuclear energy in modern society. Generate ideas related to the threat to peace and humanity when using nuclear energy.

Slide 3

Application of nuclear energy

Energy is the foundation. All the benefits of civilization, all material spheres of human activity - from washing clothes to exploring the Moon and Mars - require energy consumption. And the further, the more. Today, atomic energy is widely used in many sectors of the economy. Powerful submarines and surface ships with nuclear power plants are being built. The peaceful atom is used to search for minerals. Radioactive isotopes have found widespread use in biology, agriculture, medicine, and space exploration.

Slide 4

Energy: “FOR”

a) Nuclear energy is by far the best form of energy production. Economical, high power, environmentally friendly when used correctly. b) Nuclear power plants, compared to traditional thermal power plants, have an advantage in fuel costs, which is especially evident in those regions where there are difficulties in providing fuel and energy resources, as well as a steady upward trend in the cost of fossil fuel production. c) Nuclear power plants are also not prone to polluting the natural environment with ash, flue gases with CO2, NOx, SOx, and waste water containing petroleum products.

Slide 5

Nuclear power plant, thermal power plant, hydroelectric power station - modern civilization

Modern civilization is unthinkable without electrical energy. The production and use of electricity is increasing every year, but the specter of a future energy famine is already looming before humanity due to the depletion of fossil fuel deposits and increasing environmental losses when obtaining electricity. The energy released in nuclear reactions is millions of times higher than that produced by conventional chemical reactions (for example, combustion reactions), so that the calorific value of nuclear fuel is immeasurably greater than that of conventional fuel. Using nuclear fuel to generate electricity is an extremely tempting idea. The advantages of nuclear power plants (NPP) over thermal power plants (CHP) and hydroelectric power plants (HPP) are obvious: there is no waste, no gas emissions, there is no need to carry out huge volumes of construction, build dams and bury fertile land on bottom of reservoirs. Perhaps the only more environmentally friendly than nuclear power plants are power plants that use solar or wind energy. But both wind turbines and solar power stations are still low-power and cannot meet people’s needs for cheap electricity - and this need is growing faster and faster. And yet, the feasibility of constructing and operating nuclear power plants is often questioned due to the harmful effects of radioactive substances on the environment and humans.

Slide 6

Prospects for nuclear energy

After a good start, our country has fallen behind the leading countries of the world in the field of nuclear energy development in all respects. Of course, nuclear energy can be abandoned altogether. This will completely eliminate the risk of human exposure and the threat of nuclear accidents. But then, to meet energy needs, it will be necessary to increase the construction of thermal power plants and hydroelectric power plants. And this will inevitably lead to large pollution of the atmosphere with harmful substances, to the accumulation of excess amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, changes in the Earth’s climate and disruption of the heat balance on a planetary scale. Meanwhile, the specter of energy starvation is beginning to really threaten humanity. Radiation is a formidable and dangerous force, but with the right attitude, it is quite possible to work with it. It is typical that those who are least afraid of radiation are those who constantly deal with it and are well aware of all the dangers associated with it. In this sense, it is interesting to compare statistics and intuitive assessments of the degree of danger of various factors in everyday life. Thus, it has been established that the largest number of human lives are claimed by smoking, alcohol and cars. Meanwhile, according to people from population groups of different ages and education, the greatest danger to life is posed by nuclear energy and firearms (the damage caused to humanity by smoking and alcohol is clearly underestimated). Specialists who can most qualifiedly assess the advantages and possibilities of using nuclear Energy experts believe that humanity can no longer do without atomic energy. Nuclear energy is one of the most promising ways to satisfy humanity's energy hunger in the face of energy problems associated with the use of fossil fuels.

Slide 7

Advantages of nuclear energy

There are so many benefits of nuclear power plants. They are completely independent of uranium mining sites. Nuclear fuel is compact and has a fairly long service life. Nuclear power plants are consumer-oriented and are becoming in demand in places where there is an acute shortage of fossil fuels and the demand for electricity is very high. Another advantage is the low cost of the energy produced and relatively low construction costs. Compared to thermal power plants, nuclear power plants do not emit such a large amount of harmful substances into the atmosphere, and their operation does not lead to an increase in the greenhouse effect. At the moment, scientists are faced with the task of increasing the efficiency of uranium use. It is solved using fast breeder reactors (FBRs). Together with thermal neutron reactors, they increase energy production per ton of natural uranium by 20-30 times. With the full use of natural uranium, its extraction from very poor ores and even its extraction from sea water becomes profitable. The use of nuclear power plants with RBN leads to some technical difficulties, which are currently being solved. Russia can use highly enriched uranium released as a result of the reduction in the number of nuclear warheads as fuel.

Slide 8

Medicine

Diagnostic and therapeutic methods have shown to be highly effective. When cancer cells are irradiated with γ-rays, they stop dividing. And if the cancer is at an early stage, then the treatment is successful. Small amounts of radioactive isotopes are used for diagnostic purposes. For example, radioactive barium is used for fluoroscopy of the stomach. Isotopes are successfully used in the study of iodine metabolism in the thyroid gland

Slide 9

The best

Kashiwazaki-Kariwa is the largest nuclear power plant in the world in terms of installed capacity (as of 2008) and is located in the Japanese city of Kashiwazaki, Niigata Prefecture. There are five boiling water reactors (BWRs) and two advanced boiling water reactors (ABWRs) in operation, with a combined capacity of 8,212 GigaWatts.

Slide 10

Zaporozhye NPP

Slide 11

Alternative replacement for nuclear power plants

Energy of sun. The total amount of solar energy reaching the Earth's surface is 6.7 times greater than the global potential of fossil fuel resources. Using just 0.5% of this reserve could completely cover the world's energy needs for millennia. To the North The technical potential of solar energy in Russia (2.3 billion tons of conventional fuel per year) is approximately 2 times higher than today's fuel consumption.

Slide 12

The warmth of the earth. Geothermal energy - literally translated means: earth's thermal energy. The volume of the Earth is approximately 1085 billion cubic km and all of it, with the exception of a thin layer of the earth's crust, has a very high temperature. If we also take into account the heat capacity of the Earth's rocks, it becomes clear that geothermal heat is undoubtedly the largest source of energy that man currently has at his disposal. Moreover, this is energy in its pure form, since it already exists as heat, and therefore it does not require burning fuel or creating reactors to obtain it.

Slide 13

Advantages of water-graphite reactors

The advantages of a channel graphite reactor are the possibility of using graphite simultaneously as a moderator and a structural material for the core, which allows the use of process channels in replaceable and non-replaceable versions, the use of fuel rods in a rod or tubular design with one-sided or all-round cooling by their coolant. The design diagram of the reactor and core makes it possible to organize fuel refueling in an operating reactor, to apply the zonal or sectional principle of constructing the core, allowing profiling of energy release and heat removal, the widespread use of standard designs, and the implementation of nuclear superheating of steam, i.e., superheating of steam directly in the core.

Slide 14

Nuclear Power and the Environment

Today, nuclear energy and its impact on the environment are the most pressing issues at international congresses and meetings. This question became especially acute after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant (ChNPP). At such congresses, issues related to installation work at nuclear power plants are resolved. As well as issues affecting the condition of working equipment at these stations. As you know, the operation of nuclear power plants is based on the splitting of uranium into atoms. Therefore, the extraction of this fuel for stations is also an important issue today. Many issues related to nuclear power plants are related to the environment in one way or another. Although the operation of nuclear power plants brings a large amount of useful energy, unfortunately, all the “pros” in nature are compensated by their “cons”. Nuclear energy is no exception: in the operation of nuclear power plants they face problems of disposal, storage, processing and transportation of waste.

Slide 15

How dangerous is nuclear power?

Nuclear energy is an actively developing industry. It is obvious that it is destined for a great future, since reserves of oil, gas, and coal are gradually drying up, and uranium is a fairly common element on Earth. But it should be remembered that nuclear energy is associated with increased danger for people, which, in particular, manifests itself in the extremely adverse consequences of accidents with the destruction of nuclear reactors.

Slide 16

Energy: “against”

“against” nuclear power plants: a) The terrible consequences of accidents at nuclear power plants. b) Local mechanical impact on the relief - during construction. c) Damage to individuals in technological systems - during operation. d) Runoff of surface and groundwater containing chemical and radioactive components. e) Changes in the nature of land use and metabolic processes in the immediate vicinity of the nuclear power plant. f) Changes in microclimatic characteristics of adjacent areas.

Slide 17

Not just radiation

The operation of nuclear power plants is accompanied not only by the danger of radiation contamination, but also by other types of environmental impacts. The main effect is thermal effect. It is one and a half to two times higher than from thermal power plants. During the operation of a nuclear power plant, there is a need to cool the waste water vapor. The simplest way is cooling with water from a river, lake, sea or specially constructed pools. Water heated by 5-15 °C returns to the same source. But this method carries with it the danger of deteriorating the environmental situation in the aquatic environment at the locations of nuclear power plants. A water supply system using cooling towers, in which water is cooled due to its partial evaporation and cooling, is more widely used. Small losses are replenished by constant replenishment of fresh water. With such a cooling system, a huge amount of water vapor and droplet moisture is released into the atmosphere. This can lead to an increase in the amount of precipitation, the frequency of fog formation, and cloudiness. In recent years, an air-cooling system for water vapor has begun to be used. In this case, there is no loss of water, and it is most environmentally friendly. However, such a system does not work at high average ambient temperatures. In addition, the cost of electricity increases significantly.

Slide 18

Invisible Enemy

Three radioactive elements - uranium, thorium and actinium - are primarily responsible for the earth's natural radiation. These chemical elements are unstable; When they decay, they release energy or become sources of ionizing radiation. As a rule, the decay produces an invisible, tasteless and odorless heavy gas, radon. It exists as two isotopes: radon-222, a member of the radioactive series formed by the decay products of uranium-238, and radon-220 (also called thoron), a member of the radioactive series thorium-232. Radon is constantly formed in the depths of the Earth, accumulates in rocks, and then gradually moves through cracks to the surface of the Earth. A person very often receives radiation from radon while at home or at work and without knowing the danger - in a closed, unventilated room , where its concentration of this gas, a source of radiation, is increased. Radon penetrates into a house from the ground - through cracks in the foundation and through the floor - and accumulates mainly on the lower floors of residential and industrial buildings. But there are also cases where residential buildings and industrial buildings are built directly on old dumps of mining enterprises, where radioactive elements are present in significant quantities. If materials such as granite, pumice, alumina, phosphogypsum, red brick, calcium silicate slag are used in construction production, the wall material becomes a source of radon radiation. Natural gas used in gas stoves (especially liquefied propane in cylinders) is also a potential source radon And if water for domestic needs is pumped out from deep-lying water layers saturated with radon, then there is a high concentration of radon in the air even when washing clothes! By the way, it was found that the average concentration of radon in the bathroom is usually 40 times higher than in living rooms and several times higher than in the kitchen.

Slide 19

Radioactive "garbage"

Even if a nuclear power plant operates perfectly and without the slightest failure, its operation inevitably leads to the accumulation of radioactive substances. Therefore, people have to solve a very serious problem, the name of which is safe waste storage. Waste from any industry with the huge scale of energy production, various products and materials creates a huge problem. Environmental and atmospheric pollution in many areas of our planet is causing concern and concern. We are talking about the possibility of preserving flora and fauna not in their original form, but at least within the limits of minimum environmental standards. Radioactive waste is generated at almost all stages of the nuclear cycle. They accumulate in the form of liquid, solid and gaseous substances with varying levels of activity and concentration. Most waste is low-level: water used to clean reactor gases and surfaces, gloves and shoes, contaminated tools and burnt-out light bulbs from radioactive rooms, spent equipment, dust, gas filters and much more.

Slide 20

Fighting radioactive waste

Gases and contaminated water are passed through special filters until they reach the purity of atmospheric air and drinking water. Filters that have become radioactive are recycled along with solid waste. They are mixed with cement and turned into blocks or poured into steel containers together with hot bitumen. High-level waste is the most difficult to prepare for long-term storage. It is best to turn such “garbage” into glass and ceramics. To do this, the waste is calcined and fused with substances that form a glass-ceramic mass. It is calculated that it will take at least 100 years to dissolve 1 mm of the surface layer of such a mass in water. Unlike many chemical wastes, the danger of radioactive waste decreases over time. Most radioactive isotopes have a half-life of about 30 years, so within 300 years they will almost completely disappear. So, for the final disposal of radioactive waste, it is necessary to build such long-term storage facilities that would reliably isolate the waste from its penetration into the environment until the complete decay of radionuclides. Such storage facilities are called burial grounds.

Slide 21

Explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant on April 26, 1986.

On April 25, the 4th power unit was shut down for scheduled maintenance, during which several equipment tests were planned. In accordance with the program, the reactor power was reduced, and then problems began related to the phenomenon of “xenon poisoning” (the accumulation of the xenon isotope in a reactor operating at reduced power, further inhibiting the operation of the reactor). To compensate for the poisoning, the absorbing rods were raised and power began to increase. What happened next is not exactly clear. The report of the International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group noted: “It is not known with certainty what started the power surge that led to the destruction of the reactor at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.” They tried to suppress this sudden jump by lowering the absorbing rods, but due to their poor design, it was not possible to slow down the reaction, and an explosion occurred.

Slide 22

Chernobyl

Analysis of the Chernobyl accident convincingly confirms that radioactive pollution of the environment is the most important environmental consequence of radiation accidents with releases of radionuclides, the main factor influencing the health and living conditions of people in areas exposed to radioactive contamination.

Slide 23

Japanese Chernobyl

Recently there was an explosion at the Fukushima 1 nuclear power plant (Japan) due to a strong earthquake. The accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant was the first disaster at a nuclear facility caused by the impact, albeit indirect, of natural disasters. Until now, the largest accidents have been of an “internal” nature: they were caused by a combination of unsuccessful design elements and human factors.

Slide 24

Explosion in Japan

At the Fukushima-1 station, located in the prefecture of the same name, on March 14, hydrogen that had accumulated under the roof of the third reactor exploded. According to Tokyo Electric Power Co (TEPCO), the operator of the nuclear power plant. Japan informed the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) that as a result of the explosion at the Fukushima-1 nuclear power plant, background radiation in the area of ​​the accident exceeded the permissible limit.

Slide 25

Consequences of radiation:

Mutations Cancer diseases (thyroid gland, leukemia, breast, lung, stomach, intestines) Hereditary disorders Sterility of the ovaries in women. Dementia

Slide 26

Tissue sensitivity coefficient at equivalent radiation dose

Slide 27

Radiation results

Slide 28

Conclusion

Factors “Pro” of nuclear power plants: 1. Nuclear energy is by far the best type of energy production. Economical, high power, environmentally friendly when used correctly. 2. Nuclear power plants, compared to traditional thermal power plants, have an advantage in fuel costs, which is especially evident in those regions where there are difficulties in providing fuel and energy resources, as well as a steady upward trend in the cost of fossil fuel production. 3. Nuclear power plants are also not prone to polluting the natural environment with ash, flue gases with CO2, NOx, SOx, and waste water containing petroleum products. Factors “against” nuclear power plants: 1. Terrible consequences of accidents at nuclear power plants. 2. Local mechanical impact on the terrain - during construction. 3. Damage to individuals in technological systems - during operation. 4. Runoff of surface and groundwater containing chemical and radioactive components. 5. Changes in the nature of land use and metabolic processes in the immediate vicinity of the nuclear power plant. 6. Changes in microclimatic characteristics of adjacent areas.

View all slides

Slide 1

Osadchaya E.V.
1
Presentation for the lesson "Nuclear Energy" for 9th grade students

Slide 2

2
Why was there a need to use nuclear fuel?
Increasing growth in energy consumption in the world. Natural reserves of organic fuel are limited. The global chemical industry is increasing the volume of consumption of coal and oil for technological purposes, therefore, despite the discovery of new deposits of organic fuel and the improvement of methods of its extraction, there is a tendency in the world to increase its cost.

Slide 3

3
Why is it necessary to develop nuclear energy?
The world's energy resources of nuclear fuel exceed the energy resources of natural reserves of organic fuel. This opens up broad prospects for meeting rapidly growing fuel demands. The problem of “energy hunger” cannot be solved by the use of renewable energy sources. There is an obvious need to develop nuclear energy, which occupies a prominent place in the energy balance of a number of industrial countries around the world.

Slide 4

4
Nuclear power

Slide 5

5
NUCLEAR POWER
PRINCIPLE

Slide 6

6
Ernst Rutherford
In 1937, Lord Ernest Rutherford argued that it would never be possible to produce nuclear energy in more or less significant quantities sufficient for practical use.

Slide 7

7
Enrico Fermi
In 1942, under the leadership of Enrico Fermi, the first nuclear reactor was built in the USA.

Slide 8

8
On July 16, 1945, at 5:30 a.m. local time, the first atomic bomb was tested in the Alamogordo Desert (New Mexico, USA).
But...

Slide 9

9
In 1946, the first European reactor was created in the USSR under the leadership of I.V. Kurchatov. Under his leadership, a project for the world's first nuclear power plant was developed.
Kurchatov Igor Vasilievich

Slide 10

10
In January 1954, a new type of submarine, a nuclear submarine, named after its famous predecessor, Nautilus, rolled off the docks of the US Navy in Groton (Connecticut).
The first Soviet nuclear submarine K-3 "Leninsky Komsomol" 1958
First submarine

Slide 11

11
On June 27, 1954, the world's first nuclear power plant with a capacity of 5 MW was launched in Obninsk.
First nuclear power plant

Slide 12

12
Following the first nuclear power plant, the following nuclear power plants were built in the 50s: Calder Hall-1 (1956, UK); Shippingport (1957, USA); Sibirskaya (1958, USSR); G-2, Marcoul (1959, France). After gaining experience in operating the first-born nuclear power plants in the USSR, the USA, and Western European countries, programs for the construction of prototypes of future serial power units were developed.

Slide 13

On September 17, 1959, the world's first nuclear-powered icebreaker, Lenin, built at the Leningrad Admiralty Plant and assigned to the Murmansk Shipping Company, set out on its maiden voyage.
The first nuclear icebreaker

Slide 14

Slide 16

16
NUCLEAR ENERGY
Saving organic fuel. Small masses of fuel. Getting a lot of power from one reactor. Low energy cost. No need for atmospheric air.
Environmentally friendly (if used correctly).

Slide 17

17
NUCLEAR ENERGY
Highly qualified and responsible personnel. Open to terrorism and blackmail with catastrophic consequences.
flaws
Reactor safety. Safety of the territories surrounding nuclear power plants. Features of repair. The difficulty of dismantling a nuclear power facility. The need for disposal of radioactive waste.

Slide 18

18
NUCLEAR ENERGY

Slide 19

19
Facts: The structure of the world's fuel and energy balance (FEB) and electric power industry is dominated, respectively, by oil (40%) and coal (38%). In the global fuel and energy balance, gas (22%) ranks third after coal (25%), and in the structure of the electric power industry, gas (16%) is in penultimate place, ahead only of oil (9%) and inferior to all other types of energy carriers, including nuclear energy ( 17%).

Slide 20

20
A unique situation has developed in Russia: gas dominates both in the fuel and energy sector (49%) and in the electric power industry (38%). Russian nuclear energy occupies a relatively modest place (15%) in electricity production compared to the world average (17%).

Slide 21

21
The use of peaceful nuclear energy remains one of the priority areas for the development of Russian energy. Despite its relatively modest place in the overall electricity production in the country, the nuclear industry has a huge number of practical applications (creation of weapons with nuclear components, export of technology, space exploration). The number of disruptions in the operation of our nuclear power plants is constantly decreasing: in terms of the number of power unit shutdowns, Russia is today second only to Japan and Germany.

Slide 22

22
In the context of a global energy crisis, when the price of oil has already exceeded $100 per barrel, the development of such promising and high-tech areas as the nuclear industry will allow Russia to maintain and strengthen its influence in the world.
07.02.2008

Lesson in 9th gradePhysics teacher "MKOU Muzhichanskaya Secondary School"
Volosentsev Nikolay Vasilievich

Repetition of knowledge about the energy contained in the nuclei of atoms; Repetition of knowledge about the energy contained in the nuclei of atoms;
The most important energy problem;
Stages of the domestic nuclear project;
Key issues for future viability;
Advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power plants;
Nuclear Security Summit.

What two types of forces act in the nucleus of an atom? -What two types of forces act in the nucleus of an atom?
-What happens to a uranium nucleus that has absorbed an extra electron?
-How does the ambient temperature change when a large number of uranium nuclei fission?
-Tell us about the mechanism of the chain reaction.
-What is the critical mass of uranium?
- What factors determine the possibility of a chain reaction?
-What is a nuclear reactor?
-What is in the reactor core?
-What are control rods needed for? How are they used?
-What second function (besides moderating neutrons) does water perform in the primary circuit of the reactor?
-What processes occur in the second circuit?
-What energy transformations occur when generating electric current at nuclear power plants?

Since ancient times, firewood, peat, charcoal, water, and wind have been used as the main sources of energy. Since ancient times, such types of fuel as coal, oil, and shale have been known. Almost all extracted fuel is burned. A lot of fuel is consumed at thermal power plants, in various heat engines, for technological needs (for example, during metal smelting, for heating workpieces in forges and rolling shops) and for heating residential premises and industrial enterprises. When fuel is burned, combustion products are formed, which are usually released into the atmosphere through chimneys. Every year hundreds of millions of tons of various harmful substances enter the air. Nature conservation has become one of the most important tasks of humanity. Natural fuels are replenished extremely slowly. The existing reserves were formed tens and hundreds of millions of years ago. At the same time, fuel production is continuously increasing. That is why the most important energy problem is the problem of finding new reserves of energy resources, in particular nuclear energy. Since ancient times, firewood, peat, charcoal, water, and wind have been used as the main energy sources. Since ancient times, such types of fuel as coal, oil, and shale have been known. Almost all extracted fuel is burned. A lot of fuel is consumed at thermal power plants, in various heat engines, for technological needs (for example, during metal smelting, for heating workpieces in forges and rolling shops) and for heating residential premises and industrial enterprises. When fuel is burned, combustion products are formed, which are usually released into the atmosphere through chimneys. Every year hundreds of millions of tons of various harmful substances enter the air. Nature conservation has become one of the most important tasks of humanity. Natural fuels are replenished extremely slowly. The existing reserves were formed tens and hundreds of millions of years ago. At the same time, fuel production is continuously increasing. That is why the most important energy problem is the problem of finding new reserves of energy resources, in particular nuclear energy.

The date of the large-scale start of the USSR atomic project is considered to be August 20, 1945. The date of the large-scale start of the USSR atomic project is considered to be August 20, 1945.
However, work on the development of atomic energy in the USSR began much earlier. In the 1920-1930s, scientific centers and schools were created: the Institute of Physics and Technology in Leningrad under the leadership of Ioffe, the Kharkov Physics and Technology Institute, where the Leipunsky Radium Institute headed by Khlopin works, the Physics Institute named after. P.N. Lebedev, Institute of Chemical Physics and others. At the same time, the emphasis in the development of science is on fundamental research.
In 1938, the USSR Academy of Sciences established the Commission on the Atomic Nucleus, and in 1940, the Commission on Uranium Problems.
I WOULD. Zeldovich and Yu.B. Khariton in 1939-40 carried out a series of fundamental calculations on the branched chain reaction of uranium fission in a reactor as a controlled controlled system.
But the war interrupted this work. Thousands of scientists were drafted into the army, many famous scientists who had reservations went to the front as volunteers. Institutes and research centers were closed, evacuated, their work was interrupted and virtually paralyzed.

On September 28, 1942, Stalin approved State Defense Order No. 2352ss “On the organization of work on uranium.” Intelligence activities played a significant role, which allowed our scientists to keep abreast of scientific and technological advances in the field of nuclear weapons development almost from day one. However, those developments that formed the basis of our atomic weapons were later entirely created by our scientists. Based on the order of the State Defense Committee dated February 11, 1943, the leadership of the USSR Academy of Sciences decided to create a special laboratory of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow to carry out work on uranium. The leader of all work on the atomic topic was Kurchatov, who gathered his St. Petersburg physics and technology students for the work: Zeldovich, Khariton, Kikoin and Flerov. Under the leadership of Kurchatov, secret Laboratory No. 2 (the future Kurchatov Institute) was organized in Moscow. On September 28, 1942, Stalin approved GKO decree No. 2352ss “On the organization of work on uranium.” Intelligence activities played a significant role, which allowed our scientists to keep abreast of scientific and technological advances in the field of nuclear weapons development almost from day one. However, those developments that formed the basis of our atomic weapons were later entirely created by our scientists. Based on the order of the State Defense Committee dated February 11, 1943, the leadership of the USSR Academy of Sciences decided to create a special laboratory of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow to carry out work on uranium. The leader of all work on the atomic topic was Kurchatov, who gathered his St. Petersburg physics and technology students for the work: Zeldovich, Khariton, Kikoin and Flerov. Under the leadership of Kurchatov, secret Laboratory No. 2 (the future Kurchatov Institute) was organized in Moscow.

Igor Vasilievich Kurchatov

In 1946, the first uranium-graphite nuclear reactor F-1 was built in Laboratory No. 2, the physical launch of which took place at 18:00 on December 25, 1946. At this time, a controlled nuclear reaction was carried out with a mass of uranium of 45 tons, graphite - 400 t and the presence in the reactor core of one cadmium rod inserted at 2.6 m. In 1946, the first uranium-graphite nuclear reactor F-1 was built in Laboratory No. 2, the physical launch of which took place at 18:00 on December 25, 1946 At this time, a controlled nuclear reaction was carried out with a mass of 45 tons of uranium, 400 tons of graphite and the presence of one cadmium rod in the reactor core, inserted at 2.6 m.
In June 1948, the first industrial nuclear reactor was launched, and on June 19, a long period of preparing the reactor for operation at its design capacity, which was 100 MW, ended. This date is associated with the beginning of production activities of plant No. 817 in Chelyabinsk-40 (now Ozersk, Chelyabinsk region).
Work on the creation of an atomic bomb lasted for 2 years and 8 months. On August 11, 1949, control assembly of a nuclear charge from plutonium was carried out at KB-11. The charge was named RDS-1. The successful test of the RDS-1 charge took place at 7 a.m. on August 29, 1949 at the Semipalatinsk test site

The intensification of work on the military and peaceful use of nuclear energy occurred in the period 1950–1964. The work of this stage is related to the improvement of nuclear and thermonuclear weapons, equipping the armed forces with these types of weapons, the establishment and development of nuclear power and the beginning of research in the field of peaceful use of the energies of fusion reactions of light elements. Received in the period 1949 – 1951. The scientific foundation served as the basis for further improvement of nuclear weapons intended for tactical aviation and the first domestic ballistic missiles. During this period, work intensified to create the first hydrogen (thermonuclear bomb). One of the variants of the RDS-6 thermonuclear bomb was developed by A.D. Sakharov (1921-1989) and successfully tested on August 12, 1953. The intensification of work on the military and peaceful use of nuclear energy occurred in the period 1950 - 1964. The work of this stage is related to the improvement of nuclear and thermonuclear weapons, equipping the armed forces with these types of weapons, the establishment and development of nuclear power and the beginning of research in the field of peaceful use of the energies of fusion reactions of light elements. Received in the period 1949 – 1951. The scientific foundation served as the basis for further improvement of nuclear weapons intended for tactical aviation and the first domestic ballistic missiles. During this period, work intensified to create the first hydrogen (thermonuclear bomb). One of the variants of the RDS-6 thermonuclear bomb was developed by A.D. Sakharov (1921-1989) and successfully tested on August 12, 1953

In 1956, a charge for an artillery shell was tested.. In 1956, a charge for an artillery shell was tested.
In 1957, the first nuclear submarine and the first nuclear icebreaker were launched.
In 1960, the first intercontinental ballistic missile was put into service.
In 1961, the world's most powerful aerial bomb with a TNT equivalent of 50 Mt was tested.

Slide No. 10

On May 16, 1949, a government decree determined the start of work on the creation of the first nuclear power plant. I.V. Kurchatov was appointed scientific supervisor of the work on the creation of the first nuclear power plant, and N.A. Dollezhal was appointed chief designer of the reactor. On June 27, 1954, the world's first nuclear power plant with a capacity of 5 MW was launched in Obninsk, Russia. In 1955, a new, more powerful industrial reactor I-1 was launched at the Siberian Chemical Plant with an initial capacity of 300 MW, which was increased 5 times over time. On May 16, 1949, a government decree determined the start of work on the creation of the first nuclear power plant. I.V. Kurchatov was appointed scientific supervisor of the work on the creation of the first nuclear power plant, and N.A. Dollezhal was appointed chief designer of the reactor. On June 27, 1954, the world's first nuclear power plant with a capacity of 5 MW was launched in Obninsk, Russia. In 1955, a new, more powerful industrial reactor I-1 was launched at the Siberian Chemical Combine with an initial capacity of 300 MW, which was increased 5 times over time.
In 1958, a double-circuit uranium-graphite reactor with a closed cooling cycle EI-2 was launched, which was developed at the Research and Design Institute of Power Engineering named after. N.A. Dollezhal (NIKIET).

The world's first nuclear power plant

Slide No. 11

In 1964, the Beloyarsk and Novovoronezh nuclear power plants produced industrial current. The industrial development of water-graphite reactors in the electric power industry followed the design line of RBMK - high-power channel reactors. The RBMK-1000 nuclear power reactor is a heterogeneous channel reactor using thermal neutrons, which uses uranium dioxide slightly enriched in U-235 (2%) as fuel, graphite as a moderator, and boiling light water as a coolant. The development of the RBMK-1000 was headed by N.A. Dollezhal. These reactors were one of the foundations of nuclear energy. The second version of the reactors was the water-cooled power reactor VVER, the work on the project of which dates back to 1954. The idea for the design of this reactor was proposed at the Kurchatov Institute RRC. VVER is a thermal neutron power reactor. The first power unit with the VVER-210 reactor was put into operation at the end of 1964 at the Novovoronezh NPP. In 1964, the Beloyarsk and Novovoronezh NPPs produced industrial current. The industrial development of water-graphite reactors in the electric power industry followed the design line of RBMK - high-power channel reactors. The RBMK-1000 nuclear power reactor is a heterogeneous channel reactor using thermal neutrons, which uses uranium dioxide slightly enriched in U-235 (2%) as fuel, graphite as a moderator, and boiling light water as a coolant. The development of the RBMK-1000 was headed by N.A. Dollezhal. These reactors were one of the foundations of nuclear energy. The second version of the reactors was the water-cooled power reactor VVER, the work on the project of which dates back to 1954. The idea for the design of this reactor was proposed at the Kurchatov Institute RRC. VVER is a thermal neutron power reactor. The first power unit with the VVER-210 reactor was commissioned at the end of 1964 at the Novovronezh NPP.

Beloyarsk NPP

Slide No. 12

Novovoronezh nuclear power plant - the first nuclear power plant in Russia with VVER reactors - is located in the Voronezh region, 40 km to the south
Voronezh, on the shore
Don River.
From 1964 to 1980, five power units with VVER reactors were built at the station, each of which was the main one, i.e. prototype of serial power reactors.

Slide No. 13

The station was built in four stages: the first stage - power unit No. 1 (VVER-210 - in 1964), the second stage - power unit No. 2 (VVER-365 - in 1969), the third stage - power units No. 3 and 4 (VVER- 440, in 1971 and 1972), the fourth stage - power unit No. 5 (VVER-1000, 1980).
In 1984, after 20 years of operation, power unit No. 1 was decommissioned, and in 1990, power unit No. 2. Three power units remain in operation - with a total electrical capacity of 1834 MW. VVER-1000

Slide No. 14

Novovoronezh NPP fully meets the needs of the Voronezh region for electrical energy, and up to 90% - the heat needs of the city of Novovoronezh.
For the first time in Europe, a unique set of works was carried out at power units No. 3 and 4 to extend their service life by 15 years and the corresponding licenses from Rostechnadzor were obtained. Work has been carried out to modernize and extend the service life of power unit No. 5.
Since the commissioning of the first power unit (September 1964), the Novovoronezh NPP has generated more than 439 billion kWh of electricity.

Slide No. 15

As of 1985, there were 15 nuclear power plants in the USSR: Beloyarsk, Novovoronezh, Kola, Bilibinsk, Leningrad, Kursk, Smolensk, Kalinin, Balakovsk (RSFSR), Armenian, Chernobyl, Rivne, South Ukrainian, Zaporozhye, Ignalinsk (other republics) THE USSR). There were 40 power units of the RBMK, VVER, EGP types and one power unit with a fast neutron reactor BN-600 with a total capacity of approximately 27 million kW in operation. In 1985, the country's nuclear power plants produced more than 170 billion kWh, which accounted for 11% of all electricity generation. As of 1985, there were 15 nuclear power plants in the USSR: Beloyarsk, Novovoronezh, Kola, Bilibinsk, Leningrad, Kursk, Smolensk, Kalinin, Balakovo (RSFSR), Armenian, Chernobyl, Rivne, South Ukrainian, Zaporozhye, Ignalinsk (other republics of the USSR). There were 40 power units of the RBMK, VVER, EGP types and one power unit with a fast neutron reactor BN-600 with a total capacity of approximately 27 million kW in operation. In 1985, the country's nuclear power plants produced more than 170 billion kWh, which accounted for 11% of all electricity generation.

Slide No. 16

This accident radically changed the course of development of nuclear energy and led to a decrease in the rate of commissioning of new capacities in most developed countries, including Russia. This accident radically changed the course of development of nuclear energy and led to a decrease in the rate of commissioning of new capacities in most developed countries , including in Russia.
On April 25, at 01:23:49, two powerful explosions occurred with complete destruction of the reactor plant. The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant became the largest technical nuclear accident in history.
More than 200,000 square meters were polluted. km, approximately 70% - on the territory of Belarus, Russia and Ukraine, the rest on the territory of the Baltic states, Poland and the Scandinavian countries. As a result of the accident, about 5 million hectares of land were taken out of agricultural use, a 30-kilometer exclusion zone was created around the nuclear power plant, hundreds of small settlements were destroyed and buried (buried with heavy equipment).

Slide No. 17

By 1998, the situation in the industry as a whole, as well as in its energy and nuclear weapons parts, began to stabilize. The population's confidence in nuclear energy began to be restored. Already in 1999, nuclear power plants in Russia generated the same number of kilowatt-hours of electricity that were generated in 1990 by nuclear power plants located on the territory of the former RSFSR. By 1998, the situation in the industry as a whole, as well as in its energy and nuclear -weapon parts began to stabilize. The population's confidence in nuclear energy began to be restored. Already in 1999, Russian nuclear power plants generated the same amount of kilowatt-hours of electricity that was generated in 1990 by nuclear power plants located on the territory of the former RSFSR.
In the nuclear weapons complex, starting from 1998, the Federal target program “Development of the nuclear weapons complex for the period 2003” was implemented, and since 2006 the second target program “Development of nuclear weapons complex for the period 2006-2009 and for the future 2010- 2015.”

Slide No. 18

With regard to the peaceful use of nuclear energy, in February 2010, the federal target program “New Generation Nuclear Energy Technologies for the Period 2010-2015” was adopted. and for the future until 2020.” The main goal of the program is to develop a new generation of nuclear energy technologies for nuclear power plants that meet the country's energy needs and increase the efficiency of use of natural uranium and spent nuclear fuel, as well as the study of new ways to use the energy of the atomic nucleus. Regarding the peaceful use of nuclear energy in February 2010. The federal target program “New Generation Nuclear Energy Technologies for the period 2010-2015” was adopted. and for the future until 2020.” The main goal of the program is to develop a new generation of nuclear energy technologies for nuclear power plants that meet the country's energy needs and increase the efficiency of using natural uranium and spent nuclear fuel, as well as the study of new ways to use the energy of the atomic nucleus.

Slide No. 19

An important direction in the development of small nuclear power is floating nuclear power plants. The project of a low-power nuclear thermal power plant (ATEP) based on a floating power unit (FPU) with two KLT-40S reactor units began to be developed in 1994. A floating APEC has a number of advantages: the ability to operate in permafrost conditions in the territory beyond the Arctic Circle. The FPU is designed for any accident; the design of the floating nuclear power plant meets all modern safety requirements, and also completely solves the problem of nuclear safety for seismically active areas. In June 2010, the world's first floating power unit, Akademik Lomonosov, was launched, which, after additional tests, was sent to its home base in Kamchatka. An important area in the development of small nuclear power is floating nuclear power plants. The project of a low-power nuclear thermal power plant (ATEP) based on a floating power unit (FPU) with two KLT-40S reactor units began to be developed in 1994. A floating APEC has a number of advantages: the ability to operate in permafrost conditions in the territory beyond the Arctic Circle. The FPU is designed for any accident; the design of the floating nuclear power plant meets all modern safety requirements, and also completely solves the problem of nuclear safety for seismically active areas. In June 2010, the world's first floating power unit, Akademik Lomonosov, was launched, which, after additional tests, was sent to its home base in Kamchatka.

Slide No. 20

ensuring strategic nuclear parity, fulfilling state defense orders, maintaining and developing the nuclear weapons complex;
conducting scientific research in the field of nuclear physics, nuclear and thermonuclear energy, special materials science and advanced technologies;
development of nuclear energy, including provision of raw materials, fuel cycle, nuclear machine and instrument engineering, construction of domestic and foreign nuclear power plants.