In the practice of technical labor regulation, the time during which a given job is performed is divided into separate elements. For this purpose, a unified classification of working time is used, which serves as the basis for studying and analyzing its structure, determining the duration of the elements of the labor process, identifying reserves for increasing labor productivity, and establishing standards. The classification of working time costs is shown in Fig. 13. Working time is understood as part of the calendar time during which an employee, in accordance with the internal rules of the enterprise, is obliged to be at the workplace and perform job duties efficiently. Its duration norm is a regulated amount of working time that a worker (employee) needs to work during a certain calendar time (working day, shift, week).
Work time is divided into work time - the period during which the employee performs useful labor movements both actions and break times when labor process is not executed. Work time includes time spent both on completing a production task (its preparation and direct execution), and on work not provided for by the task - the time of random and unproductive work, the implementation of which does not increase production or improve its quality, both in the main technological process, as well as for accidentally performed work. The work time to complete a production task, in turn, is divided into preparatory and final, operational and workplace maintenance time.
Preparatory and final time is spent by the performer on preparing to perform a given job and on actions related to its completion. This, for example, is time for harvesting, inspection, fastening, filling, lubrication and other operations, testing equipment at idle speed. It is installed, as a rule, for the entire work shift. It does not depend on the amount of work performed on a given assignment.
Operational- this is the time directly spent by the performer on performing the operations for which it is intended workplace. It is divided into primary, spent on qualitative and quantitative changes in the subject of labor - its size, properties, composition, quantity, shape or position in space, and auxiliary - on creating conditions for performing the main work.
Workplace service time- time for the contractor to maintain the workplace in a condition that ensures productive work - includes time Maintenance, spent, for example, on sharpening tools and replacing them, readjusting, repairing, lubricating equipment during operation, and organizational maintenance time - on maintaining the workplace clean and in order, on supplying labor items and cleaning finished products during work shift.
Figure 13 - Classification of working time costs
Breaks for rest and personal needs, as well as those caused by technology and organization of the production process, form the time of regulated breaks, and those caused by disruption of the normal course of the production process and labor discipline- time of unregulated breaks.
The time of breaks established by the technology and organization of production processes depends on the specific conditions of their implementation, for example, periodic downtime of the driver of vehicles during loading and unloading. The time of unregulated (removable) breaks includes breaks caused by disruption of the normal course of the production process and violation of labor discipline. The first include interruptions in work for organizational and technical reasons, resulting from poor work organization, for example, due to untimely delivery of materials to the workplace, due to malfunction of machinery and equipment, etc.; the second - breaks due to workers violating the rules of the labor process, being late for work, unauthorized absences from the workplace and premature departure from work, etc.
All types of working time costs are divided into standardized and non-standardized. The technical standard includes only standardized working time costs and in the amount that allows the most productive performance this work. Regulated breaks are included in the norm in strictly required amounts, unregulated breaks are completely excluded and must be eliminated by proper organization of work and strengthening labor discipline.
When analyzing working time costs, it is customary to determine the coefficient of working time utilization - the ratio of shift operational time (actual or standard) to the duration of the work shift (actual or standard). An indicator of the use of working time is also a coefficient determined by the ratio of useful time spent - the sum of preparatory and final, operational, maintenance of the workplace and time of breaks for rest and personal needs - to the normal duration of the working day (shift).
Classification of working time costs allows for a systematic analysis of it, identifying losses and outlining measures to improve its use by eliminating organizational and technical problems, improving technological processes and strengthening labor discipline. Using indicators (coefficients) of working time use, its structure is assessed and the internal reserves for growth in labor productivity are quantitatively revealed.
Working time concept
Measured work time differently. This could be a shift, a day, a week, a month or a year. This time is a measure of labor evaluation. Work shift lengths vary depending on different countries and by different types labor activity, working conditions and professions.
The purpose of classifying working time costs
This classification makes it possible to establish optimal amounts of working time, identify the proportion of wasted time, and determine directions for increasing labor productivity at the enterprise.
Classification of working time costs
Working time costs are divided into separate categories and types. When compiling the classification, the proportions and sizes of the constituent elements of the entire working time are taken into account.
Working time is generally divided into:
- time spent on completing a production task (working time);
- time spent on a break from work.
In turn, working time is divided into:
- preparatory and final time;
- operational time;
- workplace service time.
Preparatory-final time involves spending time preparing for the start of the labor process and for the end of such a process. For example, a worker performs the quota of a certain task (producing products) using some equipment. Before starting work, the worker needs to prepare the workplace (starting up equipment, warming up, etc.). At the end of the work task, the worker must put the equipment in proper condition (remove, lubricate, wipe, etc.).
Note 1
It is worth noting that the length of time spent on preparation and completion of work does not depend on the standards for completing the task. For example, one hundred units need to be produced or three hundred units - the time spent on preparation and completion of work will be invariably constant. In this regard, the highest possible standards are being developed that will justify the costs of preparing and completing the work.
Operating time is the time directly spent on completing a production task (compliance with standards).
In turn, operational time is divided into:
- main time;
- auxiliary time.
Basic time is the time during which the actual production of the object of labor occurs.
Auxiliary time is time that ensures quality time spent on primary time. This could be the installation or replacement of some parts in the equipment, stopping most of the time to control the quality of manufactured products, etc.
Workplace maintenance time involves spending time on maintaining the workplace in proper order.
In turn, such time is divided into:
- Maintenance;
- organizational services.
Worksite maintenance ensures the smooth operation of equipment and tools.
Organizational services include maintenance of the workplace (layout, layout, etc.).
In addition to these types of working time costs, there may be other types.
Work time that is not provided for by the production task. In this case we mean random and unforeseen tasks. For example, during a power outage, it is necessary to spend time starting the generator.
Also, time can be spent on non-productive work, that is, on tasks that are in no way related to production requirements.
The time of breaks in work can be regulated or unregulated.
Unscheduled breaks can occur for both production and non-production reasons.
Labor rationing is closely related to the classification of working time. Work time- this is the legally established duration of the working day, during which a participant in the production process must remain at his workplace and efficiently perform the functions assigned to him. It is classified according to its costs and is divided into two groups: work time and break time.
Working hours- this is the period during which labor actions related to the performance of work are carried out. It includes three elements: preparatory and final, operational and workplace maintenance time.
Preparatory and final (t pz) is the time required to prepare for the execution of a production task, as well as for the actions associated with its completion. This includes the time spent on receiving the task, conducting safety briefings, handing over the shift, etc. Preparatory and final time is spent once for the entire batch. It does not depend on the amount of raw materials (materials) in the batch. In single production, due to frequent equipment changeovers, it reaches 15-20% of the total working time, and in mass production it is not taken into account.
Main work time(t o) is the time used for the direct impact of tools on the object of labor. The main time is spent on direct qualitative changes in the subject of labor (shape, structure, physical and chemical properties, etc.).
Auxiliary work time(t c) is spent on actions related to the performance of auxiliary operations and work, and necessary to perform the main work. It is repeated during the manufacture of each unit of production. For example, you need to bring raw materials, eat finished products, weigh them, etc.
The total duration of the main and auxiliary work is usually called operating time(t op).
Workplace service time(t about) is the time required to care for machines (units) and maintain order and cleanliness in the workplace. It includes time for changing dull tools, sharpening them, adjusting the mechanism, as well as time spent cleaning and cleaning the workplace at the end of the shift.
It should also be highlighted unproductive time(t nр) – time spent on releasing defects and performing unusual functions.
Breaks are divided into the following types: for rest and personal needs (t exc); conditioned by technology and organization of production (t pt); for organizational and technical reasons (t from); associated with violation of labor discipline (t nd).
Time for rest and personal needs– this is the time used for rest in order to maintain normal performance. This includes breaks for personal hygiene and natural needs. Time for personal needs and technological breaks is given in accordance with practice - in the amount of 2-2.5% of operational time.
Time of breaks due to technology and production organization, is associated with waiting for some process to take place due to the different durations of the associated operations.
Breaks of an organizational and technical nature associated with disruption of the production process (due to breakdowns of units, lack of raw materials, material, tools, equipment, electricity, water, steam, etc.)
Breaks caused by violation of labor discipline(lateness, unauthorized absences from the workplace, premature departure, etc.) are downtime due to the fault of the performers.
The considered working time costs are divided into standardized (t pz, t op, t ob, t exc, t pt) and non-standardized (t nr, t nd, t from). The classification of working time costs and breaks is given in table. 13.1.
Table 13.1 – Classification of working time costs
Work time– the duration of the working day (working week) established by law, during which the employee performs the work assigned to him. The purpose of studying working time costs is to identify reserves for improving the use of working time and increasing labor productivity of both an individual performer and the enterprise team as a whole.
Checking the production capabilities of each workplace, studying experience and the most advanced labor methods, identifying intra-shift losses and obtaining necessary materials to develop standards and standards requires a systematic study of labor processes and analysis of working time costs in production.
Classification of time costs is made in relation to three elements of the production process - the subject of labor, equipment and worker.
In practice, when studying working time costs, a classification of working time differentiated by individual categories is used. The presence of such a classification helps to achieve unity in resolving issues of organization and standardization of labor and serves as the basis for studying the actual costs of working time, analyzing and comparing them with standard time costs for elements of the labor process, as well as for identifying irrational costs and losses of working time and their causes, establishing standards in enterprises various industries national economy (Figure 1).
Figure 1 – Structure of working time costs
Classification allows:
Study the state of labor organization and the use of working time, most fully identifying losses of working time and their causes;
Establish the degree of necessity and expediency of individual time expenditures when performing a given job;
To most fully study and analyze the time of use of equipment in mutual connection with the working time of the performer;
Determine the labor costs to perform a given job and its constituent elements.
Labor standardization must be accompanied by the improvement of labor organization and technological processes in the workplace in combination with the most complete and economical use of equipment. Therefore, classifications of the use of working time in relation to the performer and equipment were developed.
The basis of the currently developed classifications is the identification of two components: work time (functioning) and break time.
Performer's working hours - This is the time spent on direct work and the time of breaks when the labor process is not carried out.
The main and most important group of working time costs is working hours , including that spent by the employee on preparing to perform the work, on the actual performance of the work and its completion.
The time spent on the direct performance of work, in turn, is divided into the time required to complete the production task and time not determined by the production task.
1. Working time to complete a production task spent on preparation and actual execution of the task.
Let's take a closer look at it.
1 . Preparatory-final time (PF) - preparation for the start of work and its completion. Most often, this includes the time spent on receiving a task at the beginning of a shift, receiving materials, receiving, installing and removing tools on equipment, handing over finished products, tools, documentation at the end of a shift, etc. It is important to know that preparatory and final time is spent on the entire shift It depends entirely on the quantity of products produced per shift and the volume of work.
2. Operational time (OP) is the time during which the employee directly completes the completed task through technological operations. It is divided as follows:
· Basic (O), which represents the time spent on transforming the subject of labor, changing its shape, size, structure, properties, qualities, etc.
· Auxiliary (B), spent by the employee on performing such actions that ensure the completion of the main job.
Without auxiliary time, it is almost impossible to carry out the process of transforming the subject of labor, i.e. main job. Auxiliary time costs include time spent loading equipment, rearranging and moving materials; blanks, parts, finished products within the workplace, management and control of equipment operation, etc. The duration of auxiliary time depends on the level of mechanization and automation of the workplace.
3. Workplace maintenance time (WST) is spent on caring for the workplace and maintaining equipment in working, serviceable condition. It is divided as follows:
· time of organizational maintenance of the workplace, spent on maintaining the workplace in working order (cleaning up production waste, moving containers with blanks and finished products within the workplace, etc.);
· workplace maintenance time associated with the care of equipment and tools, determined by a specific production task (replacement of worn tools, adjustment and lubrication of equipment, etc.).
II. Working time not determined by the production task(NZ), includes the cost of working time to complete:
1) casual work (CP) - here the time spent is caused by production needs (for example, walking around with orders, performing auxiliary and repair work not provided for by the task, etc.);
2) unproductive work (UP) - here the time spent is associated with work that does not increase production or improve its quality, including time to correct defects, time spent on unnecessary mileage of a car, etc.
When considering work time, it is necessary to take into account the classification of this type of time depending on the nature of the employee’s participation in the production operation:
· manual work time, i.e. without the use of machines or mechanisms;
· time of machine-manual work performed by machines with the direct participation of an employee or by an employee using manual mechanisms;
· time of monitoring the operation of equipment during automated or instrumental operation;
· transition time (from machine to machine at multi-machine service).
A feature of automated and hardware-based production is a large share of time spent monitoring the operation of equipment and the progress of the production process. Observation time can be active or passive.
Active surveillance time operation of the equipment is that the employee himself does not perform physical work, however, his presence at the workplace is mandatory, since he must monitor the progress and specified parameters of the technological process, i.e. exercise direct control and, if necessary, make appropriate adjustments.
Passive observation time operation of the equipment is characterized by the fact that the employee does not have to constantly monitor technological process. Therefore, during this time, the employee can be busy performing other types of work and monitoring the equipment from time to time.
It is of great importance to divide the operating time into overlapped and non-overlapable. Their essence is as follows.
Overlapping time- this is when a worker performs labor functions during automatic operation of the equipment. For example, with passive supervision, a worker may perform a number of support tasks.
Non-overlapping time- this is when work is performed while the equipment is stopped (for example, loading raw materials into machines or semi-automatic machines).
Another important group when studying working time costs is work breaks - the period during which the employee, while at the workplace, does not work. It is divided into the time of regulated breaks and the time of unregulated breaks.
Scheduled breaks time those. for rest and personal needs, industrial exercises, for breaks related to the technology and organization of production, which is intended to prevent fatigue of workers and maintain their normal performance throughout the working day. In turn, it is divided as follows:
1) time for breaks for rest and personal needs, which are provided to employees to restore their working capacity during the working day.
2) the time of unavoidable interruptions established by the technology and organization of the production process, due to the specifics of the technological process and the organization of labor (drying of painted surfaces); it is almost impossible to eliminate such breaks, since their elimination or reduction can lead to a deterioration in the quality of products or work.
Time for unregulated breaks can be eliminated or at least reduced, since its presence is associated with disruptions in the normal flow of the production process or with violations in labor discipline
Interruptions caused by disruptions in the normal flow of the production process can occur for organizational and technical reasons due to poor organization of work and production, as well as due to violations of technology, leading to accidents or unforeseen equipment downtime.
Breaks associated with violations of labor discipline are most often associated with lateness to work, unauthorized absences from the workplace, premature termination of work, absenteeism, as well as due to the absence of other workers, without whom the main worker cannot perform work.
As noted, the classification of working time is also carried out in such an area as relation to equipment, as a result of which equipment usage time (VIO). The structure of its costs is similar to the structure of the contractor’s work time. This is quite understandable, since he is busy working on the equipment and the costs of his work time are interdependent with the characteristics of the equipment and production technology.
Equipment usage time is divided as follows.
I. Equipment operating time(BP) includes the following components.
1. The operating time of equipment to complete a production task (OP), which is called operational time and is divided into main (O) and auxiliary (B).
The main time is spent on the process of processing the subject of labor and automatically entering it for processing. It could be:
· machine-manual - when the equipment operates with the direct participation of the worker;
· machine time - when the worker only observes and regulates the operation of the equipment (it is also called machine-automatic time, and its presence allows the introduction of multi-machine service).
Auxiliary time takes into account only the actions necessary to carry out the main work, which are not covered by machine time (if it is necessary to stop the operation of equipment to ensure the main work, i.e. install or remove parts).
In the operation of equipment, operational time can also be divided into machine (hardware)-free time (when the equipment is operating, when the direct participation of the worker is not necessary) and during the operation of the equipment with the participation of the worker (this is the worker’s employment in servicing the equipment during multi-machine maintenance or operational time minus machine (hardware) free time).
Besides. For some types of equipment, it is important to divide the operating time of the equipment into the working stroke time, when the equipment is in operation and the main work is performed on it, and the idle time, when the equipment is in operation, but the main work is not performed on it, but preparations are being made for the working stroke.
2 . The operating time of equipment not provided for by the production task consists of the time of non-productive work and the time of casual work. Unproductive work of equipment is similar to unproductive work of a worker and includes, for example, time spent on manufacturing defects, while random work of equipment is associated with the manufacture of products not determined by the task caused by production necessity.
II. Equipment downtime(P). This equipment is divided into the time of regulated breaks and the time of unregulated breaks.
1. The time of regulated breaks established by technology, the organization of the production process, as well as the need for employee rest, is divided as follows:
· breaks during equipment maintenance, which are associated with preparation for its operation and maintenance of the workplace;
· interruption in the operation of equipment associated with waiting for maintenance, due to the technology and organization of the production process (unavoidable technological interruptions, equipment repairs on schedule), as well as employee breaks for rest and personal needs.
2. The time of unregulated breaks in the operation of equipment is due to the same reasons as unregulated breaks in the work of a worker, namely disruptions in the production process (PPT) and violations of labor discipline (VND).
To complete the picture, let’s consider the classifications of time spent relative to the subject of labor, i.e. classification production process time(runway). When analyzing the time structure of the production process, you need to know that the duration of the production process does not always coincide with the duration of the shift.
The production process time is divided as follows:
1) time of implementation of the technological process, i.e. the main technological time during which the object of labor is transformed;
2) the time of transport operations, during which the object of labor is moved from operation to operation, the object of labor is transported to places of processing and assembly, as well as the time of control and testing of finished products and interoperational control;
3) time of breaks during the production process.
Depending on the degree of mechanization and automation of the production process, all components of time, with the exception of breaks, are divided as follows:
· manual work time;
· machine-manual time;
· machine (hardware) time.
When establishing time standards, it should be taken into account that not all of the considered elements of working time are subject to standardization. Therefore, standardized and non-standardized working time costs are distinguished.
Standardized costs those that are recognized as necessary, are included in the time standard and are subject to rationing are called.
Non-standardized time expenditure- this is actually a loss of working time (for example, unregulated breaks). Their reduction and elimination is one of the reserves for increasing labor productivity.
Work to reduce unregulated breaks should be carried out in two directions:
1) improving the organization of production, production and management;
2) improving labor discipline at the enterprise.
Working time for the performer of work is divided into working hours (during which the worker performs this or that work provided for or not provided for by the production task) and break time at work (during which the labor process is not carried out for various reasons). The structure of a worker's working time is presented in Figure 6.1.
So, working hours is divided into two types of costs: production task completion time (T PROIZ) And work time not provided for by the production task (T UNPROIZE) - time spent on performing operations that are not typical for a given employee, which can be eliminated.
Production task completion time includes preparatory and final, operational and workplace maintenance time.
Preparatory and final time (T PZ)- this is the time spent preparing oneself and one’s workplace to complete a production task, as well as all actions to complete it. This type of working time costs includes the time required to receive a production task, tools, devices and technological documentation, familiarization with the work, receiving instructions on the procedure for carrying out the work, setting up equipment for the appropriate operating mode, removing fixtures, tools, handing over finished products to the quality control department, etc. Since the peculiarity of this category of time expenditure is the fact that its value does not depend on the amount of work performed on this task, then in large-scale and mass production per unit of production this time is insignificant in magnitude and is usually not taken into account when establishing standards.
Operating time (T OPER)– this is the time during which the worker completes the task (changes the properties of the object of labor); is repeated with each unit or a certain volume of production or work. During machine work it is divided into main (technological) and auxiliary.
Basic (technological) time (T OSN),- this is the time spent directly on a quantitative and (or) qualitative change in the subject of labor, its condition and position in space.
During auxiliary time(T VSP) actions necessary to carry out the main work are performed. It is repeated either with each processed unit of production, or with a certain volume of it. Auxiliary time includes time for loading equipment with raw materials and semi-finished products, unloading and removing finished products, installing and securing parts, moving objects of labor within the work area, operating equipment, monitoring the quality of manufactured products, etc.
The time spent on caring for the workplace and maintaining equipment, tools and devices in working order during the shift is classified as workplace service time (T OBSL). In machine and automated processes it includes technical and organizational maintenance time for the workplace.
By the time of workplace maintenance (T SUPPORT TECHN) refers to the time spent servicing the workplace in connection with the performance of a given operation or specific work (replacing a dull tool, adjusting and fine-tuning equipment during work, removing production waste, inspecting, cleaning, washing, lubricating equipment, etc.).
Organizational service time (T OBS.ORG) – this is the time spent by a worker on maintaining the workplace in working condition during a shift. It does not depend on the characteristics of a particular operation and includes the time spent on receiving and handing over a shift, laying out at the beginning and cleaning at the end of the shift tools, documentation and other necessary for work objects and materials, etc.
In some industries (coal, metallurgical, food, etc.), the time spent on servicing the workplace is not allocated, but refers to the preparatory and final time.
Working time not provided for by the production task, - time spent by an employee performing random and unproductive work. Performing unproductive and random work does not provide an increase in production or improvement in its quality and is not included in the standard piece time. These costs should be subject to special attention, since their reduction is a reserve for increasing labor productivity.
Time for performing random work (T SL.WORK)- this is the time spent on performing work that is not provided for by the production task, but caused by production necessity (for example, transporting finished products, performed instead of an auxiliary worker, going for work orders, technical documentation, raw materials, blanks, tools, searching for a foreman, service technician, tools; not performing auxiliary and repair work provided for in the task, etc.).
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Figure 6.1 – Classification of contractor’s working time costs
Non-productive work time (T CONTINUOUS WORK)- this is the time spent on performing work that is not provided for by the production task and is not caused by production necessity (for example, manufacturing and correcting manufacturing defects, removing excess allowance from a workpiece, etc.)).
In addition to the above, depending on the nature of the employee’s participation in the production operation, operating time can be divided into:
- manual work time(without the use of machines and mechanisms);
- machine-manual work time performed by machines with the direct participation of an employee or by an employee using manual mechanisms;
- observation time equipment operation (automated and instrumental work);
- transition time(for example, from one machine to another during multi-machine service).
Observation time, as noted, is typical for automated and hardware-based production. It can be active or passive. Active surveillance time equipment operation is the time during which the worker carefully monitors the operation of the equipment, the progress of the technological process, compliance with the specified parameters, in order to ensure required quality products and equipment serviceability. During this time, the worker does not perform physical work, but his presence at the workplace is necessary. Passive observation time equipment operation is the time during which there is no need for constant monitoring of the operation of the equipment or the technological process, but the worker carries it out due to the lack of other work. The time spent passively observing the operation of equipment should be the subject of particularly careful study, since its reduction or use for other purposes necessary work is a significant reserve for increasing labor productivity.
Considering the structure of working time costs in machine, automated, and hardware processes during work time, it is also advisable to distinguish overlapping and non-overlapping time.
Overlapping time- the time the worker performs those elements of work that are carried out simultaneously with the machine or automatic operation of the equipment. The overlapped time can be primary (active observation) and auxiliary time, as well as time related to other types of working time expenditure. Non-overlapping time - time for performing auxiliary work and work on servicing workplaces when the equipment is stopped. Increasing the overlapped time can also serve as a reserve for productivity growth.
As noted, working time includes break time. There are regulated and unregulated breaks.
Time of regulated breaks (T REGUL.PER) work includes:
- time of breaks in work due to technology and organization of the production process (for example, the time a driver takes a break while workers are slinging a lifted load) - their elimination is practically impossible or economically impractical;
- time for breaks for rest and personal needs, associated with the need to prevent fatigue and maintain normal performance of the employee, as well as necessary for personal hygiene.
Time of unregulated breaks in work (T UNREGULAR.PER)– this is the time of breaks caused by a disruption in the normal flow of the production process or labor discipline. It includes:
- interruptions due to disruption of normal operation production process may be caused by organizational problems (lack of work, raw materials, supplies, incomplete parts and workpieces, waiting Vehicle and auxiliary workers, waiting for acceptance or control of finished products, etc.) and technical reasons (waiting for equipment repair, replacement of tools, lack of electricity, gas, steam, water, etc.). Sometimes these types of unregulated breaks are called breaks for organizational and technical reasons;
- breaks caused by violation of labor discipline, may be associated with being late for work or leaving work early, unauthorized absences from the workplace, extraneous conversations, or activities not related to work. These include excessive (compared to the established regime and standards) rest time for workers.
When analyzing the costs of working time in order to identify and subsequently eliminate losses of working time and their causes, all working time of the performer is divided into productive costs and lost working time. The first group includes the time of work to complete a production task and the time of regulated breaks. These costs are subject to rationing and are included in the structure of the time norm. Lost working time includes time spent performing unproductive work and time spent on unregulated breaks. These costs are the object of analysis with the aim of eliminating them or reducing them as much as possible.
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