Fundamentals of medical knowledge and first aid rules.
Subject: First aid for wounds.
Injury (from the Greek. trauma - wound) is damage to the tissues of the human body with a violation of their integrity and functions, caused by external (mainly mechanical, thermal) influence. Wound (open damage) is a violation of the integrity of the skin, mucous membranes with damage to various tissues and organs, caused by mechanical action.
Shallow wounds with damage to only the superficial layers of the skin or mucous membrane, caused by a flat object over a large area, are called abrasions , and superficial damage caused by a sharp object in the form of a thin line - scratches .
According to the mechanism of wounding, the nature of the injuring object and the volume of tissue destruction, there are:
cut
chopped
bitten
firearms
At venous bleeding, dark blood flows out slowly, evenly, in an indirect stream.
At capillary bleeding, blood oozes drops from the entire wound surface.
Capillary and venous bleeding is stopped by applying a pressure sterile bandage. In case of venous bleeding, the damaged surface should be raised.
When providing first aid at the site of injury, it is necessary to stop the bleeding. When treating wounds, care must be taken asepsis and antiseptics .
Asepsis - This is a method that ensures the prevention of microbes entering the wound during its treatment. When treating wounds, the basic law of asepsis must be observed: everything that comes into contact with the wound must be sterile.
Antiseptics implies a set of measures aimed at the destruction of microbes on the skin, in a wound or in the body (as a whole).
When providing first aid for injuries and wounds, taking into account their severity and characteristics, a certain sequence of first aid measures can be distinguished:
For all types of injuries, it is necessary to quickly and carefully deliver the victim to the nearest medical institution, and if possible, quickly call a doctor or an ambulance.
"First Aid for Bleeding"- Sample: Internal bleeding. There are three types of bleeding: capillary, venous and arterial. Arterial bleeding and first aid. First aid for bleeding. The limb must be elevated. Ways to stop bleeding. Signs of internal bleeding: - paleness, weakness, dizziness, cold sweat.
"Wounds and bleeding"- With bullet wounds, the inlet is smaller than the outlet. Bullet wounds predominate among gunshot wounds; splinters are less often noted. The outpouring of blood from a blood vessel is called bleeding. Facial injuries. Classification of bleeding. Soft tissue injuries to the scalp are always dangerous.
"First Aid for Injuries"- Injury to the pelvic region. If the victim is not breathing, start resuscitation. If you are forced to transport the victim yourself, call several helpers. It is UNACCEPTABLE to put splints on the legs if the victim is lying in the "frog" position. Injury of the spine, back. First aid for injuries of the pelvic region, spine, back.
"First aid"- Person. Equipment. Such a roller is used for head injuries. What are the symptoms of sprained ligaments? Crossword. - What is the structure of the joint? "Hot Chair" The student comes out to the board, sits on a chair, facing the class, with his back to the board. What is indicated by numbers 1 and 2? What injury is shown in the picture?
"Medical care for injuries"- Rendering first medical care with an abdominal injury. Perform immobilization (immobilize the fracture site). Give the victim an anesthetic. Give the victim an elevated position in a sitting (reclining) position. Providing first aid for fractures of the pelvic bones. Providing first aid for head or spinal injuries.
"Artificial respiration"- The tasks of such cardiopulmonary resuscitation are - ensuring the patency of the airways, maintaining ventilation of the lungs and blood circulation. Artificial respiration by mouth-to-mouth, mouth-to-nose method. Theoretical preparation. Statement clinical death requires immediate and active remedial action at the scene.
In total there are 17 presentations in the topic
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BASICS OF MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE AND FIRST AID RULES Yamkino Borovitskaya Svetlana Igorevna
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First aid is the most urgent measures taken by others or by the victim himself to save a person's life and alleviate his suffering until qualified (medical) medical care is provided.
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There are several general rules help you need to learn (memorize): Find out what happened. The type of first aid and the nature of the message to call the doctor depend on this. Protect the victim from further danger or at least reduce it. For example, move to a safe place; in case of a road accident - to fence off the scene, to take the victims out of the burning cabin. At the same time, it is always necessary to think about your own safety: if you don’t save yourself, you won’t help others.
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Immediately start taking first aid measures. For example, applying a pressure bandage to a heavily bleeding wound, gastric lavage. Call as soon as possible ambulance". If you are alone with the victim, try to attract attention with screams, gestures, ask someone to call for help. Stay with the victim until the doctor arrives, try to calm him down, instill a sense of security and faith in a successful cure. Talk to the victim, hold his hands, stroke his head. These simple tricks can prevent the development of life-threatening shock.
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First aid kit For first aid, you must have an individual first aid kit with you. Going on a hike, on a long trip, picking mushrooms, hunting, cycling, you definitely need to take it with you. The first aid kit should contain a minimum of funds to provide first aid or self-help if necessary. In case of injuries and cuts, you must have: a rubber tourniquet to stop bleeding, sterile bandages and wipes, a bactericidal plaster, a sticky plaster, tincture of iodine, potassium permanganate.
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In case of burns and frostbite, you will need a synthomycin emulsion. The first aid kit should include the simplest medical instruments: scissors and a scalpel. In addition, you need to know some medicinal plants, their healing properties and methods of application. The first aid kit must also contain special preparations. In addition to the medicines that have already been mentioned, the first-aid kit should contain validol (it is placed under the tongue for pain in the heart), analgin, amidopyrine, ammonia, boric acid, petroleum jelly. Universal first aid kits, which are sold in pharmacies, contain special rules for the use of drugs. Be sure to read the rules before using any medicine.
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FIRST AID FOR CUTS, ARASSES AND BRUSHES Cuts, abrasions and bruises are the most common types of injuries. It is difficult to imagine a person who has never cut himself or seen a bruise on his body. A cut is a violation of the integrity of the skin, which occurs from sharp, cutting objects: a razor, a knife, a piece of ice or glass, a tightly stretched thread, and even a sheet of paper.
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With a deep cut, large vessels and tendons can be damaged. Bleeding from shallow cuts can be profuse, but it is usually not difficult to stop. Press the wound with your finger (through a sterile napkin) for a few minutes, then treat the edges of the wound with a solution of iodine or hydrogen peroxide and apply a bandage.
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The bandage should be tight enough, but not disturbing blood circulation. If the bandage is wet with blood, then do not remove the bandage, but bandage a new one over it. A shallow cut can be sealed with a bactericidal adhesive plaster, which is best removed at night, since a wound free from a bandage heals faster.
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An abrasion occurs from contact of the skin with an uneven, hard surface. Abrasions are usually contaminated, they often contain foreign particles. Therefore, they must be washed with plenty of soap and water, treated with iodine solution, hydrogen peroxide or other disinfecting liquid. If the abrasion is extensive and bleeding, it must be covered with a bandage.
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Remember: help should be provided with clean hands! Wash your hands with soap, treat them with alcohol. Be careful not to let the victim's blood get on your cuts and scrapes. This is necessary for your own safety, since there are diseases that are transmitted through the blood (human immunodeficiency virus - HIV infection). Wash your hands again with soap and water after helping. Bruises are another common type of injury. They occur when dropped or hit with a blunt object. Usually the skin is not damaged. A bruise is manifested by a bruise or hemorrhage. Blood from ruptured small vessels impregnates the underlying tissues, and a blue-purple spot appears on the skin. Over time, this spot becomes a greenish-yellow color, after a few days it disappears completely. The bruise usually does not require treatment, it is enough to apply ice (through a tissue) or a cold compress for 15 minutes. This will reduce swelling and spread of the bruise.
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A rupture of a larger vessel leads to the formation of a hematoma - this is an outpouring and accumulation of blood under the skin and in the muscles. There is noticeable swelling, bruising, pain. First aid consists of applying a bandage and applying a cold compress or ice. The bandage will tighten the damaged vessels and reduce the outpouring of blood. special attention deserve a head injury. They are very dangerous and can have dire consequences. A person with a head injury should move less for a while and be monitored. The same applies to someone who has received a strong blow to the stomach or chest. In these cases, damage may internal organs.
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Remember: a deep wound, a dislocation, a large hematoma, loss of consciousness or drowsiness, a headache, a clear liquid from the ear or nose, an unreasonable bruise on the body almost always require qualified medical assistance. Therefore, it is necessary to take all possible measures to deliver the victim to the doctor.
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If you hurt a friend! Any damage to the skin is considered a wound. It is difficult to imagine a person who has never cut himself or seen a bruise on his body. Rubbish, you say. Judging in this way, you will be greatly mistaken ... Any, even a minor injury, always carries two big dangers: 1. Due to a violation of the integrity of the skin, there is a danger of the introduction and reproduction of pathogenic microbes in the wound, that is, the danger of infection (infection) - preventing infection of the wound. 2. Bleeding begins. It can be so strong that there is a danger to life due to a large loss of blood - an early stop of bleeding
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On injuring objects (be it a knife, glass, razor, stone) and the surface of the skin there are always millions of different microorganisms. At the moment of injury, along with the injuring object, pyogenic bacteria most often enter the wound, which cause a purulent inflammatory process, which significantly slows down the healing of the wound. When treating wounds with dirty hands or using contaminated non-sterile dressing material (bandage), if the bandage is applied incorrectly, secondary, additional infection of the wound may occur.
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In addition to pyogenic bacteria, more dangerous microbes can also enter the wound, which cause such formidable diseases as tetanus and gas gangrene. Sometimes a few hours are enough for the development of these diseases (with extensive wounds, exhaustion, cooling of the victim), which means that in such situations it should be taken to a medical facility as soon as possible to provide medical care and administer tetanus and anti-gangrenous sera.
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It's a shame that the cause of misfortune can be not the wound itself, even a severe one, but the frivolous attitude of the victim and the people around him to medical recommendations and cleanliness. Everyone should know for sure: any, even the smallest wound, scratch cannot be left unattended. “Perhaps, I suppose, if you are wounded, drop it!” Sometimes, with wounds, a purulent inflammatory process develops into a general blood poisoning. Such a complication can result in the death of the patient, despite the most intensive treatment.
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Initial treatment of the wound Small wounds, abrasions, scratches, cuts should be lubricated with any available antiseptic (killing germs) agent: solutions of iodine or brilliant green (brilliant green), hydrogen peroxide, which will protect the wound from infection. A shallow cut can be sealed with a bactericidal plaster. Small foreign bodies that have penetrated the skin (splinters, thorns, glass and metal fragments) are removed with tweezers, a needle, then lubricating the wound with an antiseptic.
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Deep or large wounds in the absence of antiseptic agents can be protected by simply applying a sterile dressing (bandage from an individual dressing bag). In this case, you can not touch those layers of the bandage that will be in direct contact with the wound. For dressing, it is best to use an individual dressing bag. It consists of sterile materials: a bat (10 centimeters wide and 7 meters long) and two cotton-gauze pads. For small wounds, the pads are placed one on top of the other; if the wound is large, the pads are placed next to each other. Then tightly bandage the injured area to stop the bleeding, but not too tight - this can interfere with blood circulation.
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In the presence of antiseptics, it is necessary to wipe the skin around the wound 2-3 times with a piece of cotton wool or a bandage moistened with hydrogen peroxide, iodine, you can use gasoline, vodka, trying to remove dirt, earth, and pieces of clothing from the skin surface. This will prevent infection of the wound from the surrounding skin after applying the dressing.
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Remember! When treating wounds, it is impossible to: wash them with water; allow cauterizing antiseptic substances (alcohol, iodine, gasoline) to enter the wound; remove stuck foreign bodies and dirt from deep wounds (this can only be done by a doctor); fill the wound with powders, apply ointment on it, apply cotton wool on its surface; remove sticky, blood-soaked bandages. Just put a new, sterile one on top of it.
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When even a small wound appears, there will definitely be blood. Don't be afraid of it. Blood carries dirt out of the wound that could get there. If the blood oozes weakly, for example, with an abrasion on the knee, then only the capillaries, the smallest blood vessels, are damaged. Such bleeding will soon stop on its own, and a fresh blood crust will form on the surface of the wound. In case of capillary bleeding, having treated the wound with iodine, apply a light bandage of several turns of a bandage, a handkerchief. To reduce bleeding, it is enough to raise the injured limb above the level of the body.
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It also happens that blood of a dark cherry color flows out slowly, evenly and continuously. In this case, the vein was damaged, which is more serious, especially the injury to the veins of the neck and chest. In case of venous bleeding, a tight (pressure) bandage is necessarily applied: several layers of gauze, bandage, a dense ball of cotton wool are applied over the wound and tightly bandaged. After a while, the bleeding should stop. Without delay, the victim must be shown to the doctor.
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It is especially important to stop arterial bleeding when the blood is bright red in color and beats with a strong pulsating stream. This color of the blood and the pulsation of the jet are signs of damage to the artery - the blood vessel in which blood pressure is highest. Because arterial bleeding is usually very intense. Within just a few minutes, blood loss that is incompatible with life can occur. Therefore, with arterial bleeding, you should not waste time determining the type of bleeding and releasing the wound from clothing, but you should, without fear of blood, immediately press the artery with your finger or fist above the wound for a period of time while you yourself or someone around you prepares everything you need for a more reliable way to stop bleeding: pressure bandage, twist, tourniquet.
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An adult human body contains an average of 5 liters of blood. The loss of at least 1 liter can lead to a life-threatening state of shock, the loss of 2-2.5 liters is fatal to humans.
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Remember the sequence of actions when stopping severe bleeding of a limb from an artery with a tourniquet: First, press the artery with your finger and give the injured arm or leg an elevated position. A tourniquet - an elastic rubber tube or strip - put on a flat lining (a piece of fabric without folds) to less injure the skin. Apply the tourniquet above the wound and as close as possible to it. In this case, the tourniquet is stretched and encircled 2-3 times with the injured arm or leg. The first turn should be the tightest. The free ends of the tourniquet are tied (fixed with hooks). The correct application of the tourniquet is evidenced by the immediate cessation of bleeding, blanching of the limb. If it is cold outside, the arm (leg) should be wrapped up to prevent frostbite.
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The tourniquet can be applied for no more than 1.5-2 hours. During this time, it is necessary to deliver the victim to a medical facility. If it is not possible to do this within 2 hours, then, having pressed the artery with a finger, the tourniquet must be removed for 10-15 minutes, and then applied again, but slightly lower or higher. Sometimes it is necessary to do this several times (in the summer every hour, in the winter every half hour). It is necessary to attach a note to the tourniquet indicating the exact time of its application. The victim with a tourniquet applied must be in a supine position. If the tourniquet is tightened too tightly or left for a long time, tissue necrosis may begin. The first sign of this is the blueness of the part of the body on which the tourniquet is applied. After stopping the bleeding, it is necessary to treat the surface of the skin adjacent to the wound with iodine and apply a sterile bandage to the wound.
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A tourniquet from auxiliary means is called a twist. You can use a waist belt, a scarf, a piece of cloth, a shirt sleeve, a bandage. The object used for twisting is freely tied to the right place. Between the fabric (belt) and the limb, they pass an unbreakable stick, a plank and twist it until blood stops flowing from the wound. Then the stick is bandaged to the tourniquet, and the wound is bandaged. It is possible to achieve compression of the artery of the limb by its maximum bending. To do this, under the place of the fold, you need to put a roller of gauze, bandage or cotton wool, then bend the limb with an effort and fix it (you can use a belt) in this position.
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Internal bleeding can be determined by appearance of a person: he turns pale, covered with sticky cold sweat, the pulse becomes frequent and weak, the stomach becomes hard. It is urgent to call an ambulance or take the victim to the hospital. The victim should be laid down or given a semi-sitting position. Apply a plastic bag with ice or snow to the intended area of bleeding (stomach, chest, head), wrapping it with a towel, a bottle of cold water. A few words should be said about especially dangerous internal bleeding, when, as a result of an ulcer, a strong blow or a fall from a height, blood enters some cavity (abdominal, chest, skull).
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Nosebleeds The nasal mucosa is very rich in blood vessels, so even with a slight blow or scratch, nosebleeds occur. Outwardly, it looks impressive and much scarier than it actually is. So don't be afraid, it's normal. It is useful to know the main causes of nosebleeds: slight bruising of the nose or a blow to the nose; minor damage to its mucous membrane (scratches, abrasions), for example, from picking with a finger;
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fluctuations in atmospheric pressure, air humidity, stuffiness: physical overstrain; binge eating; prolonged exposure to the sun; some diseases.
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The most important thing in any bleeding is to remain calm. Fuss will only increase the bleeding. It is recommended to sit down with your head slightly tilted forward, and let the blood drain - this is not for long. You don't have to tilt your head. It may seem to you that the bleeding has stopped, but by changing the position of the head, you will be convinced of your mistake, but time will be lost. In some people, blood entering the stomach can cause vomiting. With nosebleeds, a cold compress applied to the bridge of the nose helps a lot. For this purpose, a wet handkerchief, and snow from the balcony, and a piece of ice from the refrigerator, wrapped in a clean cloth, are suitable. To stop bleeding, you can also squeeze your nose just above the nostrils under the cartilage for 5-10 minutes.
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With a sufficiently strong nosebleed, use 3% hydrogen peroxide. Insert a cotton or gauze swab moistened with this solution into the nose. After the bleeding stops, remove the swab, but very carefully. Then lie down a bit. During the day after the bleeding, avoid sudden movements, do not sneeze heavily, do not blow your nose, do not lift heavy things, and do not take a hot bath.
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However, there are situations that require increased attention, remember them: if after 15-20 minutes the bleeding does not stop, immediately consult a doctor; if it was caused by a fall or a severe bruise to the head, consult a doctor immediately; if the leaking blood is mixed with a clear liquid, consult a doctor immediately!
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FIRST AID FOR INJURIES AND FRACTURES OF BONES Nature has taken care of the strength and reliability of our musculoskeletal system. However, this strength also has a limit. When playing sports, hitting, falling, and just a sharp, awkward movement, you can inflict injuries of varying severity on yourself - from sprains to bone fractures.
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There are over 200 bones and over 630 muscles in the adult human body. Together with muscles (skeletal muscles), ligaments, joints, bones make up the musculoskeletal system. Its main tasks are to ensure the movement and maintenance of our body in any position (support function), as well as the protection of internal organs. Bones and ligaments have a large margin of safety. For example, some tendons are able to withstand a load of 270-500 kg. But with a sharp (excessive) movement in the joints, sprain or rupture of the ligaments can occur. This injury can also be combined with a sprain (partial tear) or complete tear of the muscle. In this case, severe pain appears, swelling and bruising form at the site of the injury. Performing the usual movements due to damage to the joint is impossible.
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What should be done if the ligaments are torn or sprained? Give rest to the joint. Apply a tight bandage with a regular or elastic bandage. Apply a cold compress or ice for 20 minutes. Remember: Do not apply ice directly to the skin. An injured arm or leg must be elevated to reduce blood flow to it. Sometimes the restoration of the functions of the damaged ligament is slower than the healing of simple fractures. Moreover, repeated injuries of a once damaged joint are possible.
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Dislocations. With strong flexion in the joint, muscle contraction, impact, fall, the ends of the bones that form the joint can be displaced. If the articular surfaces of the bones completely lose contact with each other and the head of the dislocated bone exits the joint cavity through a torn capsule, then such a dislocation is called complete. If the bones are partially in contact, then this is an incomplete dislocation. With a dislocation, the victim experiences severe pain. An arm or leg is in an unusual position. Movement in this case is impossible or severely limited.
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The treatment of dislocations consists in repositioning, in which the normal ratios of the bones in the joint are restored. Remember: you can not set the dislocations yourself! When rendering first aid, it is necessary to ensure the immobility of the injured limb.
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To do this, the hand is fixed (tied to the body with a scarf, bandage). A leg with a dislocation in the hip joint is bandaged to a healthy leg. Its immobility can be ensured by tying a stick, ski, umbrella or any other improvised means to it. The position of the dislocated limb should be comfortable, not painful. When dislocating the knee joint, do not try to forcefully bend or straighten the leg. Put your knee in the most comfortable position and fix this position by placing a pillow, clothes under the knee.
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Fractures. A fracture is a complete or partial violation of the integrity of the bone, arising from the impact on the bone of an object. Fractures are complete, when the fragments of the bone are completely separated from each other, and incomplete, in which the integrity of only part of the diameter of the bone is broken. These are cracks and fractures of the bone. Fractures also happen with displacement of fragments and without displacement. Sharp bone fragments can injure the skin. Such fractures are called open. If the skin is intact, the fracture is called a closed fracture. Debris can pinch muscles, nerves, blood vessels, which can lead to paralysis, circulatory disorders and prevent the fusion of debris.
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With a fracture, a person experiences severe pain - constantly or during movements. With complete fractures, the limb is shortened and twisted in an unusual place, and when the fracture site is felt, a crunch of a broken bone is heard. In the first days of the fracture, there may be an increased body temperature (sometimes up to 38 degrees). It is very important to provide first aid in a timely and competent manner. It is necessary to ensure complete immobility of the fracture site (immobilization) in order to ensure the rest of the damaged part, to relieve unnecessary pain.
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For temporary immobilization, tires are used: standard or improvised, that is, made from any durable material suitable for this purpose - boards, sticks, rods, cardboard, skis, an umbrella. After applying a splint or providing other first aid, the victim with an injury should be taken to a medical facility as soon as possible. Illiterate actions or untimely assistance can lead to serious complications and even death.
Signs of clinical death Main Lack of consciousness. Rare shallow breathing less than 8 times per minute or its absence. Absence of a pulse in the carotid artery. Additional bluish skin. Attention: In case of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, the color of the skin is pink. In case of sodium nitrite poisoning, the skin is purple-cyanotic. Wide pupils and lack of their reaction to light.
Initial examination Approach the victim. Fixing your head with your hand, shake his shoulder and ask the question: “What happened?” Assess the level of consciousness of the victim on the following scale: In consciousness - the victim is able to say his name; your location; day of the week. Responsiveness to speech - understands speech, but is not able to correctly answer the three questions above. Pain reaction - reacts only to pain. The pain reaction is checked in three ways: 1. pressure on the sternum, 2. compression of the earlobe, 3. compression of the victim's trapezius muscle between the thumb and forefinger. No reaction - means that the victim does not respond to speech or pain.
Checking the reaction to pain irritation: a - pressure on the sternum; b - compression of the trapezius muscle Check pupillary response to light. Close the victim's eyes with your palm and open. Normally, the pupils constrict. Quickly check the victim's ability to move limbs.
Brief algorithm of actions A-If the airway is obstructed, then restore its patency: manipulation of the finger, extension of the lower jaw, two test breaths, as well as the Heimlik maneuver. C-If there is no pulse, start CPR in the ratio of 2 breaths - 15 clicks. * Cardiopulmonary resuscitation pulse
Artificial ventilation of the lungs CHECKING AND CLEANING THE AIRWAYS If the airway is closed, it is necessary to remove foreign objects from the oral cavity that interfere with breathing. To do this, turn the victim's head to one side, while also tilting it back, as shown in the picture. Bend the first two fingers with a hook and slide them inside the mouth, trying not to push the foreign object into the larynx. Then check your breath again
Lay the victim on their back. Open his mouth, clean it of foreign contents, remove removable dentures (Figure 1). Tilt your head back (Figure 2). Make sure that the tongue does not cover the larynx With one hand, hold the head and neck of the victim, with the other, pinch his nostrils. Inhale deeply and, pressing your mouth tightly against your mouth through the handkerchief, exhale vigorously (Figure 3). Take the first 5-10 breaths quickly (in 20-30 seconds) and follow them at the rate of breaths per minute. Watch the movement of the victim's chest if, after you exhale into your mouth or nose, his chest rises, it means that the airways are passable, and you are doing artificial respiration correctly. Artificial respiration from mouth to nose. With one hand, hold the head of the victim in a tilted state with the other, close his mouth. Inhale deeply and, clasping the victim's nose with your lips, (through a handkerchief) exhale vigorously. Procedure:
The method of artificial respiration "mouth to mouth", applied to children, the breath into the lungs of the child is done by the rescuer simultaneously through the mouth and nose with a frequency of about 20 breaths per minute. After the first two doses, you need to check if there is blood circulation. In young children under two years of age, carefully monitor the position of the head, if it is too thrown back. Check your airways to make sure they are clear.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is carried out if the victim is not breathing and has no carotid pulsation. The main goal of cardiopulmonary resuscitation is to ensure sufficient airway, breathing and circulation until the diagnosis is clarified and subsequent treatment. External cardiac massage, when performed at a rate of compressions per minute, provides less than 23% (1/4) of normal cardiac output.
Pressing Technique Place the base of the left palm on the lower part of the sternum, two fingers from the xiphoid process. Place the base of the palm of one hand on top of the other hand, two fingers above the xiphoid process, lift the fingers so as not to touch the ribs. Lean over the victim, keeping your forearms in a strictly vertical position so that your body weight “works”. Don't bend your elbows. Press down on the sternum vertically, lowering it by about 1/3 of the thickness of the chest. Do not allow oscillatory movements of the body of the victim and follow the rhythm of the massage, ensuring equal intervals of squeezing and relaxing the chest. For adults or middle-aged and older children, perform chest compressions per minute. In children younger age perform at least 100 clicks per minute.
When cardiac arrest is combined with respiratory arrest, artificial respiration and cardiac massage are performed simultaneously. Regardless of whether assistance is provided by one person or two, 2 quick exhalations into the mouth or nose of the victim alternate with 15 pressures on the sternum. The effectiveness of resuscitation measures is determined by the appearance of a pulse in large arteries, the narrowing of the pupils, the appearance of a reaction to light, and the restoration of spontaneous breathing. In the presence or restoration of breathing and cardiac activity, the victim in an unconscious or comatose state is laid on his side to prevent suffocation with his own sunken tongue or vomit. Retraction of the tongue is often evidenced by breathing, reminiscent of snoring and sharply difficult inhalation. To restore the work of the heart in many cases, it may be sufficient to conduct a precordial stroke. To do this, the palm of one hand is placed on the lower third of the sternum and a short and sharp blow is applied to it with the fist of the other hand. The presence of a pulse on the carotid artery is checked and, in its absence, they begin to conduct an external heart massage and artificial ventilation of the lungs.
RULES FOR PERFORMING CLOSED HEART MASSAGE 1. Place the victim on a firm surface, kneel in front of him next to his heart 2. Place the convex part of the palm along the sternum (in the upper part of the chest) so that the fingers do not touch the body. Put the other hand on top of the palm and interlace the fingers. Your shoulders should be just above the victim's breastbone and your arms straight or as shown. 3. Without bending straightened arms, press vertically down on the lower part of the sternum 45 centimeters (for an adult). Stop squeezing. Do 15 rounds at an average of 80 compressions per minute. The rescuer's actions should be rhythmic and smooth, not jerky. In order to determine the correct speed, count: one - two - three, one - two - three 4. Tilt the victim's head back and take two mouth-to-mouth breaths. It is very important that the pressure exerted by your hands is applied correctly. 5. After 15 compressions and two breaths, check his pulse. Check the pulse every three minutes 6. As soon as the pulse appears, immediately stop external compression. Continue mouth-to-mouth resuscitation until spontaneous breathing is restored, helping the victim breathe if necessary.
Test for consolidation of educational material Questions: 1) Give the decoding of the abbreviation: a-CPR; b-IVL; c-NMS - indirect heart massage 2) Signs of respiratory arrest (choose the correct answer): a-lack of a pulse in the carotid artery; b-dilated pupils; c-lack of air flow near the mouth and nose 3) Add the 3rd way to check the pain reaction: a-pressure on the sternum; b-compression of the earlobe 4) Add the 2nd sentence: a-if there is no breathing, start mechanical ventilation; b-if there is no pulse, ? 5) Give a name to the second method of artificial respiration: a- "from mouth to mouth" b-? 6) When is CPR performed? 7) The frequency of pressure on the sternum (choose the correct answer): a-20-30 times per minute. b times per minute once every 5 min. 8) IVL with NMS is performed in rhythm (choose the correct answer): a-3 pressures and 2 breaths; b- 2 breaths and 15 pressures; v-5 breaths and 3 pressures Russian educational portal Life safety magazines / y.y. Life safety textbook "Fundamentals of medical knowledge" / Grade 10 / Smirnov et al. Design: Power Point, MS Word
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