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Text content of presentation slides: Realism in Russian painting Lebed Svetlana Grigoryevna, teacher of fine arts, MHKMAOU Ilyinskaya secondary school, p. Ilyinskoye, Domodedovo, Moscow region, 2016 Russian art critic and historian V.V. Stasov expressed his own scientific approach to realism and the mood of society in the following words: “... A new artistic movement is beginning everywhere, putting an end to both the old combed classicism and the newer, but no less false disheveled romanticism and striving for completely different goals. Everywhere there was a breath of fresh spirit, everywhere art raised its hands and eyes to new tasks and deeds ... ”Realism The Wanderers in Russia, with their work, finally approved the position of realism in everyday and historical genres, portrait and landscape Realism The Russian Wanderers, who realized art, reached special heights of realism as an opportunity to show life as it is. Among them, first of all, it should be mentioned: P.A. Fedotova, V.G. Perova, I.E. Repin, V.E. Makovsky, V.V. Pukireva, G.G. Myasoedova, K.A. SavitskyA. K. Savrasova Wanderers Pavel Andreevich Fedotov (1815-1852) Pavel Andreevich Fedotov entered the history of Russian painting as an outstanding realist artist, an ironic and subtle painter. A colorful kaleidoscope of types and characters P.A. Fedotov observed in real life Modern researcher D.V. Sarabyanov rightly noted: “He painted everything: how people sit down and how they sit in the presence of their superiors, how they walk the streets or behave at the card table, how the figures unfold in the most difficult angles, what the human eye or nose looks like. He painted portraits almost all his acquaintances. He seemed to lack models, time, paper, pencils to satisfy his boundless thirst for observation. It was a passion." Pavel Andreevich Fedotov. Marriage of Major Pavel Andreevich Fedotov. Fresh Cavalier. 1846The second name of the painting is "Morning of the official who received the first cross". In the picture - an official in the pose of a Roman orator. He maintains his tattered robe like a toga, the curls in his hair are likened to a laurel wreath. With his hand he points to the order of Stanislav, in response the brisk cook shows him a tattered boot. Pavel Andreevich Fedotov. Picky bride. 1847 Fedotov borrowed the idea for his new painting from Krylov. He took the famous fable “The Picky Bride”: “The beauty, until she completely faded, For the first one who wooed her, she went, And she was glad, she was already glad, That she married a cripple.” Pavel Andreevich Fedotov. Widow. 1850The artist created in this picture a deeply lyrical, touching in her helplessness, image of a young woman - a future mother, lonely after the death of an officer's husband. All property - furniture and utensils - is sealed for debts. Fedotov makes the viewer think about the situation of a small man, doomed to need and deprivation in feudal Russia. Pavel Andreevich Fedotov. Anchor, more anchor! One of the last works of P.A. Fedotov, in which the artist creates a tragic image of a meaningless existence. In a cramped space, the same action is endlessly repeated: the officer lying on the bed makes the poodle jump over the obstacle again and again, urging the dog on with the words of the command. Vasily Grigorievich Perov (1833-1882) - painter, genre painter, portrait painter, master of historical painting. One of the leading artists of the "critical direction" in Russian realism of the second half of the 19th century. The artist Vasily Grigorievich Perov is called the writer of everyday life in Russian reality. Many works belong to his brush, in which he sympathizes with representatives of the most disenfranchised and unprotected class. Self-portrait of Vasily Perov Vasily Grigorievich Perov. Troika. Apprentices-craftsmen are carrying water. 1866. State Tretyakov Gallery The picture has a real everyday basis: in the 19th century, Moscow was supplied with water through special fountains, from which it was taken to homes. Vasily Grigorievich Perov. Tea drinking in Mytishchi, near Moscow. 1862. State Tretyakov Gallery The plot of the "Tea Party" was based on actual incidents that Perov observed while traveling around the outskirts of Moscow. He saw both a self-satisfied indifferent monk and a timid novice, whom he later depicted in his picture. The only thing he added was an old crippled warrior with a ragged boy, who are chased away by a young maid. Vasily Grigorievich Perov. Hunters at rest. The State Tretyakov Gallery was painted by Perov in duplicate, the original is kept in the Tretyakov Gallery, and a copy of the painting is in the Russian Museum in St. Petersburg, Nikolai Nikolaevich Ge. 1831-1894 Historical painter, portraitist, landscape painter. Nikolai Nikolaevich Ge was born into a noble family. The Gay family is from France. At the end of the XVIII century. the artist's great-grandfather emigrated to Russia and settled in Moscow. Portrait by Nikolai Yaroshenko Nikolay Nikolaevich Ge. The Last Supper. 1863 This is the artist's first large painting. The tragedy of the Teacher, who foresees the apostasy of one of his students, but is ready for self-sacrifice, is the basis of the dramatic conflict in the painting by Nikolai Nikolayevich Ge. Peter I interrogates Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich in Peterhof. 1871. State Tretyakov Gallery Ge Nikolai Nikolaevich. What is truth? Christ and Pilate 1890 The tormented Christ, standing with his hands tied before Pontius Pilate, the Roman ruler of Judea, is sullen and concentrated. He just said in response: “For this I was born and for this I came into the world, to bear witness to the truth.” Pilate chuckles in response. The dramatic conflict is expressed clearly, sharply and psychologically convincing. Vereshchagin Vasily Vasilyevich (1842-1904) Vasily Vasilyevich Vereshchagin is one of the greatest Russian realist painters. His work has received nationwide fame and won high international prestige. In the history of world art, Vereshchagin was firmly entrenched in the fame of the famous battle painter. In the visual arts, he was one of the first to act as a pacifist, an opponent of the use of military means to resolve social conflicts Fragment Vereshchagin Vasily Vasilyevich. Apotheosis of war. 1871. State Tretyakov Gallery. The artist embodied in the painting "The Apotheosis of War" his main creative idea“War is a disgrace and a curse on mankind.” On the frame of the painting by V.V. Vereshchagin left the inscription: "Dedicated to all the great conquerors, past, present and future."
Vereshchagin Vasily Vasilievich. Present trophies. 1872. State Tretyakov Gallery V.V. Vereshchagin showed in his paintings prejudices, inert forms of life and outdated customs. He revealed the inhumanity of obsolete customs, religious fanaticism, savagery and barbarism of backward Eastern peoples and "civilized colonizers". Ilya Efimovich Repin (1844-1930) an outstanding Russian painter. He studied in St. Petersburg at the Drawing School of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts under I.N. Kramskoy and at the Academy of Arts. The first independent work of the artist is the painting "Barge haulers on the Volga" (1870-1873. RM). During a trip on a steamboat along the Neva in 1863, Repin first saw barge haulersSelf-portrait, 1878 Ilya Efimovich Repin. Barge haulers on the Volga (1870-1873. RM). The famous landscape painter F. A. Vasilyev remarked: “The picture should be wider, simpler, which is called by itself ... Barge haulers, so barge haulers!”.
Ilya Efimovich Repin. Cossacks write a letter to the Turkish Sultan. 1880-1891. Timing. Ilya Efimovich Repin. Didn't wait. 1888. State Tretyakov Gallery Ilya Efimovich Repin. Ivan the Terrible and his son Ivan November 16, 1581. (1888. State Tretyakov Gallery) Kramskoy Ivan Nikolaevich (1837-1887) Russian artist, critic and art theorist. Born into a poor bourgeois family. From childhood he was fond of art and literature. During the years of teaching, he rallied around himself the advanced academic youth. He led the protest of the graduates of the Academy ("revolt of fourteen"), who refused to paint pictures ("programs") on the mythological plot set by the Council. Self-portrait, (1867) Kramskoy Ivan Nikolaevich. Unknown. 1883. Having given his work the name “unknown”, Kramskoy created an eternal halo of mystery for her. Kramskoy Ivan Nikolaevich Peasant with a bridle Kramskoy Ivan Nikolaevich Portrait of the artist Shishkin From the Cossacks. Surikov was very proud of his origin and wrote about it: "From all sides I am a natural Cossack ... My Cossacks are more than 200 years old." Surikov became one of the best masters of Russian historical painting. He managed to combine the realism of the XIX century with a bright pictorial innovation. Vasily Ivanovich Surikov (1848-1916)Self-portrait of Vasily Ivanovich Surikov. Morning of the Streltsy Execution Vasily Ivanovich Surikov. Menshikov in Berezov Vasily Ivanovich Surikov. The capture of the snow town Vasily Ivanovich Surikov. Boyarynya Morozova Sources
Realism Realism in art is a truthful, objective reflection of reality by specific means inherent in one or another type of artistic creativity. In a narrower sense, the term "realism" (which first appeared in the aesthetic thought of France in the middle of the 19th century) in the field of fine arts is applied to artistic phenomena that arose in the 1718 centuries. and reached full disclosure in the critical realism of the 19th century. In this sense, a distinctive feature of realism is the appeal of art to the direct depiction of people's everyday life, devoid of any religious or mythological plot motivation. Julien Dupre
Realism The history of realism as a trend in art is connected with the landscape painting of France, with the so-called Barbizon school. Barbizon is a village where artists came to paint rural landscapes. They discovered the beauty of the nature of France, the beauty of the labor of the peasants, which was the development of reality and became a novelty in art. Theodor Russo
Gustave Courbet Jean Desire Gustave Courbet French painter, landscape painter, genre painter and portrait painter. He is considered one of the consummators of romanticism and the founders of realism in painting. One of the largest artists of France during the 19th century, a key figure in French realism. Gustave Courbet
Courbet repeatedly throughout his life spoke of himself as a realist: “Painting consists in presenting things that the artist can see and touch ... I firmly adhere to the views that painting is an extremely concrete art and can only consist in depicting real things given to us ... This completely physical language." "Fan Fans"
Gustave Courbet The most interesting of Courbet's works: "Funeral in Ornans", his own portrait, "Roe deer at the brook", "Fight of the deer", "Wave" (all five in the Louvre, Paris), "Afternoon coffee in Ornans" (in Lille Museum), “The Breakers of the Highway Stone”, “Fire”, “Village Priests Returning from a Fellow Feast” (a caustic satire on the clergy), “Bathers”, “Woman with a Parrot”, “Entrance to the Puy-Noire Valley”, “Auragnon rock”, “Deer near the water” (in the Marseille Museum) and many landscapes in which the artist’s talent was expressed most vividly and most fully. "Funeral in Ornan"
Theodor Rousseau Rousseau introduced the concept of "intimate landscape", the motives for which were provided mainly by the forest of Fontainebleau. With the simplicity and naturalness of the depicted, the main role in it is called upon to play the overall color of the picture, strongly and poetically conveying the mood created in the soul of the artist by nature at one time or another. In the years he first went to the open air. The winter of Rousseau spent together with the artists Narcisse Virgil Diaz de la Peña and Claude Felix Theodore Aligny in Barbizon. The nature of Barbizon made such a great impression on him that Rousseau began to come there every year, and since 1848. finally moved there with his wife. View of the Barbizon
Theodore Rousseau Over time, a circle of his fellow artists formed around Rousseau, like him who painted nature in nature Daubigny and Dupre. This is how the Barbizon school gradually arose. The most famous paintings of Theodore Rousseau: “Exit from the Fontainebleau forest”, “Old Dormoire in Ba-Bréo”, “Swamp in the Landes”, “Riverbank”, “Storm”, “Pastures with a river flowing among them”, “Landscape in morning hour, with cows going to water”, “Cows grazing near a forest puddle”, “Sunset” and “Spring afternoon”, “Market in Normandy”, “End of October” and “Holm oaks” (engraved by the artist himself) . In the Forest of Fontainebleau
Charles Daubigny Charles-Francois Daubigny (February 15, 1817, Paris February 19, 1878, ibid) French artist, member of the Barbizon school. Daubigny sought to free the landscape from poetic and subjective components, and to display nature directly and without embellishment. The personal perception of the artist, believed Daubigny, should not participate in the reflection of what he saw.
Charles Daubigny The public and art critics called Daubigny's sketchy watercolors "charming, attractive and poetic". Although Daubigny did not aspire to this, the landscapes created from these preliminary sketches were also considered "poetic". Daubigny did not try to bring a poetic mood into them, and in order, in the end, to get rid of suspicions of deliberate poetry, he began to choose the most unattractive and unprepossessing motives, striving only for absolute truthfulness. "Evening"
Charles Daubigny Notable were Daubigny's efforts to preserve the spontaneity and immediacy of the plein air in his works. For this, he, at one time, received both praise and harsh criticism. But Daubigny remained true to his writing technique, his voluminous application of paints and sharp brush strokes thus rendered in the 60s. 19th century influence on the impressionists. "Peasant Yard"
John Constable "Constable's Land" was the valley of the River Dedam in Suffolk. His best work, including the famous "Salisbury Cathedral", "White Horse", "Dedam Dam", "Hay Cart", are associated with these places and created in the decade of mature creativity between 1815 and 1825. In 1819 Constable traveled to Venice and Rome. In 1824, several of his works were exhibited at the Paris Salon, and the "Hay Cart" received the gold medal of the exhibition. "Hay Cart"
Julien Dupre Julien Dupre (March 19 April 1910) French painter. Julien Dupre is one of the main realist painters of the late 19th century. His landscapes are distinguished by realism and distinctness. He depicted the hardships of the life of French peasants, and painted rural women in a heroic style. Dupre's paintings about the life of the French village are filled with unique liveliness and freshness.
Jules Breton Jules Adolphe Aimé Louis Breton (May 1, 1827, Pas de Calais July 5, 1906, Paris) French painter, genre painter and landscape painter. The plots of Breton's paintings are borrowed from folk life. Most of his paintings are idyllic in nature; they depict the life of shepherds or peasants in the field; the execution is generally realist, but the concept itself is not alien to some idealistic overtones. "First Communion"
Leon Lermitte Leon Lermitte () - French realist painter. All Lermitte's paintings are devoted to the life of peasants. Lermitte was the son of a peasant and experienced firsthand the brunt of peasant labor. In his paintings, rural life is seen as if from the inside; the gestures of working people are convincing, and the relationship between them is reliable. "Reapers"
Jules Bastien-Lepage Jules Bastien-Lepage (November 1, 1848, Danvilliers, Meuse December 10, 1884, Paris) French artist, representative of naturalism in painting as an integral part of realism. This was one of the first French artists, along with the great Jules Breton, who depicted peasant life in the spirit of naturalism. "All Saints' Day"
Critical realism Critical realism that existed in art European countries and America, was focused on depicting the life of the disadvantaged strata of society, opposing their life to the rich strata, sympathy for the human disadvantaged fate. The study of social contradictions was developed by John Everett Millais. The most famous painting is Ophelia, which depicts Mille Rossetti's beloved. "Ophelia"
Realism, symbolism. The presentation will introduce the work of French artists Courbet, Daumier, Millet.
Realism in French painting
The style of classicism that reigned in the art of the Enlightenment was supplanted by the new style at the end of the 18th century, which was the result of the upheavals caused by the bourgeois revolution in France and disappointment in its results. This style became romanticism. I dedicated several entries to the art of romanticism. Today we'll talk about realism, which began to take shape in the depths of romantic art. The French literary critic Jules Francois Chanfleury, who first used the term "realism", contrasted it with symbolism and romanticism. But, the realistic art direction did not become an absolute antagonist of romanticism, but rather was its continuation.
French realism, striving for a truthful reflection of reality, naturally turned out to be associated with the revolutionary movement and was called "critical realism". Appeal to modernity in all its manifestations, the reproduction of typical characters in typical circumstances based on the authenticity of the image is the main requirement of realism.
“The art of painting cannot be anything other than the depiction of objects that are visible and tangible by the artist, ... the realist artist must convey the customs, ideas, appearance of his era”
Gustave Courbet
It is unlikely that I could talk about the work and fate of Gustave Courbet, who is often called the founder of realism in french painting better than the creators did film "Liberty Courbet" from the series "My Pushkin"
In his presentation "Realism in French Painting" I tried to present also the work of wonderful French artists Francois Millet and Honore Daumier. For those who are interested in this topic, I want to recommend to look at the site Gallerix.ru
As always, small book list, where you can read about French realism and French realist artists:
- Encyclopedia for children. T.7. Art. Part two. – M.: Avanta+, 2000.
- Beckett V. History of painting. - M .: Astrel Publishing House LLC: AST Publishing House LLC, 2003.
- Dmitrieva N.A. Short story arts. Issue III: Countries Western Europe XIX century; Russia of the 19th century. - M.: Art, 1992
- Emokhonova L.G. World Artistic Culture: Proc. Allowance for students. avg. ped. textbook establishments. - M .: Publishing Center "Academy", 1998.
- Lvova E.P., Sarabyanov D.V., Borisova E.A., Fomina N.N., Berezin V.V., Kabkova E.P., Nekrasova L.M. World Art. XIX century. art, music, theater. ‒ St. Petersburg: Peter, 2007.
- Samin D.K. One hundred great artists. – M.: Veche, 2004.
- Freeman J. History of Art. - M .: "Publishing house Astrel", 2003.
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