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Presentation on the topic: Deep sea exploration

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Diving bell A diving bell is currently a means of transporting divers in diving equipment to depth to the work site and back, with their subsequent transfer to a decompression chamber, but this was not always the case. The first historically reliable mention of the use of a diving bell dates back to 1531, when Guglielmo di Lorena on a lake near the city of Rome at a depth of 22 meters tried to find treasures from sunken galleys. In the middle of the 17th century, Swedish divers led by Albrekt von Treileben, using a diving bell, managed to raise over 50 cannons from the sunken ship Vasa to the surface. There is also a description of the successful use of a diving bell in the 19th century to lift gold bars and coins from the sunken British frigate Thethys.

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Diving bell Historically, it was a primitive tool for lowering a person under water and was made in the form of a box or an overturned barrel. The bell with the diver inside was lowered under water and the air inside had a pressure equal to the pressure of the surrounding water. The internal airspace of the bell allowed the diver to breathe for some time and perform active actions- go out or swim out to inspect and repair the underwater part of ships or to search for sunken treasures. Having completed the work, the diver returned to the bell and the device was raised to the surface of the sea (reservoir) using a crane or winch. In the 19th century, a number of inventors (mechanic Gausen, Siebe) improved the design of the diving bell, creating designs that are rightfully considered primitive diving suits.

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Diving suit A diving suit is a special equipment designed to isolate a diver from external environment. Parts of the equipment form a special shell impervious to gases and water. Suits are divided into rigid (normobaric, or atmospheric) and soft suits. Soft diving suit Made of rubber, the helmet is made of metal. Does not isolate the diver from the pressure of the external environment (water). The simplest example of a soft diving suit is a three-bolt diving suit.

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Diving suit Rigid diving suit designed for underwater observation and diving operations by an operator under conditions of normal internal pressure Equipment designed for deep-sea (up to 600 meters) work, during which the pilot of the suit continues to be at normal atmospheric pressure, which, accordingly, relieves concern about decompression, eliminates nitrogen, oxygen and other poisoning. At present, the Russian Navy is supplied with four sets of HS-1200 rigid diving suits (of the Canadian company Oceanworks) with a working depth of 365 meters. A diving suit that allows you to dive to a depth of 365 meters

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Scuba diving Aqua ng (from Latin aqua, water + English lung, lung = Aqua-lung, “Water lung”) or scuba (English SCUBA, Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus, autonomous breathing apparatus under water) - light diving equipment that allows you to dive to depths of up to three hundred meters and easily move under water. During World War II, closed-circuit breathing apparatuses were the most popular. Working in the difficult conditions of German-occupied France, in 1943, Captain Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Emile Gagnan invented the first safe and effective breathing apparatus under water, called aqualung, which Cousteau later successfully used to dive to a depth of 60 meters without any harmful consequences.

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Scuba diving Components of scuba diving Cylinder - one or two metal cylinders with a volume of 7-18 liters (sometimes there are 20 and 22 liter cylinders). Regulator - there may be several on one scuba gear (depending on the tasks solved during the dive). It usually consists of two parts: a gearbox and a lung machine. Buoyancy compensator - not required, but commonly used today. Records: December 22, 2003 - 313 meters, set by the Englishman Mark Eliot. 2005 - 318 meters, set by South African Nuno Gomez. July 5, 2005 - 330 meters, Pascal Bernabe, French.

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The sea has always drawn a person to itself, maybe even more than the sky. The oceans are the habitat huge amount plants, fish, marine animals, including mammals. The sea has always drawn a person to itself, maybe even more than the sky. The oceans are home to a huge number of plants, fish, marine animals, including mammals.

There are several zones of ocean life. The most populated upper water column, up to 300 meters deep, as it is the most illuminated part. The zone at a depth of 300 to 1000 meters is called the twilight area. There are several zones of ocean life. The most populated upper water column, up to 300 meters deep, as it is the most illuminated part. The zone at a depth of 300 to 1000 meters is called the twilight area.

At a depth of more than 1000 meters, absolute darkness and severe cold reign, there are no plants. The pressure at great depths is very high, so at a depth of 3800 m the pressure is 400 kg / cm 3, and at a depth of m it is already 7250 kg / cm 3. At a depth of more than 1000 meters, absolute darkness and severe cold reign, there are no plants. The pressure at great depths is very high, so at a depth of 3800 m the pressure is 400 kg / cm 3, and at a depth of m it is already 7250 kg / cm 3.

The inhabitants of the deep sea have adapted to these difficult conditions in different ways. The inhabitants of the deep sea have adapted to these difficult conditions in different ways. The only source of food for deep-sea animals is the corpses of the inhabitants of the upper part of the ocean and bacteria. Their eyes are either absent or reach a high degree of development: sometimes they are huge, often placed on lateral outgrowths - stalks - or telescopic, equipped with a lens system. Blind forms for searching for prey have special long body appendages - sensitive tentacles. Many organisms have complex luminous organs that attract prey.

Deep-sea fauna is taken for research with the help of traps and trawls, which are lowered from the ship as traps on a steel cable. Deep-sea fauna is taken for research with the help of traps and trawls, which are lowered from the ship as traps on a steel cable.

I don’t know if there is an occupation more interesting than exploring the depths of the sea, because even now not only most of the mysteries of the ocean remain mysteries for people, but far from all parts of the ocean have been visited by a person. Every year, scientists discover more and more new species of previously unknown animals and plants. I don’t know if there is an occupation more interesting than exploring the depths of the sea, because even now not only most of the mysteries of the ocean remain mysteries for people, but far from all parts of the ocean have been visited by a person. Every year, scientists discover more and more new species of previously unknown animals and plants.

Introduction Even as a child, we all wanted to look under the water, but not just open our eyes in the water in the bathroom, but for real, somewhere deep, for example, at the bottom of the sea or ocean. After all, everyone knows that the seabed has its own plains, mountains and even volcanoes. And in order to get there, you need scuba gear, or diving suits, and even better bathyscaphes.

Deep sea research This building housed the Institute of Marine Biology from 1972 to 1988. Underwater research - information process, since they are associated with the accumulation of information about the underwater environment, about the interaction of various objects under water, about the influence of the environment on its inhabitants and humans.

The first devices for working under water, created in the centuries, were metal helmets and suits, into which air was pumped through a hose. The air pressure inside such a suit prevented the penetration of water.

Atmospheric diving suit This is a durable, waterproof suit that is used for working at great depths. The diver inhales air supplied at normal atmospheric pressure. A powerful metal suit can withstand water pressure at a depth of 300 meters. Such equipment allows you to obtain data that is very difficult to collect in other ways.

The first scuba gear for a small dive Scuba gear is a device that allows a person to swim underwater without any connection to the surface. This scuba gear allowed you to dive to meters, and the time is minutes. It was invented in 1957 and tested in the summer of 1958. Scuba diving makes it possible to observe the behavior of marine life for a long time without disturbing them.

New generation scuba diving scuba divers use special suits to move and work underwater. The equipment necessarily includes cylinders with a compressed mixture of oxygen and other gases, which replaces air. This mixture enters the lungs through a hose with a breathing tube.

Underwater vehicle of the first generation. It was built in 1964, its weight is 16.5 tons. The maximum diving depth is 4500 meters. In 1968, due to an accident during the descent, the Alvin sank at a depth of 1540 meters, 110 miles south of Woods Hole (Massachusetts).

The deepest dive On January 23, 1960, the bathyscaphe "Trieste" plunged meters into the deepest part of the Pacific Ocean - the Mariana Trench. No one has dived deeper before. The bathyscaphes are equipped with complex measuring instruments, they allow observing and taking samples from the bottom necessary for the work of biologists and the survey of deep-sea oases and coral reefs.

Afterword The most famous in our time is the team of Jacques-Yves Cousteau. Those who dived in the years played a part in the fact that now the underwater world is open and no longer holds secrets, at least not such that one can encounter during an ordinary dive.

Books worth reading!!! These books are not known to everyone: M.V. Propp "In the depths of five oceans"; Lucien Laubier "Oases at the bottom of the ocean" (gidrometeoizdat); V. Levin, V. Korobkov "Under water - BIOLOGISTS" These books contain a lot of interesting information that you may need in preparing a presentation or in the lessons: Physics, Biology and Geography. Rozhkov Artyom 7 "A"

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Pressure at the bottom of the seas and oceans. Deep sea exploration
MBOU Kishkinskaya secondary school
Head teacher of physics Kuzmina Nina Yurievna 2015
Made by 7th grade student Victoria Malyanova

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The depth of the oceans reaches several kilometers. Therefore, there is enormous pressure at the bottom of the ocean. So, for example, at a depth of 10 km (and there are also greater depths), the pressure is about 100,000,000 Pa (100,000 kPa).

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The depth of the oceans reaches several kilometers. Therefore, there is enormous pressure at the bottom of the ocean. So, for example, at a depth of 10 km, the pressure is about 100,000,000 Pa.

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At very great depths, the compressibility of water already begins to be noticeable: due to compression, the density of water in deep layers is greater than on the surface, and therefore the pressure increases with depth somewhat faster than according to a linear law, and the pressure graph deviates somewhat from a straight line. Pressure addition due to water compression. At the greatest depth of the ocean, equal to 11 km, it reaches almost 3% of the total pressure at this depth.

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But despite this, there is life at the bottom of the ocean. Mostly the inhabitants of these places are fish. They are characterized by large sizes and bizarre shapes. How do fish withstand the weight of a layer of water several kilometers thick?

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It doesn't cause them any pain. The fact is that the body, muscles and bones of fish are saturated with water, and the fish feels the same pressure from the inside and outside. But if you pull a deep-sea fish to the surface of the water, the internal pressure is no longer balanced by the external one. The fish inflates, the eyes bulge, the insides turn out through the mouth. In such an inflated form, the fish can no longer dive to the depths. The bodies of such fish are able to withstand pressures of millions of pascals.

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With special training, a person can dive to depths of up to 80 m without special protective equipment, the water pressure at such depths is about 800 kPa.

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At great depths, unless special protective measures are taken, rib cage a person can not withstand the pressure of water. For protection, special diving suits are used. Back in 1839, English diving suits invented by John Dean began to appear in Russia. This diving equipment was a combination of a Ziebe spacesuit with a powerful pump. This equipment developed quite quickly, and by the middle of the 19th century it was actually the prototype of modern twelve-bolt ventilated equipment.

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A little later, an analogue of modern three-bolt equipment appeared in Russia, invented by the Frenchman Auguste Deineruz (fr.)

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Since the 1860s, the production of twelve-bolt equipment has been established on Russian factories,. from about that time to the crew large ships ship divers were introduced.

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People have been diving under water for a long time. Already in the 4th millennium BC, there were daredevils who dived into the abyss to get corals. There are also cases when warriors under water built entire artificial reefs for an enemy ship or performed other minor pranks, for example, cut anchors. For breathing, they adapted tubes and air bags. But such devices were inconvenient - the bags constantly floated to the surface, and there was not enough air in them.

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Currently, at depths up to 90m, a diving suit made of rubberized fabric is used. It enables the diver to be mobile under water, capable of any work. Scuba is also used, which is a cylinder of compressed air. The modern scuba gear was invented in 1943 by the famous French explorer Jacques-Yves Cousteau in collaboration with the talented engineer Emile Gagnan. Scuba diving revolutionized the study and development of the World Ocean - a person felt completely free in a foreign element.

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Rigid suits allow greater penetration into the depths of the ocean. The greatest diving depth of a diver in a hard suit is a little more than 200 m. But such a suit is connected to the ship with a hose through which air is supplied, it hinders the diver's movements, interferes with the latter's rapid movement under water, and limits freedom of work. The walls of this suit are more than a centimeter thick. Since the shell takes on tremendous pressure at great depths (from 30 to 60 atmospheres), it is completely rigid. And a diver, in order not only to view the fish through a hemispherical porthole, but also to perform, for example, cutting, welding, flaw detection or rescue work, needs to be able to bend his arms and legs. To do this, the limbs are made "articular" - they are divided into segments, and therefore the arms and legs are bent due to the rotation of the segments.

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Modern submarines able to withstand water pressure at great depths of immersion. Inside, the strong hull is divided into compartments by bulkheads, which increases the survivability of the ship in the event of a leak. Diving depth is one of the main characteristics of a submarine. Until the First World War, 50 meters was considered sufficient, as it allowed the submarine to take cover and not be detected by the enemy. Later, with increasing depth, freedom of movement increased, the boat became more mobile. To date, the possible diving depth of boats can be an average of 700 m.

Exploration of the sea depths. Man began to explore the underwater world in ancient times. Experienced, well-trained divers (pearl collectors), holding their breath for 1-2 minutes, dived without any devices to a depth (and sometimes more) meters.

To increase the time spent under water, people first used reed breathing tubes, leather bags with an air supply, as well as a “diving bell” (in the upper part of which, when immersed in water, an “air cushion” was formed, from which a person received air.

At a depth of more than 1.5 m, you can only breathe air that is compressed to a pressure equal to the pressure of water at a given depth. At a depth of more than 1.5 m, you can only breathe air that is compressed to a pressure equal to the pressure of water at this depth.

In 1943, the French J. Cousteau and E. Gagnan invented scuba gear. special apparatus with compressed air, designed to breathe a person under water. Thanks to this invention, swimming under water has become a fascinating and widespread sport.

Scuba diving allows you to be under water from a few minutes (at a depth of about 40 m) to an hour or more (at shallow depths). Descents with scuba diving to depths of more than 40 m are not recommended. inhalation of air compressed to high pressure can lead to nitrogen narcosis. A person's coordination of movements is disturbed, consciousness is confused.

The bathyscaphe is not connected by a cable to the ship and is an autonomous (self-propelled) apparatus. The first bathyscaphe was built and tested by the Swiss scientist O. Piccard in 1948. In January 1960, the son of the scientist J. Piccard, together with D. Walsh, reached the bottom of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean on the bathyscaphe. Its maximum depth (measured in 1957 by the Soviet research vessel Vityaz) is m.