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Text content of presentation slides: Realism in Russian painting Svetlana Grigorievna Lebed, art teacher, Moscow Art and Physical Educational Institution Ilyinskaya Secondary School, p. Ilyinskoye, city district. Domodedovo, Moscow region 2016 Russian art critic and historian V.V. Stasov expressed his own scientific approach to realism and the mood of society in the following words: “... A new artistic movement is beginning everywhere, putting an end to both the old combed classicism and the newer, but no less false, disheveled romanticism and striving for completely different goals. Everywhere there was a breath of fresh spirit, everywhere art raised its hands and eyes to new tasks and deeds...” Realism The Peredvizhniki in Russia, with their creativity, finally established the position of realism in everyday and historical genres, portraits and landscapes Realism Russian Peredvizhniki artists, who realized art, reached particular heights of realism as an opportunity to show life as it is. Among them, first of all, it should be mentioned: P.A. Fedotova, V.G. Perova, I.E. Repina, V.E. Makovsky, V.V. Pukireva, G.G. Myasoedova, K.A. SavitskyA. K. Savrasova Itinerant artists Pavel Andreevich Fedotov (1815-1852) Pavel Andreevich Fedotov entered the history of Russian painting as an outstanding realist artist, an ironic and subtle painter A motley kaleidoscope of types and characters P.A. Fedotov observed in real life. Modern researcher D.V. Sarabyanov rightly noted: “He painted everything: how people sit down and how they sit in the presence of their superiors, how they walk the streets or behave at the card table, how figures unfold from the most complex angles, what a human eye or nose looks like. He painted portraits almost "All his acquaintances. It seemed that he did not have enough models, time, paper, pencils to quench his boundless thirst for observation. It was a passion." Pavel Andreevich Fedotov. Matchmaking of Major Pavel Andreevich Fedotov. Fresh Cavalier. 1846The second title of the painting is “The Morning of the Official Who Received the First Cross.” The painting shows an official in the pose of a Roman orator. He holds up his torn robe like a toga, and the curls in his hair are like a laurel wreath. With his hand he points to the Order of Stanislav, in response the lively cook shows him a torn boot. Pavel Andreevich Fedotov. Picky bride. 1847 Fedotov borrowed the idea for his new painting from Krylov. He took the well-known fable “The Picky Bride”: “The beauty, while she had not yet bloomed at all, She married the first one who approached her, And she was glad, she was glad that she married a cripple.” Pavel Andreevich Fedotov. Widow. 1850 The artist created in this picture a deeply lyrical, touching in its helplessness, image of a young woman - a future mother, lonely after the death of her officer's husband. All property - furniture and dishes - was sealed for debts. Fedotov makes the viewer think about the situation of a little man, doomed to poverty and deprivation in feudal Russia. Pavel Andreevich Fedotov. Anchor, more anchor! One of the latest works by P.A. Fedotov, in which the artist creates a tragic image of a meaningless existence. In a cramped space, the same action is endlessly repeated: an officer lying on a bed forces a poodle to jump over an obstacle again and again, urging the dog on with words of command. Vasily Grigorievich Perov (1833-1882) - painter, genre painter, portrait painter, master of historical painting. One of the leading artists of the “critical movement” in Russian realism of the second half of the 19th century. The artist Vasily Grigorievich Perov is called a writer of everyday life of Russian reality. His brush includes many works in which he sympathizes with representatives of the most powerless and unprotected class. Self-portrait of Vasily Perov Vasily Grigorievich Perov. Troika. Craftsman apprentices are carrying water. 1866. Tretyakov Gallery The picture has a real everyday basis: in the 19th century, Moscow was supplied with water through special fountains, from which it was delivered to homes. Vasily Grigorievich Perov. Tea drinking in Mytishchi, near Moscow. 1862. Tretyakov Gallery The plot of the “Tea Party” was based on actual incidents that Perov observed while traveling around the outskirts of Moscow. He saw both a smugly indifferent monk and a timid novice, whom he later depicted in his painting. The only thing he came up with was a crippled old warrior and a ragged boy being driven away by a young maid. Vasily Grigorievich Perov. Hunters at rest. The State Tretyakov Gallery was painted by Perov in two copies, the original is kept in the Tretyakov Gallery, and a copy of the painting is in the Russian Museum in St. Petersburg by Nikolai Nikolaevich Ge. 1831-1894Historical painter, portrait painter, landscape painter. Nikolai Nikolaevich Ge was born into a noble family. The Gay family comes from France. At the end of the 18th century. the artist's great-grandfather emigrated to Russia and settled in Moscow. Portrait of Nikolai Yaroshenko Nikolai Nikolaevich Ge. Last Supper. 1863 This is the artist's first large painting. The tragedy of the Teacher, who foresees the defection of one of his students, but is ready for self-sacrifice, is the basis of the dramatic conflict of the canvas by Ge Nikolai Nikolaevich. Peter I interrogates Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich in Peterhof. 1871. Tretyakov Gallery Ge Nikolai Nikolaevich. What is truth? Christ and Pilate1890The tormented Christ, standing with his hands tied before Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor of Judea, is sullen and concentrated. He just said in response: “For this I was born and for this I came into the world, to testify to the truth.” Pilate chuckles in response. The dramatic conflict is expressed clearly, sharply and psychologically convincing. Vereshchagin Vasily Vasilievich (1842-1904) Vasily Vasilyevich Vereshchagin is one of the largest Russian realist artists. His work gained national fame and gained high international authority. In the history of world art, Vereshchagin has firmly established himself as a famous battle painter. In the fine arts, he was one of the first to act as a pacifist, an opponent of the use of military means to resolve social conflicts. Fragment Vasily Vasilyevich Vereshchagin. The apotheosis of war. 1871. Tretyakov Gallery. The artist embodied in the painting “Apotheosis of War” his main creative idea- “war is a shame and curse of humanity.” On the frame of the painting by V.V. Vereshchagin left the inscription: “Dedicated to all great conquerors, past, present and future.”
Vereshchagin Vasily Vasilievich. Present trophies. 1872. Tretyakov Gallery V.V. Vereshchagin showed in his paintings prejudices, inert forms of life and outdated customs. He revealed the inhumanity of obsolete customs, religious fanaticism, savagery and barbarism of backward Eastern peoples and "civilized colonizers". Ilya Efimovich Repin (1844-1930) outstanding Russian painter. Studied in St. Petersburg at the Drawing School of the Society for the Promotion of Arts under I.N. Kramskoy and the Academy of Arts. The first independent work of the artist is the painting "Barge haulers on the Volga" (1870-1873. RM). During a trip on a steamboat along the Neva in 1863, Repin first saw barge haulersSelf-portrait, 1878 Ilya Efimovich Repin. Barge haulers on the Volga (1870-1873. Russian Museum). The famous landscape painter F. A. Vasilyev remarked: “The picture should be wider, simpler, which is called by itself ... Barge haulers, so barge haulers!”.
Ilya Efimovich Repin. The Cossacks write a letter to the Turkish Sultan. 1880-1891. Timing belt Ilya Efimovich Repin. We didn't wait. 1888. Tretyakov Gallery Ilya Efimovich Repin. Ivan the Terrible and his son Ivan November 16, 1581. (1888. State Tretyakov Gallery) Kramskoy Ivan Nikolaevich (1837-1887) Russian artist, critic and art theorist. Born into a poor middle-class family. Since childhood, I have been interested in art and literature. During his years of study, he rallied advanced academic youth around himself. He led the protest of the graduates of the Academy ("rebellion of fourteen"), who refused to paint pictures ("programs") on the mythological plot set by the Council. Self-portrait, (1867) Kramskoy Ivan Nikolaevich. Unknown. 1883. Having given his work the name “unknown”, Kramskoy created an eternal halo of mystery for her. Kramskoy Ivan Nikolaevich. Peasant with a bridle Kramskoy Ivan Nikolaevich Portrait of the artist Shishkin From the Cossacks. Surikov was very proud of his origin and wrote about it: “From all sides I am a natural Cossack... My Cossacks are more than 200 years old.” Surikov became one of the best masters of Russian historical painting. He managed to combine 19th-century realism with vibrant pictorial innovation. Vasily Ivanovich Surikov (1848-1916)Self-portrait of Vasily Ivanovich Surikov. The morning of the Streltsy execution Vasily Ivanovich Surikov. Menshikov in Berezovo Vasily Ivanovich Surikov. Capture of the snow town Vasily Ivanovich Surikov. Boyarina Morozova Sources
Realism Realism in art is a truthful, objective reflection of reality using specific means inherent in a particular type of artistic creativity. In a narrower sense, the term "realism" (which first appeared in the aesthetic thought of France in the mid-19th century) in the field of fine arts is applied to artistic phenomena that arose in the 1718th centuries. and reached full disclosure in the critical realism of the 19th century. In this sense, a distinctive feature of realism is the use of art to directly depict the everyday life of people, devoid of any religious or mythological plot motivation. Julien Dupre
Realism The history of realism as a movement in art is connected with landscape painting in France, with the so-called Barbizon school. Barbizon is a village where artists came to paint rural landscapes. They discovered the beauty of the nature of France, the beauty of the labor of the peasants, which was the assimilation of reality and became a novelty in art. Theodore Rousseau
Gustave Courbet Jean Desire Gustave Courbet French painter, landscape painter, genre painter and portrait painter. He is considered one of the finalists of romanticism and the founders of realism in painting. One of the largest artists of France during the 19th century, a key figure in French realism. Gustave Courbet
Courbet repeatedly throughout his life spoke of himself as a realist: “Painting consists of representing things that the artist can see and touch... I firmly hold the view that painting is an extremely concrete art and can only consist in depicting real things given to us... This A completely physical language." "Windwinners"
Gustave Courbet The most interesting of Courbet's works: “Funeral at Ornans”, his own portrait, “Roe deer by the stream”, “Fight of deer”, “Wave” (all five in the Louvre, in Paris), “Afternoon coffee at Ornans” (in Lille Museum), “Road Stone Breakers”, “Fire”, “Village Priests Returning from a Fellowship Revel” (caustic satire on the clergy), “Bathers”, “Woman with a Parrot”, “Entrance to the Puy Noir Valley”, “Orannon rock”, “Deer by the water” (in the Marseille Museum) and many landscapes in which the artist’s talent was expressed most clearly and fully. "Funeral at Ornans"
Theodore Rousseau Rousseau introduced the concept of the "intimate landscape", the motives for which were provided mainly by the forest of Fontainebleau. Given the simplicity and naturalness of what is depicted, the main role in it is intended to be played by the overall coloring of the picture, which strongly and poetically conveys the mood created in the artist’s soul by nature at one time or another. In It was his first time out in the open air. Winter Rousseau spent time together with the artists Narcisse Virgil Díaz de la Peña and Claude Félix Théodore Aligny in Barbizon. The nature of Barbizon made such a great impression on him that Rousseau began to come there every year, and from 1848. finally moved there with his wife. View of Barbizon
Theodore Rousseau Over time, a circle of his fellow artists formed around Rousseau, like him who painted nature in the nature of Daubigny and Dupre. This is how the Barbizon school gradually emerged. The most famous paintings by Theodore Rousseau: “Exit from the Forest of Fontainebleau”, “Old Dormoir in Bas-Breau”, “Swamp in the Landes”, “River Bank”, “Storm”, “Pastelage with a River Flowing Among Them”, “Landscape in morning hour, with cows going to water, "Cows grazing by a forest puddle", "Sunset" and "Spring afternoon", "Market in Normandy", "End of October" and "Ham oaks" (engraved by the artist himself) . In the forest of Fontainebleau
Charles Daubigny Charles-Francois Daubigny (February 15, 1817, Paris February 19, 1878, ibid) French artist, member of the Barbizon school. Daubigny sought to free the landscape from poetic and subjective components, and to display nature directly and without embellishment. The personal perception of the artist, believed Daubigny, should not participate in the reflection of what he saw.
Charles Daubigny The public and art criticism called Daubigny's sketchy watercolors "charming, attractive and poetic". Although Daubigny did not aspire to this, the landscapes created from these preliminary sketches were also considered "poetic". Daubigny did not try to introduce a poetic mood into them, and in order, in the end, to get rid of suspicions of deliberate poetry, he began to choose the most unattractive and unattractive motives, striving only for absolute truthfulness. "Evening"
Charles Daubigny Daubigny's efforts to preserve the spontaneity and spontaneity of the plein air in his works were noteworthy. For this he, at one time, received both praise and severe criticism. But Daubigny remained true to his painting technique, his volumetric application of paints and sharp brush strokes thereby having an impact in the 60s. XIX century influence on the impressionists. "Peasant's Yard"
John Constable "Constable's Land" was the Dedam Valley in Suffolk. His best works, including the famous "Salisbury Cathedral", "White Horse", "Dedam Dam", "Hay Wagon", are associated with these places and were created in the decade of mature creativity between 1815 and 1825. In 1819 Constable visited Venice and Rome. In 1824, several of his works were exhibited at the Paris Salon, and "The Hay Wain" received the exhibition's gold medal. "Hay Cart"
Julien Dupre Julien Dupre (19 March April 1910) French artist. Julien Dupre is one of the main realist artists of the late 19th century. His landscapes are distinguished by realism and clarity. He depicted the hardships of life of French peasants, and painted rural women in a heroic style. Dupre's paintings about the life of the French village are filled with unique liveliness and freshness.
Jules Breton Jules Adolphe Aimé Louis Breton (May 1, 1827, Pas de Calais July 5, 1906, Paris) French artist, genre painter and landscape painter. The subjects of Breton's paintings are borrowed from folk life. Most of his paintings are idyllic in nature; they depict the life of shepherds or peasants in the field; the execution, in general, is distinguished by realism, but the concept itself is not alien to some idealistic overtones. "First Communion"
Leon Lhermitte Leon Lhermitte () is a French realist artist. All of Lhermitte's paintings are dedicated to the life of peasants. Lhermitte was the son of a peasant and experienced first-hand the hardship of peasant labor. In his paintings, rural life is seen as if from the inside; the gestures of working people are convincing, and the relationships between them are reliable. "Reapers"
Jules Bastien-Lepage Jules Bastien-Lepage (November 1, 1848, Danvilliers, Meuse December 10, 1884, Paris) French artist, representative of naturalism in painting as an integral part of realism. This was one of the first French artists, along with the great Jules Breton, to depict peasant life in the spirit of naturalism. "All Saints' Day"
Critical realism Critical realism that existed in art European countries and America, was focused on depicting the life of the disadvantaged sections of society, contrasting their lives with the rich sections, and sympathy for the unfortunate human fate. The study of social contradictions was developed by John Everett Millais. The most famous painting is “Ophelia,” which depicts Millais’ beloved Rossetti. "Ophelia"
Realism, symbolism. The presentation will introduce the work of French artists Courbet, Daumier, and Millet.
Realism in French painting
The style of classicism, which reigned in the art of the Enlightenment, was already supplanted at the end of the 18th century by a new style, which was a consequence of the upheavals caused by the bourgeois revolution in France and disappointment in its results. This style became romanticism. I have dedicated several posts to the art of romanticism. Today we'll talk about realism, which began to take shape in the depths of romantic art. The French literary critic Jules François Chanfleury, who first used the term “realism,” contrasted it with symbolism and romanticism. But the realistic artistic movement did not become an absolute antagonist of romanticism, but rather was its continuation.
French realism, striving for a truthful reflection of reality, naturally became associated with the revolutionary movement and was called “critical realism.” An appeal to modernity in all its manifestations, the reproduction of typical characters in typical circumstances based on the life-like authenticity of the image is the main requirement of realism.
“The art of painting cannot be anything other than the depiction of objects visible and tangible by the artist... a realist artist must convey the morals, ideas, and appearance of his era”
Gustave Courbet
It is unlikely that I could talk about the work and fate of Gustave Courbet, who is often called the founder realism in French painting, better than the creators did film "Freedom of Courbet" from the series “My Pushkinsky”
In your presentation "Realism in French painting" I also tried to present the work of wonderful French artists Francois Millet And Honore Daumier. For those who are interested in this topic, I would like to recommend checking out the site Gallerix.ru
As always, small list of books, in which you can read about French realism and French realist artists:
- Encyclopedia for children. T.7. Art. Part two. – M.: Avanta+, 2000.
- Beckett V. History of painting. – M.: Astrel Publishing House LLC: AST Publishing House LLC, 2003.
- Dmitrieva N.A. Short story arts. Issue III: Countries Western Europe XIX century; Russia of the 19th century. – M.: Art, 1992
- Emokhonova L.G. World artistic culture: Textbook. A manual for students. avg. ped. textbook establishments. – M.: Publishing Center “Academy”, 1998.
- Lvova E.P., Sarabyanov D.V., Borisova E.A., Fomina N.N., Berezin V.V., Kabkova E.P., Nekrasova L.M. World Art. XIX century. art, music, theater. ‒ St. Petersburg: Peter, 2007.
- Samin D.K. One Hundred Great Artists. – M.: Veche, 2004.
- Freeman J. History of Art. – M.: Astrel Publishing House, 2003.
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