Sectoral structure of the economy
For the modern period of development sectoral structure of the economy The highly developed countries of Foreign Europe are characterized by the following essential features:
wide polyspecialization of agriculture, industry and services;
dominance in the manufacturing industries;
dominance in the industry of production of consumer goods (sector B) over the production of means of production (sector A).
Rapid development of knowledge-intensive industries;
The transition to the post-industrial stage of development, when the sphere of non-material production becomes leading in the economy.
Sectors of the economy based on the exploitation of natural resource potential are gradually “fading into the shadows” in terms of their share in GDP. However absolute indicators production in many of them is still high.
Agriculture, industry primary sector* economy, characterized by high intensity and a huge variety of products. Despite the fact that in most countries the share of the agricultural sector in total GDP is small, for example in Germany - 3%, France 5%, in the European Union one of the most pressing problems is overproduction of agricultural products. EU economic authorities have to spend huge amounts of money to curb production growth and impose strict customs restrictions on the import of food products from abroad, except for tropical agricultural products. But the removal of customs borders within the Union itself sharply intensified competition between European producers and allowed the strongest of them to significantly expand their sales market. As a result, the specialization of individual countries within the EU has deepened. For example, Spain is called a pan-European “garden and vegetable garden”, Yes- nuyu - "and livestock farm."
Crop production largely serves the needs of livestock farming; in many countries, the area sown with fodder crops exceeds the area with food crops. The most important grains are wheat and barley. Grain yields are twice as high as in the USA (50-60 c/ha). A third of the EU's grain harvest comes from France, one of the world's largest wheat exporters.
Overall in gross product Agriculture in foreign Europe is dominated by livestock farming. Every fifth kilogram of meat in the world is produced here (twice as much as in the USA) and every third liter of milk. The average milk yield per cow in Holland exceeds 6 thousand liters per year. Europeans consume large quantities of not only beef, but also pork and lamb (especially in the Mediterranean).
Secondary sector represented by a powerful and diverse industry. It reached its greatest scale in Germany, Great Britain, France and Italy.
Traditional basic industries, with which European economic integration began in the post-war period, - coal industry And ferrous metallurgy(“The Union of Coal and Steel”, 1956) - in the last quarter of the past century, we were going through hard times. European coal became less and less profitable. As a result, in Great Britain, Germany, and France there was a massive closure of coal mines and a reorientation of energy and industry to imports, in particular from Canada and the USA.
Foreign Europe has a powerful fuel and energy system, although in terms of per capita energy consumption it still lags significantly behind the United States. Almost half of energy resources are imported. In the process of European integration, a unified EU electricity network was created. In the fuel and energy balance, the share of coal is steadily declining, but the share of gas, which is imported, in particular from Russia, is growing. Before the energy crisis of 1973, Western Europe imported oil mainly from the Persian Gulf and North Africa. In the last quarter of a century, the share of European oil has increased significantly, 90% of which is produced in the North Sea by Great Britain and Norway.
After the Chernobyl accident in 1986, most development projects in Europe were frozen nuclear energy, and in a number of countries (Italy, Austria, Switzerland, Poland, etc.) they completely abandoned the use of “peaceful atom” energy. But, for example, France continues to implement its nuclear programs, since for it the abandonment of nuclear energy is unacceptable - it provides more than 70% of the country’s total electricity.
In the wake of greening, it is actively developing alternative energy. In Germany, France, Spain and some other countries, massive construction of wind power plants has begun, which are already providing electricity to hundreds of villages and even small towns.
Based on the existing energy capacities and mainly imported ores, it is developing non-ferrous metallurgy, serving European mechanical engineering. Particularly noteworthy is the production of aluminum in Norway, Germany and France, refined lead, zinc and copper in Italy, lead and zinc in Spain.
Europe has created a diverse chemical industry. Here we should first of all note Germany (various products of inorganic and organic chemistry) and France (production of mineral fertilizers, synthetic rubber, etc.). The products of the German and Swiss pharmaceutical industries have already conquered the world market.
Leading industry sector - mechanical engineering. It provides about a third of all industrial products of Foreign Europe and provides almost half of exports. The range of manufactured products is wide: from nuclear reactors (France) and mining equipment (Norway) to video recorders (Netherlands) and watches (Switzerland). Western European automotive industry successfully competes with American and Japanese. Such world-famous transnational giants as BMW, Volkswagen, Daimler-Chrysler in Germany, Renault and Citroen in France, FIAT in Italy and others grew up here. Leaders of the European aircraft industry- France and Great Britain are closely cooperating, joining forces to fight for a “place in the sun” in the global aviation market, primarily against the American Boeing. France has a national space industry and the most powerful in Foreign Europe military-industrial complex.
The situation is much worse with shipbuilding. Due to the fall in demand for large and medium-tonnage vessels and the emergence of powerful competitors in the form of Japan and South Korea, the production of ships at the shipyards of France, Great Britain, Germany and Spain decreased several times.
Thousands of enterprises work in close connection with R&D centers electronics, which is mainly in the hands of multinational companies. Western European countries act as think tanks, and mass production of products is often carried out thousands of kilometers from Europe, primarily in countries
South-East Asia. The headquarters of companies such as Siemens and Telefunken are located in Germany, and Philips is in the Netherlands.
Tertiary sector - this is the sphere of intangible production, which includes trade, the system of housing, communal and consumer services, management and banking structures, scientific organizations, social institutions (education systems, health care, etc.) - In recent decades, the sector has developed at an accelerated pace, which has given reason to talk about the transition of highly developed countries of Foreign Europe to the post-industrial stage of development. By the end of the 20th century. The tertiary sector has become the leading sector in the economies of EU countries. As already noted, the share of GDP received from the tertiary sector in all countries of Western Europe is already at least 50% of total GDP, and in the most developed (Germany, France) it reaches 70%. In CEE countries this figure is still lower, although the development trend is the same.
A special place in the tertiary sector of Foreign Europe is occupied by education system. The bar for European education is traditionally very high. The training of highly qualified personnel for both traditional and the most innovative fields of activity has become one of the main areas of specialization in the region. Ancient universities and higher schools in Great Britain, Germany, France, and Spain annually graduate tens of thousands of certified specialists, who then work in all countries of the world.
Another sector of the European economy of global importance is tourism. It is in Europe that the paths of more than 2/3 of all travelers abroad converge. The tourism business is developing most successfully in Southern and Eastern Europe. The world leaders in receiving foreign tourists are France (60-70 million), Spain (50-60 million) and Italy (30-40 million). Profits from tourism in these countries amount to billions of euros.
(except for the Arctic archipelago of Spitsbergen) in temperate and subtropical zones,
The main drawback in the complex of favorable conditions is the relative limited resources of agricultural lands.
The region fully covers its needs for agricultural products through own production, and for its individual types (grain, meat, milk and dairy products, sugar, eggs) it exceeds domestic needs and occupies a prominent place in the world in their exports.
Foreign Europe as a whole is characterized by a livestock-raising profile of agriculture and a meat bias. Its main industry is cattle breeding, mainly dairy and dairy-meat production.
Depending on the natural and historical conditions in the region, three main types of agriculture have developed:
- The Northern European type is typical for countries such as,. This type is characterized by the predominance of intensive dairy farming and the production of fodder crops.
- The Central European type is distinguished by the predominance of dairy and dairy-meat animal husbandry, as well as pig and poultry farming. Denmark, called the “dairy farm of Europe,” is one of the world’s largest producers and exporters of butter, milk, and eggs. Crop production of this type not only serves livestock production, but also meets the food needs of the population. The main grain crops are wheat, barley, corn, rye. Approximately 1/3 of the grain harvest falls on the region's only major exporter. Among other types of agricultural products, the production of potatoes plays a significant role (France, Germany, Great Britain stand out), and sugar beets (France, Germany, Poland).
- The Southern European type (New Balkan countries) is distinguished by a significant predominance of crop production over mountain pasture. The main place in crops is occupied by grain crops, but the industry international specialization is the production of fruits, grapes, olives, almonds, tobacco, essential oil crops. Italy is the world leader in olive harvesting, grape harvesting and wine production, Spain is the leader in the export of oranges, and Bulgaria is the leader in the production and export of rose oil.
Foreign Europe is an area of developed fishing. Some of its countries (Iceland, Norway, Portugal) are among the leaders in marine fishing.
AGRICULTURE: THREE MAIN TYPES.
For the main types of agricultural products, most countries fully meet their needs and are interested in marketing them foreign markets. The main type of agricultural enterprise is a large, highly mechanized farm. But in Southern Europe, landlordism and small-scale land use by peasant tenants still predominate.
The main branches of agriculture in foreign Europe are crop production and livestock farming, which are widespread everywhere, combining with each other. Under the influence of natural and historical conditions, three main types of agriculture have developed in the region:
1) Northern European, 2) Central European and 3) Southern European.
For Northern European type, widespread in Scandinavia, Finland, as well as in Great Britain, is characterized by the predominance of intensive dairy farming, and in the plant growing that serves it - fodder crops and gray bread.
Central European type It is distinguished by the predominance of dairy and dairy-meat livestock farming, as well as pig and poultry farming. Livestock farming has reached a very high level in Denmark, where it has long become a branch of international specialization. This country is one of the world's largest producers and exporters of butter, milk, cheese, pork, and eggs. It is often called the "dairy farm" of Europe.
Crop production not only satisfies the basic food needs of the population, but also “works” for livestock farming. A significant and sometimes the predominant part of arable land is occupied by fodder crops.
For South European type characterized by a significant predominance of crop farming, while livestock farming plays a secondary role. Although the main place in crops is occupied by grain crops, the international specialization of Southern Europe is determined primarily by the production of fruits, citrus fruits, grapes, olives, almonds, nuts, tobacco, and essential oil crops. The Mediterranean coast is the main “garden of Europe”.
The entire Mediterranean coast of Spain and especially the region of Valencia is usually called "huerta", i.e. "garden". Various fruits and vegetables are grown here, but most of all oranges, the harvest of which lasts from December to March. Spain ranks first in the world in orange exports. There are more than 90 million olive trees in Greece. This tree became a kind of national symbol for the Greeks. Since the times of Ancient Hellas, the olive branch has been a sign of peace.
In many cases, the specialization of agriculture takes on a narrower profile. Thus, France, the Netherlands and Switzerland are famous for the production of cheese, the Netherlands for flowers, Germany and the Czech Republic for growing barley and hops and brewing. And in terms of production and consumption of grape wines, France, Spain, Italy, and Portugal stand out not only in Europe, but throughout the world.
Fishing has long been an international specialty in Norway, Denmark and especially Iceland.
Tasks and tests on the topic "Agriculture: three main types."
- Types of settlements - Population of the Earth 7th grade
- India - Eurasia 7th grade
Lessons: 4 Assignments: 9 Tests: 1
- USA - North America 7th grade
Lessons: 6 Assignments: 9 Tests: 1
- Economic activities of the world's population - Population of the Earth 7th grade
Lessons: 3 Assignments: 8 Tests: 1
- African States - Africa Grade 7
Lessons: 3 Assignments: 9 Tests: 1
Leading ideas: show the diversity of cultural worlds, models of economic and political development, interconnection and interdependence of countries around the world; and also be convinced of the need for a deep understanding of the laws of social development and the processes that occur in the world.
Basic concepts: Western European (North American) type of transport system, port-industrial complex, "development axis", metropolitan region, industrial belt, "false urbanization", latifundia, ship stations, megalopolis, "technopolis", "growth pole", "growth corridors"; colonial type of industrial structure, monoculture, apartheid, subregion.
Skills and abilities: be able to assess the influence of EGP and GGP, the history of settlement and development, characteristics of the population and labor resources of the region, country on the sectoral and territorial structure of the economy, the level economic development, role in the MGRT of the region, country; identify problems and forecast development prospects for the region and country; highlight specific, defining features of individual countries and explain them; find similarities and differences in the population and economy of individual countries and give an explanation for them, draw up and analyze maps and cartograms.
1. general characteristics industry
Foreign Europe, as an integral region, ranks first in the world economy in terms of size industrial production, in the export of goods and services, in the development of international tourism, leading positions in gold and currency reserves. The economic power of the region is primarily determined by four countries that are members of the G7 Western countries:
- Germany.
- France.
- Great Britain.
- Italy.
These are the countries that have the widest range of various industries and production But the balance of power between them has changed in recent decades. The leadership role has passed to Germany, whose economy is developing more dynamically. Great Britain, on the other hand, has lost many of its former positions. Of the remaining countries of foreign Europe, Spain, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium and Sweden have the greatest economic weight. Unlike the four main countries, their economy specializes primarily in individual industries, which, as a rule, have won European or world recognition. Small and medium-sized countries are especially widely involved in global economic relations. The openness of the economy reached its highest level in Belgium and the Netherlands.
Mechanical engineering plays a special role in the European economy.
2. Mechanical engineering
Mechanical engineering is the leading industry in foreign Europe, which is its homeland. This industry accounts for about 1/3 of the region's total industrial output and 2/3 of its exports. The automotive industry has developed especially strongly. Car brands such as Renault (France), Volkswagen and Mercedes (Germany), FIAT (Italy), Volvo (Sweden) and others are world famous. They operate in the UK, Belgium, Spain and other countries. factories of other automobile concerns. Mechanical engineering, focusing primarily on labor resources, scientific base and infrastructure, most of all gravitate towards large cities and agglomerations, including capital cities.
3. Chemical industry
The chemical industry in foreign Europe ranks second after mechanical engineering. This especially applies to the most “chemicalized” country not only in this region, but also in almost the entire world - Germany. Before World War II chemical industry focused mainly on hard and brown coal, potash and table salts, pyrites and was located in the areas where they were mined.
The reorientation of the industry towards hydrocarbon raw materials has led to its shift towards oil. In the western part of the region, this shift was expressed primarily in the emergence major centers petrochemicals in the estuaries of the Thames, Seine, Rhine, Elbe, and Rhone, where this industry is combined with oil refining. The largest hub of petrochemical production and refineries in the region was formed in the Rhine and Scheldt estuary in the Netherlands, in the Rotterdam area. In fact, it serves the whole of Western Europe. In the eastern part of the region, the shift “towards oil” led to the creation of refineries and petrochemical plants along the routes of main oil and gas pipelines.
The main oil refining and petrochemical enterprises in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, and Hungary were built along the route of the international oil pipeline “Druzhba” and gas pipelines that brought oil and natural gas from the Soviet Union, and currently from Russia. In Bulgaria, for the same reason, petrochemicals are “shifted” to the Black Sea coast.
4. Fuel and energy complex, metallurgy
In the fuel and energy economy of most countries of foreign Europe, the leading place is occupied by oil and natural gas, produced both in the region itself (North Sea) and imported from developing countries, from Russia. Coal production and consumption in Great Britain, Germany, France, the Netherlands, and Belgium decreased sharply.
In the eastern part of the region, the focus on coal is still preserved, and not so much on hard coal (Poland, Czech Republic), but on brown coal. There is perhaps no other area in the world where brown coal plays such a large role in the fuel and energy balance. Most thermal power plants also focus on coal basins. But they are also built in seaports (using imported fuel) and in large cities.
The construction of nuclear power plants is having an increasing impact on the structure and geography of the electric power industry - especially in France, Belgium, Germany, Great Britain, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, and Bulgaria.
Hydroelectric power stations or entire cascades of them were built on the Danube and its tributaries, on the Rhone, the upper Rhine, and the Duero. But still, in most countries, with the exception of Norway, Sweden and Switzerland, hydroelectric power plants now play a supporting role. Since the region's hydro resources are already 4/5 used, Lately Mostly more economical pumped storage power plants are being built. Iceland uses geothermal energy.
The metallurgical industry of foreign Europe was basically formed even before the start of the scientific and technological revolution era. Ferrous metallurgy developed primarily in countries with metallurgical fuel and (or) raw materials: Germany, Great Britain, France, Spain, Belgium, Luxembourg, Poland, and the Czech Republic. After the Second World War, large factories were built or expanded in seaports with a focus on importing higher quality and cheaper iron ore and scrap metal. The largest and most modern of the plants built in seaports is located in Taranto (Italy).
Recently, mostly mini-factories, rather than large plants, have been built.
The most important branches of non-ferrous metallurgy are the aluminum and copper industries. Aluminum production arose both in countries with bauxite reserves (France, Italy, Hungary, Romania, Greece) and in countries where there are no aluminum raw materials, but a lot of electricity is generated (Norway, Switzerland, Germany, Austria). Recently, aluminum smelters are increasingly focusing on raw materials coming from developing countries by sea. The copper industry was most developed in Germany, France, Great Britain, Belgium, and Poland.
5. Forestry, light industry
The timber industry, focusing primarily on sources of raw materials, has become an industry of international specialization in Sweden and Finland. Light industry, with which the industrialization of foreign Europe began, has largely lost its former importance. Old textile districts, formed at the dawn industrial revolution(Lancashire and Yorkshire in Great Britain, Flanders in Belgium, Lyon in France, Milan in Italy), as well as one that arose already in the 19th century. The Lodz region of Poland still exists today. But recently, light industry has been shifting to Southern Europe, where there are still reserves of cheap work force. Thus, Portugal has become almost the main “garment factory” of the region. And Italy is second only to China in shoe production. Many countries also maintain rich national traditions in furniture production, musical instruments, glassware, metal, jewelry, toys, etc.
Agriculture of Foreign Europe
1. General characteristics of agriculture
In general, the share of the economically active population employed in agriculture in Foreign Europe is not large (maximum in the countries of Eastern Europe). The share of agriculture in the economies of countries is also maximum in the countries of Eastern Europe.
For the main types of agricultural products, most countries fully meet their needs and are interested in selling them on foreign markets. The main type of agricultural enterprise is a large, highly mechanized farm. But in Southern Europe, landlordism and small-scale land use by peasant tenants still predominate. The main branches of agriculture in foreign Europe are crop production and livestock farming, which are widespread everywhere, combined with each other.
2. Main types of agriculture
Under the influence of natural and historical conditions, three main types of agriculture have developed in the region:
- Northern European
- Central European
- Southern European
- The Northern European type, widespread in Scandinavia, Finland, and also in Great Britain, is characterized by the predominance of intensive dairy farming, and in the plant growing that serves it - fodder crops and gray grains.
- The Central European type is distinguished by the predominance of dairy and dairy-meat livestock farming, as well as pig and poultry farming. Livestock farming has reached a very high level in Denmark, where it has long become a branch of international specialization. This country is one of the world's largest producers and exporters of butter, milk, cheese, pork, and eggs. It is often called the “dairy farm” of Europe. Crop production not only satisfies the basic food needs of the population, but also “works” for livestock farming. A significant and sometimes the predominant part of arable land is occupied by fodder crops.
- The southern European type is characterized by a significant predominance of crop farming, while livestock farming plays a secondary role. Although the main place in crops is occupied by grain crops, the international specialization of Southern Europe is determined primarily by the production of fruits, citrus fruits, grapes, olives, almonds, nuts, tobacco, and essential oil crops. The Mediterranean coast is the main “garden of Europe”.
- The entire Mediterranean coast of Spain and especially the Valencia region is usually called the garden. Various fruits and vegetables are grown here, but most of all oranges, the harvest of which lasts from December to March. Spain ranks first in the world in orange exports.
- In Greece, Italy, Spain there are more than 90 million olive trees in each country. This tree became a kind of national symbol for the Greeks. Since the times of Ancient Hellas, the olive branch has been a sign of peace.
- Main wine producing countries: France, Italy, Spain.
- In many cases, the specialization of agriculture takes on a narrower profile. Thus, France, the Netherlands and Switzerland are famous for the production of cheese, the Netherlands for flowers, Germany and the Czech Republic for growing barley and hops and brewing. And in terms of production and consumption of grape wines, France, Spain, Italy, and Portugal stand out not only in Europe, but throughout the world. Fishing has long been an international specialty in Norway, Denmark and especially Iceland.
The agricultural complex of the countries of Foreign Europe not only provides internal food demands, but is also gradually entering the foreign market.
Agriculture: three main types
After the Second World War, significant changes occurred in the system of land use and tenure, which predetermined the further development of agriculture. During this period there was a transition from small peasant farm to larger specialized high-value agricultural enterprises.
This was the beginning of the formation of an agribusiness system in Europe. In the majority European countries the agricultural complex is represented by highly mechanized farms that are qualified in production certain group food products. The only exception is Italy, where the system of small private land ownership has been preserved to this day.
The main branches of the agricultural complex Foreign Europe livestock and crop production. Under the influence of certain historical and geographical aspects In European countries, three main models of agricultural production have developed: Northern European, Southern European and Central European.
Northern European type production implies a focus on livestock farming and growing feed crops. This type is common in Finland, Scandinavia and the UK. The Central European model is focused on livestock farming for the purpose of producing dairy products.
Central European type characteristic of Denmark, France, Switzerland and Germany. In countries with such models of agriculture, crop production acts as an auxiliary factor in the production of meat and dairy products.
Southern European type is radically different from the previous two, as it is focused exclusively on crop production. Countries with a southern European economic model are called the “gardens of Europe.” These countries include Italy, Spain, and Greece, world exporters of plant products. Livestock farming in these states is completely absent or represented in small quantities.
Transport. Main highways and nodes
The transport system of this region belongs to the Western European model. If we talk about interstate long-distance transportation, then European countries are significantly inferior to Russia and the United States in this regard. But the high availability of internal transport networks brings Foreign Europe into global leadership.
Relatively short internal distances and the abolition of visa regimes contribute to the development road transport, which is focused primarily on Passenger Transportation. The popularization of road transport leads to a certain decline in rail transport.
Services railway used primarily in the Eastern European countries of Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia and Romania. Special attention in the countries of Foreign Europe, attention is paid to the construction of international highways of meridional and latitudinal types.
International highways connect Western Europe with countries such as Turkey, Russia, and Belarus. In 2010, 9 internal transport corridors were formed that connect the states of Western and Eastern Europe, the total length of which is 17 thousand km.
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