Alibi traditionally interpreted as evidence of innocence, based on the fact that the person suspected of committing a crime or in committing a crime was in another place at the time of its commission, and, therefore, could not participate in this act.
Thus, in an alibi, as in a logical system, there are three main elements:
- place of commission of the crime investigated in the case;
- the time the crime was committed;
- the place where at that moment there was a person who declared his alibi.
The establishment of an alibi cannot always be interpreted unambiguously in favor of the suspected person. Practice shows that the establishment of the fact that the suspect was absent from the scene during the commission of a crime does not mean that this person is not involved in the deed at all. It could, as often happens in cases of group crimes, not act as a direct, physical, but be its accomplice as an organizer, initiator, accomplice.
Modern technical capabilities that are in the "armament" of criminals, means of direct and reverse radiotelephone communication allow the organizer of the crime, even while outside the scene, to provide active management of the process of committing a criminal act, control the criminal situation, coordinate, direct the activities of their accomplices as they receive from them of emergency messages and the development of appropriate corrective instructions based on their operational analysis.
An alibi can be refuted when checked. The establishment of a false alibi is an important proof of the guilt of the suspected..
Alibi types
Forensic science distinguishes between the following types of alibis:
- Complete alibi – clearly excludes the possibility of physical participation in the execution of a crime, because the fact of a person's presence at a certain precisely established time, in a certain precisely established place has been precisely established.
- partial alibi– the situation does not exclude the assumption that a crime was committed by this person, since information about the time of his stay in a certain place not convincing enough and they block the possibility of his being at the scene of the crime at the time of the commission.
- Qualified alibi- prepared in advance and created by fictitious circumstances (preliminary preparation of witnesses, false documents).
- simple alibi- unsubstantiated reference to facts.
Qualified and simple refer to alibi .
Putting forward a false alibi, and it is most often provided by criminals even before they come to the attention of the bodies of inquiry and preliminary investigation - one of the most common forms of opposition to the investigation in order to evade responsibility for the crime. The meaning of this action is reduced to the formation by the offender or his accomplices, other persons who are not interested in his responsibility for the deed, a system of false evidence that rehabilitates him in the eyes of the investigation and the public (taking measures to prevent reliable information that adequately reflects his involvement in the deed and the role in it, to neutralize possible evidence and direct the investigation along the wrong path).
The fabrication of an alleged alibi can be carried out by the criminal himself directly (both alone and together with accomplices) or by his connections at his request or on their own initiative.
In the course of this activity, other crimes are often committed, such as forgery, bribery, theft of forms of documents of any enterprises, organizations and institutions, forgery of documents, incitement to give false testimony.
Tactical features of the alibi check
During the study of the alibi, it turns out:
- where exactly was the person who declared the alibi at the time of the crime and what was he doing there at that time;
- from where, with whom, for what purpose he arrived there, when, with whom, in connection with what, at what time he left this place, for what period of time he was in this place;
- whom he saw there, in what environment, who saw him, with whom he came into contact, what did those who were in this place do;
- against the background of what natural and climatic phenomena (weather conditions, presence of precipitation, etc.) his stay at the place proceeded, what social events took place at the place of stay and beyond;
- who, in addition to direct eyewitnesses, was aware of the intention to visit a given place, at a given time, to whom and how it became known that he was there;
- with the help of what fixed carriers of information can the investigated fact of an alibi be confirmed;
- the reasons for the untimely communication of an alibi, if there was a real possibility or even a need to declare it;
- what clothes, shoes the applicant was wearing at the place of his stay during the commission of the crime under investigation, what things he had with him, in what clothes, shoes, what things he left with.
In the event that the alibi has found objective confirmation, it is necessary to find out the reasons and circumstances for the appearance in the case of evidence that erroneously incriminates the alibi applicant in committing a crime, if, of course, such evidence is available.
As typical general versions in the study of alibis the following are checked:
- alibi is real (takes place);
- alibi contrived (false).
In the case of an objective confirmation of an alibi, it may be necessary to conduct a deep and comprehensive study of the reasons and circumstances for the appearance of evidence in a criminal case that made it possible to suspect an innocent person of a crime.
This is facilitated by the construction and verification of versions that an innocent person was among the suspects, accused persons due to:
- conscientious error of the investigator, as well as any persons interrogated in the case (for example, as a result of an error in identification, as a result of an unfortunate combination of circumstances, etc.);
- evil and intrigues on the part of someone (for the purpose of revenge, elimination of a competitor, etc.);
- other reasons.
Private Versions of False Alibi Verification
When checking versions of a false alibi, they can be put forward private versions:
- by goals and subjects(a false alibi is put forward by a criminal in order to avoid personal criminal liability for the deed; a false alibi is put forward in order to help another person avoid criminal liability for a crime committed by him, etc.);
- in connection with activities on the preparation of a false alibi (an alibi was prepared in advance, an alibi was put forward spontaneously without prior preparation);
- around the circle of participants a fabricated alibi (a false alibi was fabricated by one person, several persons participated in the fabrication of a false alibi);
- by way of influence on persons who confirmed a false alibi (the fabrication of a false alibi is associated with blackmail, bribery, persuasion, using a conscientious delusion of persons subjected to illegal processing, with other types of influence);
- for actions covered by the intent to fabricate a false alibi (the creation of an imaginary alibi was accompanied by incitement to give false testimony, the creation of an imaginary alibi included only the fabrication of material evidence that disorientated the investigation. The creation of an imaginary alibi was based on a set of evidence of both types).
In the course of the investigation, other versions can be put forward and verified, arising from the features of the forensic characteristics of the deed and the current investigative situation (for example, in the case of establishing a false alibi, the version is checked that this action was developed on the initiative and under the leadership of the criminal even before the initiation of a criminal cases or his criminal connections, relatives after suspicion fell on him).
The order of the study of the alibi:
- conducting a thorough questioning of the applicant's alibi;
- construction according to these indications of subjective mental model the situation in which the interrogated person found himself, its study and the derivation of consequences from it that need to be verified;
- development on this basis of the verification plan and its implementation;
- interrogation of the person who declared his alibi on issues arising from the results of the work done, presenting him, if necessary, for identification by other persons (or vice versa), confrontations with persons whose testimony differs from the testimony of the person being checked;
- building on the basis of the received data actual (objective) model the situation under investigation related to the alibi;
- implementation comparative analysis subjective and objective models and the formation of a conclusion about their similarities and differences.
Conducting a thorough questioning of the applicant's alibi is carried out about the place where he was at the time of the crime, as well as the situation that existed here (everything that he saw, heard, learned in a different way; about what happened here with and without his participation, along the route of his journey to this place and departure from here; goals of arrival at the place, methods and mechanism for achieving them; documents, other objects that reflect its appearance and life).
Development on this basis of the verification plan and its implementation resolved step by step. With the help of employees of the bodies of inquiry or personally, the investigator must collect information about the events, facts, circumstances named by the applicant during interrogation, as well as those of them that were not last named, but took place in this situation. For these purposes, the features of events, phenomena, processes of a social, economic, natural, climatic and other nature that the person being checked should have encountered if he really was in this place at the time of the crime, signs of all that , what was, happened along the route to this place and the route of departure from here. This is done by:
- inspection of this place;
- obtaining and analyzing the necessary information from the media, information coming from employees of regulatory, law enforcement agencies, officials, other employees of enterprises, organizations, institutions, from other official and unofficial sources;
- identifying and who were at a given time in a given place, passing through or passing through it in another way, capable of providing information to the investigation on issues of interest to it;
- interrogation of persons who could or should have seen the alibi applicant, contacted him on one basis or another, including those whom he pointed out in his testimony;
- discovery, seizure and examination of documents reflecting the established circumstances.
Conclusion about the similarity of the compared models means that the alibi is confirmed, is true.
In case of discrepancy between the characteristics of the models, it is necessary to give an appropriate assessment of the nature, content and degree of difference of the identified discrepancies.
At the same time, it should be borne in mind that the discovered discrepancies, inconsistencies in models, by no means in all cases can be unambiguously interpreted as a basis for concluding that the alibi is false, the imaginary nature.
Such a conclusion is unjustified given the particular, secondary, insignificant nature of the contradictions, which are quite admissible and explainable under the condition that the alibi is true. The basis for the opposite conclusion is the presence of a significant contradiction, which cannot be explained by random reasons.
A positive solution to the question that the alibi is false, that it has been refuted, is possible only in such cases:
- in the actual model, i.e. in reality, as it has been established, important elements (facts, events, circumstances, traces) in respect of which the alibi applicant testified, claiming that they took place, are objectively absent;
- the facts, events, circumstances indicated by the applicant during the interrogation took place in reality, however, their actual characterization in terms of the majority or individual, but fundamentally important essential aspects, parameters, signs that are obvious to those who perceived them directly, significantly diverges from that characterization the alibi given to them by the applicant;
- it was established that there were such obvious circumstances as important elements of the actual model, which the applicant could not have been unaware of, but during the interrogation he denied the possibility of their existence or was unable to say anything definite about them.
Recently, on television, in the announcement of a program, I saw a story about a Moscow agency that cooks up alibis for its clients. For example, if you want to retire with your lover in a village near Moscow, and your husband must think that you are relaxing in hot Egypt, contact an agency, it organizes your letters from hot Egypt to a deceived husband, glues photos with your image in the hotel pool and so further, so that your husband will be sure that you are exactly where he sent you.
It turns out that such agencies exist not only in our country. I bring to your attention a story about similar agencies in Germany (I found the article below on the website of Inopressa):
Do you have a mistress or lover and need cover so that the husband or wife does not know about it? Do you have a non-prestigious job, and you do not want your family, your friends or your fiancee to know about it? Do you want to avoid meeting with creditors or just get rid of people who bother you? Are you preparing a surprise for someone and don't want to know about it ahead of time? In other words, do you need an alibi? There are people in Germany ready to help you. For a fee, of course.
Growing and flourishing in 16 federal states special direction in the service sector. These firms are called Alibi services. Currently, about a dozen firms provide alibi services, although last year there were only three. They are ready to develop the perfect alibi for you: the most plausible lie or the most improbable true story, as you wish. The problem is the price: from 20 to 1200 euros. For this money, professionals of "legal" lies can come up with an alibi for you for a moment, for an hour, for a day, for a month, for a year. Even for life, if need be.
“We started doing this two years ago,” says Frank Beitelmann, director of Alibi-Strohmann. “At the very beginning, there were very few customers. For the first 12 months, we averaged 10 alibis a month. We achieved great success in 2002: after we opened our site on the Internet, the number of customers began to double every month. From January to September of this year, on average, the number of alibis increased by two every day, including weekends and holidays.”
The company's repertoire is inexhaustible. The classic alibi, popular with women, who make up half of the clientele, are invitations to fictitious seminars, fashion shows, and presentations. The perfect excuse to get away from home for a day or two. The invitation, drawn up and printed at a high professional level, is sent to the client by mail. If, suddenly, during the absence, the partner wants to call the phone number indicated in the invitation, one of the Alibi-Strohmann employees will answer that Mrs. So-and-so is currently unavailable, but she will be happy to leave a message for her.
Quite recently, a certain Berlin manager made himself an "invitation" to Vienna, to a very important economic conference. “In fact,” says Beitelmann, “he spent two nights in a Berlin hotel with his mistress. We set up a connection with Vienna, where every time the wife called, someone, posing as a hotel telephone operator, said that the master was not there. Later, one of our secretaries called her back as if from Vienna and relayed messages left by her husband.
The most popular was a permanent alibi: it is the most expensive, because it is designed for at least three months. “But in this case,” Beitelmann explains, “ we are talking not just about husbands or wives being cheated on by their spouses. We have many clients who work as "call boys", for example. If a man does this, it’s quite normal that he doesn’t want his parents or fiancee to know about it.”
In this case, Alibi-Strohmann invents a non-existent activity for them, gives them an office address, and guarantees permanent phone cover. The firm can even create a special website on the Internet: a virtual reality in confirmation of virtual activity.
The company has branches or subsidiaries in all major cities in Germany. And not all alibis hide bad intentions. One of the firm's clients used a two-month alibi to distract the bride while he prepared a surprise: the marriage ceremony. “It was very difficult,” recalls Stefan Aiben, “but we succeeded.” On the day of the wedding, the client came to the lady with a box containing a wedding dress. A limousine was waiting for them outside, 50 guests in the church, in addition, there was a dinner arranged in the castle.
“This shows,” Beitelmann says, “that clients come to us for more than just sexual reasons. Many of them just want to be left alone for a while, they want to do something else, but in such a way that no one knows about it - neither the wife nor the boss.
But in any case, it's a lie. Do you have moral problems getting money for lying? “We provide services in today's Germany,” replies unabashedly Jens Schlingensief, head of PerfektesAlibi.de, another company based in Berlin.
However, Beitelmann more philosopher: “Look, people do what they want to do, with or without us: they cheat on spouses, engage in prostitution, get into debt. But, if the client has a family and suddenly everything opens up, the family can be destroyed. And with our alibis, we kind of save families, don't we?"
Alibi's family life
Family life sometimes brings not very pleasant surprises. Perhaps in your family or in the family of your acquaintances there is a pathological jealous man who makes the life of the second half unbearable, torturing himself and her with his suspicions. And what to do, how to prove to your missus that you are not to blame for anything? How protect reputation?
But a family is not just husband and wife. It's also children. Almost all parents experience a difficult adolescence for their offspring. Often a child at this age is faced with false accusations against him. For example, your son or daughter is accused of theft, arson, fighting, etc., and you know for sure that he/she did not do it. The only way prove innocence is providing an alibi. One of the services of our detective agency is reputation protection. It is the appeal to us that will help you return peace and tranquility to your family.
Well, if, as they say, “the stigma is in the cannon”, and you want to save the marriage, and more and more often the question worries: “ How to hide cheating?”, then this is not a problem. In the detective agency "Private detective Nikolaev" and solve such issues.
Private entrepreneurs, business partners, and just colleagues at work sometimes have doubts about the decency and honesty of their partners. This may apply to you as well. In order not to torment yourself in vain, to regain an honest name and eliminate the mistrust of partners, you need to contact our detective agency. Protection business reputation – here is another service that we can provide you.
Yes, there are different situations in life. Sometimes troubles haunt both family life and social life. We live in a society where each of us needs to resolve our issues in the bodies public services. Turning to government agencies, for example, ZhEKi, hospitals, traffic police, etc. have to stand in endless lines of stuffy rooms in anticipation of their "finest hour". And involuntarily the question arises in my head: "How to avoid or at least simplify this procedure." Simply put, where to buy certificates.
And if you went on vacation and do not have time to return at the appointed time. At work, in order not to be fired, an iron excuse is needed. The first thought that comes to mind - buy a medical certificate even though it means sinning against your own health. But buy a certificate being outside Nikolaev, impossible. Our detective agency will help you make such an alibi, which is simply impossible to doubt.
If you are faced with any of the above situations, you will certainly be helped in the detective agency "Private detective Nikolaev". Why our agency? Our employees will always listen to you carefully, understand, treat your problem with sensitivity and will definitely help.
As world experience shows, "fake" alibis are in great demand, so the business of protecting clients from suspicion is flourishing. In our collection of business ideas, we described several unusual ideas business on the sale of alibis: alibis for unfaithful husbands, alibis for employers or certificates for absenteeism, alibis or a set for childless employees.
We present to your attention another interesting business idea for the sale of alibis for employees, employees and ordinary people. Social network Alibi Network sells "fake" alibis to everyone and for everything: boss, bank, police, wife, husband, etc. The author of the business idea and founder of the network for selling fake alibis Michael DeMarco ( Michael DeMarco) from Chicago believes that there is nothing criminal and immoral in his business. "It's just a service that many people are willing to pay for," he says in an interview with msnbc.
During the two years of its existence, 1,500 people have used this service, half of them women. “There is nothing surprising in this,” says Michael. "Celebrities have PR people, politicians have spin doctors, and ordinary people have us, the Alibi Network service." Here you can buy any alibi for any purpose, from a fake international call and a virtual hotel and receptionist, to fake air tickets, vacation packages, a job, a secretary, a doctor, and a mortgage.
Price fake alibi depends on the scope - for a simple call you will pay no more than $ 75, the same is the annual subscription to the site. But "full protection" will cost you no less than $ 1,500. For this money, the client receives absolute security and a creative approach to business. For example, in order to give a tortured mother of two children a day off and justify it to her husband and children, the Alibi Network actors played the role of an agency employee who will inform the woman and her family in a joyful voice that she won a ticket to the spa for the weekend. No less creative was the actor, who had to dress up as a courier and tell the client at the seminar he wanted to leave that his house had been robbed and he urgently needed to go home to his wife and children.
White lies have a right to be in modern society. In everyday life, we are constantly faced with situations when we have to solve a difficult task - to tell a person the bitter truth, or it is better to remain silent, or even lie. But to what extent is this a lie, and how to view it from a moral point of view? This may also be called tact, diplomacy, or it may qualify as cunning and hypocrisy. It all depends on the situation and context. That is why the idea of Michael DeMarco's business that sells "white lies" has a right to exist, the main thing here is not to cross that fine line that separates the lie that saves from any other.
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06.09.2011
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