Chamber disinfection. Disinfection of bedding Installation of disinfection chamber set of rooms

DISINFECTION CHAMBERS (installations)- devices designed for disinfection and disinfestation of clothing, bedding, footwear and other objects.

Depending on the disinfecting agent, D. to. are divided into steam, steam-air, steam-formalin, hot-air, gas, combined.

AT steam D. to. atmospheric or elevated pressure steam is used, supplied from above (above things) to force air out of the chamber. The temperature inside the steam chamber is 100 C and above (corresponding to the steam pressure). Steam D. to., equipped with a vacuum pump, can operate at a pressure below atmospheric. Such chambers are called vacuum chambers.

AT steam-air D. to., which have received the greatest distribution in the USSR, the disinfecting agent is saturated water steam supplied from below (under things) and mixed with air in the chamber; the temperature of the steam-air mixture is from 80 to 98 °. To increase the disinfecting effect of water vapor at low temperatures in the chamber (40-59 °), when disinfecting leather, fur and other products that do not withstand high temperature, use formaldehyde vapor obtained in special apparatus(evaporator), the Crimea is equipped with all steam chambers. Thus, steam-air chambers are also used to disinfect things using the steam-formalin method, which is why they are sometimes called steam-air-formalin chambers. All steam and steam-air disinfection chambers provide disinfection of things (at a lower temperature).

hot air D. to. is used mainly for disinfestation of clothes, bedding, felted shoes, upholstered furniture and other items. In these chambers, things are heated with dry hot air at t ° 80-110 °. In the simplest chambers, the air has natural circulation, in more complex chambers, it has a motive movement created by a fan or other device. Hot-air fire chambers with natural air circulation, being the simplest in design, were widely used among the troops during the Great Patriotic War.

In gas chambers, various gases are used as a disinfecting agent: sulfur dioxide, ethylene oxide, methyl bromide, chloropicrin, etc. In the USSR, gas chambers are rarely used, mainly for the disinfection of products that cannot be processed in thermal chambers.

Combined D. to. adapted for the disinfection of things with several agents, for example, water vapor, a vapor-air mixture and formaldehyde.

D. to. happen stationary and mobile. The first are used in to lay down. - professional, institutions, the second - in epid, the centers, and also in field conditions. Some mobile D. to. are equipped with a shower device for washing people at the same time as disinfecting their clothes. Such installations are called disinfection showers.

D. to. infectious-tsy, maternity hospitals and others are equipped to lay down. - professional, institutions, and also honey. establishments of the Soviet Army. D. to. also use industrial enterprises engaged in the processing of raw materials (furs, leather, etc.).

Disinfection devices using steam and hot air appeared in Russia in the second half of the 19th century. At the end of 1883 in St. Petersburg, at the barracks, in memory of S. P. Botkin, the building of the first steam D. was built to., Equipped with a steam boiler and two disinfection devices. In the same year, the head of this chamber, S. E. Krupin, proposed a disinfection apparatus made of boiler iron, which was called the Krupin steam disinfection chamber, which is still used today.

Steam chambers as the most reliable disinfection devices have been widely used in Russia. However, disinfection of leather, fur and other things that cannot withstand high temperature and humidity is excluded in steam chambers. At the end of the 19th century I. F. Rapchevsky, M. Rubner, and others proposed vacuum-vapor-formalin chambers, which at the beginning of the 20th century. were widespread in Russia. Then it seemed that the use of steam at reduced pressure and formaldehyde to enhance its disinfecting effect would help solve the problem. However, the experience of operating vacuum-vapor-formalin chambers has shown that they are expensive to manufacture, difficult to operate and do not provide mass disinfection of outerwear. In 1904-1905. Japanese researchers proposed a steam-formalin disinfection method that provides disinfection in relatively simple chambers.

In 1909, the first steam D. to. was built in Odessa, operating at normal atmospheric pressure. In 1912

S. K. Dzerzhgovsky, in contrast to Japanese chambers, proposed to introduce steam into the chamber from below, which ensured uniform heating of clothes with a denser load.

The Great October Socialist Revolution was a turning point in the development of the disinfection business in the country. From the very first months of their activity, the health authorities of the young Soviet Republic began organizing disinfection work in the country. From year to year the number of specialized disinfection establishments grew, and together with it also the number of D. to grew. Much attention was paid to equipping D. to.

In the 30s. in the USSR, research work was carried out in the field of chamber disinfection. Soviet researchers (N. M. Anastasiev, K. A. Burtsev, G. A. Mikhelson, and others) developed a method for disinfecting cloth, woolen, and cotton clothing contaminated with vegetative and spore forms of microorganisms with a steam-air mixture (without the use of formalin). Formalin in D. to. is used only for disinfection of leather fur products. The equipment of steam-air disinfection chambers with powerful steam boilers by V. G. Shukhov and P. I. Ryabov made it possible to significantly increase the capacity of the chambers due to their denser loading and reduction of the time required to warm up clothes.

L. A. Pogorzhelsky in the late 30s. developed a stationary D. to. with a volume of 10 m 3 for disinfection, disinsection and degassing of clothes, bedding and other things. The objects to be processed were heated by steam supplied from below or by moving hot air. The loading capacity of the chamber is 30 sets of outerwear. According to the same principle, the stationary D. to., proposed in the early 30s, was arranged. Ya. B. Levinson and N. F. Chernoshchekov. These cameras were quite widespread, but they were expensive to manufacture and difficult to maintain, so their production was discontinued in 1941.

A. G. Makarov, A. N. Karaseva, A. A. Subbotin, and others in the postwar years developed steam-formalin stationary D. to. with a volume of 3.5 and 10 m 3, designed for centralized steam supply. The same authors developed stationary D. to. with a volume of 1.5 and 3 m 3, equipped with their own open-type steam generator, heated by firewood.

From mobile D. to. the APK camera (on the car) developed in NIISI at the beginning of the 30th had the most distribution. (A. K. Krylov, D. D. Muzykantov, M. L. Hamburg). The operation of the agro-industrial complex chamber during the Soviet-Finnish war showed that its once-through boiler does not provide the required amount of steam. Therefore, in the early 40s. The once-through boiler was replaced by a natural circulation boiler (P. I. Ryabov). In this form, the agro-industrial complex chamber was produced until 1963. During the war, washing and disinfection companies were equipped with this installation, which carried out sanitization of troops in the army and front-line rear.

During the Great Patriotic War, D. to. on a single-axle trailer - DKP (P. I. Ryabov, N. I. Komin), which became widespread, was designed. In the same years, forces of military units from materials found on the spot built air chambers of various designs and sizes. Usually, such a disinsection chamber was a device consisting of a room for loading clothes (working chamber), a fire heater installed inside the chamber and heated with wood, devices for temperature control and protection of clothing from burning.

A.P. Protopopov and N.V. Ostapenei in 1942 developed the simplest pest control chambers with soft fabric wall and roof railings. In one version, army raincoats are used, in the other, overcoats that are subjected to pest control. In the same year, V. A. Goryushin and A. A. Subbotin successfully found a constructive solution for a lightweight folding pest control chamber of small volume, which became quite widespread at the front under the name of the DIOF-21 chamber.

P. I. Vasilevsky and A. N. Krasovsky in 1943 designed and organized the production of the simplest pest control chamber with a device for heating water - BDPU (bath-disinsection-laundry unit).

In the post-war period, combined disinfection and shower installations on cars and car trailers were modernized and equipped with more powerful steam boilers. In new disinfection and shower installations, the density of loading the chamber with cloth and paper uniforms is increased by 2-2.5 times, the time to reach the disinfection temperature is sharply reduced, due to which the throughput of the chamber has increased by 2.5-3 times.

In the late 60s - early 70s. The All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Disinfection and Sterilization and the Central Design and Technological Bureau "Medoborudovanie" developed and put into production new disinfection units on cars equipped with a special cabin for a team of disinfectors, and stationary D. to. with a volume of 1.7-8 .3 m 3.

Stationary disinfection chambers (Table 1). Disinfection steam-formalin chamber KDF-3 (Fig. 1), designed for steam supply from the network, is a steel structure consisting of a frame, inner and outer skin with an air gap between them to reduce heat loss in environment. The loading and unloading doors, which form the end walls of the chamber, are tightly pressed against the frame with hinged bolts. A steel umbrella is installed under the ceiling, protecting clothes from condensation drops.

Disinfected clothes placed on the trolley are heated in the chamber with steam coming through perforated pipes located on the floor. There are also pipes for drying things in the chamber.

The supply air vent is made at the bottom, the exhaust vent is in the ceiling. The fan is mounted on the roof of the chamber.

The valves for supplying steam to the chamber and the heater, the formalin evaporator, as well as the neck, through which formalin is poured into the evaporator, are installed on the control panel. Above it is a mercury thermometer.

The stationary disinfection chamber with the DKSK-1.8 boiler (Fig. 2) is welded from steel sheets and girded with angle steel hoops. Wooden bars are attached to the hoops, which are sheathed with plywood sheets and roofing steel. The air layer between the walls of the chamber and the outer skin serves as thermal insulation. Steam enters the chamber through perforated pipes representing a closed rectangle.

The formation of excess pressure in the chamber is excluded by the fact that holes are made in the floor for the condensate to escape, which must always be open. Clothes worn on hangers are hung on strings stretched under the ceiling. To protect it from drops of steam condensate, an umbrella is fixed under the ceiling.

The temperature in the chamber is measured with a thermometer inserted from the outside into a screw-on frame. The chamber is produced both in combination with a boiler and without a boiler under the code DKS.

Disinfection stationary formalin chamber KDFO-2 is produced with a steam boiler SZM-1, designed for low steam pressure (up to 0.7 kgf / cm 2).

Disinfection steam-formalin chamber KDF-5 A (Fig. 3) is the largest stationary chamber in terms of volume. The set disinfection temperature and the holding time of things in this chamber are maintained automatically; There is also a manual control of the camera.

Disinfection of things in the KDF-5 A chamber is carried out in the following order. They connect the camera to the mains, load it with things (from the “dirty” zone), close the door and give a signal to the “clean” compartment. Here, having received a signal, contacts-pointers are set on the contact thermometer to the marks corresponding to the temperature of the specified mode, and the exposure time is set on the time relay. After that, the mode button is pressed and steam is released into the chamber. When the required temperature is reached, the signal lamp lights up in the chamber, which means the beginning of the exposure. At the end of the exposure, the signal lamp turns off and an audible signal sounds. Having finished disinfection, they begin to dry things, for which they let steam into the heater and turn on the fan. After 15 min. open the door to the "clean" area and roll out the cart with things.

The TsNIDI electric disinfection chamber (Fig. 4), which has its own steam generator, is used in institutions where there is no boiler room; it is intended for disinfection of books, documents and other things by the steam-air method, as well as for the disinfection of clothes and bedding by the steam-air and steam-formalin methods. The camera is made of metal. The frame, welded from angle steel, is sheathed on both sides with thin sheet steel. In the gap between the skin there is a heat-insulating material. Openings are made in two opposite walls of the chamber, closed hermetically by doors. At the bottom of the chamber is a steam generator, which is an open pan filled with water. Closed electric heating elements (“heating elements”) are placed at the bottom of the baking sheet. To evaporate formalin or ammonia, there are two floating evaporator trays. Formalin (or ammonia) is poured through a funnel, heated through the bottom of the tray in contact with boiling water, and evaporates. Humidified air in the chamber is dried by electric heaters located in the lower part of the chamber. Turning them on and off, as well as the electric heaters of the steam generator, allows you to maintain the required temperature and humidity in the chamber. Temperature control in the chamber is also carried out with the help of supply and exhaust ventilation. The electric chamber is controlled manually or automatically with the help of a special thermal alarm device. Humidity in the chamber is controlled by a psychrometer.

The floor area of ​​the electrical chamber is 0.9 m 2 , the volume is 1.3 m 3 .

Disinfection steam chamber KDP-3 (Fig. 5) is mainly used in maternity hospitals for disinfecting bedding using the steam method. The chamber is also adapted for disinfection of various things using steam-air and steam-formalin methods; it can be used to sterilize linen, dressings, etc. In the KDP-3 chamber, leather, fur, rubber, velvet, nylon and other products that cannot withstand high temperatures can be disinfected (using the steam-formalin method).

Disinfection steam-formalin stationary chamber KDFS-5 (Fig. 6) consists of a steel collapsible frame laid out on the sides with bricks that form the walls of the chamber, and is covered from above with a reinforced concrete slab (ceiling). On the inside, the walls and ceiling are thermally insulated with slabs of foam glass or other material. The floor in the chamber is somewhat raised relative to the floor of the room. Between the floor and the foundation slab there is expanded clay backfill for the purpose of thermal insulation. There is a drain in the middle of the floor to drain condensate from the chamber. On the floor there are perforated pipes for starting steam and two corners, along which a cart with disinfected things moves. A gable umbrella is fixed under the ceiling of the chamber, which protects the processed items from condensate. For drying the processed things in the KDFS-5 chamber, supply and exhaust ventilation with air heating is provided, consisting of a centrifugal fan, a heater and air ducts. Instrumentation and control valves for the thermal process are located on the control panel.

The KDP-3 chamber has a cylindrical shape; to reduce heat loss, it is lined with wooden slats. Disinfected objects are hung or stacked in bulk on a mobile carriage. In order to force all the air out of the chamber (in the steam method), steam is supplied from above and air is removed from below. At the bottom, under the carriage, there are perforated pipes for starting steam from below (with steam-air and steam-formalin methods of disinfection) and a heater. Air and steam are removed from the chamber by a steam ejector. The steam temperature in the outgoing pipe is measured with a thermometer. The second thermometer shows the temperature in the chamber. The pressure in the chamber and the degree of vacuum created by the ejector are measured with a vacuum gauge. The safety valve limits the formation of pressure in the chamber in excess of the allowable (1 atm).

Stationary chambers being built on site include KDFS-5 and KDFS-10 chambers. Both cameras are identical in design, differ only in size.

Mobile disinfection units (Table 2) are used in epidemics, outbreaks and in the field.

The components of a mobile disinfection unit are: a mobile base (car, trailer), a working chamber in which things are disinfected, a steam boiler (heat source), steam pipelines connecting the boiler to the chamber. Depending on the mobile base, mobile disinfection units are divided into units on vehicles and units on trailers. Disinfection units on vehicles have a cabin for transporting disinfectants.

The UD-2-A disinfection unit (Fig. 7) is mounted on the chassis of a GAZ-52-04 vehicle. The cab for transporting disinfectants and the boiler room are located in front directly behind the driver's cab, the camera is located behind the vehicle chassis. The steam boiler KPP-30 and auxiliary equipment necessary for its maintenance are installed in the boiler room. Steam is used to warm things in the chamber, evaporate formalin and ammonia, spray liquid fuel during its combustion, and increase draft in the chimney. All valves with stencil-indicators are concentrated on the control panel.

The disinfection unit UD-2 X 2-A (Fig. 8) on the chassis of the GAZ-52-01 car is equipped with two identical cameras and more powerful steam boiler KPP-90.

The disinfection unit UD-2-P (Fig. 9) is mounted on the chassis of a single-axle trailer IAPZ-738. The camera to improve the driving properties of the installation is located along the trailer frame.

Mobile disinfection and shower units (Table 3) mounted on the chassis of cars and car trailers, are designed for washing people and disinfecting (disinsection) of clothes, shoes, bedding and other things in the field. Washing of people and disinfection (disinfestation) of clothing using disinfection and shower installations are carried out simultaneously or separately.

Disinfection-shower units DDA-53, DDA-53A and DDA-53B (Fig. 10) are mounted on the chassis of cars, respectively, GAZ-51, GAZ-63 and GAZ-66. The units are equipped with a steam boiler, two disinfection chambers, a steam elevator shower device with a storage boiler, a hand pump and an injector to supply the boiler with water, a piping system, as well as stacks with removable accessories and spare parts. Disinfection chambers are structurally identical and operate independently of one another. In a collapsed and stowed position, the camera installations are used for storing and transporting accessories and spare parts. Each chamber is equipped with two doors. The door located on the left side of the car is used for loading things, and the door on the right is for unloading. The clothes in the chamber are heated with steam coming through the pipeline from the boiler. For uniform heating of clothes on the floor along its perimeter there is a closed steam pipeline-sprayer, above it there is a wooden grate that protects long and accidentally dropped items from moisture condensation. Two holes are made in the floor of the chamber, through which steam escapes at an overpressure in the chamber, and the condensate flowing down to the floor drains. Disinfection of fur, leather, rubber and other products is carried out in a chamber at low temperatures. To enhance the disinfecting effect of the vapor-air mixture at these temperatures, formalin is used in sprayed or vapor form. Evaporation of formalin is carried out by steam in a special apparatus. The formaldehyde vapor formed during the boiling of formalin enters the chamber through a perforated pipeline used to supply water vapor. The temperature inside the chambers is measured with direct mercury thermometers.

A shower device for washing people (deployed in tents or an adaptable room) consists of a steam-jet elevator, an accumulator boiler, two shower devices with 6 grids each, suction and pressure arms, foot wooden grates. The accumulator boiler is designed for additional fast (in 2-3 minutes) heating of water to the required temperature (38-42 °) and maintaining it at this level during the entire time of washing the shift of people. In addition, the storage boiler ensures reliable and safe operation of the steam elevator shower device (steam and condensate exit through the grids is excluded), creates an accumulation of a certain amount of heat, supplies the boiler with heated water; it can be used to heat cold water to any temperature.

The disinfection and shower unit is controlled from the right side (along the direction of the car). For ease of maintenance, valves and taps are located near the steam boiler. The principle of operation of the disinfection-shower unit DDA-53 is as follows. Using a manual pump, fill the boiler with water up to the middle of the water-indicating glass. Then they kindle firewood in the furnace and raise the steam pressure in the boiler. Upon reaching a pressure of 1 am, they switch to heating the boiler with liquid fuel. Having raised the steam pressure to the working one (4 am), steam is let into the elevator and heated water is supplied to the shower samples. At the same time, steam can be released into one or both disinfection chambers to disinfect clothes. The steam formed in the boiler is also used to stimulate draft (using a steam siphon) and to feed the boiler with water (using an injector).

Disinfection-shower unit DDA - 2 is mounted on a ZIL-130 vehicle, has more powerful equipment and is additionally equipped with a motor pump and rubber water storage tanks.

Disinfection-shower unit DDA-66 is placed in a metal body, divided into three compartments: boiler, chamber and cargo-passenger, located directly behind the driver's cab.

Disinfection-shower installation DDP-2 (Fig. 11) is mounted on a single-axle trailer, has the same equipment as DDA-53, but only one chamber.

Hot-air disinfection chambers are used to disinfect clothes, bedding and other things; in the field they are used for drying clothes, footcloths, felted shoes. The active heat agent in the chambers is dry air heated to t° 80-110°. Appliances used to heat air various designs, most often made on site using roofing sheet steel, water pipes, heating radiators, etc. Heating devices must have a sufficient surface to ensure the disinfestation of things within the prescribed time. The components of the air pest control chamber are: a room for loading clothes (working chamber), a heating device, devices for regulating the air temperature in the chamber and protecting clothes from burning. During the Great Patriotic War, the simplest hot-air exterminators C-1, the Rubinstein exterminator, exterminators-tents, BDPU-18, the Nabokov chamber, etc., became widespread. All of them lost their significance.

The hot-air disinfestation chamber of the DK (Fig. 12) consists of separate shields that form the loading room, and the base, in which the furnace and heater are located; the chimney is located outside the chamber. To protect clothing from direct exposure to radiant heat, steel screens are installed above the firebox and heater. The heat transfer from the heater to the chamber is regulated by two dampers located on the side of the firebox. The chamber has supply and exhaust ventilation openings that promote the movement of heated air, which improves the heating of clothes. The floor area of ​​the chamber is 1.6 m 2 , the volume is 2.4 m 3 , the surface of the heater is 2.8 m 2 . The loading rate is 10 sets of clothes. Weight 280 kg. Dimensions in working position: width 1440 mm, length 1525 mm, height 2410 mm.

Among light pest control chambers (70 kg) of small volume (0.8 m 3) for 3-4 sets of clothes, the DIOF-21 chamber (Fig. 13), made of durable fabrics in the form of a bag suspended from the frame, was widespread. One side wall is made reclining. The heating device is enclosed in a bunker located under the chamber.

The disinsection tent made of raincoat tents allows you to process 10-12 sets of clothes at the same time. The base of the tent is a frame consisting of central and corner posts (stakes) driven into the ground. The upper ends of the stakes are connected diagonally by inclined beams. The temporary oven, located in the pit, is fenced with a steel sheet, above which there is a grate of poles that protects clothes from burning.

Hot-air disinsection dugout chambers used in wartime are designed for a one-time load of 10 or more sets of uniforms. They were used not only for pest control, but also for drying clothes, footcloths, shoes. The simplest disinfestation dugout chamber was a small pit (up to 2 m deep), into which a log house was lowered. If, according to local conditions, it was impossible to make a log cabin, then the walls of the pit, dug with a slope, were fenced with boards, poles, wattle, etc. and coated with clay. Temporary stoves, gasoline barrels adapted for a firebox, or steel sheets covering the ditch (furnace) and narrow grooves (chimneys) served to heat the air. Flue gases from the furnace were removed through a pipe made of roofing steel, brick, etc.

More complex in construction, but also more perfect, is the disinsection dugout chamber (Fig. 14). The dugout room is divided into three compartments by two transverse partitions: loading, chamber and unloading. The floor is compacted with crushed stone, slag, etc. Windows are made in the end walls near the ceiling to illuminate the pre-chamber compartments. Heating is carried out by a heating device, consisting of a brick stove installed in the unloading compartment, and a flame tube dia. 220 mm, edges passes at the walls of the chamber and goes back to the unloading compartment. Here, the flame tube is connected to a chimney led out through the roof. The flame tube is partially or completely enclosed with a metal mesh or a wooden grate. Its section at a distance of 1.5 m from the firebox is shielded with a steel sheet. To hang clothes from the ceiling, slats with hooks are fixed. The supply air vent is made in the door of the unloading compartment, the exhaust vent is in the ceiling; the exhaust pipe is blocked by a damper.

Basic rules for disinfecting things in disinfection chambers. Disinfection of objects in D. to. is carried out according to the instruction approved by m 3 of the USSR, and the chamber passport. Before starting work, the technical condition of the D. to. and instrumentation should be checked. It is not allowed to process wet things in steam-air chambers; they must be dried beforehand.

Before loading things into the chamber, check the holes in the floor for condensate drainage and communications with the atmosphere; cannot be operated if these openings are closed. Then they check the steam lines and the serviceability of the nozzle or formalin evaporator, if disinfection of leather and fur products is expected. Before loading the first batch of things, the chamber is heated (with the doors closed) to t ° 70-80 ° for 10 minutes. Clothing pockets are free from matches, lighters, pens, money and other items that can be damaged during processing in the chamber.

Things are loaded into the chamber evenly. The loading rate and disinfection temperature depend on the forms of microorganisms, the disinfection mode, the material from which things are made (wool, cotton, etc.). When disinfecting and disinsection of cotton and woolen items, the loading rate per 1 m 2 of the usable floor area of ​​the chamber is 10 sets (60 kg) in stationary steam-air chambers and 25 sets (150 kg) in mobile disinfection and shower installations equipped with powerful steam boilers. The loading rate for leather and fur items is 4-5 sets (24-30 kg) per 1 m 2. The short fur coat is counted as one set.

Disinfection temperature: 80-90° for disinfestation and disinfection of cotton and woolen items infected with vegetative forms of microorganisms, and 97-98° for disinfection of the same items infected with spore forms of microorganisms; 57 - 59° for disinfection of leather, fur and rubber items. The duration of the temperature rise in the loaded chamber must be at least 5 minutes.

At a given disinfection temperature, things in the chamber are kept for a certain time (exposure), which depends on the forms of microorganisms, material, disinfection mode.

When disinfecting cotton and woolen items, the exposure is 5 minutes, leather and fur - 30-90 minutes.

When disinfecting cotton and woolen items, the exposure is 10-45 minutes, depending on the nature of the infection; leather and fur items - from 45 to 210 min. at t° 57-59°.

Disinfection of leather and fur items is carried out with formalin introduced into the chamber after the temperature has risen to a predetermined value or slightly lower. Formalin norm per 1 m 3 of the loading room: 75 ml for disinfection of things infected with vegetative forms of microorganisms, and 250 ml for spore forms. Disinsection of these things is made without formalin. The rate of ammonia introduced into the chamber to neutralize formalin is two times less.

Steam D. to. load at the rate of 8 sets (48 kg) on ​​1 m 3 of chamber volume. In these chambers, things are allowed to be loaded in knots, bundles, and even in bulk. The temperature in the chamber is maintained within 110-111°, which corresponds to a pressure of 0.5 am on the manometer. Exposure: 40 min. when disinfecting things infected with vegetative forms of microorganisms, 90 min. - for things infected with spore forms of microorganisms, and 10 min. during disinfection.

In the air chambers, things are rarely hung - 5 sets (30 kg) per 1 m 2 of the floor area of ​​the chamber. Exposure - at least 30 minutes. Fire safety rules must be strictly observed in these chambers.

tables

Table 1. COMPARATIVE VALUES OF TECHNICAL INDICATORS OF STATIONARY DISINFECTION CHAMBERS

Technical indicators	Camera types
		DISK-1.8 (D KS-1.8)
Chamber volume (m 2)
Bandwidth chambers for disinfection of cloth and paper clothes contaminated with vegetative forms of microorganisms (sets per hour)
Throughput capacity of the chamber for the disinfection of cloth and paper clothes contaminated with spore forms of microorganisms (sets per hour)

* With drying clothes with hot air after disinfection.

Table 2. COMPARATIVE VALUES OF TECHNICAL INDICATORS OF MOBILE DISINFECTION INSTALLATIONS

Technical indicators	Types of disinfection plants
Chamber volume (m 3)
Loading capacity at the rate of 10 sets per 1 m 2 of floor
Capacity of the unit for disinfection of cloth and paper clothes contaminated with vegetative forms of microorganisms (sets per hour)
Throughput capacity of the plant for disinfection of cloth and paper clothes contaminated with spore forms of microorganisms (sets per hour)

Table 3. COMPARATIVE VALUES OF TECHNICAL INDICATORS OF DISINFECTION AND SHOWER INSTALLATIONS

Technical indicators	Types of disinfection and shower installations
Number of disinfection chambers
Number of shower screens
Chamber volume (m 3)
Boiler steam output (kg/h)
Diesel fuel consumption (kg/h)
The capacity of the chambers for the disinfection of cloth and paper uniforms infected with vegetative forms of microorganisms (without washing people) (sets per hour)
The capacity of the chambers for the disinfection of cloth and paper uniforms infected with spore forms of microorganisms (sets per hour)
The capacity of the chambers for the disinfestation of cloth and paper uniforms (sets per hour)
Throughput capacity of the installation used for washing people (without disinfection of uniforms) (person/hour):
Throughput capacity of the plant for combined treatment (washing people and disinfecting their uniforms) (person/hour):

Bibliography: Vashkov V. I. Disinfection, disinsection and deratization, M., 1956, bibliogr.; Ryabov P. I. Mobile steam boilers, M., 1971, bibliogr.; Ryabov P. I. and Uzvalok M. A. Mobile disinfection and shower installations, M., 1970.

Disinfection chambers (installations) are stationary or mobile sanitary facilities designed for disinfection of clothes, bedding, shoes and other things.

Depending on the heat agent used, disinfection chambers are divided into steam-air (steam-formalin), steam and hot-air. In steam-air disinfection chambers, things are heated with steam to a temperature of 80-98 ° at atmospheric pressure (without air displacement). Chambers equipped with a spray nozzle or an evaporation apparatus are at the same time steam-formalin disinfection chambers that allow disinfecting leather, fur and other things at a temperature of 40-59 °. In steam disinfection chambers, things are disinfected with steam at a temperature of 100 ° and above at atmospheric or slight excess pressure.

Hot air disinfection chambers are used to disinfect clothing, bedding and other items. The active agent in these chambers is dry hot air having a temperature of 80-120°.

Stationary disinfection chambers are used in medical institutions for disinfection and disinfestation of outerwear, bedding and footwear; are divided into steam-air (steam-formalin) and steam.

Stationary disinfection chambers equipped with trolleys for hanging (stacking) and transporting disinfected items, powerful ventilation and heating devices, electric lighting and alarms. The room in which the disinfection chamber is installed is divided by a blank partition into two compartments: loading (“dirty”) and unloading (“clean”).

Rice. 1. Stationary disinfection chamber KDF-3.

Rice. 2. Stationary disinfection chamber DKSK-1.8.

In the stationary chamber KDF-3 with a volume of 3.2 m 3 (Fig. 1), disinfected items placed on a special cart are heated by steam coming through perforated pipes located on the floor. The chamber is equipped with a ventilation and heating system used to dry the processed items. Steam start valves and a funnel for pouring formalin into the evaporator are located on the control panel.

The stationary chamber DKSK-1.8 (Fig. 2) is mounted on two separate bases: on one, the chamber itself, on the other, a steam boiler. The chamber is also available without a boiler for centralized steam supply.

Disinfection chamber DKS-1.8 is a body welded from sheet steel, which is surrounded by steel hoops. The chamber has two doors for loading and unloading things. Clothes, previously put on hangers, are hung on strings stretched under the ceiling. The temperature inside the chamber is controlled by a mercury thermometer.

Stationary disinfection chamber KDFO-2 is produced with steam boiler SZM-1, designed for pressure up to 0.7 kgf/cm 2 .

The main parameters and dimensions of stationary disinfection chambers manufactured by the industry are shown in Table 1.

Disinfection of clothes, bedding (pillows, mattresses, blankets), leather, fur and other products is carried out in special facilities called disinfection chambers.

Disinfection chambers are available in the chamber disinfection departments of disinfection and sterilization centers, in hospitals for infectious patients, as well as in multidisciplinary hospitals and maternity hospitals. Mobile disinfection chambers are available in the centers of hygiene and epidemiology.

Final disinfection using disinfection chambers is indicated for the following infectious diseases: plague, cholera, relapsing fever, epidemic typhus, Brill's disease, Q fever (pulmonary form), anthrax, viral hemorrhagic fevers, typhoid fever, paratyphoid, tuberculosis, leprosy, diphtheria, fungal diseases of hair, skin and nails (microsporia, trichophytosis, rubrophytosis, favus), scabies.

Chamber disinfection should expose things not only to the patient, but also to those who were in contact with him. Things subject to chamber disinfection are sorted and placed in bags separately for disinfection in different types of chambers. For all things sent to the cell, a receipt is drawn up in two copies, one of which is left to the owners of the things, and the second is sent to the cell along with the things. Things placed in bags are taken out and loaded into an ambulance immediately after their collection. Bags with things before being taken out of the hearth should be irrigated from the outside with a disinfectant solution.

The chambers are prefabricated and built into the building on site in such a way that the chamber doors open into different isolated rooms. One door - to the loading (dirty) half, where things are delivered and where things intended for disinfection are sorted, and the second - to the unloading (clean), where things are unloaded after disinfection is completed.

Depending on the active (disinfecting) agent, the chambers are divided into steam, steam-formalin, hot-air.

steam chambers. In steam disinfection chambers, the active agent is saturated water vapor. Water vapor, during condensation, gives off a large amount of heat, and also quickly and deeply penetrates into things and evenly warms them up. In steam chambers, disinfection is carried out with flowing steam at normal or excess pressure up to 0.2-1 atm (technical excess atmosphere), which corresponds to a temperature of 100 to 120°C. Steam fluidity and pressure contribute to faster penetration of steam into things. When carrying out disinfection in steam chambers, make sure that air is completely expelled from the chamber, otherwise the disinfection regime will be violated. For these purposes, steam is supplied in the steam chambers from above, and air is forced out through openings located in the lower parts of the chamber.

Stationary steam chamber of the Krupin system. The chamber has the shape of a cylinder located horizontally (Fig. 8). The volume is 1.5 or 2.76 m 3 . Doors are located at the ends of the chamber and go into the loading and unloading rooms. The doors are closed with a central lock, which ensures its tightness. From the inside, Krupin's chamber is made of metal, from the outside it has a wooden lining for thermal insulation.

The heat main leaving the steam boiler, when approaching the Krupin chamber, is divided into three steam pipelines: 1) enters the chamber from below to supply steam to the heating batteries; 2) is attached to the chamber from above and enters inside it in the form of a perforated pipe located longitudinally above the umbrella (through which steam is supplied directly to the chamber); 3) goes to the ventilation pipe located in the upper part of the chamber closer to the loading compartment (steam is fed through it into the siphon (tube inside the ventilation pipe) to stimulate ventilation). At the bottom of the chamber, two pipes depart. The first one removes air, steam and condensate from the chamber. A thermometer is installed on this pipe to measure the temperature of the outgoing steam, and in its lower part there is a valve for condensate discharge. Condensate from heating devices is discharged through the second pipe into the steam trap (Fig. 9).

An angle thermometer is installed in the door of the chamber, which opens into the unloading compartment, and an opening for supply ventilation is located a little lower. At the top of the chamber there is a pressure gauge and a safety valve.

There are heaters on the floor in the chamber. An umbrella made of galvanized iron is installed under the ceiling, protecting things from condensation and direct exposure to a jet of steam. The chamber has a trolley that extends in both directions. Things in it, depending on their nature, are hung or stacked on a wooden lattice.

In the steam chamber of the Krupin system, you can process bedding (pillows, mattresses, blankets), cotton items, as well as strongly dyed and flattened woolen items. Soiled linen should not be disinfected in this chamber, as the stains formed after treatment are not then washed off.

The order of work on the steam disinfection chamber:

1. Before starting work, the chamber warms up to 80°C; for this, steam is let into it through a perforated pipe.

2. The chamber is cooled down to 50°C and loaded with things intended for disinfection. Wearable things are hung in the chamber at the rate of 10-12 sets of clothes per 1 m 2 (set 6 kg), bedding is loosely placed in the trolley at the rate of 50 kg per 1 m 3 of the chamber. After loading, the doors are hermetically closed with a central lock.

3. Things in the chamber warm up and air is forced out of it. To do this, small portions of steam are let into the chamber through a perforated pipe from above. The valve on the source pipe is kept fully open. When the temperature of the outgoing steam reaches 100°C, this indicates that the air from the chamber is almost forced out.

4. Maintaining the disinfection regime during the exposure time (Table 12). If the processing of things will be carried out at normal pressure, then the exposure time begins to count from the moment the temperature of 100 ° C is reached by the outgoing steam. If the treatment must be carried out at elevated pressure, then the steam output is reduced, for which the valve on the outgoing pipe is slightly screwed, but not completely closed, in order to keep the steam moving. Upon reaching the set temperature and pressure, the exposure countdown begins. The pressure and temperature during exposure are maintained by adjusting the supply and release of steam.

5. Decreased pressure in the chamber after the end of the exposure time. To do this, stop the steam supply to the chamber and fully open the valves on the outgoing and ventilation pipes.

6. Airing the chamber and drying things. Upon reaching normal pressure, steam is let into the radiators, the ejector (siphon) and the ventilation inlet is opened. Ventilation of the chamber and drying of things lasts 10-15 minutes.

7. Unloading things at the end of drying through a door that opens to a clean half.

Table 12

Disinfection and disinsection options

in steam chambers

Disinfection chambers are called devices and special structures in which various things are disinfected using physical, chemical or both means, as well as insects are destroyed.

Descamers are installed in health care facilities, sanitary and epidemiological institutions, baths, laundries, as well as in some industrial enterprises where the raw materials are contaminated materials.

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Key points in the article:

Significance of disinfection chamber

In the complex of measures for the prevention of nosocomial infections in health facilities, chamber disinfection performs one of the main tasks. It is one of the most effective and reliable methods for disinfecting dressings, bedding, linen, outerwear, and shoes.

Unfortunately, in most medical institutions the chamber disinfection is not paid due attention. Only maternity, infectious and tuberculosis treatment departments carry out disinfection in a sufficiently complete manner.

Types of disinfection chambers

According to their purpose, dezcameras are divided into:

1. Disinfection.
2. Disinsection.

The latter destroy only insects for which the critical temperature is lower than for different kind bacteria.

Dezkamera device

By the nature of the device are distinguished:

• stationary;
• mobile;
• transportable (on trailer) cameras.

Camera types

The types of cameras are:

• steam;
• steam-formalin;
• hot-air.

The designs of steam chambers provide for work on steam, steam-air and steam-formalin methods.

Stationary cameras are installed in special rooms - standard or adapted, called disinfection blocks.

The disinfection unit must have heating, water supply, lighting, supply and exhaust ventilation.

The area of ​​the premises of the disinfection unit must correspond to the dimensions and the number of disinfection chambers in it.

Arrangement of the chamber hall

The chamber hall consists of two compartments, isolated by a transverse partition:

• loading compartment;
• unloading department.

One half - "dirty" - is used for receiving, sorting and loading things that are subject to chamber disinfection (loading compartment).

Another - "clean" - for disinfected things (unloading compartment).

The dezkamera is installed in the partition between the loading and unloading compartments in such a way that most of the chamber is in the unloading compartment, and only a small part of it remains in the loading compartment, almost flush with the partition.

With this arrangement of the disinfection chamber, the front of its control, supply openings, the fan and the motor are located in the unloading compartment and are accessible for inspection and repair.

All control of the apparatus is carried out from the side of the unloading compartment. The partition is provided with a hermetically sealed window for the transfer of documents, money and other items that are not subject to chamber disinfection, or a box with two doors.

Dimensions of the chamber hall

The dimensions of the chamber hall depend on the outer dimensions adopted for this type of chambers (table).

1. The width of the room is made up of the outer width of the chamber, the area required for the installation of an electric motor with a fan, and the gap between the units and the walls.
2. The length of the room is made up of the outer length of the chamber and working rooms from the side of the loading and unloading compartments of 2500 mm each, when using a trolley for loading, the length of the room increases by 2 lengths of the chamber.
3. The height of the premises of the chamber hall is not less than 3.5–4 m, taking into account the high temperature of 25–30 °C, which occurs in the unloading compartment.

At the loading compartment of the chamber hall, a sanitary lock for disinfectors is equipped, consisting of a dressing room with wardrobes for outerwear, a toilet, a shower room and a dressing room with wardrobes for overalls. To receive things, a window-door is equipped.

Ventilation of the disinfection unit

Supply and exhaust ventilation is equipped in the compartments of the chamber hall, providing an exchange of at least 8 volumes per hour, while in the unloading compartment, backwater prevails, and in the loading compartment, an exhaust hood to prevent infection from entering it.

Disinfection room floor installation

The floor is covered with metlakh * tiles, the walls are painted with oil paint to facilitate cleaning and disinfection of the premises.

* Metlakh tiles - ceramic floor tiles - fired before sintering clay tiles with the addition of dyes. The front side of the floor tiles can be corrugated, smooth, with an indented pattern, etc. The tiles are laid on a cement-sand screed or special mastics.

Set and area of ​​premises of the disinfection unit

room	Area for a hospital with the number of beds, m2
Receiving and sorting things
Issuance of things
Pantry of disinfected things
Rooms for disinfection chambers
loading compartment
unloading compartment
Gateway between loading and unloading compartments
Chlorine storage room
Storage room for disinfectants
Storage room for household equipment
Toilet for 1 toilet bowl (with a washbasin in the lock), a sanitary inspection room for staff with a shower

According to existing standards, the disinfection unit must have the equipment listed below:

• buckets (2 pcs.);
• scales;
• hangers-“hangers” (50 pcs.);
• hydraulic control, chlorine-containing preparations;
• journal of chamber processing of things;
• instructions on modes, passports of installed cameras;
• fire extinguisher;
• mittens (2 pairs);
• overalls according to the standards;
• racks for things on the “clean” and “dirty” halves;
• stools, tables, chairs (2 pieces each);
• outdoor thermometers (1 straight and 1 angle);
• liquid containers;
• alarm clock or timer;
• cabinet for disinfectants;
• hose 10 m long;
• washbasin, brushes, rags, soap, towel;
• suits for work at JOG;
• bactericidal lamps.

As a rule, all disinfection chambers consist of:

1. From the actual camera.
2. Heat source.
3. Apparatus for the introduction of chemicals.
4. Water supply and drainage systems.
5. Systems for draining condensate in the sewer.
6. Supply and exhaust ventilation systems.

The number of rates of disinfectors of health facilities depends on the number of beds in the hospital:

• up to 100 beds - 0.5 rates;
• 100-250 beds - 1 position;
• 250-400 beds - 2 positions;
• 400-500 beds - 4 positions;
• more than 500 beds - 1 additional position is established for every 250 beds.

Monitoring the operation of disinfection chambers

The operation of the device must be controlled by technical and biological methods.

Technical control is carried out in order to establish the serviceability of all equipment (pressure gauge, thermometer, valves), as well as steam and air ducts.

The integrity of the apparatus and its equipment can be determined visually. In addition, to check the operation of the valves, its tightness or constituent parts, patency of steam pipelines, a test run of steam and trial heating are used.

If, after closing the valve, the pipe section located behind it continues to heat up, this indicates a valve defect (letting steam through). These valves must be repaired or replaced.

Indications of the operation of disinfection chambers in medical institutions

The accuracy of the thermometer readings is checked as follows: the test thermometer, together with the control (calibrated) thermometer, is immersed in water heated to 60-80-90 ° C, respectively, while comparing the thermometer readings. The difference between the readings of the tested and control thermometers should not exceed ±1 °C.

To check the operation of pressure gauges, a pressure gauge under test is attached to the flange of a three-way valve, a control pressure gauge is connected in parallel, and a conclusion is made about its serviceability based on the difference in the readings of the tested and control pressure gauges.

The faulty pressure gauge is replaced with a new one - checked and sealed.

The degree of heating in thermal devices is determined by an objective method - thermometry. The graduated part of the external thermometer is located outside, its end with a mercury ball is inserted inside it.

The temperature dynamics is recorded in the following steps:

• temperature before heating;
• heating to the temperature at which the exposure countdown begins;
• maintaining a certain temperature during exposure.

All of the above temperature readings are recorded in the protocol of the chamber operation (Appendix 2).

The readings of external thermometers indicate only the temperature of the air and steam in the chamber, but not the temperature that was in the disinfected things inside during this period of time.

To determine the temperature in disinfected things, providing a bactericidal (insecticidal) effect, maximum thermometers are used.

The effectiveness of disinfection depends not only on the required temperature in the chamber, but also on its uniform distribution in the things loaded into it.

The uniformity of temperature distribution in things in different places of the chamber is determined both vertically (at the level of the collar of clothes and pockets) and horizontally (in things located in the front part, in front of the door to the unloading room; in things located in the middle part, and in things facing the loading door of the chamber).

The uniformity of temperature distribution inside things is determined using 9 or 15 maximum thermometers, depending on the volume of the chamber.

In the loading chamber, maximum thermometers must be placed in the thickness of things (under collars, in pockets or folds of clothing).

To do this, thermometers are placed in special pouch bags together with test objects and placed at 9 points according to a scheme similar to the arrangement of seals on an envelope, at two levels: in the upper and middle parts of the chamber.

The maximum thermometers are subject to a systematic check, which is carried out in the same way as the external chamber thermometers.

The standards of bacteriological control of the reliability of disinfection of things in the chamber are the following cultures:

1. When processing things from foci of infections caused by non-spore-forming microbes, Staphylococcus aureus ( Staphylococcus aureus), strain 906.
2. When processing things from foci of tuberculosis - non-pathogenic mycobacterium ( Mycobacterium), strain B-5.
3. When processing things from foci of infections caused by spore-forming microbes, culture Bacillus cereus, strain 96, in spore form (anthracoid).

Test cultures should have typical properties. Bacteriological control of the effectiveness of disinfection of things in the chambers is carried out using biological indicators BIK-ILC, folded into a packing tape.

The carriers prepared in this way are numbered and placed in a bag measuring 10 × 15 cm, which has a special compartment for a maximum thermometer. The bags are placed at the control points.

After testing the biological indicators NIR-ILC, they are removed from the bags, placed in plastic bag and with the appropriate direction delivered to the laboratory for further research. If growth is detected in at least one of the biological indicator crops, the chamber operation is re-checked.

At the same time, its technical condition, the rate of loading things, and the correctness of their placement in the chamber are checked more carefully.

Disinfection chambers, like other equipment, require repair and timely replacement. After 10 years of operation, the disinfection chamber can no longer work efficiently enough, so it is unacceptable to purchase new ones on a residual basis. These costs should be included in programs for the prevention of nosocomial infections in medical institutions.

It is very important to have an exchange fund of bedding for the timely conduct of chamber disinfection, which will bring the volume of its implementation to 100% in all medical departments of health facilities.

Conducting a complete chamber disinfection of bedding in health facilities is regulated by the following regulatory documents:

1. SanPiN 2.1.3.1375-03 “Hygienic requirements for the location, arrangement, equipment and operation of hospitals, maternity hospitals and other medical hospitals”.
2. SP 3.5.1378-03 “Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the organization and implementation of disinfection activities”.
3. Order of the Ministry of Health of the USSR of 03.09.1991 No. 254 “On the development of disinfection business in the country”.
4. The concept of prevention of nosocomial infections, approved by the Ministry of Health of Russia on 06.12.1999.
5. Order of the Ministry of Health of the USSR dated July 31, 1978 No. 720 “On improving medical care patients with purulent surgical diseases and strengthening measures to combat nosocomial infection”.
6. Order of the Ministry of Health of the USSR No. 440 of April 20, 1983 “On additional measures to improve medical care for newborn children”.
7. Order of the Ministry of Health of Russia dated November 26, 1997 No. 345 “On improving measures for the prevention of nosocomial infections in obstetric hospitals”.
8. Methodological recommendations of the Ministry of Health of the USSR dated September 28, 1989 No. 15 / 6-20 “Prevention of nosocomial infections in newborns and young children in children's hospitals”.
9. Order of the Ministry of Health of the USSR dated 04.08.1983 No. 916 “Instruction on the sanitary and anti-epidemic regime and labor protection for personnel of infectious diseases hospitals (departments)”.
10. Guidelines for the organization and implementation of a complex of sanitary and anti-epidemic measures in aseptic departments (blocks) and wards dated April 30, 1986 No. 28-6 / 15.
11. Control methods. Biological and microbiological factors. Control of disinfection chambers. Methodical instructions. MUK 4.2.1035-01.

When organizing or overhaul(re-planning) of the premises of the disinfection unit, you can be guided by the following documents: “Table of equipment for hospitals, polyclinics”, approved by the USSR Ministry of Health on May 3, 1963 No. 201 and “Normals for the main planning elements of residential and public buildings”, section “Medical buildings. Hospitals. Disinfection departments” NP 6.1.1.11-83, approved by the order of the State Civil Engineering of the USSR dated March 25, 1983 No. 81.

Despite the fact that these documents are no longer valid, and new documents that regulate the required area and capacity of disinfection chambers have not been approved, the following data can be used to organize the work of disinfection units.

Equipping with disinfection chambers and disinfection areas

* The height of the disinfection unit is at least 3 m everywhere.

** Disinfection chambers, except for VFS2 and VFS3, require a source of steam.

Date of chamber processing (day, month, year)
Order number of loading and brand of disinfection chamber
Method of chamber disinfection (steam-air, steam-formalin)
Owner's address, organization, institution, department of healthcare facility
Purpose of disinfection (prevention, etc.)
The invoice of things, their weight, number of sets
Up to 80 °С by the steam-air method Up to 60 °С by the steam-formalin method 1 time at the beginning of the working day before loading things			Warming up an unloaded chamber
Ventilation time after primary heating (min)
Introduction of formalin (% formaldehyde content) in ml (per 1 m3 of disinfection chamber volume)
Time (min), temperature according to external thermometers			exposition
Time (min), temperature according to external thermometers
Ventilation time (+ drying) (min), heater
Time (min), temperature according to external thermometers	Formalin neutralization
Ventilation time after neutralization process (min)
Material unloading time
Signature of the disinfector who carried out the treatment