Freedom - based on the position of necessity, freedom of choice and activity taking into account this need.
A responsibility - social relations to social values.
Awareness of responsibility necessary remedy management of the behavior of the individual by society through its consciousness.
Freedom I. Kant understands as the independence of a person from the coercive arbitrariness of anyone. Since freedom can be compatible with the freedom of every other person, consistent with the universal moral law, it must be considered as the only original right inherent in every person by virtue of his belonging to the human race.
The highest beginning for
AND. Fichte is absolute freedom, which a person must realize in his activity.
Man in his activity is absolutely free, but must act in accordance with the principle of duty.
free will G. Hegel means nothing more than the ability to make informed decisions.
Freedom, therefore, consists in mastery over ourselves and over external nature based on the knowledge of the necessities of nature.
Understanding a person, people as a part of Nature, subject to its laws, Spinoza believed that a person should humbly endure everything that falls to his lot, because he is not able to change it. “Do not ridicule human actions, do not be upset by them and do not curse them, but understand.” A person is all the more free, the more he is guided by reason, knowing the necessity of nature.
Freedom is democracy, equality of all before the law.
Determining in the development of society Rousseau considered spiritual life, enlightenment, mind, consciousness. He insisted on the need to replace social inequality with a new state of equality, different from the previous one.
Freedom of the individual
determined
Subjective reasons
Objective reasons
associated with individual
personality traits:
Human adaptation to
socio-economic
conditions;
Adaptation to social
Successful assimilation of role
functions, etc.
Associated with the freedom of society:
With the dominance of men over forces
nature, which is characterized
level of development of productive
Dominion of people over their own
own relationships that
determined by the nature
industrial relations
LIBERTY
ECONOMIC
LIBERTY
POLITICAL
- Availability civil rights that ensure normal life;
- fair national-state structure;
- universal suffrage, etc.
- freedom from exploitation;
- equal economic relations;
- freedom of economic action, etc.
LIBERTY
SPIRITUAL
LIBERTY
GNOSEOLOGICAL
- freedom as a human ability
act on knowledge
patterns of natural and
social world.
- freedom of choice of worldview;
- freedom of choice of religion;
- freedom of choice of ideology;
- freedom of spiritual propaganda.
A RESPONSIBILITY
The more freedom society gives a person, the more
responsibility for the enjoyment of these freedoms
A responsibility- a socio-philosophical and sociological concept that characterizes an objective, historically specific type of relationship between an individual, a team, society from the point of view of the conscious implementation of the mutual requirements placed on them.
Responsibility, accepted by a person as the basis of his personal moral position, acts as a foundation intrinsic motivation his behavior and actions. The regulator of such behavior is conscience.
Allocate the following types responsibility :
- historical, political, moral, legal
- individual (personal), group, collective.
“People are afraid of freedom” (E.Fromm)
“Man chooses himself. Man makes himself, gradually acquires his essence. There is no given human nature, the individual creates himself” (F. Dostoevsky).
“Free institutions are good when they are in the hands of people who respect themselves, and therefore respect their own duty, the duty of a citizen.” (F.M. Dostoevsky) "Freedom is the right to do everything that is permitted by law." (Ch. Montesquieu) "Freedom is the right to do everything that is permitted by law." (Ch. Montesquieu) "Freedom is not not to restrain yourself, but to control yourself." (F.M. Dostoevsky)
Freedom in the history of philosophy Voluntarism absolutizes free will, bringing it to the arbitrariness of an unrestricted personality, ignoring objective conditions and patterns. Fatalism considers every human action as an inevitable realization of the original predestination, excluding free choice. Marxism understands freedom as a conscious necessity. Necessity is contained in the form of conditions of existence objectively given to the individual.
Page 4 Stages of development of the idea of freedom 1.Definition of freedom as a conscious necessity. 2. Possibility and ability to choose. 3. When all the existing choices of a person are not satisfied, and he has the power to create, create new opportunity, which did not exist before.
Freedom is the independence of social and political subjects (including individuals), expressed in their ability and ability to make their own choice and act in accordance with their interests and goals. What does it mean to be free? Does absolute freedom exist? What are the limits of freedom, how are they defined? Where does compulsion or necessity come from?
Page 6 Absolute freedom Buridan's donkey. “We do nothing of free will, but everything depends on the foresight of God” (M. Luther) “Freedom is a conscious necessity” (Hegel) To be free means to know objective laws and make decisions based on and taking into account this knowledge.
Human activity cannot receive a goal from the outside; in its inner life the individual is absolutely free. The goals of human activity must be formulated in accordance with the inner motives of each person. The limit of such freedom can only be the rights and freedoms of other people. Freedom is inseparable from responsibility, from duties to society and its other members.
Page 9 Human freedom is the basis of modern democratic regimes, the main value of liberalism. It finds expression in the legislative consolidation of the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens. In modern society, a tendency to expand human freedom is more and more clearly revealed.
Page 11 I am not interested in whether a person is free at all, I can only feel my own freedom. I have no general ideas about freedom, but only a few distinct ideas. The problem of "freedom in general" does not make sense, because it is somehow connected with the problem of God. To know if a person is free, it is enough to know if he has a master. What makes this problem absurd is that the same concept both poses the problem of freedom and at the same time deprives it of any meaning, since in the presence of God it is no longer so much a problem of freedom as a problem of evil. The alternative is known: either we are not free and the responsibility for evil lies with an omnipotent God, or we are free and responsible, and God is not omnipotent. 1. What does Camus consider the main criterion in determining human freedom? 2. How do you understand the alternative formulated by the author? 1. What does Camus consider the main criterion in determining human freedom? 2. How do you understand the alternative formulated by the author?
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Filippova Svetlana Viktorovna, teacher of social studies, GBOU gymnasium 1507
Freedom in human activity
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Freedom is the right to choose With the soul, only consulting about the plan, What should we love, what should we die for, What should we spend our candle mercilessly on. Igor Guberman
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Lesson Plan
Differences in the understanding of the concept of "FREEDOM" The impossibility of "Absolute freedom" Freedom - a recognized necessity Freedom and responsibility "Freedom from" or "freedom for" What is a free society
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"freedom equality Brotherhood"
From the earliest epochs of history, people have striven for freedom. Uprisings, riots, revolutions took place under the slogans of granting freedom to a person (“Liberty, equality, fraternity” - the slogan of the Great French Revolution of 1789)
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1. Differences in the understanding of the concept of "FREEDOM"
Political leaders and leaders vowed to lead their followers to true and complete freedom. However, each of them in his own way understood the essence of freedom.
Maximilian Robespierre
The category of FREEDOM is an important philosophical issue and researchers interpret it from different positions.
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Absolute human freedom is impossible for several reasons:
The absolute freedom of one means arbitrariness in relation to the other. The 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights emphasizes that in exercising his human rights and freedoms, every person should be subject only to such restrictions as are intended to ensure the rights of others.
slide 11
2. The impossibility of "Absolute freedom"
Since freedom is primarily the freedom to choose from a variety of available alternatives, then absolute freedom would imply the need to choose from a theoretically infinite number of options, and therefore the choice would be practically impossible.
slide 12
A person cannot be absolutely free.
In his inner life the individual is absolutely free
You can't live in a society and be completely free from it.
slide 13
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3. Freedom is a recognized necessity
Georg Hegel
Benedict Spinoza
"People are aware of their desires, but do not know the reasons by which they are determined"
Freedom is a recognized necessity.
slide 15
In the history of human society, freedom has traditionally been seen in relation to necessity.
Necessity is contained in the form of conditions of existence objectively given to the individual
Voluntarism absolutizes free will, bringing it to the arbitrariness of an unrestricted personality, ignoring objective conditions and patterns.
Fatalism Considers every human action as the inevitable realization of the original predestination, excluding human choice.
slide 16
In history, there were different points of view on the problem of the existence of freedom:
There is destiny and it is not given to change even the gods!
moira
Zeus
One of the moira sisters - Klotho
Slide 17
3. Freedom is a recognized necessity
There is no freedom! Everything is predetermined by the providence of God. Reformers (Martin Luther, John Calvin)
Martin Luther
Jean Calvin
Slide 18
3. Freedom is a recognized necessity
Another point of view of religious leaders is that God gives people the freedom to choose actions, the freedom to choose between good and evil.
Slide 19
3. Freedom is a recognized necessity
A person becomes free, knowing the restrictions imposed on him by nature and society, and builds his life adapting to this.
Friedrich Engels
“Freedom lies not in an imaginary independence from the laws of nature, but in the knowledge of these laws.”
Slide 20
5. "Freedom from" or "freedom for"
Freedom is the absence of coercion by other people.
Freedom is the ability to choose an option and implement (ensure) the outcome of an event. The absence of such a choice and the realization of a choice is tantamount to a lack of freedom - lack of freedom.
slide 21
Does the choice depend on one's own motives?
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4. Freedom and responsibility
Modern society opens up a lot of options for people to choose from. The life of society is built on the basis of existing morality, traditions, and legal norms. Nevertheless, each person chooses his own path. But a person who is free to choose must also be aware of the responsibility for the choice made. Responsibility, both moral and legal.
slide 23
The freedom of each member of society is limited by the level of development and the nature of the society in which he lives.
A person himself chooses not only a variant of activity, but also formulates general principles behavior, looking for reasons for them
Freedom is inseparable from responsibility, from duties to society and its other members.
Human freedom in all its manifestations is the basis of modern democratic regimes, the main value of liberalism
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Slides captions:
Social science lesson in grade 11
Zenos Frudakis
The common expression "Buridan's donkey" is widely known. The French philosopher J. Buridan (XIV century) is credited with a story about a donkey, which was placed between two identical and equidistant armfuls of hay. Not deciding which armful to prefer, the donkey starved to death. Dante described a similar situation, but he did not speak about donkeys, but about people: “Placed between two dishes, equally distant and equally attractive, a person would rather die than, having absolute freedom, try one of them.”
Freedom is a conscious necessity Hegel, 19th century
Necessity - something that must necessarily happen in given conditions; internal stable connections of objects and phenomena that determine their regular change and development
Freedom is the ability to choose activities in accordance with one's desires, interests and goals, formed within the framework of the existing universal values of civil society
Fatalism Voluntarism German classical philosophy considers every human action as an inevitable realization of the original predestination, excluding free choice. absolutizes free will, bringing it to the arbitrariness of an unrestricted personality, ignoring objective conditions and laws. the desire to achieve the desired goals without taking into account objective circumstances and possible consequences. Every free action of a person is a fusion of freedom and necessity. Necessity is contained in the form of conditions of existence objectively given to the individual. Fatalism Voluntarism German classical philosophy All human actions are determined (subordinated) by external (independent of a person) circumstances (fate, fate, fate) It absolutizes free will, bringing it to the arbitrariness of an unrestricted personality, ignoring objective conditions and patterns. the desire to achieve the desired goals without taking into account objective circumstances and possible consequences. Every free action of a person is a fusion of freedom and necessity. Necessity is contained in the form of conditions of existence objectively given to the individual. The problem of the relationship between freedom and the need for human decision-making
The expression "Buridan's donkey" illustrates: the perceived need to distinguish between man and animal the presence of restrictions the danger of indecision No. 1
Read the text below. From the point of view of Marxism, choice is not yet an indicator of a person's freedom, he himself must be free. K. Marx noted that a person is free to the extent that the society in which he lives is free. Consequently, the freedom of the individual is inseparable from the freedom of society. It is impossible to argue with this fact. The sooner democracy wins in all countries of the world, the sooner people all over the planet will feel free. Determine which provisions of the text are factual in nature, the nature of value judgments No. 2
From the point of view of Marxism, choice is not yet an indicator of a person's freedom, he himself must be free. K. Marx noted that a person is free to the extent that the society in which he lives is free. Consequently, the freedom of the individual is inseparable from the freedom of society. It is impossible to argue with this fact. The sooner democracy wins in all countries of the world, the sooner people all over the planet will feel free. ASSESSMENT FACT ASSESSMENT FACT ASSESSMENT
The following are a number of characteristics of a person's personality. Which of them, as a rule, illustrate the freedom in his activities? instinctive decision awareness of responsibility affective action critical thinking conformal behavior stereotyped behavior #3
Write down the missing word: - a philosophical category that expresses the objective connections of the material world; that which, thanks to the addition of further determinatenesses of being, is forced to pass from the realm of the possible into the realm of determinate being. #4
Are the following judgments about human freedom correct? a) Human freedom is manifested in conscious following established standards. b) Always, the more choices, the more freedom a person has, only A is correct, only B is correct, both judgments are correct, both judgments are incorrect №5
“Fate guides the one who accepts it, and drags the one who resists it” (Latin proverb) “A person who rules over others loses his own freedom.” (F. Bacon) "Freedom is the right to do everything that is permitted by law." (Ch. Montesquieu) "Freedom is the right to inequality." (N.A. Berdyaev) Economic freedom is the freedom of any activity, including the right to choose and the risk and responsibility associated with it. (F. Hayek)
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