“First aid for bleeding” - Sample: Internal bleeding. Three types of bleeding are known: capillary, venous and arterial. Arterial bleeding and first aid. First aid for bleeding. The limb should be elevated. Ways to stop bleeding. Signs of internal bleeding: - pallor, weakness, dizziness, cold sweat.
“Wounds and bleeding” - With bullet wounds, the entrance hole is smaller than the exit hole. Among gunshot wounds, bullets predominate; fragmentation is less common. The effusion of blood from a blood vessel is called hemorrhage. Facial injuries. Classification of bleeding. Injuries to the soft tissues of the scalp are always dangerous.
“First aid for injuries” - Trauma to the pelvic area. If the victim is not breathing, begin resuscitation. If you are forced to transport the victim yourself, call several helpers. It is IMPOSSIBLE to apply splints to the legs if the victim is lying in the “frog” position. Injury to the spine, back. First aid for injuries of the pelvic area, spine, back.
"First Aid" - Man. Equipment. This type of roller is used for head injuries. What are the symptoms of a sprained ligament? Crossword. - What is the structure of the joint? "Hot chair" A student comes to the board, sits on a chair, facing the class, with his back to the board. What is indicated by numbers 1 and 2? - What injury is shown in the picture?
“Medical care for injuries” - Providing first aid for abdominal injuries. Perform immobilization (immobilize the fracture site). Give the victim a pain reliever. Place the victim in an elevated position in a sitting (reclining) position. Providing first aid for a fracture of the pelvic bones. Providing first aid for head or spinal injuries.
“Artificial respiration” - The objectives of such cardiopulmonary resuscitation are to ensure patency of the airways, maintain pulmonary ventilation and blood circulation. Artificial respiration using the “mouth to mouth”, “mouth to nose” method. Theoretical preparation. Statement clinical death requires immediate and active treatment at the scene of the incident.
There are a total of 17 presentations in the topic
Fundamentals of medical knowledge and rules of first aid.
Topic: First aid for injuries.
Injury (from the Greek trauma - wound) is damage to the tissues of the human body with a violation of their integrity and functions, caused by external (mainly mechanical, thermal) influence. Wound (open damage) is a violation of the integrity of the skin, mucous membranes with damage to various tissues and organs caused by mechanical stress.
Shallow wounds with damage to only the superficial layers of the skin or mucous membrane, inflicted over a large area with a flat object, are called abrasions , and surface damage caused by a sharp object in the form of a thin line - scratches .
Based on the mechanism of wound infliction, the nature of the wounding object and the amount of tissue destruction, the following are distinguished:
cut
chopped
bitten
firearms
At venous bleeding, dark blood flows out slowly, evenly, in an indirect stream.
At capillary bleeding, blood oozes in drops from the entire wound surface.
Capillary and venous bleeding is stopped by applying a sterile pressure bandage. In case of venous bleeding, the damaged surface should be raised.
When providing first aid at the wound site, it is necessary to stop the bleeding. When treating wounds, precautions must be taken asepsis And antiseptics .
Asepsis - This is a method that prevents microbes from entering the wound during its treatment. When treating wounds, the basic law of asepsis must be observed: everything that comes into contact with the wound must be sterile.
Antiseptics implies a set of measures aimed at destroying microbes on the skin, in a wound or in the body (in general).
When providing first aid for injuries and wounds, taking into account their severity and characteristics, a certain sequence of first aid measures can be distinguished:
For all types of injuries, it is necessary to quickly and carefully deliver the victim to the nearest medical institution, and if possible, quickly call a doctor or an ambulance.
Description of the presentation by individual slides:
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FUNDAMENTALS OF MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE AND RULES OF FIRST AID Life Safety Teacher MBOU Secondary School No. 45, Noginsk District, village. Yamkino Borovitskaya Svetlana Igorevna
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First medical aid is the most urgent measures taken by others or the victim himself to save a person’s life and alleviate his suffering before qualified (medical) medical care is provided.
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There are a few general rules assistance that you must learn (memorize): Find out what happened. The type of first aid and the nature of the message to call a doctor depend on this. Protect the victim from further danger or at least reduce it. For example, move to a safe place; in case of a traffic accident - fence off the scene of the accident, remove the victims from the burning cabin. At the same time, you always need to think about your own safety: if you don’t save yourself, you won’t help others.
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Immediately begin taking first aid measures. For example, applying a pressure bandage to a heavily bleeding wound, gastric lavage. Call as soon as possible Ambulance" If you are alone with the victim, try to attract attention to yourself with shouts and gestures, ask someone to call for help. Stay with the victim until the doctor arrives, try to calm him down, instill a sense of security and faith in a successful recovery. Talk to the victim, hold his hands, stroke his head. These simple techniques can prevent life-threatening shock from developing.
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FIRST AID KIT To provide first aid, you must have an individual first aid kit with you. When going on a hike, on a long trip, picking mushrooms, hunting, or on a bike ride, you definitely need to take it with you. The first aid kit should contain a minimum of items to provide first aid or self-help in case of need. In case of injuries and cuts, you must have: a rubber tourniquet to stop bleeding, sterile bandages and napkins, a bactericidal patch, a sticky patch, tincture of iodine, potassium permanganate.
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In case of burns and frostbite, you will need synthomycin emulsion. The first aid kit should include the simplest medical instruments: scissors and a scalpel. In addition, you need to know some medicinal plants, their healing properties and methods of use. The first aid kit must also contain special medications. In addition to the medications that have already been mentioned, the first aid kit should contain validol (it is placed under the tongue for heart pain), analgin, amidopyrine, ammonia, boric acid, and petroleum jelly. Universal first aid kits, which are sold in pharmacies, contain special rules for the use of drugs. Be sure to read the rules before using any medicine.
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FIRST AID FOR CUTS, GRADES AND BRUISES Cuts, abrasions and bruises are the most common types of injuries. It is difficult to imagine a person who has never cut himself or seen a bruise on his body. A cut is a violation of the integrity of the skin, which occurs from sharp, cutting objects: a razor, a knife, a piece of ice or glass, a tightly stretched thread, and even a sheet of paper.
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A deep cut can damage large vessels and tendons. Shallow cuts may bleed profusely, but stopping it is usually easy. Press your finger (through a sterile napkin) on the wound for a few minutes, then treat the edges of the wound with a solution of iodine or hydrogen peroxide and apply a bandage.
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The bandage should be tight enough, but not impair blood circulation. If the bandage is wet from blood, then do not remove the bandage, but apply a new one on top of it. A shallow cut can be covered with a bactericidal adhesive plaster, which is best removed at night, since a wound free of a bandage will heal faster.
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An abrasion occurs when the skin comes into contact with an uneven, hard surface. Abrasions are usually dirty and often contain foreign particles. Therefore, they need to be washed generously with soap and water, treated with iodine solution, hydrogen peroxide or other disinfectant liquid. If the abrasion is extensive and bleeding, it should be covered with a bandage.
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Remember: help must be provided with clean hands! Wash your hands with soap and treat them with alcohol. Be careful not to let the victim's blood come into contact with your cuts or scratches. This is necessary for your own safety, since there are diseases that are transmitted through blood (human immunodeficiency virus - HIV infection). After providing assistance, be sure to wash your hands again with soap. Bruises are another common type of injury. They occur when falling or being hit with a blunt object. Usually the skin is not damaged. A contusion manifests itself as a bruise or hemorrhage. Blood from ruptured small vessels permeates the underlying tissues, and a blue-purple spot appears on the skin. Over time, this spot becomes greenish-yellow in color and disappears completely after a few days. A bruise usually does not require treatment; it is enough to apply ice (through a napkin) or a cold compress for 15 minutes. This will reduce swelling and spread of the bruise.
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Rupture of a larger vessel leads to the formation of a hematoma - this is the outflow and accumulation of blood under the skin and in the muscles. Visible swelling, bruising, and painful sensations appear. First aid consists of bandaging and applying a cold compress or ice. The bandage will tighten the damaged vessels and reduce bleeding. Special attention deserve head bruises. They are very dangerous and can have serious consequences. A person with a head injury should move less for a while and be monitored. The same applies to someone who has received a strong blow to the stomach or chest. In these cases, damage may occur internal organs.
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Remember: a deep wound, a dislocation, a large hematoma, loss of consciousness or drowsiness, a headache, clear fluid from the ear or nose, or an unreasonable bruise on the body almost always require qualified medical care. Therefore, it is necessary to take all possible measures to deliver the victim to a doctor.
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If you hurt a friend! Any break in the skin is considered a wound. It is difficult to imagine a person who has never cut himself or seen a bruise on his body. Nonsense, you say. If you judge in this way, you will be greatly mistaken... Any, even minor, injury always carries two great dangers: 1. Due to the violation of the integrity of the skin, there is a danger of pathogenic microbes introducing and multiplying in the wound, that is, the danger of its infection (infection) - preventing wound infection. 2. Bleeding begins. It can be so strong that there is a danger to life due to large loss of blood - stop the bleeding as soon as possible
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There are always millions of different microorganisms on wounding objects (be it a knife, glass, razor, stone) and the surface of the skin. At the time of injury, along with the wounding object, pyogenic bacteria most often enter the wound, which cause a purulent inflammatory process, which significantly slows down the healing of the wound. When treating wounds with dirty hands or using contaminated non-sterile dressing material (bandage), if the bandage is applied incorrectly, secondary, additional infection of the wound may occur.
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In addition to pyogenic bacteria, more dangerous microbes that cause such serious diseases as tetanus and gas gangrene can get into the wound. Sometimes a few hours are enough for the development of these diseases (with extensive wounds, exhaustion, cooling of the victim), which means that in such situations he should be taken to a medical facility as soon as possible for medical care and the administration of tetanus and anti-gangrenous serums.
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It’s a shame that the cause of the misfortune can be not the wound itself, even a severe one, but the frivolous attitude of the victim and the people around him to medical recommendations and cleanliness. Everyone should know firmly: any wound or scratch, even the smallest one, cannot be left unattended. “Maybe, if you’re wounded, throw it!” Sometimes with wounds, a purulent inflammatory process develops into a general blood infection. Such a complication can result in the death of the patient, despite the most intensive treatment.
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Initial treatment of the wound Small wounds, abrasions, scratches, cuts should be lubricated with any available antiseptic (germ-killing) agent: solutions of iodine or brilliant green (brilliant green), hydrogen peroxide, which will protect the wound from infection. A shallow cut can be covered with a bactericidal plaster. Small foreign bodies embedded in the skin (splinters, thorns, glass and metal fragments) are removed using tweezers and a needle, then lubricating the wound with an antiseptic.
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Wounds that are deep or have a large surface in the absence of antiseptic agents can be protected by simply applying a sterile bandage (bandage from an individual dressing package). In this case, you should not touch those layers of the bandage that will be in direct contact with the wound. For dressing, it is best to use an individual dressing bag. It consists of sterile materials: a bat (10 centimeters wide and 7 meters long) and two cotton-gauze pads. For small wounds, the pads are placed one on top of the other, but if the wound is large, the pads are placed next to each other. Then bandage the injured area tightly to stop the bleeding, but not too tightly - this can interfere with blood circulation.
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If there are antiseptics, it is necessary to wipe the skin around the wound 2-3 times with a piece of cotton wool or bandage moistened with hydrogen peroxide, iodine, or gasoline, vodka, trying to remove dirt, soil, and scraps of clothing from the surface of the skin. This will prevent the surrounding skin from becoming infected with the wound after applying the bandage.
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Remember! When treating wounds, you must not: rinse them with water; allow cauterizing antiseptic substances (alcohol, iodine, gasoline) to get inside the wound; remove stuck foreign bodies and dirt from deep wounds (only a doctor can do this); cover the wound with powders, apply ointment to it, apply cotton wool to its surface; remove the adhering, blood-soaked bandage. Just put a new, sterile one on top of it.
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When even a small wound appears, blood will inevitably bleed. Don't be afraid of it. The blood removes any dirt that might have gotten there from the wound. If blood oozes weakly, for example from an abrasion on the knee, then only the capillaries - the smallest blood vessels - are damaged. Such bleeding will soon stop on its own, and a fresh blood crust will form on the surface of the wound. In case of capillary bleeding, after treating the wound with iodine, apply a light bandage of several turns of bandage and a handkerchief. To reduce bleeding, it is enough to raise the injured limb above the level of the body.
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It also happens that dark cherry-colored blood flows out slowly, evenly and continuously. In this case, the vein was damaged, which is more serious, especially the injury to the veins of the neck and chest. In case of venous bleeding, a tight (pressure) bandage must be applied: several layers of gauze, a bandage, a thick wad of cotton wool are applied over the wound and bandaged tightly. After some time, the bleeding should stop. Without delay, the victim must be shown to a doctor.
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It is especially important to stop arterial bleeding when the bright red blood flows in a strong pulsating stream. This color of the blood and the pulsation of the stream are signs of damage to the artery - the blood vessel in which the blood pressure is highest. Therefore, arterial bleeding is usually very intense. Blood loss incompatible with life can occur within just a few minutes. Therefore, in case of arterial bleeding, you should not waste time determining the type of bleeding and freeing the wound from clothing, but should, without fear of blood, immediately press the artery with your finger or fist above the wound site for a period of time while you yourself or someone around you prepares everything necessary for a more reliable way to stop bleeding: pressure bandage, twisting, tourniquet.
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The adult body contains on average 5 liters of blood. A loss of at least 1 liter can lead to a life-threatening state of shock; a loss of 2-2.5 liters is fatal to a person.
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Remember the sequence of actions when stopping severe bleeding of a limb from an artery using a tourniquet: First, press the artery with your finger and give the wounded arm or leg an elevated position. Place a tourniquet - an elastic rubber tube or strip - on a flat lining (a piece of fabric without folds) to cause less injury to the skin. Place the tourniquet above the wound and as close to it as possible. In this case, the tourniquet is stretched and wrapped around the injured arm or leg 2-3 times. The first turn should be the tightest. The free ends of the tourniquet are tied (secured with hooks). The correct application of the tourniquet is indicated by the immediate cessation of bleeding and paleness of the limb. If it is cold outside, your arm (leg) should be wrapped to prevent frostbite.
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The tourniquet can be applied for no more than 1.5-2 hours. During this time, it is necessary to deliver the victim to a medical facility. If it is not possible to do this within 2 hours, then, after applying finger pressure to the artery, the tourniquet should be removed for 10-15 minutes, and then applied again, but slightly lower or higher. Sometimes this needs to be done several times (every hour in summer, every half hour in winter). It is necessary to attach a note to the tourniquet indicating the exact time of its application. The victim with the tourniquet applied should be in a supine position. If the tourniquet is pulled too tightly or left for a long time, tissue necrosis may occur. The first sign of this is the blueness of the area of the body on which the tourniquet is applied. After stopping the bleeding, it is necessary to treat the surface of the skin adjacent to the wound with iodine and apply a sterile bandage to the wound.
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A tourniquet made from auxiliary products is called a twist. You can use a waist belt, a scarf, a piece of cloth, a shirt sleeve, or a bandage. The object used for twisting is loosely tied to the desired place. A non-breakable stick or board is passed between the fabric (belt) and the limb and twisted until blood stops flowing from the wound. Then the stick is bandaged to a tourniquet, and the wound is bandaged. You can achieve compression of the artery of the limb by bending it to its maximum. To do this, you need to place a roll of gauze, bandage or cotton wool under the bend, then forcefully bend the limb and secure it (you can use a belt) in this position.
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Internal bleeding can be determined by appearance person: he turns pale, becomes covered in sticky cold sweat, the pulse becomes frequent and weak, the stomach becomes hard. It is urgent to call an ambulance or take the victim to the hospital. The victim should be laid down or given a semi-sitting position. Apply a plastic bag with ice or snow to the suspected area of bleeding (stomach, chest, head), wrapping it in a towel, and a bottle of cold water. A few words should be said about especially dangerous internal bleeding, when as a result of an ulcer, a strong blow or a fall from a height, blood enters some cavity (abdominal, chest, skull).
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Nosebleeds The nasal mucosa is very rich in blood vessels, so even with a slight blow or scratch, nosebleeds occur. Outwardly it looks impressive and much scarier than it actually is. Therefore, there is no need to be afraid, this is a common thing. It is useful to know the main causes of nosebleeds: a slight bruise of the nose or a blow to the nose; minor damage to its mucous membrane (scratches, abrasions), for example from picking with a finger;
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fluctuations in atmospheric pressure, air humidity, stuffiness: physical overexertion; binge eating; prolonged exposure to the sun; some diseases.
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The most important thing with any bleeding is to remain calm. Fussing will only make the bleeding worse. It is recommended to sit down with your head slightly tilted forward and let the blood drain - this won’t last long. No need to throw your head back. It may seem to you that the bleeding has stopped, but by changing the position of your head, you will be convinced of your mistake, but time will be lost. For some people, blood entering the stomach can cause vomiting. For nosebleeds, a cold compress applied to the bridge of the nose helps a lot. A wet scarf, snow from the balcony, and a piece of ice from the refrigerator, wrapped in a clean cloth, are suitable for this purpose. To stop bleeding, you can also squeeze your nose just above the nostrils under the cartilage for 5-10 minutes.
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If nosebleeds are severe enough, use 3% hydrogen peroxide. Insert a cotton or gauze swab moistened with this solution into your nose. After the bleeding stops, remove the tampon, but very carefully. Then lie down for a while. During the day after bleeding, avoid sudden movements, do not sneeze heavily, do not blow your nose, do not lift anything heavy, and do not take a hot bath.
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However, there are situations that require increased attention, remember them: if the bleeding does not stop after 15-20 minutes, consult a doctor immediately; if it was caused by a fall or severe head injury, consult a doctor immediately; If the leaking blood is mixed with clear liquid, consult a doctor immediately!
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PROVIDING FIRST AID FOR INJURIES AND BONE FRACTURES Nature has taken care of the strength and reliability of our musculoskeletal system. However, this strength also has a limit. When playing sports, hitting, falling, or simply making sudden, awkward movements, you can cause yourself injuries of varying severity - from sprained ligaments to broken bones.
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There are more than 200 bones and more than 630 muscles in the adult human body. Together with muscles (skeletal muscles), ligaments, and joints, bones make up the musculoskeletal system. Its main tasks are: ensuring movement and maintaining our body in any position (support function), as well as protecting internal organs. Bones and ligaments have a large margin of strength. For example, some tendons can withstand a load of 270-500 kg. But with sudden (excessive) movement in the joints, sprain or rupture of the ligaments may occur. This injury can also be accompanied by a strain (partial tear) or complete tear of the muscle. In this case, severe pain appears, swelling and bruising form at the site of injury. Performing normal movements is impossible due to damage to the joint.
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What should you do if your ligaments are torn or sprained? Provide rest to the joint. Apply a tight bandage with a regular or elastic bandage. Apply a cold compress or ice for 20 minutes. Remember: Do not apply ice directly to the skin. An injured arm or leg should be elevated to reduce blood flow to it. Sometimes the restoration of the functions of a damaged ligament occurs more slowly than the healing of simple fractures. Moreover, repeated injuries to a once damaged joint are possible.
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Dislocations. With strong bending at the joint, muscle contraction, impact, or fall, the ends of the bones that form the joint may become displaced. If the articular surfaces of the bones completely lose contact with each other and the head of the dislocated bone comes out of the joint cavity through a torn capsule, then such a dislocation is called complete. If the bones partially touch, then this is an incomplete dislocation. When a sprain occurs, the victim experiences severe pain. An arm or leg is in an unusual position. In this case, movements are impossible or severely limited.
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Treatment of dislocations consists of reduction, which restores the normal relationships of the bones in the joint. Remember: you cannot reduce dislocations yourself! When providing first aid, it is necessary to ensure the immobility of the injured limb.
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To do this, the arm is fixed (tied to the body with a scarf or bandage). If the hip joint is dislocated, the leg is bandaged to the healthy leg. Its immobility can be ensured by tying a stick, ski, umbrella or any other available means to it. The position of the dislocated limb should be comfortable and not cause pain. If you dislocate your knee joint, do not forcefully bend or straighten your leg. Place your knee in the most comfortable position and secure this position by placing a pillow or clothing under your knee.
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Fractures. A fracture is a complete or partial disruption of the integrity of a bone, resulting from the impact of an object on the bone. Fractures are complete, when the bone fragments are completely separated from each other, and incomplete, in which the integrity of only part of the diameter of the bone is broken. These are cracks and breaks in the bone. Fractures also occur with displacement of the fragments and without displacement. Sharp bone fragments can injure the skin. Such fractures are called open. If the skin is not broken, the fracture is called closed. Debris can pinch muscles, nerves, and blood vessels, which can lead to paralysis, poor circulation, and prevent the debris from healing.
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When a fracture occurs, a person experiences severe pain - constantly or with movement. With complete fractures, the limb is shortened and curved in an unusual place, and when you feel the fracture site, you can hear the crunch of a broken bone. In the first days of a fracture, there may be an increased body temperature (sometimes up to 38 degrees). It is very important to provide first aid in a timely and competent manner. It is necessary to ensure complete immobility of the fracture site (immobilization) in order to ensure peace of the damaged part and relieve unnecessary pain.
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For temporary immobilization, splints are used: standard or improvised, that is, made from any durable material suitable for this purpose - boards, sticks, rods, cardboard, skis, umbrellas. After applying a splint or providing other first aid, the injured victim should be taken to a medical facility as quickly as possible. Illiterate actions or failure to provide timely assistance can lead to serious complications and even death.
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Wounds. Characteristics of wounds. P.M.P. Bleeding. Ways to stop bleeding
topic disclosure -
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topic: “Wounds, ways to stop bleeding”
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Wounds
Wounds are a violation of the integrity of the skin and mucous membranes.
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Chopped wounds - caused by a sharp object
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Laceration. Characterized by torn edges and a high degree of soiling
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Incised wound. This wound is caused by a sharp object
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Gunshot wound
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Puncture wound. Mainly inflicted with piercing weapons
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Providing care for wounds
- Stop the bleeding
- Wash the wound with a disinfectant solution or water
- treat the skin around the wound
- apply a pressure bandage
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Injuries to the scalp
Injuries to the soft tissues of the scalp are always dangerous. They may be accompanied by heavy bleeding, damage to the bones of the skull, brain contusion (concussion) or bleeding in the brain (hematoma), the occurrence of cerebral edema and inflammation of the lining of the brain (meningitis, encephalitis).
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Giving help
- clean and rinse the wound
- treat the skin around the wound
- stop the bleeding
- apply a bandage (preferably sterile)
- apply cold
- consult a doctor
In all cases of head injury, you should immediately consult a doctor.
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Abdominal wounds with prolapse of internal organs
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Giving help
- clean and rinse the wound
- apply a bandage to the wound
- put cold on the bandage in the wound area
- take the victim to the hospital as soon as possible
It is unacceptable to hesitate, since there is a great danger of developing peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum), then helping the victim will be extremely difficult.
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Facial wounds
Any facial injuries are always extremely life-threatening. Firstly, they are usually accompanied by significant bleeding. Secondly, they can cause brain damage. It is also possible to develop a wound infection (first of all, there is a high risk of developing tetanus or rabies if a wound is bitten by a sick animal), damage to nerves and gland ducts (salivary, lacrimal). Ultimately, a facial injury results in the formation of rough, disfiguring scars.
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Giving help
- clean and rinse the wound
- stop the bleeding
- treat the skin around the wound
- apply a pressure bandage
- apply cold
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- apply a bandage
- give painkiller medicine
- immediately take the victim to an ophthalmologist
- Eye injuries.
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Chest wounds
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Giving help
- clean and rinse the wound
- treat the skin around the wound
- apply a sealing (occlusive) bandage
- give the victim painkillers
- urgently deliver the victim to a doctor in a half-sitting position
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Bleeding
The human body tolerates the loss of only 500 ml of blood without any special consequences. The loss of 1000 ml of blood already becomes dangerous, and the loss of more than 1000 ml of blood threatens a person’s life. If more than 2000 ml of blood is lost, it is possible to save the life of a bleeding person only if the blood loss is immediately and quickly replaced. Bleeding from a large arterial vessel can lead to death within minutes. Therefore, any bleeding should be stopped as quickly and reliably as possible.
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