How to make a model of a volcano. Take a small elongated jar, for example from under Aktimel. At the bottom of a plastic cup, cut a circle the size of a bottle neck. Cover the bottle with a glass and align the neck with the hole. Close the joint with plasticine. Or you can make a cone out of paper or cardboard, cut off the top of it and cover the bottle with this cone. The joint is also sealed with plasticine. It will be a mountain with a hole. For greater naturalness, you can stick around our mountain with plasticine and press small pebbles there. Or smear with glue and sprinkle with buckwheat. Inside the bottle, pour 2-3 tablespoons of baking soda, red gouache (or food coloring), a few drops detergent and some water. Mix it all up. The volcano is ready. Place it on a plate. Dilute the vinegar with water. Carefully pour the solution into the bottle and the volcano will come to life, hiss and foam!
Photo source - Internet and our own photos. Only personal viewing is allowed. I think that the authors of the photo will not mind that their work will help the development of the kids. However, if the authors disagree with such use, the presentation will be immediately deleted. Svetlana
Methodological development of a geography lesson in grade 5 "Earthquakes and volcanoes"
Maslienko Larisa Anatolyevna, teacher of MBOU secondary school No. 96, Barnaul, Altai Territory.Material Description: I offer you a methodological development of a geography lesson in the 5th grade according to the Federal State Educational Standard “Earthquakes and Volcanoes”. This material useful for geography teachers educational institution. This is a summary of the lesson on the textbook of geography by I.I. Barinova, A.A. Pleshakova, N.I. Sonina.
Goals:
Educational- to form ideas about earthquakes, volcanism.
Educational- develop geographical thinking, oral speech; expand horizons, the ability to analyze the text.
Educational- to form the ability to work independently, to increase interest in the subject.
Methods: visual, partially exploratory, practical.
Forms: individual, frontal.
Lesson steps:
I. Organization of the lesson.
II. Motivation and goal setting.
III. Basic.
IV. Reflective-evaluative stage.
V. Homework
Lesson equipment: Physical map of the hemispheres, textbook, workbook, atlas, computer, projector.
Planned results:
Subject: They will learn to name and give examples of natural phenomena in the earth's crust.
Learn to establish seismic belts on Earth using geographical maps.
Metasubject UUD:
cognitive: set and formulate the goals and problem of the lesson.
Communicative: take activity in interaction to solve communicative and cognitive tasks.
Regulatory: draw up a plan of action.
Personal UUD: They express a steady educational and cognitive interest in new ways of solving problems. Realize the integrity of the nature of the Earth.
DURING THE CLASSES
Stage I: Greets students, visually identifies those who are absent. Checks the readiness of the class for work, establishing the location of students in the office and the presence necessary equipment corrects the situation if necessary. (The teacher provides a positive emotional, comfortable mood - which later creates a situation of success, trust, mutual understanding)
P Stage:
In the last lesson, we studied the structure of the Earth's crust. The earth's crust and the uppermost solid layer of the mantle located under it consists of separate parts - plates. The plates move very slowly over the softened, plastic layer of the mantle. What happens at the boundary of lithospheric plates?
Name the topic of our lesson "Earthquakes and Volcanoes." (slide number 1)
Pupils name the purpose of the lesson "To form ideas about earthquakes, volcanism." (slide number 2)
SH Stage:
Students look at slide number 3, find earthquake areas on the map and conclude that earthquakes occur near plate boundaries. The plates move horizontally and vertically, the edges of the adjacent plates "get stuck", the plates shift and tremors occur.
As a result of shocks from the depths of the Earth, within a few seconds, some parts of the earth's crust rise, others fall by several centimeters or even meters.
The place at a depth where a rupture and displacement of rocks is formed is called the focus of an earthquake. The place on the earth's surface above the focus is called the epicenter of an earthquake. (slide number 5)
Students look at slide number 6, determine the relationship between the magnitude of the earthquake in points and the destruction caused by it.
Slide 7 allows students to see more clearly the effects of an earthquake.
Along the boundaries of the lithospheric plates, there are mountains that are special in shape and composition of rocks, which are called Volcanoes.
The place where molten magma is located is called a magma chamber.
Magma rises to the surface of the earth, burning a passage for itself, which is called a vent. There is a crater at the top of the mountain. Magma during a volcanic eruption pours out to the surface in the form of lava and solidifies, forming layers of solidified lava. (slide number 8)
Depending on the activity of volcanoes, they are divided into active and extinct (slide number 9)
Active volcanoes are volcanoes that erupt or have erupted in the memory of mankind.
Extinct volcanoes are volcanoes about the eruption of which no information has been preserved.
The video fragment of slide No. 10 introduces students to the active volcano Etna.
When volcanoes erupt, the ground around is covered with a layer of volcanic ash. Volcanic bombs and lava cause fires that burn all life in their path. (slide number 11)
After studying the material, students need to proceed with an individual task in the workbook.
Task number 1
On the contour map, indicate the seismic zones of the Earth.
Task number 2
Designate volcanoes on the same contour map: Karatau, Klyuchevaya Sopka, Vesuvius, Hekla, Cotopaxi, Orisoba, Kilimanjaro, Cameroon, Etna.
IV Stage:
1. What did you learn new in the lesson?
2. What was interesting for you?
3. What was difficult for you?
Presentation on the topic: Earthquakes and volcanoes
Earthquakes and volcanoes (3090 downloads)
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The content of the presentation:
The meaning of the Russian word "earthquake" is clear and means the shaking of the earth. More precisely, an earthquake is a vibration of the earth's surface due to the passage of waves, the source of which is underground. In Greek, an earthquake sounds like seismos, respectively, everything related to earthquakes has similar names - seismic waves, seismic stations, seismographs, seismograms, etc.
The cause of earthquakes is the movement of rock layers located at a depth measured tens and even hundreds of kilometers from the earth's surface. This is the focus of the earthquake, above it on the surface of the earth is its epicenter.
Most often, seismic activity is observed in mountainous areas. Earth wobbles are also frequently observed along the Pacific coast.
Sometimes the focus occurs under the ocean floor. Giant tsunami waves of enormous destructive power arise from the shocks.
The strength of an earthquake is measured in points. The most destructive earthquake is estimated at 12 points. Such a terrible natural phenomenon is accompanied by the destruction of all structures and the formation of wide cracks in the ground. Scientists make detailed maps of areas with seismic activity.
More than 100 thousand earthquakes occur on our planet every year. People learn to predict them with the help of science in order to be able to defend themselves. In places of increased seismic activity, buildings are erected along special projects allowing them to withstand the most terrible natural disasters.
Volcanoes are often figuratively referred to as "Fire-breathing Mountains". This association becomes clear if you look at the image of the awakened volcano. Therefore, it is not surprising that they bear the name of the ancient Roman god Vulcan, the lord of fire.
Volcanic eruption is formidable, dangerous for people natural phenomenon. What is a volcano? Consider its structure.
As a rule, the volcano looks like a mountain with a depression in the upper part. This is a volcanic crater. There is a channel in the thickness of the volcano. This is the mouth of a volcano. It connects to a special chamber - a magma chamber.
Magma (from the Greek - "mess") is the molten substance of the mantle. Its appearance must be expected where the pressure decreases and the red-hot mantle can no longer remain in a solid state. As a rule, this is observed near the boundaries of plates. This explains the coincidence of the regions of the greatest activity of volcanoes with seismic regions.
Consider the cause of a volcanic eruption. The eruption begins at the moment when the molten magma accumulated in the magma chamber rushes up the vent and pours out onto the surface of the earth. Magma erupting to the surface is called lava.
Together with lava, various gaseous substances, water vapor, volcanic dust and, which is especially dangerous, clouds of hot ash break out to the surface of the earth. The very ashes that Pompeii once buried under him.
It happens that lava with increased viscosity solidifies and, like a cork, clogs the vent. When the pressure of the gas masses from below pushes it out, an extremely strong eruption occurs, which is accompanied by the release into the air of whole stone blocks - volcanic bombs.
About 200 million earthlings live in areas located dangerously close to active volcanoes. People are attracted by excellent volcanic soils, on which vegetation develops beautifully. People ignore danger. And it is completely in vain, because, as statistics show, about 200 thousand people have become victims of volcanic eruptions in the last 500 years alone.
The catastrophic danger in volcanic eruptions is represented by: lava flows, mud flows, eruptions, gas outlets, scorching clouds and volcanic floods.
A particular danger arises when a lava flow reaches settlements heated to 1000 degrees. In a short time, liquid lavas are able to flood areas of considerable size. To protect them from lava flows, they are bombarded from aircraft to cool them down. It is also practiced to divert lava flows with the help of artificial gutters and the construction of safety dams.
Earthquakes (1498 downloads)
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Sent by: Alex Zaxarov
Earthquake
slide 2
Earthquake concept
In science, an earthquake is called any, even the smallest, vibrations of the earth's surface. These fluctuations are accompanied by tremors. They can be subtle, or they can be destructive.
slide 3
Earthquakes can occur anywhere on the planet. However, most often this phenomenon occurs in the seas and oceans. People simply do not notice such tremors. Of course, earthquakes also occur on land. But they happen less frequently.
slide 4
Why do earthquakes occur?
Earth wobbles or earthquakes can occur for two main reasons:
Natural. Tectonic processes in the earth's crust provoke a noticeable shaking of the earth. This is a natural process.
Artificial. As a result of the activities of mankind, nature fails, as a result of which there are irreversible consequences of the movements of the earth's surface. Artificial causes include explosions, overflow of reservoirs, etc.
slide 5
How are earthquakes measured?
Scientists have long studied the extent, frequency, and intensity of earthquakes. In order to measure the degree and magnitude of an earthquake, several methods have been created.
- Richtor scale.
- Earthquake intensity scale.
- Mercalli scale.
slide 6
Richtor scale
The Richtor scale is based on magnitudes. Depending on the degree of strength of the magnitude fluctuations, the degree of the earthquake itself is measured. The scale starts at zero and goes up to 9.5 divisions. If an earthquake with a magnitude is small enough, then the shocks at around 9 are simply destructive.
Slide 7
Intensity scale
Such scales are used more often than others. And in different countries different earthquake measurement systems are used. For example, in Russian Federation scientists use the Mercalli scale.
Slide 8
Modified Mercalli scale
The modified Mercalli scale uses a twelve-point system to measure the degree of intensity of tremors on the earth's surface. It is according to it that Russian scientists measure the scale of the destructive phenomenon. For each scale, certain parameters are prescribed, according to which an earthquake is measured. For example, an earthquake of 3 points feels like shaking in a car, and 8 points provoke landslides in the mountains, the destruction of large buildings and houses.
Slide 9
Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik scale
Like the Mercalli intensity scale, the Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik scale also has a 12-point system. Most often it is used to measure earthquakes in Europe.
slide 11
How are earthquakes measured?
To measure the strength of the tremors, scientists use electronic seismographs.
Earthquake (grade 5) (666 downloads)
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Earthquake
An earthquake is a vibration of the earth's surface, which is accompanied by tremors. An earthquake can happen anywhere on the planet. Often, they pass in the oceans, so a person does not notice them. However, on the surface of the land, such a phenomenon is also not uncommon.
Causes of earthquakes
There are two major causes of earthquakes:
natural or natural. In most cases, these include tectonic processes in the earth's crust.
Artificial. It includes many factors: explosions, overflow of reservoirs, etc. All artificial causes are associated with human actions.
Earthquake Measurement Methods
An earthquake is small, when a person does not even notice it. Sometimes an earthquake brings great damage to human life. Its power is destructive and dangerous to human life. Different scales are used to measure the magnitude of an earthquake.
Richter scale
This magnitude scale. It classifies earthquakes into different levels, depending on the strength of the magnitudes. The scale is divided from 0 to 9.5. For example, an earthquake with a magnitude of 3 is almost imperceptible, while with a magnitude of 8 it is destructive.
Intensity scale.
Most often, earthquakes are classified according to the intensity of shocks, their strength and impact on human life. There is more than one scale of intensity on the planet. In Russia, the Mercalli scale is used.
Modified Mercalli scale
This scale is based on a twelve-point system for measuring the intensity of an earthquake.
1 point - invisible to humans and animals
2 points - noticeable only by animals
3 points - not felt everywhere (like shaking in a car)
4 points - average. Felt by people (windows and doors shake)
5 points - strong. Felt by everyone (accompanied by swinging chandeliers, swaying windows, creaking floors)
6 points - pretty strong. Accompanied by damage to buildings (the appearance of cracks, shedding of plaster)
7 points - very strong. Large damage to buildings, cracks in the ground.
8 points - destructive. Damage to buildings, landslides in the mountains.
9 points - devastating. Accompanied by the collapse of some buildings, partitions.
10 points - destroying. Building collapses, cracks in the ground up to 1 m.
11 points - disaster. Large landslides in the mountains, landslides, cracks in the ground.
12 points - a strong disaster. Change in land relief. Destruction of all buildings and structures.
Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik scale
This scale is also twelve-point. It is often used in Europe and Russia. It was developed in the second half of the 20th century.
Earthquake measuring instruments
A seismograph is used to measure the intensity and magnitude of an earthquake. Previously, seismographs were with paper tape. Today in developed countries electronic seismographs are used.
Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions (323 downloads)
Earthquakes.
Volcanism.
The science that studies earthquakes is called seismology.
("seismos" - fluctuations).
seismograph
Earthquake - underground shocks and vibrations of the earth's surface.
An earthquake occurs when the long-accumulating stresses in the lithosphere exceed the elastic limit and there is a rapid, almost instantaneous displacement of large masses of the lithosphere relative to each other.
Earthquake diagram
Points
Phenomena
The person does not feel.
Small movements of chandeliers, the sound of crockery.
Small objects fall.
There are cracks in the walls of houses.
Destruction of buildings.
Many buildings are destroyed.
Areas where earthquakes often occur are called seismically active.
Vesuvius Zev opened. Smoke billowed out in a puff.
The flame spread wide, Like a battle banner. The earth is worried - Idols fall from the staggering columns! The people, driven by fear, Under the stone rain, Under the inflamed ashes, Crowds, old and young, Run out of the city.
Karl Bryullov "Death of Pompeii"
Prepare ahead of time and keep it always ready
documentation
clothing for the season
products
Electric
Choose the correct answer.
1. The place of the greatest manifestation of an earthquake on the surface of the Earth is called:
a) epicenter b) focus c) seismograph d) vent
2. Areas where earthquakes occur most often are called:
a) tectonic c) seismically active
b) lithospheric d) seismically stable.
3. A volcano formed as a result of solidification of liquid lava is called:
a) conical b) shield.
4. A volcano that has erupted at least once in human memory is called:
a) extinct b) active.
5. In the depths of the volcano is:
a) crater b) lava c) magma chamber d) volcanic bomb.
6. Insert the missing word.
Volcano is ..., in the upper part of which there is a recess - ....
Magma erupted on the surface is called ....
The largest volcano in our country and Eurasia
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