The choice of your business is largely determined by the economic prospects of a particular activity. A budding entrepreneur should pay attention to the booming sector Russian economy- service sector.
The service sector is a set of activities aimed at the production and sale of services to the population.
Since the end of the 1990s, the attitude of the state towards the production and supply of services to the population has changed. Over the past years, the share of the services sector in GDP has noticeably increased, but nevertheless, Russia lags behind the countries of Europe and the United States in these parameters. Thus, the US economy is sometimes called a service economy, since the share of service maintenance in is 77%.
In addition, the service sector plays an important role in the employment of the population. The production of services in some cases does not require large investments and guarantees the creation of jobs and economic stability. In other cases, it ensures the improvement and development of industry.
Today, the service sector is significantly improved, new technologies are being introduced and modern forms service and interaction with customers, and competition among service companies is increasing.
The classifications are different according to the chosen criteria. However, there are some that give a general idea of this type entrepreneurial activity as a service industry.
According to the criterion of "population needs": services for goods ( household service, transport, communications), for goods (education, science, physical culture and sports, art), production in social sphere(housing, health, trade).
According to the criterion of "tangibility - intangibility" Lovelock distinguishes:
a) services that are tangible actions that are aimed at the human body (health, sports and tourism, catering, transport, beauty salons and hairdressers, etc.);
b) services that are tangible actions that are directed to other physical objects (freight transport, veterinary services, repair and maintenance of equipment, domestic services);
c) services that are intangible actions aimed at (media, information, education, cultural institutions);
d) services representing intangible actions with intangible assets (insurance, banks, legal services and others)
According to the criterion of "economically significant prices" are divided into market (transport, trade, education, healthcare, household, financial intermediation and others) and non-market (science, free education and medicine, defense, management)
According to the criterion “object of service provision”, the European Union distinguishes three types: a) for the consumer (auto repair, beauty salons, catering, hotel business etc.); b) for business (legal, audit, consulting, information, computer, wholesale, and others); c) for the consumer and business.
It is necessary to pay attention to such a factor in the development of the service sector as territorial location. Each region, due to its natural and ethnic characteristics, forms a certain set of consumer services. It should be noted that the volume of paid services in Russia has increased markedly in recent years.
So, if the service sector is the final choice of a novice businessman, then it is necessary to bear in mind some features of the services. Services are produced and consumed at the same time, so their sale depends on the skills of the staff. They are intangible, so an important factor in the economic growth of the enterprise is the trust of the consumer. There are difficulties in identifying and accounting for services.
The so-called tertiary sector (services) includes transport and communications, rapidly developing business services (information, accounting, legal), science, education and healthcare. This industry also includes finance, credit and insurance, entertainment and tourism, trade and catering, personal services, and public administration. The rapid increase in the share of the service sector in the GDP of developed countries has been called "servicing the economy."
The development of the service sector in Asian countries in the second half of the 20th century is closely related to the process of industrialization: it contributed to the strengthening of a number of old and the emergence of new industries in the tertiary sector. The evolution of the service sector, in turn, changed the face of industry and its structure. During the years of independence, there have been fundamental changes in the professional level of those employed in the industry, a dynamic growth in the number of engineering and technical personnel has been observed, research centers have been created almost from scratch in many Asian countries.
Recall that in 1950 in Asia (without Japan) about 80% of the economically active population was employed in agriculture (where more than half of GDP was created), 8% - in industry (15% of GDP). At that time, 12% of the active population worked in the service sector and about 1/3 of GDP was created.
By 2000, Asia's share of agricultural employment had fallen to about 42%, and the agricultural sector's contribution to GDP had fallen to 15%. About 17% of the employed worked in industry, which created over 40% of GDP, and in the service sector - more than 40% (slightly less than 45% of GDP). In contrast to the developed countries, in the countries of Asia there was a further increase in the absolute number of people employed in industry, and in the largest states - and their share in the economically active population.
Thus, the most productive subdivision of the economy at the beginning of this century was industry. However, industrial enterprises have been able to make only a very limited contribution to solving the employment problem in Asia. Main scope of absorption work force, released in agriculture, as can be seen from the above figures, were services in which labor productivity is now significantly lower than in industry. At the same time, this sector is ahead of other units in terms of total value added (table "Share of services in GDP of countries and territories in Asia in 1950-2005"), and employment in it often looks much more attractive than work in agriculture .
| Countries and territories of Asia | 1950 | 1960 | 1970 | 1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| China | 17 | 17 | 11 | 24 | 33 | 43 | 40 |
| India | 33 | 30 | 31 | 38 | 41 | 50 | 54 |
| Indonesia | 32 | 32 | 33 | 32 | 42 | 39 | 41 |
| Pakistan | 33 | 39 | 41 | 45 | 49 | 51 | 53 |
| Bangladesh | ... | ... | 32 | 38 | 50 | 51 | 55 |
| Thailand | 28 | 42 | 46 | 46 | 50 | 49 | 46 |
| Philippines | 40 | 44 | 43 | 40 | 44 | 52 | 53 |
| Vietnam | ... | ... | ... | ... | 39 | 39 | 38 |
| The Republic of Korea | 39 | 42 | 43 | 43 | 55 | 60 | 61 |
| Malaysia | 41 | 41 | 42 | 44 | 44 | 43 | 42 |
| Taiwan | 44 | 43 | 44 | 42 | 58 | 69 | 74 |
| Singapore | 79 | 67 | 61 | 67 | 66 | 67 | |
| Hong Kong (PRC) | 80 | 62 | 61 | 68 | 72 | 83 | 87 |
| Kazakhstan | ... | ... | ... | ... | 33 | 54 | 56 |
| Uzbekistan | ... | ... | ... | ... | 34 | 43 | 43 |
| Afghanistan | ... | 32 | 34 | 35 | 41 | 20 | 36 |
| Sources: Bolotin B.M., Sheinis V.L. The economies of the flooding countries in numbers. Experience of legal-statistical research, 1950-1985. - S. 374-383; Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries. - Hongkong-ADB. Oxford University Press, 2003. - P. 104. | |||||||
Averages hide significant differences between individual countries, both in terms of the share of services in total employment and GDP, and in terms of labor productivity.
The service sector is developing at the fastest pace in Hong Kong (accounting for more than 85% of GDP). In Singapore, the Republic of Korea and Taiwan, this growth was the highest in the last decade and a half and now exceeds 65%. In fact, the listed countries and territories have reproduced the economic structure that has long been characteristic of developed countries, including Japan.
More than 50% of GDP is created in the service sector of countries such as India, the Philippines, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka. However, such a high specific gravity the tertiary sector is not always indicative of economic success. In these and many other countries in the second half of the 20th century, services increasingly acted as an industry - a social shock absorber, a refuge for unskilled labor. First of all, this concerned trade (especially retail) and personal services. The oversaturation of this sector with the labor force in the large cities of Asia is especially striking.
Separate sectors of the service sector in Asia have not developed as dynamically. In particular, this provision has long concerned transport. The low initial level affected: in the middle of XX. century, Asia (including Japan) accounted for only 8% of the world's railways(by the end of the century this figure had tripled), only four ports were among the large ones - Hong Kong, Shanghai, Kobe and Singapore. The automotive industry and highways were in their infancy, and there was almost no civil aviation.
The weakness of the transport link hindered the progress of the economy. The domestic market remained insufficiently integrated, which did not allow to fully develop the specialization of individual regions, to reveal the economies of scale.
In the first decades of independence, railways were of particular importance for the largest Asian countries. However, as motor transport developed, their share in transportation decreased. The situation in India is typical: in the late 90s, less than 40% of freight turnover was accounted for by railways. modern transport against almost 90% in 1951.
Railway construction in China is being carried out on a grand scale. By the beginning of the 21st century, the PRC accounted for more than a quarter of the world's railway cargo turnover. High-speed highways are being built, in 2006 the highest mountain railway in the world was put into operation, linking Qinghai province with Tibet. But even in this country, the share of railways in the transportation of goods and passengers is gradually decreasing (over the past 25 years it has decreased from 57 to 32%). This type of transportation is gradually giving way to road, water and air transport.
Maritime shipping in Asia plays the role of the main cargo carrier, and three Asian countries (Republic of Korea, Japan and China) top the list of the world's leading shipbuilding powers. Major shipowners include Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, Iran and Malaysia. Between 2001 and 2005, Iran and Saudi Arabia more than doubled their tanker tonnage.
Major programs for expanding port infrastructure, deepening harbors, and building specialized berths were carried out during the reform years in China. Eight Chinese ports (not counting Hong Kong) are among the 50 largest container berths in the world, and in 2003 China ranked first in the world in terms of the number of containerized cargo handled.
At the same time, the relative weakness of infrastructure can result in significant foreign exchange losses. Thus, less than 35% of foreign trade cargo was transported on ships owned by Indian owners in the late 1990s. However, at present, foreign trade flows have increased significantly, and the Indian navy in 2000 had about 400 large vessels against 110 twenty years ago. China also has a negative balance in the transportation of foreign trade cargo, which widely uses the services of Hong Kong shipowners.
Inland river transport does not play a significant role in most Asian countries. One of the exceptions is the PRC, where r. The Yangtze is the most important transport artery of the country.
The countries of Asia (including Japan), although they account for only a quarter of the cargo and passenger turnover of the world air transport, this industry has been developing very rapidly in the last decade and a half. rapidly. In the PRC alone, it is planned to build 45 large airports in the next five years. The airlines of this state, as well as Singapore, Hong Kong and Arab countries, became the largest customers at the turn of the century aircraft and ground navigation equipment.
The state of urban transport (and partly the well-being of the population) in the largest cities in Asia can be judged from the table "Indicators of urban transport development in Asia in 2005".
| Asian cities | Number of cars cars on thousand inhabitants |
Medium speed movement, km/h |
Number of funds public transport* |
Number deaths in an accident* |
| Tokyo | 307 | 26 | 976 | 53 |
| Osaka | 265 | 33 | 951 | 68 |
| Bangkok | 249 | 15 | 7890 | 192 |
| Kuala Lumpur | 209 | 28 | 429 | 283 |
| Taipei | 175 | 17 | 1113 | 184 |
| Seoul | 160 | 24 | 1122 | 170 |
| Singapore | 116 | 35 | 1304 | 79 |
| Jakarta | 91 | 19 | 2044 | 227 |
| Manila | 82 | 18 | 133375** | 81 |
| Hong Kong | 47 | 28 | 1808 | 38 |
| Beijing | 43 | 18 | 657 | 38 |
| Shanghai | 15 | 20 | 738 | 82 |
| Ho Chi Minh City | 8 | 25 | 672 | 114 |
|
* Per million people ** Including "jeepies" - fixed-route taxis |
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| Source: Ooi G.L. The Dynamism of East Asian Cities: Challenges for Urban Governance and Public Policy. - Wash.: The World Bank, 2006. - P. 230. | ||||
Noteworthy is the low level of motorization in Hong Kong - one of the richest cities in the world. This indicator is also low in Singapore, as well as in the cities of China, which makes them quite safe for pedestrians, cyclists and drivers.
The information and communication revolution that unfolded at the end of the 20th century had a beneficial effect on the service sector in Asian countries, although at first it seemed to many that the so-called digital divide would sharply increase the distance between developed and developing countries. This did not happen, on the contrary, the countries of Asia (especially East) in a fairly short historical period have dramatically improved the provision of the economy and the population with modern means of communication, and have also become active participants in the information revolution. The development of its fruits was facilitated by the achievements in the development of electronics, education and training of personnel obtained during industrialization. A positive role in the countries of South Asia was also played by the fact that a significant part of the population owns English language. New technologies - satellite connection, fiber optic cables have saved huge amounts of money and, most importantly, time in the implementation of the integration of Asian spaces. In countries with hieroglyphic writing, the computer made it possible to significantly speed up office work, publishing, and so on.
The pioneers in the development of ICT (information and communication technology) in Asia are Japan and (NIS), including Singapore. Informatization of society was carried out quickly and on a large scale. The Republic of Korea, for example, already in 2003 outstripped the United States in terms of the share of citizens using the Internet. The PRC is becoming a recognized leader in the production of semiconductors: in 2006 alone, five factories for the production of 300 mm wafers were put into operation, by 2008 it is planned to open 20 factories for the production of microcircuits.
The increasing availability of modern means of communication makes them truly massive. IN early XXI century saw a colossal expansion of Asian markets cellular communication by the largest countries. In China, the number of connections mobile phones increased by 50-100 million per year and reached 400 million in 2005. In India, 48 million units were sold in 2004, and 75 million in 2005.
The ICT revolution has opened up new, very large niches for expanding the economic specialization of developing countries. Characteristic is the activity of one of the current leaders of the Indian economy - the sector information technologies. At first, in the 80s of the XX century, it became known about the success of Indian programmers working abroad. In the early 1990s, Canadian and American firms working in the information and communication sphere launched active work in India. With the laying of additional links between India, Europe and North America, as well as the decline of the "new economy" in countries with high prices and wages, the advantages of companies operating in India itself have become especially obvious. It is noteworthy that this country was able to increase exports software from $4.0 billion in 2000 to $7.7 billion in 2002, that is, during a period of sharp deterioration in the "new economy" in the United States. The city of Bangalore (Karnataka) has gained worldwide fame as an information technology center, not much inferior to the "Silicon Valley" in California.
Currently, the sector is rapidly developing, working on foreign orders with international business process outsourcing (BRO - business process outsourcing). Such orders come to India for accounting, legal, information and other services. In 2003 alone, 170 thousand new jobs were created in this sector, 220 of the world's largest companies out of 500 use its services. dollars, almost quadrupling compared to 2004. Removal of part of the office work alone American company General Electric saves her $350 million a year. The company employs 18,000 people in India.
India's comparative advantage is clear. The average salary for a call center operator in South Asia is around $6,000. A similar job in the US means a base rate of $40,000 (annualized).
The range of services is constantly expanding, the provision of which, thanks to modern means communication is profitable to transfer to the developing countries of Asia or create there. So, using electronic communication, doctors from China, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh diagnose patients from developed countries (for example, according to computed tomography) and carry out routine work on their maintenance, Indian engineers perform design and design work for European companies. Chinese programmers serve users in Japan, while artists complete orders animation studios USA.
Given the significant wealth gap between developed and developing countries, the expansion of the service sector and the information revolution do not remove the tasks of modernizing agriculture and industry from the agenda. Describing this problem in relation to China, the well-known economist Li Jingwen (Director of the Institute of Economic and Mathematical Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences) noted in 2000: “Informatization can only accelerate the process of industrialization, but cannot replace it. raising the standard of living of the population."
The noted circumstance does not prevent the rapid informatization of China. The production of software for the domestic market is growing at an exceptionally high rate. From $5.5 billion in 2000, its value increased to $50 billion in 2005.
In India, the achievements of the communications industry are being introduced by the state into the rural economy. With the help of "simputera" (cheap PC), farmers in special points have the opportunity to follow the movement of market prices for agricultural products, which weakens the position of resellers.
During the years of independence, the financial and credit systems of Asian countries had to solve difficult problems. During the colonial period, foreign and local banks tended to refrain from financing new facilities in the manufacturing industry, concentrating on foreign trade or buying and selling. valuable papers. The need to lend to industrialization and infrastructure construction, as well as the concentration of money capital for this, forced the governments of independent states to nationalize banks. Legislative assignment to credit institutions of priority (directive) sectors and proportions of lending, mandatory requirements for the purchase of government bonds, etc., have become widespread.
The development of China's banking system was somewhat peculiar. The first English bank opened its branch in China in 1856. The formation of national banking capital in the modern sense began much later. Only in late XIX At the beginning of the 20th century, banking institutions owned by the Chinese appeared, mainly in large port cities - Shanghai, Tianjin, Qingdao, Guangzhou. Founded in 1928 central bank China. In the 1930s, the Kuomintang government managed to achieve a high degree of centralization of the banking system with a high level of state participation in her. In 1945-1946, banks (including Japanese banks in Taiwan) were nationalized by the Kuomintang government. Shortly before the CPC came to power, in 1948, credit institutions were consolidated in the liberated regions and the People's Bank of China (PBOC) was established. In the first three decades of the existence of the PRC, the People's Bank of China, practically combining emission and credit functions, financed industrialization in a monopoly manner, mainly in a planned manner. Outside the country, in Hong Kong and Singapore, some financial institutions China. In the 1980s, commercial credit was restored, with the four largest state-owned banks (Industrial and Commercial Bank, Agricultural Bank, People's Construction Bank and Bank of China) now playing a leading role in the country's economy. The functions of the central bank are carried out by two organizations: the PBOC and the China Banking Management Committee, established in 2003.
In India, state-owned banks also control the bulk of the credit market (two nationalizations of banking and insurance institutions took place in 1969 and 1980). The first national bank in this country appeared in 1881. The largest commercial banks in India are the State Bank of India (established in 1955), Kanara Bank, Punjab National Bank (established in 1894). The functions of the central bank are carried out by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), formed in 1934.
In addition to the normal functions of a central bank (regulating monetary circulation, maintaining the exchange rate of the rupee, etc.) The RBI is involved in regulating the sectoral and territorial application of the directions of credit flows. The refinancing parameters depend on the compliance of commercial banks with the assignments for lending to priority sectors of the economy. In addition, banks are required to invest in low-yielding government securities; the proceeds from these investments are used to finance public investment.
In Iran, private and foreign banks, as well as insurance companies, were nationalized and consolidated after the Islamic Revolution of 1979, and only at the beginning of this century did private credit organizations reappear. As in many other Muslim countries, banking in this country is conducted in compliance with the principle of non-charge of riba (bank interest). Payment for the services and loans of banks is usually made using various schemes for sharing with the bank the profits of industrialists and merchants received as a result of financing their projects. The forms of encouraging depositors are also varied: a bank, for example, can pay individuals hajj expenses.
State commercial banks dominate in Syria (90%), Taiwan, and still control a significant part of the credit market in the Republic of Korea (58%). Their soft loans, over a third of which were covered by central bank loans, played an important role in the development of the country's export sector in the 1960s. Thus, in 1967, loans to exporters were provided in the Republic of Korea at 6% per annum with an average interest rate of 26%. The Central Bank was then transformed from an autonomous structure into an organ of the Ministry of Finance.
In Singapore, Hong Kong and Malaysia, private banks are the market leaders. An important role in industrialization was also played by state (mixed) structures - the Development Bank of Singapore, investment company"Temasek", export credit insurance corporations, etc.
In most Asian developing countries, in addition to commercial banks, there are development banks (corporations, funds). Them main task is the financing of important national projects with long payback periods.
In 1947-1949, Japan received significant commodity aid from the United States to stabilize the situation in the domestic consumer market. Deliveries of fuel, medicines, cotton and food amounted to 2.2 billion dollars. These goods were not distributed free of charge, the proceeds from their sale were credited to a special account of the budget. In the early 1950s, the funds from the account were used for targeted financing of the national economy through the State Development Bank.
Investment trust companies and other non-banking financial institutions have grown rapidly in recent decades. Rural banks and credit cooperatives are widespread in Asian countries. However, usury also persists (mainly in South Asia) - both in the countryside and in the city.
The monetary and financial crisis of 1997-1998 forced many Asian states to pay Special attention state of national credit systems. Compared with the end of the last century, by 2005 Asian banks had significantly increased the concentration of resources, adequacy indicators equity, profitability, the share of so-called bad assets (or non-performing debts, that is, loans on which borrowers do not pay interest or do not return the principal amount - non performing loans, NPL) has decreased. The supervisory and regulatory role of central banks has been significantly strengthened. Measures are being taken to limit risky investments, primarily in real estate and securities.
The finances of most Asian states, in contrast to the Anglo-American system, in which the stock market (market based) plays the leading role in financing the economy, are based on bank credit (credit based). Nevertheless, Asian stock markets play an increasing role in financing economic development (table "Equity Market Capitalization in Asian Countries and Territories, 1980-2005").
| Countries and territories of Asia | 1980 | 1990 | 1995 | 1998 | 2000 | 2002 | 2005 |
| Hong Kong (PRC) | 39 | 83 | 385 | 343 | 623 | 463 | 1055 |
| Singapore | 24 | 34 | 132 | 96 | 152 | 100 | 172 |
| Japan | 380 | 2918 | 3667 | 2496 | 3157 | 612 | 3678 |
| India | 8 | 14 | 127 | 105 | 143 | 126 | 553 |
| Indonesia | ... | 8 | 66 | 22 | 27 | 30 | 81 |
| PRC | ... | 2 | 42 | 237 | 591 | 463 | 781 |
| The Republic of Korea | 4 | 110 | 182 | 115 | 148 | 216 | 718 |
| Malaysia | 12 | 49 | 223 | 96 | 113 | 127 | 180 |
| Taiwan | 6 | 101 | 187 | 260 | 247 | 261 | 317 |
| Turkey | ... | 19 | 21 | 34 | 70 | 34 | 75 |
1. Studies in macroeconomics.
When I read textbooks on macroeconomics, I am reminded of a course of lectures on psychiatry that I took in my youth as a medical student. Most often, I remember the classic type of violation of mental activity called "paralogical thinking". This is such a way of reasoning as in the well-known joke: "The box is square, so it contains a round one. If it's round, it means orange. Well, if it's orange, then it's an orange!"
Don't believe? Then I will cite a well-known life situation: in one country, for example, they produced a million cubic meters of commercial timber, cast a million tons of iron and rolled up a billion cans of pork stew and condensed milk in case of hunger. Let's say that all this costs a trillion dollars and is the gross national product. In a couple of decades, the GNP of this country has increased fivefold. Namely, four trillion were done in erotic massages, manicures, pedicures, hair styling and makeup, and another trillion were served to visitors in strip bars and topless cafes. Cast iron, condensed milk and stew were imported from abroad in wooden boxes, which were used instead of wood, which they did not chop and saw themselves. Paid as usual in dollars. They printed a lot of dollars so that there was enough for everyone.
In this case, what should the author of a normal macroeconomics textbook explain to me? He must show me with his fingers why it has become unprofitable in the country to produce wood, cast iron, stew and condensed milk; why they began to do erotic massages instead, and why trading partners still accept paper dollars for payment and give stew and condensed milk for them, although these dollars are no longer provided with anything other than erotic massage.
In modern conditions, the successful development of the national economy and its inclusion in the system of the international division of labor is impossible without the development of the service sector. The structure of the GDP of all developed countries is characterized by a high share of the tertiary sector (65-70% and above). In Russia, the share of services in total GDP increased from 34.9% in 1990 to 60.4% in 2003 (i.e. 1.7 times), subsequently declining slightly to 57.9% in 2007 (Table 1).
Table 1
Share of gross value added of service industries in GDP (at current basic prices, as a percentage of the total), OKVED classification*
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Indicator |
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GDP at basic prices |
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|
Production of goods |
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|
service production |
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including: |
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transport and communications |
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|
financial activities |
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|
education |
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As a result, “nominally”, in terms of the share of the service sector in GDP, Russia is at the level of developed countries with a post-industrial economy. However, talking about the final transition of the Russian economic system to post-industrialism would be premature. In particular, in international markets Russia still acts primarily as a supplier of raw materials. Nevertheless, the dynamics of the country's economy after the transition from administrative planning to market principles housekeeping all in more determined by the dynamics of the service sector. Under these conditions, it seems relevant to study the role of the non-material sector in the modern reproduction process within the framework of the national economy of Russia 1 .
The most noticeable growth in the share of gross value added in the structure of GDP at current prices was observed in the period from 1990 to 2007 in the following sectors: in communications, by about 1.7 times; in wholesale and retail trade - approximately 3.4 times (the largest growth was observed in 1991-1992 - from 12.2 to 29.1%); in financial activities- about 5.8 times (the largest increase was observed in 1992-1994 - from 2.2 to 5.2%); in real estate transactions (in the OKONKh nomenclature) - approximately 37 times - from 0.1% in 1991 to 3.7% in 2003 (the most rapid development occurred in 1998-2002).
An analysis of the real dynamics of GDP and its components shows that GVA at constant prices in the services sector fell more slowly than in the real sector of the economy, and in some industries, even in the most difficult periods for the Russian economy, the volume of GVA at constant prices not only did not decrease, but and increased at a high rate (Table 2).
table 2
Dynamics of GVA in service industries and GDP, % (at constant prices in 1995, 1995 = 100), OKONKh classification*
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Indicator |
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Production of goods |
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Service production |
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Transport |
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Trade and procurement |
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Information and Computing Services |
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Operations with real estate |
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General commercial activity to ensure the functioning of the market |
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Geology and exploration of subsoil, geodetic and hydrometeorological services |
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Organizations serving agriculture |
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highway economy |
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Housing |
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Finance, credit, insurance |
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Science and scientific service |
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Health care, physical culture and social Security |
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Education |
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Culture and art |
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Control |
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Total market services |
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non-market |
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* According to .
In particular, such sectors of the service sector include real estate transactions, finance, credit, insurance, health care, physical culture and social security, education, culture and art (their physical volume of production increased throughout the period 1991-2003), and also communications, trade and procurement, information and computing services (in these industries, despite the fact that the final dynamics turned out to be positive, in the period up to 1999, a decrease in the physical volumes of GVA was observed).
In general, in the entire service sector, the physical volume of output reached the level of 1995 in 1997, while in the branches of the real sector this happened only two years later (in 1999). in some sectors providing services, the physical volume of GVA decreased more than in the real sector of the economy (for example, geology and exploration of mineral resources, science and scientific services).
Thus, if we consider the structure of GDP in constant 1995 prices, then the share of all sectors of the service sector in GDP by 2003 was 11.4 percent. p. less than the same indicator in current prices (Fig. 1). This indicates that the share of service industries in GDP grew not only because the physical volume of production in the services sector fell more slowly than in the real sector, but also largely because the rise in prices for services outstripped the rise in prices for goods, thereby creating a large added value in the service industries (this was especially pronounced in 1991-1994 and 2001-2003).
Speaking about the role of the service sector in the functioning of the domestic economy, one cannot fail to say about the quality and quantity of production factors used in it. The main production resource of this sphere is labor. Therefore, an increase in the output of many branches of the service sector, of course, could not occur without an increase in the number of people employed in these sectors and, accordingly, the cost of paying them.
All sectors of the service sector are characterized by the presence in wages of an element associated with inflation. The decline in wages after 1998 led to the fact that inflation lost its decisive significance for its dynamics, and as a result of this, the growth rate of labor costs has sharply decreased since 1995, when the period of hyperinflation was over.
It can be argued that in most service industries that provide predominantly non-market services (education, healthcare, science and scientific services, culture and art), wage played a compensatory role (the growth in income of persons employed in these sectors partially offset the growth in prices for goods and services for the population), i.e., the increase in wages in this sector of the economy was determined mainly by the level of inflation. But, since this measure was clearly insufficient, there was a significant reduction in the number of people employed in these industries.
At the same time, in wholesale and retail trade, in transport and communications, financial activities, the growth rates of wages were determined not only by the level of inflation, but also by the fact that wages played a stimulating role, attracting specialists from other sectors of the economy and raising the prestige of these booming activities. Nevertheless, it is worth noting the fact that officially the wage growth rate, for example, in the “financial activities” sector, exceeded that in the “education”, “culture and art” sectors by only 1.5 times, which clearly did not correspond to the prevailing the situation on the labor market and was indirect evidence of an increase in the share of informal wages in the most dynamically developing sectors of the service sector (Table 3).
Table 3
Number of employees and wage fund in service industries (in actual prices, as a percentage of the total), OKVED classification*
The requirements for the level of education of personnel formed in the service sector were, for the most part, very low (work as a salesperson, courier, etc. did not imply higher or secondary specialized education), and the level of wages, however, was higher than in real sector (for example, engineers). This discrepancy between the level of professional training and the level of wages, naturally, attracted to the service sector not only specialists who had already received education in other specialties and had previously worked in the sectors of the real sector, but also young people who had just made their choice. future profession. As a result, a significant part of young people in that period either generally refused higher or secondary specialized education, or chose professions related to activities in the service sector. As a result, a structure of specialists has developed that does not correspond to current situation industrial growth.
At the same time, labor productivity (the ratio of output at current prices to the number of people employed in the corresponding type of activity) in the service sector over the entire period from 1991 to 2006 was lower than the average for the economy (Table 4). At the same time, since 1995, the level of labor productivity in the non-material sector in relation to the average for the economy has been constantly decreasing (with the exception of 2003). The lowest rates were observed for the types of activity “education” and “health”, which is quite understandable given the fact that many of the relevant organizations provide non-market services to the population.
Table 4
Correlation between the level of labor productivity in the service sector and in the economy, %, OKVED classification*
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Indicator |
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Real sector |
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|
Services sector |
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including: |
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wholesale and retail; repair of vehicles, motorcycles, household and personal items; hotels and restaurants |
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transport and communications |
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financial activities |
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real estate transactions, rent and provision of services |
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public administration and military security; compulsory social security |
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education |
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health and social services |
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provision of other communal, social and personal services |
Attention is drawn to the lower than in the real sector, labor productivity in trade organizations, despite the fact that the output of the “trade” industry grew at the most significant pace. A similar situation was observed for almost the entire analyzed period for the types of activity “transport and communications”, “operations with real estate, rent and provision of services”, “public administration”. Thus, it can be argued that at present labor resources in the domestic economy are distributed inefficiently: according to the results of 2006, labor productivity was lower than in the real sector for almost 65% of those employed in the service sector (excluding those employed in education and healthcare) .
In the context of economic growth, provided mainly by the sectors of the real sector, one of the important limiting factors is the deficit labor resources. In addition to demographic problems, the reason for this deficit, in our opinion, is the inefficient distribution of labor resources between the real sector and the non-material sphere, when the share of the service sector in GDP production has been declining (since 2003, see Table 1).
A significant problem in a number of industries providing services is also the lack of own fixed assets and significant investments to increase fixed capital. Such “capital-intensive” areas of activity include, first of all, transport and communications; public administration and military security; housing sector (as part of the section “operations with real estate”) and public utilities (as part of the section “other communal, social and personal services"), to a lesser extent - health care; education; trade, hotels and restaurants.
Thus, transport and communications account for about 30% of the fixed assets of the economy, real estate operations - about 25%, healthcare - 5%, public administration - 3%. The share of the service sector in fixed assets in the economy as a whole increased from 49.7% in 1995 to 70% in 2006. prices, and from 100.6 to 101.5% in constant. At the same time, the dynamics of the volume of fixed assets in the real sector before 2000 was negative even at current prices, and only since 2005 has exceeded the dynamics of fixed assets in the services sector.
These structural changes in fixed assets were accompanied by a change in the structure of investments in fixed assets: if in 1990 the share of service industries in total investment amounted to 30.7%, then by 1998 it increased to 58.2%, having slightly decreased by 2006 up to 54.3%. However, it should be noted that the disproportion in the structure of fixed assets turned out to be much stronger than in the structure of investments: the share of the service sector in total investment remained more or less stable in 1998-2006. (at the level of 50-55%), while its share in the total volume of fixed assets increased by 16% over the same period. In our opinion, this discrepancy can be explained by several reasons. First, a more stable financial position allowed service enterprises to realize their investment projects with a smaller share of construction in progress than was possible in the real sector. Secondly, the very nature of investments in the non-material sector is different from that in industry: the objects of investment are usually not so large-scale, respectively, the investment cycle and risks are much smaller, and this is an important factor in conditions of high inflation, which depreciates investments in the form of Money temporarily not involved in the process of creating material fixed assets.
Higher financial stability enterprises of the non-material sphere was provided by the redistribution of the profits of the economy in favor of this sphere. If in 1991 the share of the service sector in the total gross profit and gross mixed income of the economy was 36.6%, then already in 1995 it exceeded 53%, and in 2002 it reached its historical maximum - 67.5%. The data for 2006 show that this share has decreased by 10%. n., nevertheless remaining quite high - approximately 57%. Moreover, more than 90% of the profits received by service sector enterprises fell on enterprises of four types of activity (in descending order): trade, real estate transactions, transport and communications, and financial activities. The outsiders turned out to be economic entities that provided services in the field of healthcare, education and government controlled, which, however, is natural, since most of them do not pursue the goal of maximizing profits, but operate on a budgetary basis to ensure the rights of citizens to free education, medical care, etc.
In our opinion, such a radical change in the structure of the distribution of national profits is caused primarily by disproportions in the dynamics of prices for goods and services during the period of transformation of the Russian economy and consolidation of this price imbalance during the period of economic growth.
The service sector was one of the factors that aggravated inflation in the Russian economy of the post-Soviet period. The dynamics of price indices in its branches shows that in the non-material sphere prices during the entire period of 1991-2003. rose faster than commodity prices. So, in 1991-1992. in the service sector, prices increased 21 times (in industry - 18 times), and in 1992-1995. - 96 times (in industry - 91 times), and only in 2000-2003. this growth decreased to 15-30% per year (in industry - 5-14%).
The crisis of 1998 had a positive effect on the ratio of price dynamics in the service sector and in the real sector, somewhat smoothing out the price situation that had developed in 1990-1997, which was negative for the sectors of the real sector. in favor of the service industries. However, after 2000, service industries again began to overtake the real sector of the economy in terms of price growth, and by 2003, price indices for services exceeded price indices for goods by almost 1.5 times (i.e., by about the same how many in 1995). Thus, the "positive effect" of the 1998 crisis was exhausted. In 2004-2005 the rise in prices for goods (primarily due to the rapidly rising prices for energy resources) for the first time exceeded the price dynamics in the service sector by an average of 10-14%. n. for the period. But by 2006, this difference was reduced to 0.9 percent. P.
Generally speaking, the ratio of price dynamics for services and goods under the conditions of price liberalization was primarily influenced by pricing factors. When forming prices for goods, the manufacturer focuses on the cost price and on the ratio of supply and demand. In the economic conditions that prevailed in the country in 1990-1998, aggregate demand was limited by the low solvency of the population and industries of the real sector. At the same time, the formation of prices for most services has its own specifics due to the peculiar nature of the demand for this type of “goods”, primarily because services are produced directly at the time of consumption, i.e. only when the consumer already “agrees” with the price . It should also be noted that in many cases (this primarily concerns transport, communications, trade intermediation and housing and communal services), service enterprises operate in a local monopoly market, which also allows them to set prices, focusing primarily not on demand, but on its own level of profitability.
Thus, in the market, primarily of “production” services, the following pricing system operated: in conditions of high inflation and the collapse of the material and technical supply system, enterprises in the real sector were forced to turn to the services of resellers in order to sell as many products as possible for the shortest period. Resellers, due to objective reasons (high wage costs, high rent, rising tariffs for transportation and electricity), as well as often taking advantage of the position of a local monopolist and relying on their own ideas about profitability, set high prices for their services. In turn, enterprises of the real sector, deprived of working capital, were forced to turn to financial intermediation services.
Prices for financial intermediation services were determined, among other things, by the level of return on government securities such as GKO-OFZ. When deciding whether to issue a loan, banks and investors choose from two alternatives: either invest in government bonds, which, according to the terms of circulation, are risk-free and highly profitable even with high inflation, or issue a loan to an enterprise, risking not getting it back. As a result, in conditions of hyperinflation, the prices for services of financial intermediaries also grew at a very high rate. Enterprises in the real sector found themselves "cornered", and they had to pay for services at prices that rose faster than the prices of goods.
The level and dynamics of prices for services, along with prices for raw materials, redistributed national profits in favor of the service sector and extractive industries, thereby narrowing the opportunities for the development of high-tech manufacturing industries, which in turn hampered the development of the entire Russian economy.
During the period under review, not only the role of the service sector as a whole in the formation of GDP and in the functioning of the economy changed, but also the structure of the service sector itself (Fig. 2) 2 , which was caused by the transition to market principles of management. Such traditional activities as transport or housing and communal services have reduced their output (and, accordingly, their share in the output of the services sector). The output of the “communications” industry has increased, which, in particular, is a consequence of the emergence and rapid development of mobile telephone communications in the country.
The most significant changes are related to the changing role of trade. If in 1990 the output of this industry was only about 17.5% of the output of the entire service sector, then in 2000 its share was already 39%, and in 2007 - 35%. This is due to several key factors. Firstly, there was a need to expand this industry during the transition from a planned to a market economy, when all enterprises in the real sector needed the services of resellers to establish new inter-production relations. Secondly, most of the short-term investments (and in Russia, the vast majority of investments before 1998 were short-term) were directed precisely to the sphere of trade, since here the payback period is the shortest, which attracted investors in conditions of high inflation. At the same time, there was also such a phenomenon as holding gain, i.e., a change in the value of goods as a result of an increase in prices while they were in stocks. Thus, trade enterprises were able to attract financial resources to increase the volume of services in order to meet the growing demand from the economy.
The service sector is one of the three components of the economy, along with industry and agriculture. This term is understood as the totality of sectors of the national economy, the labor of workers who are directly aimed at creating special kind product consumed directly in the process of its production. The service sector includes all types of commercial and non-commercial services.
In the countries of the European Union and the United States, the share of people employed in the service sector is 74 and 81% of the total working population. In Japan, this figure reaches 71%, and in countries with underdeveloped economies, the share of the service sector is less than 50%. For example, in Kyrgyzstan, this figure is 48%, and in Tajikistan, only 27% of the able-bodied population is employed in the service sector. IN Russian Federation in 2014, 65% of citizens employed in the economy were employed in the service sector.
The total turnover of the service sector in 2014 amounted to 74.68 trillion. rubles. This amount does not include trade services, as well as services for the sale, repair and maintenance of cars, but it includes the turnover of communication and transport services. It should be noted that it is increasing every year, and the turnover in this sector of the economy has grown more than 3 times over the past ten years. And compared to 2013, the increase in turnover in the service sector amounted to 7.78%. True, if we recalculate in 2013 prices, the growth will be much more modest, just over 1%.
As for the distribution of turnover in the service sector among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the largest turnover falls on the Central Federal District - 33.7% of the total, and the smallest on the North Caucasian Federal District - 4.3%. In general, the share of each district as a percentage of the turnover of the service sector in the Russian Federation is as follows:
- Central Federal District - 33.7%
- Privolzhsky Federal District - 17.5%
- Northwestern Federal District - 10.7%
- Siberian Federal District - 9.9%
- Southern Federal District - 9.2%
- Ural Federal District - 8.4%
- Far Eastern Federal District - 6.2%
- North Caucasian Federal District - 4.4%
The structure of the service sector (excluding trade services) includes 10 main areas. At the end of 2014, the largest turnover was recorded in the provision of housing and communal services - 20.22 trillion. rubles. In addition, the top five includes transport services, communication services, personal services, as well as paid medical services. But in general, the structure of the service sector as a percentage of the total turnover looks like this:
- Housing public Utilities – 26.9%
- Transport services - 18.6%
- Communication services - 17%
- Household services - 10.8%
- Health services - 7.8%
- Services of the education system - 6.5%
- Hotel and tourist services - 4.4%
- cultural services, and physical education and sports - 2.1%
- Legal services - 1.3%
- Social services for the disabled and the elderly - 0.3%
- Other services - 4.3%
In monetary terms, in 2014, on average, services were provided per inhabitant of Russia in the amount of 51.1 thousand rubles. This is 6% more than in 2013. Most services were rendered in housing and communal services - in the amount of 13.84 thousand rubles per person.
Of the 65% percent of workers employed in the service sector, trade accounts for the most - 24.6% of all employed in this sector. The second place is occupied by transport and communication services, in general 15.3% of workers in the industry work here. The third place belongs to the services of the education system - about 13.8% of those working in the service sector.
In the service sector, wages tend to be below the national average. But in some segments of this type of activity, they are quite high. So, for example, in the field financial services the average salary is 66,605 rubles, which is more than 2 times higher than the national average. And in general, by segments in the service sector, the average salary is distributed as follows:
- Financial services - 66,605 rubles.
- Public administration and social insurance - 40,219 rubles.
- Transport and communications - 36,769 rubles.
- Operations with real estate - 36,520 rubles.
- Housing and communal services - 27,430 rubles.
- Health care - 26,450 rubles.
- Education system - 25,096 rubles.
- Hotel services and restaurants - 19,720 rubles.
- The average salary in the country in 2014 was 32,600 rubles.
Housing and communal services
This type of service occupies the largest share in the total turnover of the entire service sector - 26.9%. Of these, housing services account for 5.7%, while utilities account for 21.5%. In monetary terms, this is 420 billion rubles and 1,572 billion rubles, respectively. At the same time, it should be noted that housing and communal services are interconnected and cannot be provided independently of each other.
Housing and communal services is a type of service provided to the consumer to improve comfortable living conditions. Housing services are services that are provided to maintain the proper technical condition buildings, structures and equipment. In addition, this category of services includes landscaping and landscaping.
Utilities are economic activities aimed at providing the consumer with cold and hot water, sewerage, electricity and gas supply. In addition, the structure of utilities often includes the removal of household waste. The structure of utility bills is dominated by payments for heating and electricity - 34.7% and 22.4%, respectively.
Every year the rates for communal payments increase, and consequently the turnover of public services grows. In 2014, compared to 2013, turnover increased by 19%. For 2015, the Government of the Russian Federation provides for a program to increase housing and communal services tariffs (except for electricity) only in the second half of the year. Moreover, the growth indices for each subject of the Russian Federation are set differently. The largest increase in tariffs is envisaged in the Belgorod Region by 14%, the Republic of Tatarstan - by 13.6% and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) - 12.9%. The smallest increase in prices for utilities is planned in the Kemerovo region - 6.1%, the Republic of Khakassia - 6.5% and the Amur region - 6.6%.
As for electricity, here, too, each subject of the Russian Federation has its own tariffs. When analyzed by Federal Districts, the highest cost of kWh of electricity in the Central Federal District is 3.17 rubles. And the smallest in the Siberian Federal District - 1.78 rubles per 1 kW / h. It should be noted that in comparison with the beginning of 2015, in the 1st quarter of 2015, electricity prices rose in the two Federal Districts, Privolzhsky and Siberian, by 1.68% and 1.13%, respectively. And the largest price reduction was recorded in the Far Eastern Federal District - 6.1%. According to the data for the 1st quarter of 2015, the prices for 1 kWh of electricity for the population in the Federal Districts of the Russian Federation are as follows:
- Central Federal District - 3.17 rubles.
- Southern Federal District - 3.1 rubles.
- Northwestern Federal District - 2.76 rubles.
- Far Eastern Federal District - 2.64 rubles.
- North Caucasian Federal District - 2.42 rubles.
- Privolzhsky Federal District - 2.41 rubles.
- Ural Federal District - 1.87 rubles.
- Siberian Federal District - 1.78 rubles.
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