Cotton fibers Cotton is a fiber of plant origin obtained from cotton bolls. When the fruit ripens, the cotton boll opens. The fiber, along with the raw cotton seeds, is collected at cotton receiving points, from where it is sent to a cotton gin plant, where the fibers are separated from the seeds. Then follows the separation of the fibers by length: the longest fibers from 2025 mm are cotton fiber, and the shorter lint hairs are used to make cotton wool, as well as for the production of explosives.
Fabrics made from cotton fiber The range of cotton fabrics is very diverse, it includes the largest number of types and articles. Fabrics vary in structure, type of finish, properties, appearance and have versatile applications. Cotton fabrics are characterized by good wear resistance, hygiene, beautiful appearance, color fastness, tolerate water and heat treatments well. The disadvantages of these fabrics are increased creasing and deformability when worn. All types of weaving are used to produce cotton fabrics.
Wool fibers Wool is the hair of animals: sheep, goats, camels. The wool is removed from the sheep using special scissors or machines. The length of wool fibers is from 20 to 450 mm. They cut it into an almost solid, unbroken mass called FLEECE.
Silk fibers Natural silk is obtained by unwinding silkworm cocoons. A cocoon is a dense, tiny egg-like shell that a caterpillar wraps tightly around itself before developing into a chrysalis. Four stages of silkworm development: 1. Testicle. 2. Caterpillar. 3.Doll. 4.Butterfly.
The silkworm, or silkworm, is a caterpillar and butterfly that plays an important economic role in silk production. The caterpillar feeds exclusively on mulberry leaves. A closely related species, the wild silkworm, lives in East Asia: in the northern regions of China and the southern regions of the Primorsky Territory of Russia. The silkworm is the only fully domesticated insect that is not found in the wild in nature. Its females even “forgot how” to fly. An adult insect is a thick butterfly with whitish wings with a span of up to 6 cm. The caterpillars of this silkworm eat only mulberry or mulberry leaves. Silkworm caterpillars curl cocoons, the shells of which consist of a continuous silk thread m long and up to 1500 m in the largest cocoons.
A little history The birthplace of silk is considered to be ancient China. According to many legends, the culture of sericulture arose around the 5th millennium BC. on the banks of the Great Yellow River. Most notable is the story of Lei Zu, the first wife of the Yellow Emperor, the legendary ancestor of the Chinese, who lived in central China about 5,000 years ago. Having moved to her husband from the southwestern part of the country, Lei Zu brought with her the secret of growing silkworms. At first, she taught people to breed silkworms, unravel the cocoon and thus provide themselves with clothes. In China, there were no more such troubles as scratches and abrasions, and subsequent generations began to bring offerings to Lei Zu as the founder of sericulture... Traditions are also confirmed by archaeological excavations in the provinces of Hubei and Hunan: well-preserved 152 silk items were found, including 35 items of clothing in great condition. This means that sericulture existed approximately two thousand years before the birth of Christ (the late Neolithic era), and the production of silk was already a developed industry years ago - this is exactly the age of the discovered remains of fabric!
More than 2,000 years ago, Emperor Wu Di sent his envoy to the west to pave the way for silk caravans. This is how the Great Silk Road appeared. Naturally, the secret of making silk in China was guarded with special trepidation. Hence, by the way, the absolutely phantasmagoric ideas about the origin of silk threads among ancient thinkers: they say that they grow on trees, and are the product of the vital activity of an animal with large horns, and they are not threads at all, but the fluff of special birds... For smuggling mulberry leaves tree and silkworm larvae, according to Chinese law, a painful death was supposed. But the thirst for profit (and silk was literally worth its weight in gold, pound for pound) took its toll. Around the 5th century, silk was exported from China, and at the same time its production began in several countries around the world. Again, according to legend, one cunning Indian rajah wooed a Chinese princess. And as a dowry he wanted - guess what? And the poor bride brought silkworm larvae and mulberry seeds... right in her high wedding hairstyle. In the Mediterranean countries, the production of silk fabric became widespread around the same time when silkworm eggs (eggs) of the silkworm were first brought to Constantinople from China. The role of pilgrims of good will was played by the monks, who hid the larvae in the hollows of their staffs. In the Middle Ages, silk became one of the main industries in Venice (XIII century), Genoa and Florence (XIV century), and Milan (XV century). And already in the XVIII century throughout Western Europe they wove their own silk with all their might.
The Old Northern Road arose on the initiative of Emperor Wudi, who needed thoroughbred horses for the army. I saw such horses during my embassy to Central Asia in the years. BC. dignitary Zhang Qian. He reported to the emperor about the absence of silk weaving in other countries and advised the emperor to export silk abroad in exchange for beautiful horses, as well as sweet fruits, wine, etc. In 121 BC. The first camel caravan with silk and bronze mirrors headed to the Fergana oasis through the Turfan depression along the spurs of the Tien Shan. But the ongoing trade was interrupted by devastating uprisings in that area in the years. AD However, trade soon continued, but along a new route - the Southern Road.
Description of the presentation by individual slides:
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NATURAL SEWING MATERIALS SCIENCE Section: Lesson topic: FIBERS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN Developed by: Ishnazarova Tatyana Nikolaevna Technology teacher, MAOU Secondary School No. 32, Ulan-Ude
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linen cotton chemical animal origin natural plant origin Textile fibers Classification of textile fibers Wool silk
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Wool taken from sheep in an almost solid, inextricable mass is called fleece. The thinnest, softest, crimped fiber is called fluff. Thicker, stiffer, less crimped fiber is called hair or wool.
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MERINO WOOL (MERINOS) is wool taken from the withers of a Merino sheep. Merino, a breed of fine-wool sheep. Merino wool is uniform and consists of very fine and soft downy fibers. It is long (annual coat length 6-8 cm), white, warm, and has excellent thermostatic properties. Due to natural curls, it is elastic.
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LAMA (LAMA. Llama wool consists of two layers: the top protective hair and the undercoat (fluff). The undercoat is used to make luxury clothing. When fully sheared, both layers are removed and the wool is cleaned of protective hair. When combing, only the undercoat is obtained. The llama's wool is different lightness and softness, the ability to perfectly retain heat (thermal capacity) and provide comfort in a wide range of temperatures (thermostaticity).It does not cause allergic reactions, is able to repel water and, unlike other types of wool, regulate its humidity in a range convenient for humans.
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ALPACA is a type of llama. The alpaca is a rare animal; its wool is expensive; unlike sheep, alpacas are sheared once a year. Alpaca wool has exceptional properties: it is light, soft, uniform and silky, very warm (7 times warmer than sheep), with high thermoregulatory properties; durable (3 times stronger than sheepskin), not subject to rolling, falling or jamming; Unlike the scaly and therefore prickly fibers of sheep's wool, alpaca fibers are smooth and comfortable to the touch.
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CAMEL WOOL (CAMEL) is the downy undercoat of the non-working Bactrian camel (Bactrian), living in Central and East Asia. The most valuable wool is the Mongolian Bactrian. Once a year it is collected (or combed). Camel wool is light (twice lighter than sheep's wool), but at the same time, the most durable, elastic and warm. It protects well from moisture, and is also capable of absorbing and quickly evaporating it, leaving the body dry.
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CASHMERE is the finest down (undercoat) of the high-mountain cashmere goat, which lives in the Tibet region and in the Kashmir province between India and Pakistan. To obtain fluff, the goat is not shorn, but is combed by hand once a year, in the spring, during molting. Cashmere is valued for its exceptional softness, lightness, ability to retain heat and the absence of allergic reactions to it.
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MOHAIR is the wool of Angora goats that live in Turkey (Angora province), South Africa and the USA. Mohair is a luxurious natural fiber. No other wool has such a magnificent long pile with a stable and long-lasting natural shine. Products made from mohair require delicate storage and careful care. They should be hung on hangers to avoid wrinkles and should not be exposed to high temperatures and dry at room temperature; clean only with a dry method, not forgetting that chemical treatment can shorten their service life.
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ANGORA - This is the fluff of Angora rabbits. Once upon a time, China, in response to Turkey’s inflated prices for the sought-after wool of Angora goats, produced a softer and cheaper yarn called “Angora”. As it turned out, it was the fluff of wild rabbits called Angora. Under these conditions, the Turks called the wool of Angora goats “mohair”, which in Arabic means “chosen one”. Subsequently, Angora rabbits began to be bred in Europe and the USA. Angora wool is exceptionally soft, very warm and fluffy, with a characteristic delicate pile. Angora wool products create unique comfort and therefore are very popular and in demand. However, angora wool also has its drawbacks: the loose fixation of rabbit down in the yarn can cause abrasion of the fabric; the need to protect the angora from excessive wetting and clean it only chemically.
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Wool fibers have a length of 20 to 450 mm and various thicknesses. The strength of wool fibers depends on their thickness and structure. Coat color can be white, gray, red and black. The sheen of the coat depends on the size and shape of the scales. Wool fiber has high hygroscopicity and good elasticity and heat protection. Due to the good elasticity, wool products do not wrinkle. The resistance of wool to the effects of sunlight is much higher than that of plant fibers. Reaction to combustion Wool fibers are sintered during combustion, when the fibers are removed from the flame, their combustion stops. A black sintered ball forms at the end, which is easily rubbed with fingers. In the process of burning, the smell of burnt feather is felt. PROPERTIES OF WOOL FIBER
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Woolen fiber is used for the manufacture of dress, suit and coat fabrics. Due to its feltability, wool can be used to make cloth, drapery, felt, felt, and others. textile products. Wool fabrics go on sale under the names: gabardine, cashmere, drape, cloth, tights and others.
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For the first time, the secret of making silk was discovered in China five thousand years ago. An ancient legend says that one day Xi Ling Chi, the wife of the third emperor of China, Huang Di, who was also called the “Yellow Emperor,” was drinking tea in the garden of the palace under the crown of a mulberry tree and a silkworm cocoon fell from the tree into her cup of tea. The young empress and her maids were extremely surprised to see how the cocoon began to unfold in the hot water, releasing a thin silk thread. Intrigued, the girl began to watch how the cocoon unfolded. Xi Ling Chi was so amazed by the beauty and strength of the silk thread that she collected thousands of cocoons and wove clothes for the emperor from them. So a tiny silkworm butterfly gave silk to all of humanity, and the empress, in gratitude for such a valuable gift, was elevated to the rank of deity.
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summary of other presentations“Natural fibers of plant origin” - Properties of cotton and linen fabrics. Cotton and cotton fibers. Linen. Fabric removed from loom. The impact of various factors on linen and cotton. Materials Science. Textile. Types of weaves. The process of obtaining fabric. Sewing material science. Natural fibers of plant origin. Fabric production. Fabric finishing. Primary processing of cotton.
“Russian folk festive costume” - Ponevny style of Russian costume. Apron. Sample questions for review. Poneva and the meaning of patterns. Preparation of the workplace. Hard work in the field. Literary series. Lapti. Decorative and applied arts. Vintage Russian sundresses. Shirt. Girls' round dance in the village. Kokoshniks. From the history of Russian costume. Sundress. Stage costumes. Practical task. Visual aid for the lesson. Vocabulary series.
““Modeling an apron” 5th grade” - To introduce the techniques of artistic design. Artistic modeling. Safety rules when working with scissors. Types of finishing. Studying the material. The process of creating clothes. The term "modelling". Applying the names of parts. Modeling the bottom of the apron. Modeling an apron. Pocket modeling. Breastplate modeling. Fixing the material. Modeling. Drawing of the base of the apron.
"Natural fibers" - Packing in bales (pressing). YARN - a thin thread obtained by twisting fibers. In the spinning mill, threads are pulled and twisted from the roving. Diagram of a loom. Carding shop. Shuttle. Laboratory work "the study of cotton fibers." Fabric production process. Spinning shop. Process. At the weaving factory, weave fabric (severovye) from yarn. Soaking flax straw. The fluttering of flax. Roving shop. Laboratory work "study of flax fibers".
"Design and modeling of an apron" - Design and modeling. Purpose of an apron. The choice of fabric for the apron. pocket modeling. Types of aprons. Breastplate modeling. Modeling. Measurements for building an apron drawing. Modeling methods. Apron finishing options. Modeling an apron. Modeling the main part of the apron.
"Russian costume" - Lesson progress. Crossword "Russian" folk costume" North Russian sarafan complex. Insert method. Explanation of how it works. The purpose of the lesson. Methods and forms. Headdress. Goal setting stage. Posting new material. Sundress. Shoes. Practical work. Men's suit. A piece of clothing that served as a talisman. Text. Russian folk costume. South Russian pony complex. Analysis of work, summing up the lesson.
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COTTON
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Cotton is an annual plant with a tree-like form. It grows as a bush, the fruits are capsules containing seeds covered with long hairs. These fibers are called cotton or "white gold".
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Cotton fiber is a single plant cell that develops from the husk cell of the cotton plant after flowering. Cotton seeds are enclosed in a fruit boll, which, upon reaching full maturity, opens and the seeds along with the cotton come out, after which the cotton is immediately collected and processed.
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Cotton is the oldest spinning plant native to India. It was grown in the Indus and Ganges valleys on the East coast of the Hindustan Peninsula and the Deccan Plateau on extensive plantations
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fabrics
Ivan Tames was the first to produce cotton fabrics in Russia in 172. Russified Dutchman had a linen establishment in Moscow. By the end of the 18th century, cotton production spread to the Tver, Ivanovo, Vladimir and Moscow regions. The competing era of linen and cotton began, in which cotton fabrics took the leading position.
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Cotton properties
Cotton is characterized by relatively high strength, chemical resistance (it does not deteriorate for a long time under the influence of water and light), heat resistance (130-140 ° C), average hygroscopicity (18-20%) and a small proportion of elastic deformation, as a result of which cotton products wrinkle a lot. The resistance of cotton to abrasion is low. Advantages: Softness Good absorption capacity in warm weather Easy to paint Disadvantages: Easily wrinkles Tends to shrink Turns yellow in light
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TYPES OF FABRICS
Cotton fabrics are divided into two main types: household and technical. Household fabrics are intended for sewing clothes, and you can also find decorative fabrics used for making curtains and upholstery. Cotton fabrics can be of different widths: 80, 90, 140 and 160 cm. Summer flannelette blankets, tablecloths, bedspreads and gauze are also made from cotton. Technical fabrics are packaging and tare.
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Bike is a dense soft fabric with a thick pile. Used in the manufacture of lightweight blankets, pajamas, warm underwear and home clothing. Flannel is a soft fabric. It has a double-sided bouffant. Flannel is used to sew pajamas, underwear, women's dressing gowns, children's clothes and diapers. . Bumazeya is a fabric that has one-sided brushing, usually on the wrong side. They sew children's clothes and women's dresses from bumazee.
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Velveteen is a fairly dense fabric. On the front surface there are longitudinal scars from the sewing of light coats, suits, skirts, trousers and men's shirts. Corduroy with a rib of more than 5 mm is called corduroy cord, and with a narrow rib it is called corduroy rib. Velvet is a soft fabric. On the front side there is a thick pile. Used in sewing jackets, trousers, women's dresses, and is also used in interior decoration and the production of curtains.
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Waffle fabric is a fabric distinguished by its original weave, visually reminiscent of waffles. Has good absorbent properties. Therefore, it has found its application in the manufacture of towels. Calico is a dense unusual fabric. Its warp threads are much thinner than the weft threads. They sew workwear, men's and bed linen from calico. Satin has a shiny and smooth face. Used in sewing men's underwear, shirts, women's and children's dresses. Chintz, crinkled chintz - a fabric with a printed motley pattern of plain weave. Used in sewing shirts, light children's and women's dresses.
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LINEN
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Flax is a herbaceous annual plant from the flax family. This is one of the most important industrial crops. In our country, two forms of flax are grown: fiber flax, containing flax fiber in the stems, and oil flax, the seeds of which contain a lot of fatty oil. Flax farming is a branch of crop production concerned with the cultivation of flax. Fiber flax forms a straight, thin, branching stem at the top 60-160 cm high.
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Fiber flax is a very ancient culture... In the X-XIII centuries. Fiber flax became the main spinning plant in Rus'. Trade in linen fiber and linen fabrics developed, its centers in the XIII-XVI centuries. became Pskov and Novgorod. Later, fiber flax began to be grown on almost the entire territory of the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia. Flax is the most ancient cultivated plant after wheat.
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Flax cleaning
Since time immemorial, the center of linen production has been the environs of the city of Yaroslavl, especially the village of Veliky, as well as the Pskov and Vladimir provinces, where flax was sown and processed in large quantities.
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Flax was removed only in dry weather and knitted into sheaves
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Trepalka for flax.
In order to separate the remnants of the bone from the fiber and achieve proper separation of the fibers, flax was ruffled immediately after crushing.
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Combed flax
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Folk spinning
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folk weaving
Russian silk in the old days was called thin linen, which could only be woven in Russia.
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modern weaving
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Application of flax fiber
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Internet resources
http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_colier/6915/COTTON http://www.valleyflora.ru/hlopok.html http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/brokgauz_efron/60538/ Linen http://www.valleyflora.ru/len.html pictures http://conceptiobiznes.ru/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/hlopok.jpg http://world.fedpress.ru/sites/fedpress/ files/vladimir_vladimirovich/news/hlopok.jpeg http://royalfabrics.ru/blog/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/velvet1.jpg http://blog.textiletorg.ru/wp-content/uploads/2012/ 06/velvet.jpg http://www.conkorde.ru/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/hlopok.jpg http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?p=1&text=%D1%82%D0 %BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%20%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%20%D1%84%D0%BE %D1%82%D0%BE&pos=37&rpt=simage&img_url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timira.ru%2Fgallery%2Ftkani.jpg http://cdn.gollos.com/files/6785/Untitled.jpg http:/ /images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?p=1&text=%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD&pos=45&rpt=simage&img_url=http%3A%2F%2Fslavlen.com%2Fd%2F45545%2Fd%2F003..jpeg http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD&pos=25&rpt=simage&img_url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vitbichi.by%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2010 %2F08%2Fw690-300x225.jpg http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?p=3&text=%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD&pos=108&rpt=simage&img_url=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.prom .ua%2F2229010_w100_h100_lno_volokno.jpg
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