We owe the appearance of the Printing House in Moscow to Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich
In 1563, Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich ordered “to build a house from his royal treasury, and start printing business” so that “from now on the holy books will be presented righteously.” This is how the history of the Printing Yard in Moscow began. It was founded on Nikolskaya Street near the Nikolsky Monastery with the blessing of Metropolitan Macarius.
It was a time of transformation. In 1551 there was the Stoglav Cathedral, after which a new Stoglav document appeared. It reflected new expectations from state and church life. In Stoglav, the first legislative measures and legal norms regarding book “writers” were adopted. At that time, the writing of books was entirely the responsibility of the church. However, there was no unity in book writing; many mistakes were made. Stoglav was ordered to “monitor” churches so that liturgical books were written from “good translations.” It was forbidden to sell uncorrected books.
Only reprints from one printed form, not to mention the fact that these impressions could have been made much more than the scribes, who were in a hurry, could provide. By that time, printing had already existed in Europe for 100 years. And the creation of a printing house in Rus' was also a matter of prestige before Europe. Therefore, Ivan IV began to think “how to present printed books, like in Greece, and in Venice, and in Phrygia.”
They began to look for craftsmen skilled in the art of typography. The Danish king Christian sent a scribe to Ivan the Terrible with a proposal to translate the Bible into Russian and print it in several thousand copies. The payment for such a service was the adoption of Lutheranism by Russia. Obviously, the ambassador returned with nothing.
“Some cunning masters of printing” were found on Moscow soil - Ivana Fedorov and Pyotr Timofeev Mstislavets. Ivan Fedorov, appointed the tsar's printer, served as deacon of the Church of St. Nicholas of Gostunsky in the Moscow Kremlin, where the Hundred-Glavy Cathedral was held. It can be assumed that the future pioneer printer was one of the people close to Metropolitan Macarius. It is known that Fedorov studied at the University of Krakow, where he received a bachelor's degree. He was most likely from Moscow, since he called himself a “Moscowite.” His friend and comrade-in-arms Peter Mstislavets apparently came from Mstislavl, at that time a Lithuanian city. It is not known for certain where both studied printing. One can only assume that Ivan Fedorov, meeting with Maxim the Greek, not only saw many books brought by the latter from Venice, but was well acquainted with his works. Mstislavets could get acquainted with the craft from the printing houses of Lithuania and teach it to Ivan Fedorov.
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The printing house took 10 years to build. At first it was a two-story stone building with cellars. The windows were made of mica and the roofs were wooden. The Printing Yard was fenced with a wooden palisade. A large wooden gate opened onto the street. On April 19, 1563, the sovereign's printers began typing the first book.
The printing yard is mentioned in the notes of G. Staden “On the Moscow of Ivan the Terrible,” who described the street leading from the Nikolsky Gate and the drukarnya (printing house) near the Judgment yard and the Zeichhaus. In the 1570s The printing house moved to Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda, and in 1587 returned to Moscow to Nikolskaya Street (no. 15). In 1612, due to a fire, the entire courtyard burned down. And in 1620, a two-story stone chamber was built for him, where 7 printing presses were transported and 80 printing workers from the Kremlin Palace Chamber moved. In 1625, under the stone chambers of the Printing Yard, cellars for storing books and underground passages to the Kremlin were built. The fire of 1634 destroyed all the buildings of the Printing Yard; new stone chambers were built in 1642-43 under the leadership of the Stone Prikaz apprentice T. Shaturin. In 1644, the apprentice I. Neverov and the “German Christopher” built a stone gate with a tower in the Gothic style.
In the 19th century its buildings were perceived as a single architectural ensemble with the towers and walls of Kitai-Gorod, and were completed or remodeled in the “Russian style”: the courtyard part of the eastern building (1871, architect M.N. Chichagov); remodeling of the chambers near the Kitai-Gorod wall (1872-75, architect N.A. Artleben) - the so-called “Teremok” with elegant, richly decorated in the forms of the 17th century. a tented porch, polychrome painting (in the interior there are paintings by Palekh painters);
And now on the territory of the former Printing Yard you can see chambers with a hipped porch, which appeared here in late XIX century (architect N.A. Artleben).
At the same time, the third floor was added and the end sides of the side buildings were decorated (1890s, architect S.S. Slutsky).
Materials from the Yandex dictionary and the Russian Education website were used.
On March 14, our country celebrates Orthodox Book Day. This holiday was established by the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church on the initiative of His Holiness Patriarch Kirill and is celebrated this year for the sixth time. Orthodox Book Day coincides with the release date of Ivan Fedorov’s book “The Apostle,” which is considered the first printed book in Rus' - its publication dates back to March 1 (Old Style) 1564.
Birch bark letters
Today we would like to introduce you to the history of the emergence of book printing in Rus'. The first ancient Russian letters and documents (XI-XV centuries) were scratched on birch bark - birch bark. This is where their name came from - birch bark letters. In 1951, archaeologists found the first birch bark letters in Novgorod. The technique of writing on birch bark was such that it allowed texts to be preserved in the ground for centuries, and thanks to these letters we can find out how our ancestors lived.
What did they write about in their scrolls? The contents of the birch bark letters found are varied: private letters, business notes, complaints, business orders. There are also special entries. In 1956, archaeologists found there, in Novgorod, 16 birch bark letters dating back to the 13th century. These were the student notebooks of a Novgorod boy named Onfim. On one birch bark he began to write the letters of the alphabet, but apparently he quickly got tired of this activity, and he began to draw. Childishly, ineptly, he depicted himself on a horse as a rider, striking the enemy with a spear, and wrote his name next to it.
Handwritten books
Handwritten books appeared a little later than birch bark letters. For many centuries they were an object of admiration, an item of luxury and collecting. Such books were very expensive. According to the testimony of one of the scribes who worked at the turn of the 14th-15th centuries, three rubles were paid for the leather for the book. At that time, you could buy three horses with this money.
The oldest Russian handwritten book, “The Ostromir Gospel,” was born in the middle of the 11th century. This book belongs to the pen of Deacon Gregory, who rewrote the Gospel for the Novgorod mayor Ostromir. “The Ostromir Gospel” is a true masterpiece of book art! The book is written on excellent parchment and contains 294 sheets! The text is preceded by an elegant headband in the form of an ornamental frame - fantastic flowers on a golden background. Inscribed in Cyrillic in the frame: “Gospel of John. Chapter A." It also contains three large illustrations depicting the apostles Mark, John and Luke. Deacon Gregory wrote the Ostromir Gospel for six months and twenty days - one and a half sheets a day.
Creating the manuscript was hard and exhausting work. The working day lasted in the summer from sunrise to sunset, while in the winter they also included the dark half of the day, when they wrote by candlelight or torches, and monasteries served as the main centers of book writing in the Middle Ages.
The production of ancient handwritten books was also expensive and time-consuming. The material for them was parchment (or parchment) - specially made leather. Books were usually written with a quill pen and ink. Only the king had the privilege of writing with a swan and even a peacock feather.
Since the book was expensive, it was taken care of. To protect against mechanical damage, a binding was made of two boards, covered in leather and had a clasp on side view. Sometimes the binding was bound in gold and silver and decorated with precious stones. Medieval handwritten books were elegantly decorated. Before the text, they always made a headband - a small ornamental composition, often in the form of a frame around the title of a chapter or section.
The first, capital letter in the text - “initial” - was written larger and more beautiful than the others, decorated with ornaments, sometimes in the form of a man, animal, bird, or fantastic creature.
Chronicles
Among the handwritten books there were many chronicles. The text of the chronicle consists of weather (compiled by year) records. Each of them begins with the words: “in the summer of such and such” and messages about events that occurred this year.
The most famous of the chronicle works (XII century), describing mainly the history of the Eastern Slavs (the narrative begins with the Flood), historical and semi-legendary events that took place in Ancient Rus' can be called “The Tale of Bygone Years” - the work of several monks of the Kiev Pechersk Lavra and, above all, Nestor the chronicler.
Typography
Books in Rus' were valued, collected in families for several generations, and were mentioned in almost every spiritual document (testament) among valuables and family icons. But the ever-increasing need for books marked the beginning of a new stage of enlightenment in Rus' - book printing.
The first printed books in the Russian state appeared only in the middle of the 16th century, during the reign of Ivan the Terrible, who in 1553 set up a printing house in Moscow. To house the printing house, the Tsar ordered the construction of special mansions not far from the Kremlin on Nikolskaya Street in the vicinity of the Nikolsky Monastery. This printing house was built at the expense of Tsar Ivan the Terrible himself. In 1563, it was headed by the deacon of the Church of Nicholas Gostunsky in the Moscow Kremlin - Ivan Fedorov.
Ivan Fedorov was an educated man, well versed in books, knew foundry, was a carpenter, a painter, a carver, and a bookbinder. He graduated from the University of Krakow, knew ancient Greek, in which he wrote and printed, and knew Latin. People said about him: he was such a craftsman that you couldn’t find him in foreign lands.
Ivan Fedorov and his student Pyotr Mstislavets worked for 10 years to set up a printing house, and only on April 19, 1563 they began producing the first book. Ivan Fedorov built it himself printing presses, he cast the molds for the letters himself, typed them himself, and edited them himself. A lot of work went into making various headbands and drawings of large and small sizes. The drawings depicted cedar cones and strange fruits: pineapples, grape leaves.
Ivan Fedorov and his student published the first book whole year. It was called “Apostol” (“Acts and Epistles of the Apostles”) and looked impressive and beautiful, reminiscent of a handwritten book: in letters, in drawings and in headpieces. It consisted of 267 sheets. This is the first printed book published on March 1, 1564. This year is considered the beginning of Russian book printing.
Ivan Fedorov and Pyotr Mstislavets went down in history as the first Russian printers, and their first dated creation became the model for subsequent publications. 61 copies of this book have survived to this day.
After the release of “The Apostle,” Ivan Fedorov and his assistants began to prepare a new book for publication, “The Book of Hours.” If “Apostle” was produced for a year, then “Chasovnik” took only 2 months.
Simultaneously with the publication of the Apostle, work was underway on the compilation and publication of the ABC, the first Slavic textbook. The ABC was published in 1574. She introduced me to the Russian alphabet and taught me how to compose syllables and words.
This is how the first Orthodox books and alphabet appeared in Rus'.
The Printing House Printing House is the oldest printing house in St. Petersburg, created by decree of Nicholas I in 1827 for printing the Complete Collection of Laws Russian Empire. The highest decrees were also printed here in 6 copies. Two copies were made on expensive vellum paper, which was used for drawing miniatures and pastel paintings, and were presented to the Emperor for signature.
For many years, the State Printing House (since 1922 - “Printing Yard”) was located in the center at the address: Embankment of the Catherine Canal, No. 2. Since the documentation was constantly multiplying, the printing house needed not just a new building, but a specialized complex. They bought a plot of land for him on the Petrograd side. According to the design of the famous architect L. N. Benois with the participation of L. L. Shreter, a huge main building was erected along Geslerovsky Lane (now Chkalovsky Avenue, No. 15) and Gatchinskaya Street. However, construction, which lasted from 1909 to 1911, was not completed before the revolution - the buildings occupied only half a block.
Production buildings stand along the perimeter of the courtyard, covered with metal trusses and illuminated by skylights. Thanks to this arrangement, convenient areas were created for printing machines and utility warehouses. The three-story buildings were also occupied by a forwarding office and warehouses. finished products, workshops and various services. The main entrance was from Gatchina - it is marked by a powerful Doric portico with a pediment. The passage connected the buildings with the workers' dormitory. There was a theater hall (now a dining room), “where the best singers and actors of the city performed for workers and employees”, as recalled by D.S. Likhachev, who lived with his parents in 1917–1928 on the second floor of a residential wing on Oranienbaumskaya Street, No. 27.
The layout is based on the utilitarian principle inherent in Art Nouveau architects. It is also used in the strict design of the facades: blades, wide and tall windows alternate rhythmically, the base is lined with crushed granite, the brickwork is combined with rough plaster cladding. The ascetic appearance is reminiscent of the industrial architecture of Europe at the beginning of the twentieth century and the tendencies of constructivism. It is immediately noticeable that this is a factory, but a special one, a printing one; the location and structure of its premises are dictated by the technological process.
When the State Printing House was built, it became one of the best in the country and remained so for a long time thanks to constant re-equipment. In 1922, the printing house was given the name “Printing Yard” - in memory of the first Russian printing house in Moscow, created by I. Fedorov and P. Mstislavets. For the new workshops, constructivist Ya.D. Tartakovsky erected an extensive building from reinforced concrete on the corner of Oranienbaumskaya in 1930–1936. Before the Great Patriotic War, the book giant (Tartakovsky once visited it), bearing the name of A.M. Gorky since 1936, employed 3,500 people (now 700) and printed up to a billion sheets annually. During the war, the printing house's work stopped due to damage from artillery shelling. Some of the equipment and workers were taken to Perm during these years. In 1944, work resumed and progressed, because the printing house was turned into a training ground latest technologies. Only she was entrusted with publishing the complete works of V.I. Lenin.
Nowadays “Pechatny Dvor” is the largest printing plant in the North-West, annually producing 20 million copies of a wide variety of printed products, most of which state documentation has no relation.
© (based on network materials)
Mini-guide to China TownIvan Fedorov and Pyotr Mstislavets, who published it, soon left Moscow, and book printing continued in Alexandrovskaya Sloboda. It is believed that the reason for the departure of the first printers was the machinations of copyists who saw the innovation as a threat to their work. But since the copyists were mainly monks and they did not receive money for this, the version is doubtful. Probably, the real reason was Moscow superstition: they said that sorcerers settled on Nikolskaya. Because of this, the printing house was burned down shortly after opening.
After the restoration of book printing under Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, the printing house on Nikolskaya expanded significantly.
In 1645-1646, T. Sharutin and I. Neverov built a stone house of the Printing Yard with a tower, and in its place in 1814 A.L. Bakarev and I.L. Mironovsky built a modern building in the Gothic style.
Guide to Architectural StylesBy that time the Printing Yard had already turned into large enterprise- 165 workers worked there. And on January 2, 1703, the first Russian newspaper Vedomosti was published at the Printing Yard. It published international and military information and reported on the economic life of the country.
Some historians believe that at the Printing Yard, Peter I personally tested the new Russian civil font, created with his participation, which replaced the church one. He probably even typed and corrected the text of one of the first issues of the newspaper.
The Sinoidal Printing House was located in this building until 1918.
How to read facades: a cheat sheet on architectural elementsIN Soviet time The Historical and Archival Institute is located here. At the same time, the façade was decorated with the coat of arms of the USSR. And the building is still occupied by the Historical and Archival Institute of the Russian State University for the Humanities.
At the same time, a sundial has been preserved on the façade of the Sinoidal Printing House. And from the buildings of the 17th century, only the stone two-story Correction (Proofreading) Chamber in the courtyard (built in 1679) remained.
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