In any profession there are rules that cannot be violated. They do not always have the form of commandments, but they are always based on universal human principles. morality. This is an idea of prof. The translator's code has long been established in world practice.
1. Translator - a translator who re-expresses an oral or written text created in one language into a text in another language. It follows that the text is inviolable for the translator.
2. He does not have the right to change the text during translation at will, to shorten it or expand it, if the additional task of adaptation, selection, etc. not supplied by the customer.
3. When translating, he, with the help of profs known to him. actions always tends to transfer when translated into max. least invariant of the source text.
4. In some cases, in the context of an oral consecutive P. or a simultaneous interpreter, he turned out to be a person who was also charged with diplomatic powers, for example, when politicians spoke out. If these diplomatic powers are recognized for the translator, he has the opportunity to err in the translation, performing the function of an auxiliary person in support of the diplomat. relations, preventing their violation, but not obliged to protect the interests of any. 1 side.
5. In other cases, the translator has no right to interfere in the relations of the parties, as well as to reveal his own position regarding the content of the translated text.
6. The translator is obliged to maintain confidentiality in relation to the content of the material being translated and not to disclose it unnecessarily.
7. The translator is obliged, by means known to him, to ensure a high level of competence in the areas of the source language, target language, translation technique and subject matter of the text.
8. The translator has the right to demand all the necessary conditions to ensure a high level of translation competence, incl. and resp. conditions of their work: when interpreting, the reliability of broadcasting equipment, if it is necessary to reduce the speaker’s speech rate. During simultaneous translation – provision of the speaker’s speeches the day before, pauses in work for rest, etc. In writing - providing reference and other literature on the topic.
9. The translator is responsible for the quality of the translation, and if the translation is poor or publicistic, he has a copyright on it, protected by law. And when publishing a translation, his name must be indicated.
With prof. The ethics of translators are closely related to the rules of situational behavior, which require the observance of decency, and the rules of behavior aimed at maintaining health. The rules of situational behavior imply a complete adaptation of the interpreter to the situation in which he finds himself. A great scientist/movie star may be provocatively dressed or misbehaving, a translator is not. Because being in the role of a translator, he must be invisible as a person, not distract attention to himself, his task is to serve as a transmitter of information. Therefore, he must be dressed neatly and according to the occasion, observe generally accepted principles. moral standards. He violates them only when they are incompatible with his main professional role in the situation. For example, if he needs to translate during an official meeting. lunch, then he no longer has to eat or drink. During behind-the-scenes communication (corridor, face-to-face), the translator cannot participate in the conversation as an equal interlocutor, otherwise he will distort the source information and lose his reliability as a translator.
Rules guaranteeing the translator's retention of professional health is usually observed behind the scenes, primarily they relate to interpretation and the higher the volume of mental. costs, the stricter they are. The work of a translator can rightfully be classified as extreme. While working, the translator is constantly in the so-called situation. communication stress, i.e. a state of exceptional concentration of resources of the body and psyche.
According to the latest neurophysiological studies, in terms of the volume of brain resources used, simultaneous interpreting is in second place among types of human activity after performing an unfamiliar piece on the violin from sight. Naturally, such a load must be dosed. In the field of professional translation, there is a physiological norm. An interpreter, even a consecutive translator, should under no circumstances work for more than two hours at a time. It is believed that the normal work of an interpreter in synchronous mode without a shift: 20-30 minutes. Although in reality circumstances can force him to work for wear and tear - nervous exhaustion.
Before intense mental work, he must get a good night's sleep, at least 8 hours. Alcohol is prohibited during oral work. You also need to remember that fulfilling a translation order, no matter how important it may be, is not the last for a translator, to whom he must give his all, but only one episode of a long-term career, the number of orders of which exceeds thousands. Being a professional, he is simply obliged to maintain his physical strength. and psycho. the condition is at the proper level.
A translator is a unique store of information about different areas of human life. knowledge and people actions, and it is equally important for him to know the essence of the process of the phenomenon, and how all this is called in native and foreign. language. In addition to the constant focus on expanding erudition, the translator has to be prepared for urgent mastery of an unfamiliar area.
Tomorrow's work, say, with representatives of nuclear energy, may include new information. material designed using 3 basics. language layers:
1. Official book speech, letters. text.
2. Official-oral. speeches, official communication.
3. Prof. jargon - informal prof. communication.
An experienced translator with a trained memory masters all this rich arsenal on the go. It is important to use max. number of sources possible in a given situation. Those. reference books, dictionaries, Internet and specialist consultation.
There is an opinion that in order to translate prof. texts, the translator himself must be a professional in accordance with. area - at least a diploma. specialist. This is partly true when applied to written translation. Here, professional knowledge and experience are of great help, since translation provides enough time for analysis, reflection, and selection of material. However, with oral and especially simultaneous translation, deep knowledge of subject area, can do the translator a disservice by forcing him to do it where it is not necessary.
UE requires the most adequate and, most importantly, quick selection of correspondences. Paradoxically, the level of PM can be higher, the lower his knowledge in the subject area. Of course, he must master the terms and understand what they mean, but mastering them is a matter of several days, hours and even minutes for a professional, depending on the task. In other words, good translator– it’s not the one who knows more, but the one who translates better. The translator, as a rule, is not only a philologist, but also a regional specialist, which makes it possible. use his knowledge not only for translation work, but also to establish trusting relationships with partners. A professional translator plays a key role in establishing a spirit of cooperation, especially when negotiation processes are carried out with representatives of peoples and cultures, worldviews, whose etiquettes have the noun. different from those accepted in the West. The translator needs to take action if he finds that he is being misunderstood. The interpreter may, if necessary, ask either party to explain the idea in other words or repeat it again.
In any profession there are moral norms and laws of professional behavior that cannot be violated. They do not always take the form of commandments, but, perhaps, they are always based on the foundations of Christian morality. There are such ethical standards and in professional activity translator They were gradually developed and established in world practice and are a moral code modern representative the profession we are talking about. It will be useful for us to get acquainted with some of these rules:
A translator is a TRANSLATOR who “re-expresses” an oral or written text created in one language into a text in another language.
The TEXT is UNTOUCHABLE for the translator. The translator does not have the right to change the text when translating (to shorten, expand) at will, if additional conditions were not supplied by the customer.
When translating, the translator always strives to convey as much as possible the INVARIANT of the source text, i.e. translate from a foreign language all linguistic units of the original text.
The translator is not obliged to translate language units into other languages. (If, for example, in German scientific text There were quotes in Latin, English, French, etc..). This is not the task of a translator if he does not speak other languages.
The translator is obliged to maintain confidentiality (secrecy) in relation to the content of the material being translated and not to disclose it unnecessarily.
The translator is obliged to ensure a high level of proficiency in the source language, target language, and translation technique as much as possible.
Requirements for the design of written text are discussed in advance with the customer. The following is always observed: the transfer of graphic information (location of parts of the text, headings, subheadings) and indication of the original pages.
The translator has the right to demand all necessary conditions to ensure high-quality translation (providing reference and other literature on the topic).
The translator is responsible for the quality of the translation, and if the translation is literary or journalistic, he has copyright on it, protected by law, and when publishing the translation, his name must be indicated.
Questions for self-control:
Why can’t we name the exact number of languages that exist on the globe?
How does an interpreter differ from a written translator?
Explain the expression “translation as an activity.”
What is the basis for the success of the translator profession?
What is background knowledge and what is its role for a translator?
Formulate at least a few basic rules of translation ethics.
Why do you think a TRANSLATOR'S MORAL CODE is necessary?
Any profession has its own moral standards and laws of professional behavior that cannot be violated. They do not always take the form of commandments, but, perhaps, they are always based on the foundations of Christian morality.
Translator's moral code
A translator is a TRANSLATOR who re-expresses an oral or written text created in one language into a text in another language.
It follows from this that the TEXT is INVOUCHABLE for the translator. The translator does not have the right to change the text during translation at will, to shorten it or expand it, unless the additional task of adaptation, sampling, additions, etc. is not set by the customer.
When translating, the translator, using the professional actions known to him, always strives to convey to the maximum extent the INVARIANT of the source text.
In some cases, in the context of oral consecutive or simultaneous translation, the translator turns out to be a person vested with DIPLOMATIC powers (for example, when translating statements of major politicians during international contacts). If these diplomatic powers are recognized for the translator, he has the right to sin against the accuracy of the source text, performing the function of an auxiliary person in supporting diplomatic relations, preventing their complications, but is not obliged to protect the interests of any one party.
In other cases, the translator has no right to interfere in the relations of the parties, as well as to reveal his own position regarding the content of the translated text.
The translator is obliged to maintain confidentiality in relation to the content of the material being translated and not to disclose it unnecessarily.
The translator is obliged, by means known to him, to ensure a high level of competence in the areas of the source language, target language, translation technique and subject matter of the text.
The translator has the right to demand all the necessary conditions to ensure a high level of translation competence, including the corresponding conditions of his work (for oral translation - the reliability of the broadcasting equipment, if necessary - reducing the speaker’s speech rate; for synchronous translation - the provision of speeches of speakers the day before, pauses in work for recreation, etc.; in writing - providing reference and other literature on the topic).
The translator is responsible for the quality of the translation, and if the translation is literary or journalistic, he has copyright, protected by law, and when publishing the translation, his name must be indicated.
Ethics - the art of behavior
With rules professional ethics translator, the rules of situational behavior that require adherence to decency and the rules of behavior aimed at preserving health are closely linked.
The rules of situational behavior require the translator to fully adapt to the situation in which he finds himself. A great scientist or movie star may dress provocatively or behave inappropriately. Translator - no. Because, being in the role of a translator (see code, paragraph 1), he must be invisible as a person, not distract attention to himself, his task is act as a transmitter of information. Therefore, he must be dressed neatly and appropriately for the occasion, observing generally accepted rules of decency. He violates them only when they are incompatible with his main professional role in the situation. For example, if he needs to interpret during a formal dinner, he does not have to eat or drink. In behind-the-scenes communication, the translator cannot participate in the conversation as an equal interlocutor, otherwise he will distort the source’s information and lose his reliability as a translator. So his task is to adapt, but to work.
Rules guaranteeing the preservation of professional health for the translator are usually followed unofficially. First of all, they relate to interpretation, and the higher the amount of mental costs, the more severe they are. It is believed that in synchronous mode an interpreter can work without a shift for 20-30 minutes, although in reality circumstances can force him to work without a shift for a long time, to the point of wear and tear. Before intense oral work, he must get a good night's sleep (at least 8 hours). Alcohol is prohibited during oral work.
The rules of professional ethics regulate the behavior of a translator. In addition to what is listed in the code, this includes rules for approaching the composition of the text and rules for design. The ethics of handling the text prescribes (unless the customer has specified special conditions) to translate from a foreign language or into a foreign language all linguistic units of the original text. The translator is not obliged to translate linguistic units in other languages: for example, if in a German scientific text he comes across quotations in Latin, English and French, translating them into Russian is not his task. If the equivalence of the translation of the entire text depends on the content of these fragments in third languages, the translator will have to take professional advice from specialists in the relevant languages. However, there are cases that are fortunate for the customer when the translator has bilingual professional competence, that is, he translates from both English and German - then everything that is formulated in the text in these two languages is included in the translation tasks.
Requirements for the design of written text are discussed in advance with the customer and may be different, but two of them are always observed: the transmission of graphic information that accompanies verbal information (the location of parts of the text that organize it into a global text - headings, subheadings), and indicating the pages of the original. The last requirement helps the user navigate the text and compare the desired place with the original.
Representatives of any profession have their own norms and rules of behavior. With the help of these norms and rules, the profession asserts its place in society, and society, for its part, influences the ethics of the profession. Any profession has its own moral standards and laws of professional behavior that cannot be violated. The translator's profession is no exception. Such well-known translators as P. Palazhchenko, A. Chuzhakin, G. Miram, A. Pago, I. S. Alekseeva, R. K. Minyar Beloruchev dealt with issues of translator ethics.
Translator ethics, according to I.S. Alekseeva, “includes moral principles (moral code), norms of professional behavior, requirements for professional suitability, solid knowledge by the translator of his legal status, acquaintance with the technical support of translation."
Moral principles suggest the following:
The need to transfer up to 80 percent of the information in the source text. The translator is not an interlocutor or opponent of the client, but a translator who re-expresses an oral or written text created in one language into a text in another language. It follows from this that the text is inviolable for the translator. The translator does not have the right, at will, to change the meaning and composition of the text during translation, to shorten it or expand it, unless the additional task of adaptation, selection, additions, etc. is not set by the customer.
The translator, with the help of professional actions known to him, always strives to convey the invariant of the source text to the maximum extent, focusing on the functional dominants of the original.
In a translation situation, the translator is obliged to observe the ethics of oral communication, respecting the client’s freedom of personality and not infringing on his dignity.
In some cases, in a situation of oral consecutive or simultaneous translation, the translator turns out to be a person vested with diplomatic powers (for example, when translating statements of major politicians in a situation of international contacts). If these diplomatic powers are recognized for the translator, he has the right to sin against the accuracy of the source text, performing the function of an auxiliary person in supporting diplomatic relations, preventing their complications, but is not obliged to protect the interests of any one party. In other cases, the translator has no right to interfere in the relations of the parties, as well as to reveal his own position regarding the content of the translated text.
The translator is obliged to take care of his health, since the quality of the translation depends on his physical condition.
The translator has no right to react emotionally to individual defects in the speaker’s speech and should not reproduce them; he orients himself in oral translation on the oral version of the literary norm of the target language.
The translator is obliged to immediately signal his lack of competence, and correct errors noticed in himself, and not hide them; this is a guarantee High Quality translation and the trust of others in him.
In a written translation, the translator is obliged to comply with the rules of its formatting, ensuring correct attitude to the customer.
In necessary cases, the translator is obliged to maintain confidentiality in relation to the content of the translated text and not to disclose it unnecessarily.
Translator ethics also includes the requirements of professional suitability - certain psychological qualities that meet professional requirements. By professional suitability I.S. Alekseeva understands “ natural conditions to carry out this activity, including the psychological attitude. Professional requirements are a broader concept; along with professional suitability, they include the necessary set of skills and abilities.”
Among the qualities that determine professional suitability, she names speech reactivity, good memory, switchability, mental stability, contact, and intelligence.
Speech reactivity is the ability to quickly perceive someone else's speech and quickly generate your own. If this ability is given to a person by nature, in any case it must be systematized and further developed. This ability is necessary when interpreting.
Memory is also required quality translator A translator needs a professionally organized flexible memory, which allows, on the one hand, to absorb a large amount of information and, on the other hand, to quickly forget what is unnecessary. Long-term memory should be distinguished by its ability to accommodate much more (compared to memory ordinary person who speaks a foreign language) the amount of vocabulary in the active vocabulary, both in the native and foreign languages. RAM characterized by the ability to briefly memorize a significantly larger number of linguistic units than the memory of an ordinary person.
Switchability is the ability to quickly switch from one type of activity to another. Translation requires a specific type of switchability from one language to another, from digital coding to verbal. The translator's initial predisposition to switch quickly should develop into a stable skill in the ability to switch in the field of language.
The author puts mental stability in first place among the qualities of professional suitability, since forced long speaking, and inevitably frequent switching, and increased speed of speech, and the need throughout the whole day to follow only other people’s thoughts, not allowing one’s own - all this leads to mental stress.
Contact, i.e. the desire to communicate with other people, is also considered a necessary quality for a translator. It's about about a conscious psychological attitude to contact. The translator must be well aware that he is an expert not only in the language, but also in the culture of two or more peoples and countries at once, and actively contribute to establishing contact between the parties.
Next professional quality What a translator must possess is intelligence. Here I.S. Alekseeva does not mean encyclopedic education, but liveliness and a creative mindset that allows her to apply her extensive knowledge at the right time. A good education, a wide range of interests and active self-education are of great importance.
Under the professional requirements, I.S. Alekseeva assumes the following:
1. The translator must have a professionally trained voice and be able to use it, as well as know how to restore the voice in case of overstrain.
2. An indispensable professional requirement is clear diction and the absence of speech defects.
3. Mandatory knowledge of translation techniques. These include: mnemonics (memorization techniques); switching skill different types coding; the skill of speech compression and speech deployment; skill in using complex types of transformations of descriptive translation, generalization, antonymic translation, compensation.
4. A translator needs to be able to use dictionaries and other sources of information.
5. Possession of translation notation, or abbreviated notation, is desirable.
6. The translator must have knowledge foreign language at a level close to bilingualism, as well as knowledge of the culture of the people speaking this language, i.e. have background knowledge.
7. Not less an important condition The success of his professional activity is an active mastery of the main speech genres and main types of text in both his native and foreign languages.
8. The translator is obliged to constantly replenish the active vocabulary in both languages.
The translator must also be able to use various equipment that supports his activities, i.e. be familiar with the technical support of translation - the operation of audio and video equipment, computers, etc.
The work of a translator is carried out according to his legal and social status. This means that the content of its activities is always pre-agreed and enshrined in contracts, agreements and job descriptions.
Chapter 1 Conclusions
Translation is an activity that consists of variable re-expression, re-decoding of a text generated in one language into a text in another language, carried out by a translator who creatively chooses an option depending on the resources of the language, the type of translation, translation tasks, the type of text and under the influence of his own individuality.
Translation competence is the knowledge, skills and abilities of a translator, the totality of which allows him to successfully carry out his professional activities.
Translation competence consists of a main (basic) and an additional (pragmatic) component.
The basic part of translation competence includes linguistic and communicative competence, the additional part includes technical techniques of translation and personal characteristics translator
Communicative competence includes the background knowledge necessary for a translator and consists of mastering the sociocultural concepts and phenomena of another people.
Professional ethics and moral qualities of a translator are necessary conditions for carrying out translation activities.
Irina Sergeevna Alekseeva - professor at the Herzen Russian State Pedagogical University, translator fiction, awarded in 2004 certificate of honor Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation for its great contribution to personnel training, development of education and science. I.S. Alekseeva compiled a kind of translator’s code, which included the following points:
The translator is not an interlocutor or opponent of the client, but a translator who re-expresses an oral or written text created in one language into a text in another language.
It follows from this that the text is inviolable for the translator. The translator does not have the right, at will, to change the meaning and composition of the text during translation, to shorten it or expand it, if the additional task of adaptation, selection, additions, etc. not supplied by the customer.
When translating, the translator, using professional actions known to him, always strives to convey to the maximum extent the invariant of the source text.
In some cases, in a situation of oral consecutive or simultaneous translation, the translator turns out to be a person vested with diplomatic powers (for example, when translating statements of major politicians in a situation of international contacts). If these diplomatic powers are recognized for the translator, he has the right to sin against the accuracy of the source text, performing the function of an auxiliary person in supporting diplomatic relations, preventing their complications, but is not obliged to protect the interests of any one party.
In an interpreting situation, the translator is obliged to observe the ethics of oral communication, respecting the client’s freedom of personality and not infringing on his dignity.
In other cases, the translator has no right to interfere in the relations of the parties, as well as to reveal his own position regarding the content of the translated text.
The translator is obliged to maintain confidentiality in relation to the content of the material being translated and not to disclose it unnecessarily.
The translator has no right to react emotionally to individual defects in the speaker’s speech and should not reproduce them; he orients himself in oral translation on the oral version of the literary norm of the target language.
The translator is obliged, by means known to him, to ensure a high level of competence in the areas of the source language, target language, translation technique and subject matter of the text. The translator is obliged to immediately signal his lack of competence, and correct errors noticed in himself, and not hide them; This is a guarantee of high quality translation and the trust of others in it.
The translator is responsible for the quality of the translation, and if the translation is literary or journalistic, he has copyright on it, protected by law, and when publishing the translation, his name must be indicated.
The translator has the right to demand all the necessary conditions to ensure a high level of translation competence, including the corresponding conditions of his work (for oral translation - the reliability of the broadcasting equipment, if necessary - reducing the speaker’s speech rate; for synchronous translation - the provision of speeches of speakers the day before, pauses in work for recreation, etc.; in writing - providing reference and other literature on the topic).
In a written translation, the translator is obliged to follow the rules of its formatting, ensuring a correct attitude towards the customer [Alekseeva, 2008, p. 347].
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