Shampoo production process. Equipment for the production of gels. Legal registration of business

Cost-effective is pretty simple. But keep in mind that to start you need to invest a significant amount in equipment for the production of shampoos. To use it, you will not need any special knowledge or skills. All that is needed from entrepreneurs is to register a business and equip shampoo factories.

When buying a line, keep in mind that the equipment is universal for many cosmetics. With this in mind, in the future, your shampoo production may grow into the production of cosmetics.

Laboratory equipment

The first stage of production is the formulation of the recipe. Manufacturers offer products according to their unique recipe, based on numerous studies, samples, tests.

Upon completion of the manufacturing process, each batch undergoes quality control, that is, a laboratory will again be needed. You will need:

- 16,000 rubles;
- 90,000 rubles;
- up to 70,000 rubles;
37 ° С - about 35,000 rubles;
shaking apparatus - up to 10,000 rubles;
with maintaining a temperature of 45 ° C - up to 15,000 rubles;
- 8,000 - 20,000 rubles;
- 30,000 rubles;
- less than 1,000 rubles;
- 5,000 rubles;
flasks, pipettes, mortars, magnifying glasses, cups, coverslips - all together will tighten up to 5,000 rubles.

Raw material cost:

For 1 ton of finished shampoo, it is necessary to use raw materials for 14,000-15,000 rubles. Separately, to this amount you need to add the cost of packaging - about 15 rubles. for 1 bottle.

production line

The production of shampoos can include both separate equipment and a complete line of everything you need. Shampoo factories include special liquid containers, mixing reactors and rotary pumps.

Shampoo production equipment Russian market provided by several companies, among which Agromash is a manufacturer of diverse technological and food equipment.

This suitable for business universal line for the production of shampoos and cosmetics. Manufactured products: shampoo, cream, gel, soap, tonics and lotions. Includes:

a steel boiler to heat water for 500 liters, temperature 150 - 1,000 ° C, power - up to 30 kW; one of the elements is a centrifugal pump;
ventilation caps;
digester made of steel with a stirrer for 250 l., temperature - 300-950 ° C;
boiler 250 l. to dissolve the ingredients;
boiler 250 l. for the accumulation of various additives;
boiler-refrigerator, where the ingredients are mixed and cooled;
tank washing system;
control Panel.

Liquid dosing and filling line

Manufacturers offer many automatic dosing machines for filling bottles of different sizes. The cost of such machines reaches 1,600,000 rubles.

Pay attention to the bottling machine with a capacity of 3,000 bottles per hour, with a volume of 0.2-1 liter.

Typically, such machines are suitable for bottling any liquids and are easily reconfigured for any container.

Equipment advantages:

bottle position control by sensors;
high dosing accuracy;
simple reconfiguration to any desires.

The line includes:

adjustment system;
cork winding device, which is regulated by the remote control;
cap feed hopper;
automatic labeling mechanism;
automatic washing;
emergency protection;
filling control system;
product counting sensor.

Characteristics:

container volume for bottling - up to 1,000 ml;
dosing accuracy – ±1 ml;
supply voltage - 50 Hz;
power consumption - 2 kW;
installation weight - 1,000 kg;
number of operators - 5 people.

Filling Equipment Feihong Machinery:

Characteristic	Meaning
Productivity, bottles/hour	4 000 - 7 000
Container volume, g	10 - 200
Compressed air consumption, cubic meters/h	36
Voltage, V	380
power, kWt	2.5
Size, mm	4150×2650×1600

Labeling line

The production of hair shampoo also requires a special labeling machine. The cost reaches 200,000 rubles.

Purchase the Cavagnino & Gatti automated machine, model CG80, which applies hot glue to polypropylene labels by spraying.

Peculiarities:

the presence of a printer;
4 sticker formats;
productivity - 2,000 stickers per hour;
speed adjustment;
manual height adjustment of the bottle;
1 kg of glue is enough for 35,000 labels.

Choice of labeling equipment:

Company manufacturer	Model	Productivity, b/h
Cavagnino & Gatti	CG80	2 000
Cavagnino & Gatti	CG-84DRX 3-9	5 000
Cavagnino & Gatti	RE-15T-4S	10 000
Roll Rotary	540-9T	9 000
Rollfed	12-640 1RA	12 000
GERNEP	Rollfed 12-640 1RA	15 000
ETICAP	XR-FACILE 3T 1S	2 000
KRONES	Vinetta 72	7 000
KOSME	EXTRA 8T S1 E1	7 000

Optional equipment

When setting up production, especially on a large scale, you will need additional machines.

Conveyor system (conveyor)

Needed to move products between production stages. The system consists of separate assembly elements, the quantity of which is usually ordered individually, taking into account the parameters of the production shop.

The material of the system is stainless steel.

Quality conveyors include an electric drive and a regulator.

inspection equipment

It is also more suitable for large volumes of production and it is necessary to reject low-quality shampoo bottles (violation of the integrity of the form, tightness).

Video: how is a quality shampoo made?

Shampoo is the most used hair care product. One of its key advantages can be called versatility, because almost everyone uses it. Currently, there is a wide range of these products on the market, which include liquid, gel-like, dry and aerosol varieties. It should be noted that the first two of them are the most popular.

The high demand for this product allows us to say with confidence that the manufacture of shampoo as a business looks very promising, since it can bring considerable profit. Before opening this case, you must register in the form legal entity or a private entrepreneur. In addition, it is necessary to register with the tax authorities.

Target Audience Selection

In general, depending on the components used, there are therapeutic, hygienic and tinted shampoos. At the same time, almost every person has his favorite type of this detergent. Before starting own production shampoo, you need to choose target audience to which such a business will be oriented.

As market analysis shows, in recent years, products made from natural ingredients and do not have various chemical additives have become increasingly popular. In this regard, there is every reason to believe that by occupying such a niche, one can succeed.

Raw materials and components for the manufacture of shampoo

Shampoo production occurs using water, detergents, waxes, alcohols, silicone oils, softeners, moisturizers and many other components. In addition, it often contains additives, including keratin, glycine, vitamins, various natural extracts, and so on.

It should be noted that, due to the similarity of the raw materials used and production technologies, many entrepreneurs often produce other types of cosmetic products (hair balms, liquid soap, and so on) simultaneously with shampoo.

Equipment and personnel

At the initial stage for this type entrepreneurial activity a small room or outbuilding will suffice. In addition, you will need equipment for the production of shampoos. It is the most expensive part of this type of business.

It is mandatory to purchase receiving and intermediate containers, a three-layer reactor with a stirrer, a rotary pump, an automatic dosing machine, and a labeling machine. At the initial stage of development of the company, you can buy used equipment. This will allow not only to save money, but also to learn all the intricacies of making this detergent.

With regard to personnel, several operators must be hired to service the units. You can initially manage all the processes yourself. In addition, as in any other company, an accountant is needed who will deal with calculations and paperwork.

Manufacturing process

Shampoo production technology is quite simple. It lies in the fact that in the reactor in a certain proportion (it depends on the specific recipe) the components are mechanically mixed (surfactants and water-alcohol extract). Any special temperature regime and no pressure is required. Next, water that has been purified is poured. The whole mass is again mixed. Perfumes, sodium chloride and formalin are added at the final stage of the manufacturing process.

Further, the finished mass is poured into a special container with the help of a pump, where it settles for a certain time. Products are checked for compliance with the requirements of technical specifications and state standard, after which (subject to a positive result), the shampoo is packaged in containers and labeled.

Marketing and Advertising

The production of shampoos in Russia is now a very common type of entrepreneurial activity. According to experts, this is primarily due to the relatively low costs that are required for the purchase of raw materials, as well as a fairly simple technological process in production. On the other hand, this leads to high competition in this area in the domestic market, which is considered the main problem of such a business. Proceeding from this, a competent marketing policy is necessary for the successful development of the company and its prosperity.

As practice shows, it is unlikely to attract a large number of buyers at a low price. One of the most promising areas is the production of shampoo under a contract, in other words, the acquisition of a franchise. Indeed, the use of recipes and the name of a well-known enterprise (especially foreign, with a good reputation) will allow you to return the invested funds much faster.

Capital investment and payback

As noted above, the most costly part of this type of business activity will be the purchase of equipment. The cost of a high-quality reactor with a stirrer is about 700 thousand rubles, intermediate and receiving tanks - about 100 thousand rubles, a pump - 50 thousand rubles, a labeling unit - 100 thousand rubles, a dosing machine with normal power - a little more than one million rubles. Thus, at the initial stage, it is necessary to spend about two million rubles on the purchase of equipment.

At the same time, do not forget about wages five operators required to service it. Among other things, for the manufacture of one ton of the finished product, you need to buy raw materials for an average of 13 thousand rubles, and one plastic bottle will cost approximately 5-10 rubles.

As practice shows, the initial investment required for the manufacture of 20 tons of shampoo, including packaging, is almost 3 million rubles. As for the payback period, for such a type of business as the production of shampoo, this period is two to three years.

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The formulation and selection of raw materials must be carried out taking into account the requirements of the Guidelines for cosmetic products approved by the EEC (Directives EEC 76/768) and SanPiN 1.2.681-97 "Hygienic requirements for the production and safety of perfumery and cosmetic products". These documents contain lists of substances that are allowed, not allowed, and limitedly allowed for use in formulating cosmetics and, in particular, hair and scalp care products.

In modern cosmetics, more and more attention is paid to active additives - components that, in a relatively small amount, can significantly affect the properties of the finished product. However, in many cases, the introduction of active ingredients into the finished formulation is limited by their chemical nature: an unpleasant odor, low solubility, rapid degradation due to oxidation, sensitivity to UV radiation or water, and poor skin tolerance when applied at higher concentrations. In a number In some cases, antioxidants, complexing agents, and UV filters can improve the quality of the finished product by preventing it from oxidizing, discoloring, delamination, and the like. At the same time, it is more difficult to influence parameters such as the bioavailability of the active ingredient and the tolerance of the scalp and hair to it, since they largely depend on the formulation. When choosing a base, a cosmetics developer (unlike a pharmacist) is usually guided by other motives than increasing bioavailability active component. Consumer qualities of the finished product and its safety come to the fore here. It often happens that the selected base cannot protect the active compound from degradation, as a result of which it not only loses its biological activity, but, moreover, becomes toxic. When applied to the skin, the “unprotected” active compound comes into contact with air and quickly oxidizes or exposed to direct sunlight and destroyed by their action. Classical examples of such hypersensitive compounds are unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins A (retinol) and C (ascorbic acid). So, being oxidized at the site of unsaturated double bonds, unsaturated fatty acids contribute to the rapid deterioration of the product (its rancidity). When oxidized, vitamin C loses its antioxidant properties, and vitamin A can cause severe irritation. Encapsulation of active ingredients, i.e. enclosing them in a protective shell is considered as a promising solution to this problem. Microcapsules are, as a rule, spherical systems in which active ingredients are located in the core (core). The nucleus is surrounded by one or more shell layers. On modern market a wide range of materials for capsule shells is presented. Natural or synthetic polymers, such as collagen, alginate, chitosan, lactic acid, polycaprolactone, polyacrylates, and waxes, are most widely used. The effectiveness of microcapsules in the composition of the finished product largely depends on their behavior in the cosmetic base. In addition, it should be taken into account that encapsulation requires time and additional costs. So only those components whose encapsulation is dictated by necessity are worthy of being enclosed in a protective shell. 3.2 Technology for obtaining cosmetic detergents The preparation of shampoos belongs to the category of relatively simple industries. In general, a piece of equipment is a stainless steel apparatus equipped with a jacket for heating and cooling and a stirrer (for liquid and creamy shampoos, the stirrer is slightly different). It is important that all shampoos must pass mandatory tests. First, an assessment of organoleptic indicators ( appearance, consistency, color, smell), which are determined by sensory evaluation. Then, physico-chemical characteristics are examined, including safety indicators: pH value, mass fraction of dry matter, foaming ability, rheological characteristics (viscosity), content heavy metals and also determine microbiological stability. Consumer properties of shampoo are studied on volunteers (volunteers). Special attention paid to the study of the toxicological properties of shampoos, and in recent years, more and more in vitro methods are being used, which are used instead of testing on animals and on volunteers (in vivo).

1 - crane; 2 – mixer 4 t; 3 – mixer 10 t; 4 - water heating;

5 - water purification system; 6 - pump; 7 - filter; 8 – capacity 2 t;

9 - dispenser

Figure 3.1 - Technological scheme for obtaining shampoos

Technological process shampoo production (Figure 3.1) begins with the selection and verification of raw materials. They must be harmless in the concentrations administered and not form toxic combinations with each other. Shampoo ingredients must be compatible, balanced and stable at the specified pH value. First of all, you need to prepare the water, because. it is the main ingredient of the shampoo. Water must be purified from mechanical impurities, iron, softened and microbiologically neutralized. The content of heavy metals in water should not exceed established norms. Surfactants must be prepared in advance, weighed, and in winter placed in a warm room to avoid their solidification, but at a temperature not exceeding 50 ° C to prevent their destruction. Basically, the shampoo preparation technology is the mixing and dissolution of the components. stages technological process Shampoos are as follows. Preparation of raw materials. Raw materials received at the warehouse, before being used in production, are necessarily subjected to external inspection and laboratory analysis for compliance with the requirements provided for by this technology, after which they are fed to the reactor for unloading. Means preparation. Shampoos are prepared by mechanical mixing of the components with water in a reactor equipped with a stirrer. The use of a specially designed agitator prevents foaming of the mass. The components are mixed at a temperature production premises and atmospheric pressure. Water-alcohol extract and surfactant are sequentially loaded into the reactor with the stirrer turned on, which are then mixed. Drinking water undergoes purification at the water treatment complex and is fed into the reactor with the mixer turned off. A sample of this water is preliminarily taken for compliance with the requirements for the quality of water for the preparation of shampoos. The water supply is controlled by a water meter. Next, the components of the shampoo are mixed with water. Formalin and fragrance are added. Next, with the mixer turned off, a pre-prepared sodium chloride solution is poured using a pump and mixed. The finished product with the help of a pump is fed into the intermediate tank for settling. The product is settled, after which a sample is taken and an analysis is made for compliance specifications, and upon receipt of positive results, the product is sent for packaging. 3.3 Characteristics of raw materials for the production of care products behind the hair Modern shampoo is no longer just a specialized hair wash, but a complex composition that can perform three main tasks: remove impurities, remove static electricity from hair and protect the scalp. If a hair care product solves the first problem, it's just a shampoo, if the second is a conditioner, and the third is a hair mask. The combination, to one degree or another, of the last two properties will make the composition a balm-rinse, the first two - a shampoo-conditioner ("two in one"), and all three - a three-in-one shampoo. All raw materials used for the production of care products hair, can be divided: - into natural (animal or plant origin); - synthetic. The fruits of hybrid coconut palms (Figure 3.2) serve as raw materials for the production of many components of shampoos.

Figure 3.2 - Hybrid coconut tree

The biggest challenge facing shampoo chemists is the compatibility of different components. Oil is known to be an effective suds suppressor. But this means that the addition of such emollient components to shampoos must necessarily affect the quantity and quality of the foam, and therefore worsen the washing properties of the composition. To avoid this, so-called emulsifiers are introduced into the mixture - substances that can envelop fat droplets insoluble in water. The emulsifier microfilm prevents the oil from coming into direct contact with the surfactant and also prevents the shampoo from separating by preventing tiny globules of oil from merging with each other.More modern way combine the incompatible - the solubilization of components that are insoluble in water, that is, their translation into a soluble state with the help of special additives. The fact is that many surfactants form in water not true, but micellar solutions. This is due to the structural features of surfactant molecules, which have a polar head and a long uncharged tail - a hydrocarbon radical (R) C 12 -C 14 (Figure 3.3).D

Figure 3.3 - Structure
surfactant molecules

The tins interact with water molecules, and the tails tend to get closer to each other, as a result of which the correct conglomerates of molecules appear - micelles. If the surfactant concentration in the solution is not very high, micelles resemble balls, if it grows, the balls merge with each other, forming tubes ( figure 3.4). Micelles are formed due to electrostatic interactions of the polar heads of surfactant molecules with water molecules. Sometimes fat-like substances can “dissolve” inside such structures. M The microenvironment inside the balls and tubes is electrically neutral, and substances that are insoluble in water, such as oils, may well “dissolve” here. However, not all surfactant molecules are able to solubilize various additives equally well, and the emergence of products that are active in this regard has brought the production of shampoos to a completely different level.

Figure 3.4 - Mechanism of micellization

It is no less difficult to “reconcile” anionic substances with cationic ones in one vial. This became possible only after the invention of amphoteric and crypto-anionic surfactants. Crypto-anionic surfactants are a class of substances that combine the properties of anionic and nonionic surfactants. Molecules of such surfactants carry both a positive charge (mainly on nitrogen) and a negative charge. They form a bridge between the detergent molecule and the conditioning agent molecule, forming weak bonds with them, which allows the shampoo components to act more or less independently. So, surfactants are the basis for the production of hair washing products, auxiliary surfactants (cosurfactants) and thickeners are components removing impurities from the hair and scalp. Additionally, to solve other problems facing hair care products, they introduce: condensing additives, dyes, opacifiers, fragrances, vegetable oils, plant extracts, vitamins, preservatives. In total, the composition of shampoos includes several dozen substances. 3.3.1 Surfactants The main active principle of the shampoo are detergents- surfactants that cause foam when mixed with water and air. Detergent is the main "sense" component of the shampoo. On the label of any shampoo, the detergent is usually one of the first in the composition. Surfactants have the following properties:

reduce the surface tension between water and fat particles, thus facilitating the removal of these particles and dirt;

form foam;

form a suspension of dirt particles in the foam and prevent the re-settling of dirt on the hair;

stabilize other shampoo ingredients or keep them dissolved;

increase the viscosity of shampoos.

The quality of the shampoo largely depends on the quality of the shampoo itself (although the amount of foam does not determine the quality of the shampoo). Currently, there are several detergents that differ in their chemical structure (Figure 3.5):

anionic surfactants - in an aqueous solution they decompose with the formation of negatively charged ions;

cationic surfactants - in an aqueous solution they decompose with the formation of positively charged ions;

amphoteric surfactants - in an aqueous solution, depending on the pH of the medium, they can exhibit cationic (in an acidic pH<7) или анионные свойства (в щелочной среде рН>7);

nonionic surfactants - do not form ions in an aqueous solution.

Figure 3.5 - Classification of detergents

The washing action is provided mainly anionic surfactants. The molecule of anionic surfactants contains a water-soluble (hydrophilic) part, negatively charged, and a fat-soluble (hydrophobic), neutral part. The fat-soluble part of the molecule binds and envelops dirt particles and the secretion of the sebaceous glands. The water-soluble part of the molecule is oriented away from the hair, which carries a negative charge, as a result of which the dirt particles connected with the surfactant are rejected by the hair, dissolved in water and removed. Anionic detergents(surfactants containing negative ions) are the most common substances used in shampoos and washing gels. A typical representative of anionic surfactants are salts of alkyl ether sulfates, which are obtained by sulfation of ethoxylated higher fatty alcohols, followed by neutralization and the formation of sodium, less often magnesium, ammonium salts. More often than others, ethoxylated sodium lauryl sulfate is used - sodium laureth sulfate. Oxyethylated magnesium lauryl sulfate - magnesium laureth sulfate is used mainly in children's shampoos, because. he is the softest. Cationic surfactants in an aqueous solution, they decompose with the formation of positively charged ions, have a weak washing effect, but are well “attracted” to negatively charged hair (substantiality) and fix the bioadditives on the hair. Cationic surfactants (contain positive ions) are used less frequently and in high concentrations. Many of them cause irritation when in contact with the eyes. These include salts of quaternary ammonium compounds, cationic polymers, quaternized protein hydrolysates, plant polysaccharide derivatives, and others. Amphoteric surfactants(contain positive or negative ions depending on the pH value of the shampoo). Amphoteric surfactants are used in shampoos for damaged and dry hair. These include: alkylamidopropyl betaines, which are used in combination with anionic surfactants to obtain a mild detergent substance. Lately Increasingly, amphoteric imidazole derivatives of surfactants (cocoamphoacetate) are used in formulations, which, in combination with anionic surfactants, improve foaming ability and increase the safety of formulations. And in combination with cationic polymers, they enhance the positive effect of silicones and polymers on hair and skin. Nonionic surfactants used in shampoos to improve consistency, rheological characteristics, make hair silky and soft. More often than others, ethoxylated alcohols, ethoxylated castor oil, propylene glycol esters of high molecular weight fatty acids are used. Nonionic surfactants cause a less pronounced denaturing effect than anionic ones, but they have a greater penetrating ability into the skin. If you arrange all detergents in ascending order of their quality, then the list will look something like So: Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate(ammonium lauryl sulfate) - an anionic surfactant; Ammonium Laureth Sulfate(ammonium laureth sulfate) - an anionic surfactant; Sodium Lauryl Sulfate(sodium lauryl sulfate) - cationic surfactant; Sodium Laureth Sulfate(sodium laureth sulfate) - cationic surfactant; TEA Layril Sulfate(TEA lauryl sulfate) - an anionic surfactant; TEM Laureth Sulfate(TEA laureth sulfate) is an anionic surfactant. Thus, the last three surfactants are the best. In terms of foaming ability, laureth sulfate still has no competitors, but its foam is loose and unstable. Only non-ethoxylated lauryl sulfate could compete with it, but this substance costs twice as much and is more irritating to the scalp. In small concentrations (about 1%), it is used in toothpastes, and it is rarely introduced into shampoo formulations if it is necessary to correct the properties of the finished product, and always together with laureth sulfate. However, if shampoos contain only one of the above detergents, in particular, laureth sulfate, then with frequent use of shampoo, the skin may become inflamed, and dandruff may appear. In addition, since laureth sulfate is obtained in the form of an aqueous solution with an active substance concentration of 5% to 15%, such a liquid component is very inconvenient for dosing. Therefore, in addition to the above detergents, any shampoo necessarily contains one or more "soft" surfactants that have a beneficial effect on properties of the finished product. Cosurfactant– it is an auxiliary surfactant that contributes to the creation of optimally balanced recipes. Cosurfactants such as cocoglycosides, alkyl ether carboxylates and others make it possible to obtain dermatologically mild shampoos with stable intense foam, which can be recommended not only for washing the hair, but also for the body. cosurfactant solve several problems at once. The main thing is to reduce irritation of the skin and mucous membranes of the eyes. The first cosurfactants were sodium laureth sulfosuccinates (anionic surfactants based on succinic acid). These substances have a mild cleansing effect and are good at reducing the dermatological harshness of the overall cleaning composition, even if they replace only a third or even a quarter of the laureth sulfate in the shampoo. Sulfosuccinates are still included in some “no tears” baby shampoos. Over the past 40 years, chemists have synthesized many mild cosurfactants, but the price of any of them exceeds the cost of the main detergent, as a rule, by two to three times. The search for soft surfactants continues all the time . Immediately after sulfosuccinates in shampoos, including children's shampoos, sodium cocoamphodiacetates (BETADET THC-2) appeared, which have good dermatological properties. But the real breakthrough in hair washes has been with betaines (or cocoamidopropyl betaines). – BETADET HR-50K), which appeared in the early 70s. These substances do not just make shampoos softer: even a small addition of betaines can reduce the concentration of electrolytes in shampoos, since they themselves can thicken solutions of sodium laureth sulfate. In addition, compared to sulfosuccinates and cocoamphodiacetates, betaines are much more physically stable. If the first long-term storage or a decrease in temperature can precipitate and make the finished product cloudy, and the latter sometimes give shampoos an undesirable yellowish tint, shampoos with new generation betaines (the so-called sulfobetaines) can be stored even at low temperatures. Such solutions do not become cloudy down to minus 10 °C. From cryptoanionic surfactants the most widely used alkyl ether carboxylate. He provides increased efficiency cationic conditioning agents, reduces irritant action, increases foaming. Phosphates and ether carboxylates are used in cosmetic products as dispersants, emulsifiers, solubilizers. 3.3.2 Conditioners Due to the transition of part of the sebum into the soapy solution, a small negative charge remains on the hair, which it is desirable to neutralize. For this purpose, conditioning compositions are used, the main components of which are cationic active substances and cationic polymers. Adsorbing on the hair, they remove the charge from them, make them softer and more manageable. Conditioners are designed to perform following functions:

removing static electricity, reducing the "flying" of hair;

smoothing and leveling damaged areas of hair shafts;

easy combing of wet and dry hair;

minimizing porosity;

giving hair shine and silkiness;

providing protection against thermal and mechanical damage;

moisturizing;

increase in volume and mass;

reconditioning of damaged hair.

The mechanism of action of air conditioners is based on cationic substances, mainly quaternary ammonium compounds, which are able to stay on the negatively charged surface of the hair by binding to keratin. This property is called substantivity. It is due to substantivity that conditioners are not only fixed on the surface of the hair, but also retain a useful additive. Since the damaged areas of the hair have a large negative charge, more cationic particles are fixed on them, and the cosmetic effect is enhanced. The downside of this process is the weighting of the hair and loss of splendor. Therefore, when creating a shampoo-conditioner, it is necessary to maintain an exact balance between detergent and conditioning components. An unreasonable increase in the conditioning ingredients in the formulation can lead not only to hair weighting, loss of splendor, but also to the deterioration of such shampoo properties as cleansing and rinsing. The choice of air conditioner is also important. Silicone oils and rubbers are considered very promising in the composition of shampoos. Silicones not only improve the combability of hair and give it shine. Many silicone oils are volatile, and by combining substances, their residence time on the hair can be controlled. Among other advantages of conditioners, it should be noted giving the hair a beautiful shine. This is achieved by the fact that conditioners stick together the scales of the hair, make the surface more even, change the reflectance of the hair, thus enhancing the color intensity and natural shine. The presence of conditioning components in the shampoo does not exclude the need for additional use of the balm. It is a must for damaged and stressed hair, as well as for long hair with split ends, since such areas contain a large surface with a negative charge, and the effect of the cationic components of the shampoo is insufficient. With additional use of the balm, the content of cationic fragments increases, adsorption on the hair and, accordingly, the conditioning effect increase. A similar function is performed in combination, for example, jojoba oil, as well as wax. 3.3.3 Thickeners (regulatorsviscosity) They are added to shampoos to give the desired consistency.
At the same time, it is known that with the correct selection of a combination of surfactants, it is possible to obtain the required viscosity with a lower content of thickeners. Polymers are used as thickeners: polyvinylpyrrolidone, structured copolymers of acrylates, etc. The role of thickeners can be performed by modified glyceryl esters of fatty acids, derivatives of plant polysaccharides, as well as some cationic polymers. Often sodium chloride or sodium citrate (2–4%) is used as a thickener. However, sodium chloride can reduce the adsorption of the cationic polymer on the hair and thus prevent the conditioning effect. In addition, if you wash your hair poorly, salt will remain on the scalp, which will also contribute to irritation. Multifunctional additives such as coconut oil fatty acid diethanolamides can also be used as a thickener. Such an additive, in addition, increases the frost resistance of the product, protects the skin from degreasing when washing, allowing it to maintain its natural water-lipophilic balance. These substances have other advantages: for example, they stabilize the foam and allow various dispersed additives to be introduced into shampoos without the risk that the mixture will delaminate.

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