Modern technology production places high demands on the automation of technological processes, on the choice of optimal means integrated automation. Manufacture and supply of means of integrated industrial automation of technological processes, automated control systems and optimization of production processes, automated process control systems of varying complexity are one of the most important areas of work for our company. We offer a wide range of tools for complex automation, optimization of production processes.

The automated control and monitoring system is designed to control the technological process (APCS), optimize technological processes, automate technological processes, maintain the optimal mode of operation of technological devices and take into account intermediate data, generate and issue reporting and archival documentation, diagnose measuring equipment in all industries such as a construction, food, chemical, oil refining, etc. Automatic control stations (ACS) are multifunctional electrical cabinets and automation panels, the main purpose of which is the automation of technological processes.

Thanks to high-quality and highly reliable automation components supplied by manufacturers such as Schneider Electric and Siemens, automated control systems meet the main goals of optimizing production processes and offer the most cost-effective price / quality ratio for the end user. The economic arguments for end-to-end, integrated SCADA automation are reduced hardware costs, such as through the use of standard components and modular design, as well as lower system lifecycle costs and savings on spare parts.

Integrated automation systems:

High information content, which helps to evaluate the technical process, select criteria and determine their relative importance;
to be able to analyze the technological situation, violations of the technological process, allowing to conduct technological adjustment of production;
the ability to search for the optimal mode of conducting the technological process;
high accuracy in measuring technological parameters and their regulation;
the possibility of automatic dosing of components;
the possibility of high-quality maintenance of the technological regime according to a given algorithm;
the possibility of expanding the control system;
the possibility of creating on the basis of automated process control systems automated workstations (AWS) for service personnel.

APCS fully solve all these tasks aimed at optimizing technological processes. The range of services for commissioning of integrated automation systems includes training on the implementation and use of industrial automation tools in production, routine inspection, service maintenance automatic control stations, etc.

Software software and hardware complex is designed to implement automated control of technological equipment and dispatching of the parameters of the technological process of an automatic control station (APCS).

The main functions of the automation system:

Automatic scheduling of technological equipment parameters (levels, pressures, phase separation levels, temperatures and flow rates for technological devices);
comparison of the measured values ​​of technological parameters with the set values ​​and the formation of control signals, as well as warning and alarm;
displaying the course of the technological process in the form of mnemonic diagrams, trends (graphs of changes in parameters over time), indicators; timing of the main technological parameters, formation of a protocol of events and archival data;
operational automatic and manual control of electric valves and control valves from the console of the automated workplace (AWP) of the operator technologist;
operational automatic and manual control of electric valves and control valves from the console of the automated workplace (AWP) of the operator-technologist;
imitation of the control object, various accidents and failures, for independent debugging and training of maintenance personnel.

Structure and functions

The development of geographically distributed automated systems for collecting, processing data and controlling the technological process requires the use of special solutions for building data transmission networks. APCS is built on a hierarchical basis and has a multi-level structure.

There are four levels of hierarchy in the APCS:

The lower level is the level of sensors and actuators;
- middle level - the level of industrial controllers (PLC);
- upper level - the level of industrial server and network equipment;
- operational level - the level of operator and dispatcher stations.

The lower level consists of sensors and actuators mounted on technological facilities. Their design and execution allow them to operate stably and safely under the most adverse weather conditions, as well as in explosive areas. The connection of sensors and actuators with the middle level is carried out using appropriate cables.

The middle level consists of industrial controllers, power, signal automation and the necessary secondary devices. Should be located in the area in such a way as to minimize the cost of laying cables and reduce the effect of interference. The core of software and hardware means of control and management of the system are industrial controllers.

Industrial controllers carry out:

Collection and processing of data coming from sensors;
Control of technological objects according to the given work algorithms.

Distinctive features in the selected controller models are:

A wide range of modules that allows you to develop multifunctional monitoring and control systems;
the presence of intelligent input / output modules, including modules, regulators of autonomous operation;
duplication of CPU and power supply modules;
the possibility of "hot" replacement of modules;
the presence of output circuits having the type of explosion protection "intrinsically safe electrical circuit".

Transfer of information from controllers to the next level and reception of control commands is carried out using standard RS485 interfaces. Communication of any industrial controller with the server is carried out simultaneously via two independent communication channels.

Duplication of communication channels "server-industrial controller" is necessary to improve the reliability of the system as a whole.

The top level of the system is the level of the industrial server and network equipment.

Network equipment consists of hubs, switches and converters.

The industrial server is a highly reliable fault-tolerant computing system and provides real-time accumulation and reliable long-term storage of large amounts of technological information, as well as access to it from a large number of automated workplaces of the operational level. Network and telecommunications equipment, network channels, telephone and fiber optic communication lines form a high-speed geographically distributed computer network for industrial use. Network fault tolerance is ensured by redundancy of network channels, communication lines and communication equipment.

The operational level consists of workstations for operators and dispatchers, as well as a network printer installed in various rooms and buildings. United in local network AWPs form a single information and computing complex (ICC). The IVC implements the display of process information in a graphical form, provides the issuance of emergency signals and the interaction of operators with the automated process control system, and organizes communication with other control systems. At this level, both fully duplicating (equal in terms of received data and management functions) jobs are created, as well as technology-oriented jobs that adequately take into account the specifics of the work of personnel and the technology of the production site.

Automation of control systems

Technique and science are constantly developing, which makes it possible to significantly simplify and speed up many familiar processes. Currently, automated technologies are being introduced everywhere. They are used in all spheres of industry and production, they make it possible to simplify the technological process and the work of the enterprise as a whole.

Automation of control systems for work optimization

Automation of control systems implies a set of software and hardware measures and tools that reduce the number of personnel and improve the operation of systems. Especially actively such technologies are now being introduced in the field of electric power and transport.

An automated system is not automatic, that is, for its implementation and normal operation, human participation is required. Typically, the human operator performs basic control functions that are not influenced by machines.

The first automated systems appeared in the 60s of the last century, but only now their active implementation has begun.

The main purpose of the automated control system is to increase the productivity of the facility, increase the efficiency of its management, as well as improve the methods of planning management processes.

Creation and varieties of automated control systems

The creation of an automated control system is a complex and multi-structural task that requires a good material base and the availability Money.

The creation of ACS is carried out in several stages:

Development of a technical solution.
Designing the system itself.
Development of software tools for system management.
Creation of hardware and software systems.
Installation of the necessary equipment.
Commissioning works.
Training of specialists to work with the new system.

All automated production control systems are divided into several main types: production control systems and process control systems. The first type of automated control system performs all operations for the normal functioning and production at all stages.

The automated system includes software, information, technical, metrological, organizational and legal support.

The second type of automated control system implies management and control over a separate part of the production process, in particular, over the technological part. This system can correct the process at all stages and provide the best result of its implementation.

Areas of application of automated systems

ACS are actively used in various spheres of life and modern industry. In particular, they are used in lighting systems, traffic, in information systems and in all spheres of industrial economy.

The main purpose of the application and use of automated control systems is to increase the efficiency and use of the capabilities of each object. Such systems allow you to quickly and efficiently analyze the operation of the facility, based on the data obtained, specialists can make certain decisions and set up the production process.

In addition, such automated systems significantly speed up the collection and processing of data collected from the object, which reduces the number of decisions made by a person.

The use of automated control systems increases the level of discipline and the level of control, since now it is much easier and more convenient to control the work.

Automated systems increase the speed of control, reduce the cost of performing many auxiliary operations. The most important consequence of the use of automated control systems is an increase in productivity, a reduction in costs and losses in the production process.

The introduction of such technologies has a positive impact on the state of the domestic industry and economy, and also greatly simplifies the life of the staff.

However, technologies require financial investments, and at the first stages, the money is quite large, because the presence of an automated control system implies a change in equipment and machines. Over time, the introduction of such technologies pays off, and their presence gives development to domestic production.

Process automation systems

Types of automation systems include:

immutable systems. These are systems in which the sequence of actions is determined by the configuration of the equipment or process conditions and cannot be changed during the process;
programmable systems. These are systems in which the sequence of actions can vary depending on the given program and process configuration. The choice of the necessary sequence of actions is carried out due to a set of instructions that can be read and interpreted by the system;
flexible (self-tuning) systems. These are systems that are able to select the necessary actions in the process of work. Changing the process configuration (sequence and conditions for performing operations) is carried out on the basis of information about the progress of the process.

These types of systems can be used at all levels of process automation individually or as part of a combined system.

Types of automated processes

In every sector of the economy, there are enterprises and organizations that produce products or provide services. All these enterprises can be divided into three groups, depending on their “remoteness” in the natural resource processing chain.

The first group of enterprises are enterprises extracting or producing natural resources. Such enterprises include, for example, agricultural producers, oil and gas companies.

The second group of enterprises are enterprises that process natural raw materials. They make products from raw materials mined or produced by the enterprises of the first group. Such enterprises include, for example, enterprises in the automotive industry, steel enterprises, enterprises in the electronics industry, power plants, and the like.

The third group is the service sector enterprises. Such organizations include, for example, banks, educational institutions, medical institutions, restaurants, etc.

For all enterprises, it is possible to single out general groups of processes associated with the production of products or the provision of services.

These processes include:

Business processes;
design and development processes;
production processes;
control and analysis processes.

Business processes are processes that ensure interaction within the organization and with external stakeholders (customers, suppliers, regulatory authorities, etc.). This category of processes includes the processes of marketing and sales, interaction with consumers, the processes of financial, personnel, material planning and accounting, etc.

Design and development processes are all processes involved in the development of a product or service. These processes include the processes of development planning, collection and preparation of initial data, project implementation, control and analysis of design results, etc.

Manufacturing processes are the processes required to produce a product or provide a service. This group includes all production and technological processes. They also include requirements planning and capacity planning processes, logistics processes, and service processes.

Processes of control and analysis - this group of processes is associated with the collection and processing of information about the implementation of processes. Such processes include quality control processes, operational management, inventory control processes, etc.

Most of the processes belonging to these groups can be automated. To date, there are classes of systems that provide automation of these processes.

Process Automation Strategy

Process automation is a complex and time-consuming task. To successfully solve this problem, it is necessary to adhere to a certain automation strategy. It allows you to improve processes and get a number of significant benefits from automation.

Briefly, the strategy can be formulated as follows:

Process understanding. In order to automate a process, it is necessary to understand the existing process in all its details. The process must be fully analyzed. The inputs and outputs of the process, the sequence of actions, the relationship with other processes, the composition of the process resources, etc., must be defined.
simplification of the process. Once the process analysis has been carried out, it is necessary to simplify the process. Extra operations that do not bring value should be reduced. Individual operations can be combined or run in parallel. Other technologies for its execution can be proposed to improve the process.
process automation. Process automation can only be performed after the process has been simplified as much as possible. The simpler the process flow, the easier it is to automate and the more efficient the automated process will be.

System Automation Tools

Means of automation of production include technical means of automation (TSA) - these are devices and devices that can either be automation means themselves or be part of a hardware and software complex. Security systems in a modern enterprise include technical means of automation. Most often, TCA is the basic element of an integrated security system.

Technical means of automation include devices for recording, processing and transmitting information in automated production. With the help of them, the control, regulation and management of automated production lines is carried out.

Safety systems monitor the production process using a variety of sensors. They include pressure sensors, photo sensors, inductive sensors, capacitive sensors, laser sensors, etc.

Sensors serve for automatic extraction of information and its primary transformation. Sensors differ in the principles of operation and in sensitivity to the parameters they control. Technical security equipment includes the widest range of sensors. It is the complex use of sensors that allows you to create integrated security systems that control many factors.

Technical means of information also include transmitting devices that provide communication between sensors and control equipment. When receiving a signal from the sensors, the control equipment stops the production process and eliminates the cause of the accident. In case of impossibility to eliminate the emergency, the technical safety equipment gives a signal about the malfunction to the operator.

The most common sensors that are included in any integrated security system are capacitive sensors.

They allow non-contact detection of the presence of objects at a distance of up to 25 mm. Capacitive sensors operate according to the following principle. The sensors are equipped with two electrodes, between which the conductivity is fixed. If any object is present in the control zone, this causes a change in the amplitude of oscillations of the generator, which is part of the sensor. At the same time, capacitive sensors are triggered, which prevents unwanted objects from entering the equipment.

Capacitive sensors are distinguished by their simplicity of design and high reliability, which allows them to be used in a wide variety of industries. The only drawback is the small control area of ​​such sensors.

Automation tools are technical tools designed to assist government officials in solving information and settlement problems. The use of automation tools increases the efficiency of management, reduces the labor costs of officials of management bodies, and increases the validity of decisions made.

Automation tools include the following groups of tools:

Electronic computers (computers);
interfacing and exchange devices (USO);
devices for collecting and inputting information;
information display devices;
devices for documenting and recording information;
automated workstations;
software tools;
software tools;
means of information support;
means of linguistic support.

Electronic computers are classified:

A) by purpose - general purpose (universal), problem-oriented, specialized;
b) in terms of size and functionality - supercomputers, large computers, small computers, microcomputers.

Supercomputers provide a solution to complex military-technical problems and problems of processing large amounts of data in real time.

Large and small computers provide control of complex objects and systems. Microcomputers are focused on solving information and settlement problems in the interests of specific officials. At present, the class of microcomputers, which is based on personal computers (PC), has been widely developed.

In turn, personal computers are divided into stationary and portable. Stationary PCs include: desktop, portable, notepads, pocket. All components of desktop PCs are made in the form of separate blocks. Portable PCs of the Lop Top type are made in the form of small suitcases weighing 5–10 kilograms. A PC-notebook of the Note book or Sub Note book type has the size of a small book and, in terms of characteristics, corresponds to a desktop PC. Pocket personal computers such as Palm Top have the size of a notebook and allow you to record and edit small amounts of information. Portable PCs include electronic secretaries and electronic notebooks.

Interfacing and exchange devices are designed to match the parameters of the signals of the internal interface of the computer with the parameters of the signals transmitted via communication channels. At the same time, these devices perform both physical matching (shape, amplitude, signal duration) and code matching. Interfacing and exchange devices include: adapters (network adapters), modems, multiplexers. Adapters and modems ensure the coordination of computers with communication channels, and multiplexers provide coordination and switching of one computer and several communication channels.

Devices for collecting and inputting information. The collection of information for the purpose of its subsequent processing on a computer is carried out by officials of the control bodies and special information sensors in weapon control systems. The following devices are used to enter information into a computer: keyboard, manipulators, scanners, graphic tablets, speech input tools.

The keyboard is a matrix of keys combined into a single whole, and an electronic unit for converting a keystroke into a binary code.

Manipulators (pointing devices, cursor control devices) together with the keyboard increase the convenience of the user. Improving the convenience of work is associated primarily with the ability to quickly move the cursor around the display screen. At present, the following types of manipulators are used in PCs: a joystick (a lever mounted on the case), a light pen (used to form images on the screen), a mouse type manipulator, a scanner - for entering images into a PC, graphics tablets - for forming and input into the PC images, means of speech input.

Information display devices display information without its long-term fixation. These include: displays, graphic displays, video monitors. Displays and video monitors are used to display information entered from the keyboard or other input devices, as well as to issue messages to the user and the results of program execution. Graphic displays carry out a visual output of textual information in the form of a running line.

Devices for documenting and recording information are designed to display information on paper or other media in order to ensure long-term storage. The class of these devices includes: printing devices, external storage devices (VZU).

Printing devices or printers are designed to output alphanumeric (text) and graphic information on paper or similar media. The most widely used dot matrix, inkjet and laser printers.

A modern PC contains at least two storage devices: a floppy disk drive (FMD) and a hard disk drive (HDD). However, in cases of processing large amounts of information, the above drives cannot ensure their recording and storage. To record and store large amounts of information, additional storage devices are used: magnetic disk and tape drives, optical disk drives (NOD), DVD drives. GCD type drives provide high recording density, increased reliability and durability of information storage.

Automated workstations (AWS) are workplaces of officials of management bodies equipped with communication and automation facilities. The main means of automation in the composition of the workstation is a PC.

Software tools are a set of methods, models and algorithms necessary for solving information and computational problems.

Software means is a set of programs, data and program documents necessary to ensure the functioning of the computer itself and to solve information and calculation problems.

Information support means is a set of information necessary for solving information and calculation problems. The structure of information support includes the actual arrays of information, the system of classification and coding of information, the system of unification of documents.

Means of linguistic support - a set of means and methods of presenting information that allow its processing on a computer. The basis of linguistic support is programming languages.

Automation of technological systems

The introduction of technical means to enterprises to automate production processes is a basic condition for effective work. Diversity modern methods automation expands the range of their application, while the cost of mechanization, as a rule, is justified by the end result in the form of an increase in the volume of manufactured products, as well as an increase in its quality.

Organizations that follow the path of technological progress, occupy leading positions in the market, provide better working conditions and minimize the need for raw materials. For this reason, large enterprises can no longer be imagined without the implementation of mechanization projects - the exceptions apply only to small handicraft industries, where production automation does not justify itself due to the fundamental choice in favor of manual production. But even in such cases, it is possible to partially switch on automation at some stages of production.

Automation Basics

In a broad sense, automation involves the creation of such conditions in production that will allow, without human intervention, to perform certain tasks for the manufacture and production of products. In this case, the role of the operator may be to solve the most critical tasks. Depending on the goals, automation of technological processes and production can be complete, partial or complex. The choice of a specific model is determined by the complexity of the technical modernization of the enterprise due to automatic filling.

In plants and factories where full automation has been implemented, all the functionality to control production is usually transferred to mechanized and electronic control systems. This approach is most rational if the operating modes do not require changes. In a partial form, automation is introduced at individual stages of production or during the mechanization of an autonomous technical component, without requiring the creation of a complex infrastructure for managing the entire process. An integrated level of production automation is usually implemented in certain areas - it can be a department, workshop, line, etc. In this case, the operator controls the system itself without affecting the direct workflow.

Automated control systems

To begin with, it is important to note that such systems involve complete control over an enterprise, factory or plant. Their functions may apply to a specific piece of equipment, a conveyor, a workshop or a production site. In this case, process automation systems receive and process information from the serviced object and, based on this data, make a corrective action. For example, if the operation of the releasing complex does not meet the parameters of technological standards, the system will change its operating modes through special channels in accordance with the requirements.

Automation objects and their parameters

The main task in the implementation of production mechanization means is to maintain the quality parameters of the facility, which will also affect the product characteristics as a result. Today, experts try not to delve into the essence of the technical parameters of various objects, since, theoretically, the introduction of control systems is possible on any component of production. If we consider in this regard the basics of automation of technological processes, then the list of mechanization objects will include the same workshops, conveyors, all kinds of apparatus and installations. One can only compare the degree of complexity of introducing automation, which depends on the level and scale of the project.

Regarding the parameters with which automatic systems work, it is possible to distinguish input and output indicators. In the first case, these are the physical characteristics of the product, as well as the properties of the object itself. In the second, these are directly the quality indicators of the finished product.

Regulatory technical means

Devices that provide regulation are used in automation systems in the form of special signaling devices. Depending on the purpose, they can monitor and control various process parameters. In particular, the automation of technological processes and production may include signaling devices for temperature indicators, pressure, flow characteristics, etc. Technically, the devices can be implemented as scaleless devices with electrical contact elements at the output.

The principle of operation of the control signaling devices is also different. If we consider the most common temperature devices, we can distinguish manometric, mercury, bimetallic and thermistor models. Structural performance, as a rule, is determined by the principle of operation, but the working conditions also have a considerable influence on it. Depending on the direction of the enterprise, automation of technological processes and industries can be designed with the expectation of specific operating conditions. For this reason, control devices are also developed with a focus on use in conditions of high humidity, physical pressure or the action of chemicals.

Programmable Automation Systems

The quality of management and control of production processes has improved markedly against the background of the active supply of enterprises with computing devices and microprocessors. From the point of view of industrial needs, the possibilities of programmable technical means allow not only to provide effective control of technological processes, but also to automate design, as well as to conduct production tests and experiments.

Computer devices used in modern enterprises solve the problems of regulation and control of technological processes in real time. Such production automation tools are called computer systems and operate on the principle of aggregation. The systems include unified functional blocks and modules, from which you can make various configurations and adapt the complex to work in certain conditions.

Units and mechanisms in automation systems

The direct execution of work operations is carried out by electric, hydraulic and pneumatic devices. According to the principle of operation, the classification involves functional and portioned mechanisms. In the food industry, such technologies are usually implemented. Automation of production in this case involves the introduction of electrical and pneumatic mechanisms, the design of which may include electric drives and regulatory bodies.

Electric motors in automation systems

The basis of actuators is often formed by electric motors. According to the type of control, they can be presented in non-contact and contact versions. Units that are controlled by relay-contact devices, when manipulated by the operator, can change the direction of movement of the working bodies, but the speed of operations remains unchanged. If automation and mechanization of technological processes with the use of non-contact devices is supposed, then semiconductor amplifiers are used - electric or magnetic.

Boards and control panels

To install equipment that should provide management and control of the production process at enterprises, special panels and shields are mounted. They place devices for automatic control and regulation, control and measuring equipment, protective mechanisms, as well as various elements of the communication infrastructure. By design, such a shield can be a metal cabinet or a flat panel on which automation equipment is installed.

The console, in turn, is the center for remote control - this is a kind of dispatcher or operator zone. It is important to note that the automation of technological processes and production should also provide access to maintenance from the staff. It is this function that is largely determined by panels and panels that allow you to make calculations, evaluate production indicators and, in general, monitor the work process.

Design of automation systems

The main document that acts as a guide for the technological modernization of production for the purpose of automation is the scheme. It displays the structure, parameters and characteristics of devices that will later act as means of automatic mechanization.

In the standard version, the diagram displays the following data:

The level (scale) of automation at a particular enterprise;
determination of the operation parameters of the object, which should be provided with means of control and regulation;
control characteristics - full, remote, operator;
the possibility of blocking actuators and units;
configuration of the location of technical means, including on consoles and boards.

Auxiliary Automation Tools

Despite their secondary role, additional devices provide important monitoring and control functions. Thanks to them, the very connection between the executive devices and the person is provided. In terms of equipment with auxiliary devices, automation of production can include push-button stations, control relays, various switches and command consoles. There are many designs and varieties of these devices, but all of them are focused on ergonomic and safe control of key units at the facility.

Automation of electric power systems

Automation is the science of the principles, methods and means of building systems and devices that allow you to control certain devices and their combinations without human intervention.

Automation is widely used in the power industry. Automation of electric power systems (EPS) is understood as their equipping with separate devices and systems for managing production, transmission and distribution. electrical energy in normal and emergency modes without human intervention. The role of automation, the level of its perfection, is extremely important for ensuring the reliability of the EPS.

Due to the widespread use of electrical energy in absolutely all spheres of human life, the failure of the power system, the normal operation of which is largely determined by the reliability of automation, will lead to negative and often catastrophic consequences.

So, for example, due to violations in the operation of the system automation devices of the largest US energy system CANUSE (“Canada - USA Eastern”), on November 9, 1965, the “collapse” of the energy system occurred. This accident was called the "catastrophe of the century" - in 11 minutes on the territory of 200 thousand square kilometers, where such gigantic cities as New York, Boston, Montreal and others are located, the electricity was completely cut off. Electric trains stopped, thousands of people got stuck in subway trains in the tunnels between stations, planes could not land on airfields that “disappeared” in the dark, many remained in elevators that stopped between floors of houses. The losses caused by the disaster amounted to a colossal amount - about $ 100 million. And the cause of the accident was the incorrect operation of one of the elements of system automation - the relay.

The most important indicator of the perfection of the EPS is the quality of electricity, which primarily means the stability of the voltage and its frequency. The deviation of these parameters from the nominal values ​​leads to a deterioration in the work of electricity consumers. So, for example, power surges in excess of permissible limits and even a short interruption in the supply of electricity (0.01 s) lead to a malfunction of electronic equipment. The tasks of maintaining the required stability of the voltage value and its frequency are implemented by the corresponding automatic systems.

To improve the reliability of power supply, autonomous sources of electricity in the form of diesel power plants, gas turbine plants, uninterrupted power supply installations using various primary energy sources are widely used. Their normal functioning is also impossible without automatic control systems.

To control and manage the modes of power sources, ensure uninterrupted supply of consumers, and manage the elimination of accidents in the power system, dispatcher control services for the power system are created. At present, the complexity of the tasks of operational management of large EPS leads to the fact that the dispatcher is not able to control all the key points electrical network and is not able to perform operations on its management quickly enough. Therefore, automation is entrusted with operations to control the EPS with the required accuracy, reliability and speed, commensurate with the duration of electromagnetic and electrical processes occurring in the system.

So, the main purpose of EPS automation is to ensure the required quality of electricity and increase the reliability of supplying consumers with electricity. We also note that automation leads to greater simplicity and convenience of operation and increases the efficiency of the EPS operation modes.

Automation begins with the use of automatic devices to control individual objects.

They can be divided into two large classes:

1. Machines and automatic systems that perform a certain kind of one-time or reusable operations.
2. Automatic systems that for a sufficiently long time in the right way change or maintain a constant any physical value of the control object.

In the electric power industry, first-class systems include devices and automation systems of the following types:

Automatic alarm;
automatic switching of synchronous machines to parallel operation;
emergency automatics (PA);
automatic frequency unloading (AFD);
automatic reclosing (AR);
automatic switching on of the reserve (ATS);
automated systems of dispatching control of electric power system.

Automatic systems of the second class in the electric power industry primarily include automatic control systems:

Generator voltage;
diesel engine speed;
voltage stabilizer voltage;
transformer voltage, etc.

Automatic regulation in EPS is mainly used to regulate voltage and reactive power, frequency and active power.

The main tasks of automatic control are:

Ensuring the quality and specified voltage levels in the EPS nodes and, thereby, the rational distribution of reactive power flows during the transmission of electricity from sources to consumers;
ensuring the stability and operation of the EPS in normal and emergency modes.

Production, distribution and consumption of electricity occur mainly on alternating current. The frequency of the generated voltage f is rigidly related to the angular speed of rotation of the synchronous generator. Therefore, to ensure the stability of the frequency f, the units that drive the generators are equipped with automatic speed controllers. Apart from the problem of frequency f stabilization, they simultaneously solve the problem of optimal distribution of active power between generators operating in parallel, minimizing the cost of electricity production.

Process automation systems

Automation is one of the directions of scientific and technological progress, which finds expression in the use of self-regulating technical means, economic and mathematical methods and control systems that free a person completely from direct participation in the processes of obtaining, converting, transferring and using energy, materials or information. It requires additional use of control devices that use electronic technology and calculation methods that replicate the nervous and mental functions of a person.

Process automation is a set of methods and tools designed to implement a system or systems that allow the production process to be controlled without direct human participation.

Improving the efficiency of the production process;
Improving the safety of the production process.

Improving the quality of regulation;
Increasing the equipment availability factor;
Improvement of labor ergonomics of process operators.

The solution of problems of automation of the technological process is carried out using:

Implementation of modern methods of automation;
introduction of modern means of automation.

As a rule, as a result of automation of the technological process, an automated process control system is created.

Automation of technological processes within a single production process allows you to organize the basis for the implementation of production management systems and enterprise management systems.

Due to the difference in approaches, automation of the following technological processes is distinguished:

Automation of continuous technological processes (Process Automation);
Automation of discrete technological processes (Factory Automation);
Automation of hybrid technological processes (Hybrid Automation).

The main goals of process automation are:

Improving the efficiency of the production process;
- improving the safety of the production process.

The goals are achieved by solving the following tasks of process automation:

Improving the quality of regulation;
- increasing the equipment readiness factor;
- improvement of labor ergonomics of process operators;
- storage of information about the course of the technological process and emergency situations.

The solution of the tasks of automation of the technological process is carried out with the help of the introduction of modern methods and means of automation. As a result of automation of the technological process, an automated process control system is created.

Automation of technological processes within a single production process allows you to organize the basis for the implementation of production management systems and organization management systems.

Due to the difference in approaches, there are:

1. automation of continuous technological processes;
2. automation of discrete technological processes;
3. automation of hybrid technological processes.

An automated process control system transfers production functions, control and management functions from a person to special automatic technical devices that provide automated collection, registration, transmission and processing of information.

Therefore, an automated production control system can include equipment (machine or apparatus), a line, a complex connected by its own communication system with control and measuring instruments that quickly and consistently collect information about deviations from the norm in the process and analyze the information received.

The systems responsible for solving a specific function of the equipment, the technological process quickly decide how to adjust the operation of mechanisms, eliminate deviations in the modes of technological processes, etc.

Commands are given through the communication lines to carry out the necessary adjustments and the execution of the received commands is simultaneously monitored.

Process control systems (APCS) form, together with a modern set of main and auxiliary units and machines, automated complexes (AC).

Design of automation systems

The most important part of any modern production and engineering systems of any profile is the widespread introduction of automation of technological systems based on microprocessor controllers.

The use of automated process control systems (APCS) allows you to:

To carry out the most perfect control, which can be quickly reconfigured programmatically when changing the parameters of the object;
take into account when managing not only the present state of the control object, but also its history due to the presence of the MPC memory;
calculate automatically the most appropriate structure and parameters.

In recent years, when creating an automated process control system based on the MPC, the methods of the modern theory of control of complex objects, the assessment of the state and parameters of their adaptive settings, and the parameters of digital controllers are used. Any system does not exist by itself, but in the environment of the external environment, which interacts with it as a whole, or with its individual elements. The interaction of the elements of the system, both from the environment itself and with the external environment, introduces a certain uncertainty into the concept of the boundaries of the system and prevents its localization. It is necessary to limit the number of connections that must be taken into account and discard insignificant ones that have little effect on the functioning of the system. So, major step introduction of industrial control systems is the design of automation systems.

Centralized automation of heat supply systems, water heating, ventilation and air conditioning, hot and cold water supply, gas supply, sewerage, power supply and other engineering lines requires a balanced, reasonable design and the use of high-quality reliable automation. The main tool for solving modern problems of automation of technological processes are the so-called automated control systems (ACS).

System design includes the following steps:

1. Designing the level of field equipment and instrumentation. Development of functional schemes for object automation; determination of types, as well as installation locations of sensors and actuators; development of schemes for automation cabinets; external wiring diagrams; route plans.
2. Designing the level of collection and processing of information, control of executive mechanisms. Selection of types and composition of controllers; development of functioning algorithms and programming of controllers.
3.Designing the level of operator stations and networks.

Design of automated workplaces for operators (AWP) and local area networks (LAN). Development of application software for operator stations, industrial servers and network equipment.

The level of complexity and scale of systems - from the automation of individual technological installations to the integrated automation of the entire production.

The implementation of a full range of design work or its individual stages is envisaged:

Inspection of the automation object, formation of initial data;
development of the concept of automation, formation of technical requirements;
development of working materials for a tender to select a supplier of basic automation equipment;
development of technical specifications for the creation of automation systems;
development of a technical project and working documentation in parts of OR, OO, TO, IO, MO, PO;
development of budget documentation;
support of examinations of design and estimate documentation;
architectural supervision of compliance with design solutions.

Production automation systems

Computer-aided design system - CAD is used by designers in the development of new products and technical and economic documentation. It allows you to significantly reduce the time for the development and production of project drawings, which were previously performed manually, and creates the possibility of developing various project options for the subsequent selection of the best option. The computer system makes it possible to store documentation in the computer's memory and, as necessary, receive it to make changes to the project; transfer drawings to paper; check for errors.

Computer-aided design (CAD) systems began to be introduced in the late 50s. for technical calculations, in the 60s. for design work (the computer was used in batch data processing mode). So, for example, the developed CAD systems for technological processes (CAD TP) make it possible to design technological processes for hot stamping and dies on a computer, giving out all the necessary technological information. The person participates only in coding of the initial data.

There are two fundamentally different ways of automated design:

1. The synthesis of the designed object (structure, technological process, shop) is applied to the specified specific requirements and technical and economic conditions for large-scale and mass production (individual design);
2. Search using information retrieval systems according to the specified characteristics of a typical or group object from the nomenclature of objects available in the computer memory for enterprises with a single, small-scale and serial nature of production (group or standard design).

The description of the group technological process for parts is a list of technological operations (technological route) with equipment and tooling assigned to each of them. The technological process for each specific part belonging to a given group is determined by the choice of the operations necessary for the manufacture of this part from the group technological process. When choosing operations, formalized rules (conditions) are used that establish the correspondence between the technological, design and production parameters of the part, on the one hand, and the operations of the technological process, sizes and types of equipment, on the other. Such CAD TP are intended mainly for enterprises with single and small-scale production.

At enterprises with mass and large-scale production, the requirements for the quality of the design solution are increasing. Even a slight decrease, for example, in metal consumption or labor costs in one technological process gives a great economic effect in the manufacture of hundreds of thousands and millions of parts. This requires individual design (synthesis) of the technological process and equipment in relation to the manufactured part, taking into account the features of its shape and size and the capabilities of the technological equipment used, as well as optimization of the design solution. The design process is divided into elementary, but universal operations (elements of calculations, decision-making, geometric transformations, etc.), each of which no longer depends on the features of the details and the processes being designed. However, in the aggregate, the complex of elementary operations provides decision-making for details of any form and technological requirements for a selected class of problems.

In the 70s. the advent of minicomputers and terminals made it possible to obtain drawings and graphics using CAD TP in an interactive mode at low labor and financial costs.

CAD allows you to speed up design processes and improve the quality of projects, use the latest achievements of science and technology faster, and better meet the needs for new products.

Automated production control system

An automated production control system (APCS) is a series of technologies that allow you to manage and control the operation of production equipment using a computer. This technology goes beyond conventional automation mainly by providing flexibility in the manufacturing process. The computer can send a new set of instructions to the piece of equipment it controls and change the task that the equipment performs.

The first automated planning systems - Material Resources Planning systems (Manufacturing Resources Planning), MRP-systems - appeared in the USA in the 60s, and have not lost their relevance to this day. At this time, the leadership of American industry was unconditional. However, the emergence of strong competition from Europe and Japan required appropriate solutions.

The problem of having the necessary materials and components at the right time, in the right place and in the right quantity is especially relevant for mass assembly plants, where conveyor downtime is unacceptable.

MRP methodology and related software solutions were developed specifically for production using the KANBAN or just-in-time system.

This methodology serves to achieve the following goals:

Minimization of stocks in the warehouses of raw materials and finished products;
optimization of the receipt of materials and components for production and the exclusion of equipment downtime due to materials and components that did not arrive on time.

It should be understood that MRP is a methodology that in practice is a computer program.

Currently, for resource planning of enterprises with mass production, an approach called MRP II - production resource planning is used.

The core of the system is the material requirements planning method MRP (Material Requirements Planning).

A process control system that claims to be an MRP II system must comply with the requirements of the MRP II Standard System document, which was developed by the American Production and Inventory Control Society APICS and contains a description of 16 groups of functions that must be supported ASUP. The support level is divided into mandatory and optional (optional).

The main task of the automated control system is to control all the components of production, that is, to manage the main equipment used in the processing of the FMS (the main equipment of the FMS is machines equipped with a CNC system), as well as additional (auxiliary, but no less important equipment of the FMS can include various technological equipment necessary to perform a specific operation of the technological process for processing a part, industrial robots, conveyor robots, etc.). “Technological process” is a part of the “production process” (the production process begins with the processing of the workpiece and ends with the assembly of parts into units) containing actions (a set of operations and transitions performed in a certain sequence) to change the state of the subject of production (workpiece), the technological process is directly connected with a change in the size, shape and properties of the material of the workpiece being processed.

According to the degree of automation, automated control systems are divided into:

Automatic (fully automatic, without the participation of a human operator);
automated (automation with the participation of a human operator, supplementing the work of the automated control system).

The automated control system can be divided into several levels, their number depends on the performance of the GPS:

At the external level there is a control device for the machine, robot, transport;
the next level is a concentrator of communication channels from devices of the lower level, which can be made in the form of a microcomputer;
the third level is the GPS control system;
the fourth is the plant management system.

The main functions of the automated control system:

Management of transport movements;
supervision of the entire production process;
data output for printing;
output of information to the monitor;
signaling if necessary in case of an emergency;
technological preparation of production;
management of the technological process of production;
tool management;
operational planning.

The automated control system consists of computer equipment - control computers connected into a single complex with the help of interface devices and data transmission lines, and software designed to control individual units of automated equipment of all subsystems and the system as a whole. It is based on the use of CNC equipment, GPM. Software control of automated systems of technical equipment is based on the application of a program that determines the procedure for obtaining the desired result. Computers, devices for interfacing with objects and data transmission are the hardware of the GPS control system, functioning under the control of software.

The ACS of the GPS includes the following subsystems:

UTSS subsystem (APCS subsystem required to manage the transport and storage system);
- UCCI subsystem (ACS subsystem that manages the technological process of production);
- CCI subsystem (ACS subsystem, which performs technological training production);
- PMS subsystem (ACS subsystem, for tool management);
- OKP subsystem (ACS subsystem, carrying out operational-calendar planning).

Automation of engineering systems

The complex of solutions for automation and dispatching of engineering systems is designed for a number of objects. First of all, these are office and administrative buildings. Secondly, but not least - data processing centers, shopping and entertainment centers, sports facilities, industrial facilities, residential buildings and other buildings. The use of automation and dispatching systems allows you to increase the intellectual level of any object.

The systems serve to solve the following tasks:

Management and control of the state of all engineering systems and equipment of the facility from a single center;
creation of the most comfortable conditions for work and living;
reducing the cost of operating the facility through the introduction of energy efficient solutions and reducing the cost of energy consumption (electricity, heat, water, gas);
support sustainable development building.

In residential and non-residential buildings, there are various engineering systems that consume energy resources such as electricity, gas and water every day.

In most homes, all systems operate autonomously, without interfering with each other. However, more and more often with the latest technologies automation and dispatching of engineering systems of buildings is carried out, which allows you to link all installations into one system and establish its convenient control.

One of the most striking examples of such technologies is Smart Home, which consumers who are interested in innovation have probably heard about. To understand why such projects are being developed, it is worth studying their characteristics and capabilities.

Where can building automation be used?

Any building that uses household appliances, engineering installations and other equipment of various kinds can be connected to a single system. This means that not only residential buildings, but also office space, production facilities, administrative buildings and all kinds of buildings can be made more convenient in terms of operation.

Automation and dispatching of engineering systems of buildings helps to significantly increase the comfort of their use and the safety of people, since the system independently solves most of the issues associated with increased risk. On the this moment in Russia, such technologies are mainly used in residential buildings, but it is very likely that they will be introduced to other areas soon, since there are very good reasons for this.

What does automation of engineering systems of buildings give:

Minimization of human participation in the management of any parts of the system;
Increased security;
Reduced maintenance costs for all parts of the system;
Opportunity remote access to the operation of all equipment and control over it;
Increasing the level of comfort.

Before connecting all the communications used in the premises to one network, it is worth carefully checking their serviceability and reliability. The introduction of such innovations is best done at the stage of construction or overhaul of premises, since only in this case it is possible to be sure that all engineering installations are operating normally and will not require replacement in the near future.

Further, all parameters of a residential, municipal or commercial premises are evaluated, it is important to take into account the slightest nuances that may affect the operation of the systems. After all expert checks, a work plan is drawn up for the installation of high-tech equipment, software and various sensors.

After the installation of the system, it is tested and the so-called training is carried out. Insofar as smart House independently controls the cost of energy resources and fully ensures the safety of the people who are in it, he needs time to study the load on certain engineering installations at one time or another of the day and the work schedule of people.

After receiving a complete data package, the system independently compiles the most optimal work algorithm.

Automation and dispatching of engineering systems of buildings can take place in a complex or in several stages.

In addition to increasing the level of comfort and safety, owners of buildings that are equipped with automatic dispatch systems also receive additional benefits in the form of lower utility bills.

Since all engineering systems are integrated with each other and the most profitable algorithm for the use of all resources is compiled, the level of payment for the use of electricity, gas and water is automatically reduced. Also, automation and dispatching of engineering systems of buildings makes it possible to monitor the operation of all communications remotely and control it.

For example, you can go to a special website of your home and check if household appliances were left on after leaving for work, and if the system did not turn them off on its own, which is unlikely, then you can remotely give it this command.

Only competent specialists who know how to properly draw up projects for carrying out work of this type and implement them in life can connect all engineering systems into one complex. Most often, this is done by special companies that have licenses confirming their competence in this area.

Only high-class professionals can choose the most correct hardware and software that will help you effortlessly manage all parts of the system, and guarantee its reliability and long service life.

Information systems automation

The purpose of automation of information processes is to increase the productivity and efficiency of the work of employees, improve the quality of information products and services, increase the service and efficiency of user service. Automation is based on the use of computer technology (CVT) and the necessary software.

The main tasks of automation of information processes are:

1) reducing labor costs when performing traditional information processes and operations;
2) elimination of routine operations;
3) accelerating the processing and transformation of information;
4) expanding the possibilities for statistical analysis and improving the accuracy of accounting and reporting information;
5) increasing the efficiency and quality level of user service;
6) modernization or complete replacement of elements of traditional technologies;
7) expanding the possibilities of organizing and effectively using information resources through the use of new information technologies (automatic identification of publications, desktop publishing systems, text scanning, CD and DVD, teleaccess and telecommunications systems, e-mail, other Internet services, hypertext, full-text and graphic machine-readable data and others);
8) facilitating opportunities for a wide exchange of information, participation in corporate and other projects that promote integration, etc.

An automated system is a system consisting of personnel and a set of means for automating its activities, which implements an automated technology for performing established functions.

An automated system (AS) consists of an interconnected set of organizational units and a set of automation tools, and implements automated functions for certain types activities. A variety of AS are information systems (IS), the main purpose of which is to store, provide effective search and transfer of information on relevant requests.

IP - interconnected set means, methods and personnel used for storing, processing and issuing information in the interests of achieving the goal.

At the same time, automated information systems (AIS) are an area of ​​informatization, a mechanism and technology, an effective means of processing, storing, searching and presenting information to the consumer. AIS is a set of functional subsystems for the collection, input, processing, storage, retrieval and dissemination of information. The processes of collecting and entering data are optional, since all the information necessary and sufficient for the functioning of the AIS may already be in its database.

A database (DB) is usually understood as a named collection of data that displays the state of objects and their relationships in the considered subject area.

A database is a collection of homogeneous data placed in tables; it is also a named collection of data that reflects the state of objects and their relationships in the subject area under consideration.

Manage information processes in the database using DBMS (database management systems).

A collection of databases is usually referred to as a databank. In this case, the data bank is a logical and thematic set of databases.

Automated information system (AIS) is a set of software and hardware designed to store and (or) manage data and information, as well as to perform calculations.

The main purpose of the AIS is to store, ensure effective search and transfer of information on relevant requests for the most complete satisfaction. information requests a large number of users. The main principles of automation of information processes include: payback, reliability, flexibility, security, friendliness, compliance with standards.

There are four types of AIS:

1) Covering one process (operation) in one organization;
2) Combining several processes in one organization;
3) Ensuring the functioning of one process on the scale of several interacting organizations;
4) Implementing the work of several processes or systems on the scale of several organizations.

At the same time, the most common and promising are: factual, documentary, intellectual (expert) and hypertext AIS.

To work with AIS, special user workplaces (including employees) are created, called "automated workplace" (AWP).

AWS is a set of tools, various devices and furniture designed to solve various information problems.

General requirements for workstations: convenience and ease of communication with them, including setting up workstations for a specific user and ergonomic design; Efficiency of input, processing, reproduction and search of documents; the possibility of prompt exchange of information between the personnel of the organization, with various persons and organizations outside it; health safety of the user. Allocate workstations for the preparation of text and graphic documents; data processing, including in tabular form; creating and using a database, designing and programming; manager, secretary, specialist, technical and support staff and others. At the same time, various operating systems and application software tools are used in the workstation, depending mainly on functional tasks and types of work (administrative and organizational, managerial and technological, personal creative and technical).

AIS can be represented as a complex of automated information technologies that make up an IS designed for information services to consumers.

AIS can be quite simple (elementary reference) and complex systems (expert, etc., providing predictive solutions). Even simple AIS have many-valued structural relationships between their modules, elements and other components. This circumstance makes it possible to attribute them to the class of complex systems consisting of interrelated parts (subsystems, elements) operating as part of an integral complex structure.

Automation of technical systems

Automation of management is based on a number of principles of management organization, which can be divided into four main groups.

The first group includes the principles of organization of the production process. This group of principles answers the question: "How to manage?".

With automated production management, the principles that determine the organization and functioning of the automated control system also apply. This group of principles answers the question: "How to organize automated control?"

Automation of management has become possible due to the availability of modern technical means, mathematical and organizational support, as well as due to the flexibility of production information. This allows us to single out a group of principles that determine the possibility of creating an automated control system. This group of principles answers the question: "What is automated control based on?".

The processes of creating automated control systems - from design to implementation - are characterized by the presence of their own principles. This group of principles answers the question: "How to create automated control?".

The third and fourth group of principles will be dealt with consistently throughout the sections of this course. The first and second groups of principles will be briefly outlined in this section.

Principles of organization of the production process

These principles determine the rational combination in space and time of all the main, auxiliary and service processes.

The principle of specialization. Specialization determines the separation and isolation of industries, enterprises, workshops, sections, lines, etc., that manufacture certain products or perform certain processes. The level of specialization of enterprises and divisions is determined by a combination of two main factors - the volume of production and the labor intensity of products. Specialization is greatly influenced by standardization and normalization, which can increase the scale of production of homogeneous products. Specialization as a whole is distinguished by high economic efficiency.

Compliance with the principle of specialization consists in assigning to each production unit, each section, up to the workplace, a limited range of work, the minimum possible number of different operations.

The principle of proportionality. All production units of the main and auxiliary workshops of service facilities, sections, lines, groups of equipment and jobs must have proportional productivity per unit of time. Proportional production capabilities allow, with full use of equipment and space, to ensure uniform production of complete products.

Failure to comply with the principle of proportionality leads to the emergence of "bottlenecks" and disproportions, when the volume of products or services of certain departments is insufficient to fulfill production targets and hinders the further development of production.

The principle of parallelism. Parallel (simultaneous) execution of individual parts of the production process, stages, phases, operations expands the scope of work and dramatically reduces the duration of the production cycle. Parallelism manifests itself in many forms - in the structure of technological operations, in the combination of main and auxiliary operations, in the simultaneous execution of several technological operations, etc.

Directivity principle. The product manufactured by the enterprise, in the production process, should be passed through all phases and operations of the production process - from the launch of the starting material to the exit of the finished product along the shortest path without counter and return movements.

Compliance with this principle is implemented in the location of buildings, structures, workshops, machine tools and in the construction of the technological process. Auxiliary divisions and warehouses are located as close as possible to the main workshops they serve.

The principle of continuity. Breaks in production must be eliminated or reduced. This applies to all breaks, including intra-operating, inter-operational, intra-shift, inter-shift. Machines or systems of machines are the more perfect, the higher the degree of continuity of their work process. The organization of the production process is the more perfect, the higher the degree of continuity achieved in it.

The principle of rhythm. The production process must be organized in such a way that equal or increasing quantities of products are produced at equal time intervals and all phases and operations of the process are repeated at these time intervals. There are start-up rhythm (at the beginning of the process), operational rhythm (intermediate) and output rhythm. The leading rhythm is the last one.

The creation of an automated process control system should be aimed at observing the principles of organizing the production process. The functioning of the automated process control system should ensure compliance with the principles of continuity and rhythm.

Principles of organization of automated control

These principles determine the control technology in the conditions of automated control systems.

Increasing the economic efficiency of production is the first general principle management automation. If this principle is not observed, automation becomes uneconomical, impractical.

General ordering is the second general principle of control automation. In the process of creating an automated process control system and during its operation, intensive streamlining processes take place at the enterprise. Everything is streamlined - technology and management processes, the structure and flows of information, management methods and duties of officials, as a result of which the organization of production rises to a higher quality level.

The conformity principle is the third general principle of control automation. It is a particular manifestation of the system approach and means, for example, a harmonious correspondence between the needs of the automated object and the capabilities of the APCS.

The principle of uniformity is the fourth general principle. It means unification and standardization of APCS elements. The unification of the elements of automated process control systems simplifies and reduces the cost of design processes, operation processes and facilitates continuity in the creation of new automated control systems.

Accounting automation system

When automating not individual areas, but the entire activity of the organization as a whole, it is advisable to use integrated automation systems. Sales accounting is one of the components of accounting at trade enterprises, therefore, it is necessary to analyze the existing packages of applied programs for accounting and operational accounting.

Among the trade automation systems presented on the Russian market, one can note the proposals of 1C (1C: Trade), Information Systems and Technologies (Aspect system), Galaktika-Shop (Galaktika system), Sales and Trade (Flagman system), Parus, Meta (Automation Complex in Retail), Intellect-Service. Let's consider the most representative of them.

Automation system "1C: Trade and warehouse"

"1C: Trade and Warehouse" is the "Operational Accounting" component of the "1C:Enterprise" system with a standard configuration for automating warehouse accounting and trade.

The Operational Accounting component is designed to account for the availability and movement of material and cash resources. It can be used both standalone and in conjunction with other 1C:Enterprise components.

"1C: Trade and Warehouse" is designed to account for any types of trading operations. Thanks to its flexibility and customizability, the system is able to perform all accounting functions - from maintaining directories and entering primary documents to receiving various statements and analytical reports.

Functional and service capabilities of the system include:

Improved pricing mechanism.
- The "quick sale" operation, which allows you to automatically generate and print the necessary package of documents when selling a group of goods.
- Group processing of directories and documents.
- Automatic initial filling of documents.
- Possibility of detailing mutual settlements with contractors in the context of contracts.

"1C: Trade and Warehouse" automates work at all stages of the enterprise.

A typical system configuration allows:

Maintain separate management and financial records;
- keep records on behalf of several legal entities;
- keep batch accounting of inventory with the ability to choose the method of writing off the cost (FIFO, LIFO, average);
- keep separate records of own goods and goods taken for sale;
- arrange the purchase and sale of goods;
- perform automatic initial filling of documents based on previously entered data;
- keep records of mutual settlements with buyers and suppliers, detail mutual settlements under individual agreements;
- to form the necessary primary documents;
- draw up invoices, automatically build a sales book and a shopping book;
- to carry out reservation of goods and control of payment;
- keep track of cash on current accounts and at the cash desk;
- keep records of commodity loans and control their repayment;
- keep records of goods transferred for sale, their return and payment.

In "1C: Trade and Warehouse" it is possible:

Setting the required number of prices of different types for each product, storing the prices of suppliers, automatic control and prompt change in the price level;
- work with interrelated documents;
- automatic calculation of write-off prices for goods;
- fast introduction of changes with the help of group processing of directories and documents;
- keeping records of goods in various units of measurement, and cash - in various currencies;
- obtaining a wide variety of reporting and analytical information on the movement of goods and money;
- automatic generation of accounting entries for 1C: Accounting.

"1C: Trade and Warehouse" can be adapted to any accounting features at a particular enterprise.

The system includes the Configurator, which allows, if necessary, to configure all the main elements of the system:

Edit existing and create new ones Required documents any structure;
- change screen and printed forms of documents;
- create magazines for working with documents and arbitrarily redistribute documents among magazines for effective work with them;
- edit existing and create new directories of arbitrary structure "1C: Trade and Warehouse" contains a variety of tools for communication with other programs.

The ability to import and export information via text files will allow you to exchange data with almost any program.

"1C: Trade and Warehouse" provides work with commercial equipment: cash registers, receipt printers, scanners and barcode printers, electronic scales, data collection terminals, customer displays and other types of equipment.

"Intellectual" interaction with the trading equipment allows, for example, filling out documents by reading the barcodes of goods with a scanner.

Trade accounting automation system "Galaktika - Shop"

The trade accounting automation system "Galaktika - Magazin" is designed to maintain operational accounting of goods movement, to maintain accounting for retail through the mall.

This software package is universal - it can be used both to automate small stores and to organize a network of large supermarkets.

The configuration is implemented on the basis of CIS "Galaktika-Start", therefore:

It has a low cost and at the same time has a wide functionality;
- supports all normative documents;
- the functionality of the system allows you to automate the main accounting tasks of the enterprise - from supply and sales management to payroll;
- with further development, the enterprise gets the opportunity to switch to the CIS "Galaktika" without the problems of transferring the database;
- the parent company, which has chosen CIS "Galaktika", organizes inter-office exchange with a network of its stores, using only waybills and price lists.

"Galaktika-Shop" is also used if for small stores one PC is used both for the operation of the trading floor and for bookkeeping (moreover, turning off the PC does not affect the work of the cashier).

The main functional features of the system include:

Accounting for the balance of goods in the warehouses of the enterprise and in the trading floors;
- control of the timing of the sale of goods;
- control of the minimum balance of goods in warehouses;
- analysis of the speed of sales of goods and groups of goods;
- control over the work of sales assistants;
- control of the sum expression of balances in the sales department;
- maintaining mutual settlements with suppliers;
- automatic accounting of trading activities for sale;
- the possibility of gradual implementation of the system at the retail enterprise;
- support for work with a wide range of commercial equipment;
- the possibility of using a single database for distributed retailers.

All this allows you to increase the speed of customer service, guarantees the absence of errors when entering data on the cash register, quickly monitor the availability and movement of inventory and make timely orders.

Using the Galaktika-Shop solution allows you to identify inventory items received by the enterprise by a barcode, transfer information about available inventory items to the memory of cash registers and read sales information from them, generate documents for their sale to customers, to make an inventory, generate reports on the results of sales. With the Galaktika-Shop system, an enterprise will be able to work in a single information space, which will help optimize the management of the entire enterprise and increase its competitiveness.

Subsystem "Sales and trade" of the information system "Flagship"

The subsystem "Sales and Trade" of the corporate information system "Flagman" is designed to automate the work of sales services manufacturing enterprises and trade enterprises. The main functions are the formation of a portfolio of orders for the supply of products and services, accounting for the shipment and sale of products and services, reservation of goods.

The main tasks of the subsystem include:

Accounting for balances and movement of finished products and goods;
- Accounting for the sale of products, goods and services.

The system takes into account the permissible periods of storage and sale of products. Operations with cash stocks are supported, with optimal volumes of stocks, the calculation of deficit and excess positions is carried out. Within the framework of the subsystem, goods reservation operations are supported, current sales and sales operations are carried out. Price history is maintained.

The subsystem implements various chains of business logic: from the formation of a portfolio of orders to the release and shipment of products for these orders. The subsystem provides the ability to maintain contracts, schedules for the shipment of products and receipt of payment. On the basis of contracts, applications, a portfolio of orders is formed, invoices, orders for shipment are issued. The subsystem "Sales and trade" can work together with the subsystems "Marketing", "Technical and economic planning", "Calendar planning", "Accounting" and "Warehouse accounting". The structure of the subsystem partially includes the functions of the subsystems "Contracts and mutual settlements" and "Warehouse accounting". As an independent software unit, retail functions are implemented, with the possibility of using cash registers.

Dispatching and automation systems

Building automation is one of the most important areas in the field of construction and management of engineering systems. The use of a building automation system makes it possible to increase the efficiency of lighting and heating equipment, ventilation and air conditioning, and water supply. Two main aspects predetermined the growth in popularity integrated solutions to provide automated control of engineering systems of residential and administrative buildings: tightening the requirements for energy efficiency of buildings, and increasing the level of individual comfort.

The building automation system reduces the consumption of energy resources (electricity, various kinds fuel) necessary to provide heating and hot water supply, increases the efficiency of engineering systems in conditions emergencies. This has a positive effect on the safety of the functioning of the building, makes staying in the building more comfortable due to improved control over the temperature in the premises, over the mode of ventilation and air conditioning. Integration and optimization of the work of all engineering components (security systems, life support, communications) is the main function of automated solutions for building management. Dispatching of engineering systems is necessary step when building an automatic building management system.

The concept of scheduling includes the organization of constant monitoring of the operation of various subsystems in real time. Through the dispatching of engineering systems, remote control and management of various processes, changing the operating parameters of certain devices and components, transferring data on their status and maintaining protocols and databases with information about their work is carried out.

A review of the literature on this topic showed the relevance of the topic today. Automation and dispatching of buildings is designed to provide control over autonomously operating equipment, combining it into a single engineering complex and minimizing the “human factor” to the maximum.

Based on the analysis of articles on this issue, today large-scale work is underway in our country to save all types of energy resources. The constant rise in prices makes it necessary to look for effective methods savings.

It was also revealed that at present, in order to increase the positive effect of integrated building automation, algorithms for interconnected automation of various engineering systems are being developed. For example, the interaction of climate and ventilation automation systems can increase the effect of energy saving and comfortable conditions in the building. The integration of video surveillance and burglar alarm systems increases the security level of the building.

However, automation has a number of negative effects:

1. Automation leads to the emergence of a large number of nodes, and as a result, an increase in possible points of failure and malfunctions.
2. The complication of structures requires advanced training of personnel.
3. The high cost of introducing automation and dispatching systems.

The main reason for the described negative factors is the lack of unified means of equipment interaction.

Unfortunately, after analyzing the development market, we have that the area of ​​implementation of integrated automation systems is limited to elite construction. Because of this problem, the introduction of energy-saving methods of managing the public utilities of most facilities is impossible for economic reasons.

Today, in modern buildings, automation and dispatching systems play one of the main roles, they connect all engineering networks. This article provides an overview of the existing functions of automation of engineering systems.

Functions of automation and dispatching of engineering systems

The functional purpose of any building is to be a shelter from the external environment, to create comfortable conditions for a person to stay. In order for the conditions to be comfortable, in addition to the walls and roof, it is necessary to provide the proper amount of air (ventilation) and its quality (heating, air conditioning). It is also necessary to provide lighting, uninterrupted power supply, etc. Thus, we get a modern building, saturated with all kinds of engineering systems. To control these systems, a large number of service personnel would be needed if it were not for automation.

V Lately automated control systems have ceased to be something outlandish. Regardless of the field of application, the goal of implementing such systems is to reduce operating costs, ensure important information, improving safety and comfort.

In order to appreciate how much automation and dispatching capabilities have changed in recent years, and how they will continue to change, it is important to understand the significance of some of the technological breakthroughs that have taken place in recent years. Progress does not stand still, and it is extremely difficult to predict how far they will go forward.

True, there were many obstacles in the way of progress. Among them: autonomous automation systems for various applications, systems of different manufacturers similar in control functions were, as a rule, incompatible with each other. Firms-developers used their own closed communication protocols and did not provide interfaces for interaction with systems from other manufacturers. Being the property of individual companies, the corresponding automation products and technologies were difficult to integrate with each other. To solve this problem, expensive technical solutions were required associated with writing new software. Thus, at a certain point in the market there were objective prerequisites for the successful implementation of new approaches in the field of automation.

Automation usually refers to the integration into single system building management systems:

Heating, ventilation and air conditioning system;
- Security and fire alarm;
- Video surveillance system;
- Communication networks;
- Power supply system;
- Lighting system;
- Mechanization of the building;
- Telemetry (remote monitoring of systems);
- IP-monitoring of the object (remote control of systems over the network).

Today, technologies allow building home automation component by component, i.e., choosing only those functions that are really necessary, depending on the needs of each person.

Building automation features include:

Light control. Allows the user to create lighting scenarios for an unlimited number of light sources;
- Microclimate control. The system maintains the room temperature at a given level;
- Management of the heating system;
- Security system management;
- Presence effect.

Energy saving with automation

Energy saving by reducing the operating costs of buildings and structures is becoming a global trend. Today, buildings on average account for about 40% of primary energy consumption and 67% of electricity generated. In addition, they are responsible for 35% of carbon dioxide emissions.

Of course, increasing the energy efficiency of an object is a complex task for all construction participants: architects, designers, designers, engineers.

When designing an energy-efficient building, its orientation to the cardinal points is taken into account, taking into account solar radiation, wind load, humidity and illumination, design features of enclosing structures, thermal insulation of walls, and the use of energy-saving engineering equipment. But automated management of engineering systems allows you to achieve maximum results at a relatively low cost.

Building automation is a rapidly developing, but relatively young area of ​​technology, so here, especially at the levels of management of engineering systems and life support systems, there are practically no well-established technical solutions that go beyond the private solutions of individual firms.

The introduction of an automatic building management system will significantly reduce the cost of maintaining the building, provide comprehensive protection of human life and health, prevent serious accidents, significantly reduce damage from them, and provide comfortable living conditions. All this speaks of the effectiveness of the implementation of the system, especially in the modern world.

Building automation systems

Building automation systems and the operators who control them take care of the maximum optimization of the functioning and operation of the building, the greatest efficiency, environmental friendliness and, consequently, the reduction of maintenance costs. The automation system reliably monitors the implementation of the climate equipment operation algorithms.

The functional purpose of the automation system is to optimize the life support of the building, extend its service life, limit maximum energy consumption loads, as well as inform the building owner about equipment operation trends, operating parameters and changes in their states.

The solution of these problems is entrusted to the building automation system, without which the work of the engineering equipment of the building could not be optimized.

A building automation system has the tools you need to track a building's energy and utility bills, monitor a building's environmental health, monitor equipment failures, and report on events. At the same time, the building automation system serves as a mechanism for its management, analyzing the current state and ways to optimize it.

If such a system complies with the international standards DIN EN ISO 16484, it can be called a building automation system, (DIN EN ISO 16484-2, 3.31).

Before we move on to BACnet, its features and benefits, it is necessary to understand what is hidden inside the building automation system. You should not consider building automation as an independent phenomenon, because it is just a hidden mechanism of the building.

Building Automation differs from Home Automation and Industrial Automation in its specific application area, and in particular in its communication protocol, BACnet.

For automation in industry or home automation, a large number of different protocols are used, while building automation is based on one single unified protocol, approved by the international standard DIN EN ISO 16484. For those who build buildings and invest in their construction, this standard means investment security. Of course, for individual tasks there are special protocols that are integrated into the building automation system. Among them are the protocols: KNX (EIB) for building engineering systems, LonMark for complex room automation, M_Bus for measuring energy consumption and billing systems, as well as PROFIBUS or MODBUS and other protocols. All of them carry out a purposeful exchange of information and improve and develop over time.

Lighting, security alarm, video surveillance, general power supply systems are oriented towards integration into a single BACnet system, where rules are developed by the joint efforts of experts common work various subsystems and equipment (interoperability).

Recently, the term "open system" is often used. Experience shows that for the rational interaction of various parts of the system, a communication methodology is necessary (for example, a data exchange protocol via a bus), but it is clearly not enough. In fact, various mechanisms, systems and devices must first of all not only communicate with each other, but also be configured to work together. At the same time, other options of choice, except for the international BACnet standard, lose their principle in their “openness”. The most coordinated functioning and compatibility of various parts and levels of the system in the foreseeable future is possible only within the systems of one manufacturer from well-known brands. A unified "plug and play" system is still a utopia (even with a unified protocol).

Multi-vendor building automation projects involving various manufacturers of automation require unambiguous and clear conditions for coordinating the joint operation of their equipment, operation and maintenance, since suppliers of different parts and equipment of one system sometimes do not conclude any contracts or agreements among themselves, but only with the Customer, which the building constructs.

System integration

Already at the design stage of the building, solutions are laid for the integration of different parts of the system, their compatibility is clarified. Here, a special role is assigned to the standard dedicated to the functions of the building automation system, from which specific solutions for a given project can be combined, and on their basis further improvement of the system is carried out. In this case, it will not be necessary to “reinvent the wheel” again.

The standardized functions of the building automation system allow for effective interaction between designers and those who will implement the project (the functions of the building automation system are collected in the standard of the Association of German Engineers VDI 3814). Normalized "standard objects" (for example, for communication) are the most important component for describing device interfaces so that they can work together with each other.

Developers need to understand all related European liability regulations and laws, they need to know when and for what they are liable and when they are free from it. A system integrator is the company that orders individual parts of the future system, and it is also responsible for their smooth functioning as a single product. Often this function can be performed by the developer himself, but the developer’s partners are also “involved” in the matter, and Chief Engineer. The system integrator is obliged to be responsible for the correct preparation and joint functioning of the parts of the automation system, as happens, for example, when assembling cars.

Functions of the automation system

The functions of building automation systems were originally developed by the GAEB 070 working group for a standard list of specifications. The association of German engineers VDI used these lists and instructions for their regulations (VDI 3814). This is how the standard table of functions of the building automation system was formed, which includes the functions of I / O, processing, control and maintenance. Previously, a table was also called a list of system data points.

The use of the functions in this table is described in international standards and in VDI 3814-1: 2005.

The European BACnet Association BIG_EU publishes in its magazine "BACnet Europe" No. 4-2006 a table of correspondence between object types from the BACnet standard and building automation system functions from the VDI 3814 standard. Do not try to interpret instructions and technical lists on automation system functions yourself. Refer to official sources and normative documents: DIN EN ISO 16484-3: 2005, VDI 3814-1: 2005 (with attached list of functions on CD).

BACnet standard

Today, BACnet is truly the only standardized communication protocol for building automation that makes its subsystems interoperable. The protocol describes the methods of data transmission (binary input/output, analog and digital). The protocol is also responsible for the choice and method of information transfer rate, for data protection and the system for addressing and distributing information points. The BACnet protocol has developed independently, regardless of the hardware (hardware), which distinguishes it from other, also normalized and standardized communication protocols and data bus systems. Therefore, BACnet is suitable for any manufacturer of building automation equipment and can be used without a special license. All these conditions are fixed in the BACnet standard, in the "Protocol" chapter. The term BACnet standard is often used in relation to Part 5 of the international standard "DIN EN ISO 16484". The ISO 16484 set of standards deals with the description of hardware (Part 2) and the description of the functions of automation systems (Part 3).

As a result of careful work of a group of experts and engineers, a new data communication protocol, independent of equipment manufacturers - BACnet, has appeared, facilitating the interoperable operation of building subsystems. The rights to the BACnet standard are owned by the ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers), the American equivalent of the VDI Association of German Engineers. From the very beginning of work on the standard, American specialists attracted interested experts from Europe. As a result, the European KNX standard (EIB) became part of the BACnet standard. The ASHRAE and VDI associations support the development of the BACnet standard and the provision of training courses.

The purpose of all work was to implement the compatibility and integration of system elements among themselves and between systems from different manufacturers. Mutual integration occurs through the use of unified approaches to the unification of technical data, the coordination of functions and the introduction of appropriate binders at the junctions of dissimilar elements. The BACnet standard could long ago become the world standard in building automation, commercially profitable and universal, if the market policy of leading companies was built differently.

Thus, BACnet is neither a system nor a device, it is a prerequisite for development for equipment manufacturers, which fits into the basis of a 600-page regulatory document. Within BACnet, it is possible to develop and invent new building automation systems. latest version The BACnet standard exists in the 1st version and the 4th edition, that is, only additions and extensions are made to the document. An addition to the BACnet standard is the international standard DIN EN ISO 16484-6, which is responsible for testing equipment for compatibility and compliance with the BACnet protocol.

Certification

Simultaneously with the work on the BACnet standard, the normative document DIN EN ISO 16484 "Methodology for conformity testing of data communication" was being prepared. Independent experts can now carry out the compatibility test of BACnet equipment.

The Association of BACnet Equipment Manufacturers BMA has merged with the BIG-NA Association to form a single organization "BACnet International". Their common goal is an independent examination of the compatibility of BACnet equipment. This is how the independent organization "BACnet Testing Laboratory" (BTL - laboratory for testing BACnet equipment) arose, whose task is to develop tests for compatibility and apply these tests to various components of the BACnet system. If the check is passed, the element of the system (device) receives the “BTL” mark, which is valid only if there is a special confirming document.

In the US, certification does not mean quite the same thing as in Europe. Therefore, in America, for devices that have successfully passed the test, there are special lists and nomenclature (listings), while in Europe the product receives a certificate. European testing of BACnet is carried out by the independent organization "BACnet Testlabor" at the WSP Laboratory of Dr. Eng. Harald Bitter in Stuttgart, where European technical BACnet seminars are held regularly.

What is the BACnet standard made of?

The architecture of the BACnet protocol is described after defining the key concepts and establishing the scope of this normative document.

The BACnet standard documentation describes the structure of the entire system and the technical parameters of its components (OSI reference model, security measures in the system, the location of communication networks in the building).

Physical layers that serve as a transport for data transfer:

A) Ethernet (ISO 8802-3);
b) ARCnet;
c) MS/TP (Master/Slave Token Passing RS 485);
d) RS 232C for modem connection;
e) LonTalk from Echelon;
f) BACnet/IP.

It is also possible that ZigBee and Bluetooth wireless technologies will soon join this list.

Standard set of BACnet protocol elements:

1. Types of objects for communication, to describe the meaning of the transmitted messages to achieve interoperability. They serve to correctly interpret the actual function of the application.
2. Communication services to directly access data and place commands for devices in the automation system. Includes alarm and event sending services, file access, object access services, and device/network management services.
3. Means of functions for determining the priorities of commands and messages, for saving and restoring the system, automatic device and object configuration, as well as for Web services.

In application, the BACnet standard has many extensions, among which are the EIB/KNX standard and BACnet/IP. For more convenient certification of BACnet devices and their division into classes, so-called BIBBs were created - BACnet Interoperability Building Blocks. In the future, it is planned to develop data protection services and procedures in the standard, introduce a password system and adapt BACnet for so-called "open communication". Also, BACnet developers are going to adapt the system to elements of IT technologies: "ERP" (enterprise management system) based on Web services, XML (Extensible Markup Language), SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) and HTTP (Hypertext Tranfer Protocol).

Communication objects

In the BACnet protocol, objects and their properties are the most main part standard, because it is this part that defines and describes the meaning of the data that is transmitted over the network. The data is displayed in the same way for both the user and the software. This fundamentally distinguishes BACnet from other communication protocols. Objects in BACnet have a set of properties (properties), described in a certain way for subsequent interpretation in the work of the automation system.

The BACnet standard included 28 different communication objects. The "Device_Object" object has properties related to the hardware and describes the communication features of the hardware.

The normative document prescribes to each of the objects a certain set of properties for the possibility of maximum integration. All additional object properties increase the interoperability of the system hardware if they are applied equally by all parties involved in the integration. A mandatory requirement for all components of the system is mutual integration and adaptability. This task is solved using BIBBs.

Communication Services

Data over the network is delivered by communication services. Of these, the most common are "read" (read) and "record" (write). Those communication devices whose data is transmitted and used by others are called "servers" (server). Typical servers are, for example, sensors or automation stations if they collect and transmit information to other communication objects. The communication partners of the servers that request and receive data are called "clients".

Communication networks

According to the VDI instructions for the distribution of functions of building automation systems, networks transmitting data were created and optimized at different levels of the system. Solutions on Ethernet with IP protocol become cheaper and unified, and their products become multi-functional. If we compare the building automation network and the field network, we see that the scheme of action is the same, only individual network segments change. When linking a building automation system to an office work network, it is necessary to define network segments with a high degree of protection, otherwise dangerous violations that we often see in everyday office life can occur.

In a BACnet system essential elements networks - routers and gateways. Routers structure the network, set its topology, and pass messages between different types of networks, while the content of the messages does not change. Gateways modify the communication features of different networks, adapting the networks to each other and to the BACnet protocol. For example, LonMark's BACnet products are virtually incompatible and can only be linked and made to work together through a gateway. Thanks to him, LonTalk can be used by the BACnet protocol among other physical data transmission media.

BACnet has been able to use the Internet since its inception. Automation stations are connected via BACnet/IP to modern web servers and software, and a common browser can be used for building automation needs.

"Native" BACnet (native)

Increasingly, in relation to building automation systems, you can hear the term "native" BACnet system. This concept is not regulated anywhere and therefore requires verification.

The VDI-TGA/BIG-EU standard prescribes the following:

A) BACnet is a system adapted for flexible development in the future, permanent and available, adapting to changes;
b) BACnet does not require any additional devices (devices) and service costs;
c) all required types of BACnet objects, properties and services are present;
d) a gateway is required for native BACnet to communicate with other systems.

Benefits of BACnet

1. BACnet was originally created specifically for building automation.

In a neutral way, he describes ways to create interoperability for important functions such as:
- trend log;
- schedule and calendar of processes;
- alarm messages and event reminders;
- routing of alarm messages and acknowledgments within the network;
- a mechanism for separating command priorities;
- grouping by input/output functions;
- setting the parameters of the control cycle.
2. BACnet does not depend on the operation of a computer or any network technology. The BACnet protocol is implemented on software from equipment manufacturers, and no special hardware is required: BACnet objects and services do not depend on network technologies, BACnet Web services allow interaction between a building automation system and an enterprise management system.
3. BACnet does not require a rigid network architecture. The network configuration can be flat, communication can go through a "peer-to-peer" bus, or it can be hierarchical (in the form of a pyramid).
4. In a BACnet system, interoperability has much more functionality than in systems with other well-known "open" protocols.

BACnet is easily scalable and expandable with new features such as:

Battery (Accumulator);
- pulse converter;
- averager values ​​(Averaging);
- danger signaling device (Life Safety Point);
- safety zone (Life Safety Zone);
- registration of multi trends (Trendlog Multiple);
- event log (Eventlog).
5. New types of BACnet objects are already being developed for:
- lighting control;
- video surveillance;
- access control;
- data exchange between the building automation system and energy supply companies.
6. BACnet is implemented in systems of any size, for example, general purpose programmable automation stations, automation stations with limited resources, specific control units and devices (for example, VAV units), individual room controllers, web servers and web services, protocol analyzers and engineering tools.
7. ASHRAE owns the rights, promotes and maintains the BACnet standard, in cooperation with sister organizations in Europe, Russia and Asia. The international organizations ISO and CEN have given the BACnet protocol the status of an international standard.

Also, representatives of local BACnet associations contribute to its development:

BIG-AA (BACnet Asia-Australia Association);
- BIG-EU (European BACnet Association with branches in Finland, France, Poland and Sweden);
- BIG-ME (BACnet Association in the Middle East);
- BIG-NA (North American BACnet Association / BACnet International);
- BIG-RU (Russian BACnet Association);
- The next BACnet association will be established in China.

8. More and more companies are producing equipment compatible with BACnet: already more than 200 companies from 21 countries.
9. Interest in BACnet is growing worldwide. The proof of this is the fact that the number of installations of BACnet systems is quite large and covers all continents. As of 2003: 33,000 buildings with millions of data points in 82 states; more than 6,000 of them are multi-vendor projects.
10. There are no license or subscription fees to pay for using BACnet. Any manufacturing company can apply BACnet solutions. The exception is the case when the data transfer occurs over the LonTalk protocol, the rights to which are owned by Echelon Corporation. In this case, the corresponding address is specified in the BACnet standard.

Tender based BACnet implementation

Today, the introduction of any technical innovations takes place on the basis of a competition or tender, which ensures free competition, exchange of information and saves money and time for the Customer. The tender for building automation systems is carried out on the basis of DIN 18386 - "General technical conditions of the contract". It is advisable to announce a tender, because the Customer will be offered a variety of systems and various technical solutions. This diversity cannot be unified, so the Customer makes a choice after getting acquainted with all the technical and functional characteristics and features of the proposals.

For individual elements of automation systems and networks, a competition is also announced, for which it is necessary to clearly spell out all the “functionality” of the proposed solutions. For building automation, there is the VOB/C standard DIN 18386 "General technical terms of contract" with the established functions of the building automation system, also the VDI 3814 standard is used. To describe the performance of the building automation system, the VOB/A standard § 9 par. 10. For building automation system sections, effective competition of system manufacturers can only be guaranteed by a functional part with an attached performance list.

The VDI-3814 standard (DIN EN ISO 16484-3: 2005) is most applicable in order to avoid duplication of existing data and system components when integrating new elements into the system. There should be nothing superfluous in the system, nothing should be repeated twice without the need - no data, no instruments, no software licenses.

Each new building automation project requires a new code technical instructions and functional characteristics. For each new project, a complete technical passport is created with a detailed list of all system elements. Therefore, the list of works and services in the VOB/C DIN 18386 standard avoids generalizations and "non-calculable" indicators.

The refusal to use the functions of the building automation system from the VDI 3814 standard means that the list of works and services remains not quite reliable and open, so it is not completely clear how this system should function. No clear contract specifications can be interpreted in different ways. Controversial cases are usually dealt with in courts. If the customer is dissatisfied, there is an immediate call for "open communication", i.e. a change of manufacturer.

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Introduction

2.3 Structure of APCS DNS

2.4 Complex of technical means 20

2.4.6 Flowmeter Metran-350

2.4.8 Vibration transducer DVA-1-2-1 27

2.4.10 3050 OLV Moisture Analyzer

2.4.12 Cable products

3.1 Rationale for choosing a controller

3.2 Basic technical data of the SLC controller 5/04

3.3 Controller configuration

3.4 Programming the controller

3.6 Operator interface

4. Calculation of the reliability of the designed system

4.1 General

4.2 Failure rate

4.3 MTBF

4.4 Probability of failure-free operation

4.5 Average recovery time

4.6 Conclusion by section

5. Evaluation of economic efficiency

5.1 Methodology for calculating the economic indicators of the designed system

5.2 Calculation of non-recurring costs

5.3 Calculation of generalizing indicators of economic efficiency

5.4 Section Conclusions

6. Safety and environmental friendliness of the project

6.1 Ensuring the safety of workers

6.1.1 Characteristics of working conditions

6.1.2 Personal protective equipment

6.1.3 Electrical safety

6.2 Environmental assessment of the project 80

6.2.1 Impact of BPS facilities on the environment

6.2.2 Impact of BPS on surface and groundwater

6.2.3 Land cover

6.2.4 Fire fighting measures

6.3 Forecasting emergency situations

6.4 Section Conclusions

Conclusion

List of sources used

V conducting

Modern oil and gas production enterprises are complex complexes of technological facilities dispersed over large areas, the size of which reaches tens and hundreds of square kilometers.

The successful process of processing and pumping oil and gas depends on the strict control and maintenance of pressure, temperature, flow rate, as well as on the quality control of the output product. Maintaining the parameters of high-speed processes with a given accuracy at a given level with manual control is not possible. Therefore, modern petrochemical and oil refining production is possible only if technical installations are equipped with appropriate automatic measuring instruments, information-measuring systems and automatic control systems. Thus, the current stage in the development of oil and gas production and processing is unthinkable without the use of instrumentation and microprocessor technology.

The automated process control system provides: presentation of operational information to personnel for diagnosing and predicting the state of equipment, monitoring and control of technological processes and equipment, providing an opportunity to find out the reasons for a violation of the normal operating mode, analysis of various working situations.

In this graduation project, the development of a booster automation project is carried out. pumping station DNS-7 of the Fedorovskoye oil and gas field, designed to control, manage, regulate and signal accidents occurring at this facility. Due to the fact that DNS-7 was built and put into operation in the late 70s, the devices and automation tools are now obsolete and did not provide a sufficient level of information content and controllability of the system. In order to simplify the operation process and improve the reliability of the system in this project, old instruments and sensors were replaced with new, more modern ones and a microprocessor controller was used for centralized control of the technological process.

1. general characteristics automation object

1.1 Information about the control object

Booster pumping station DNS-7 is part of the Fedorovskoye oil and gas field.

This field was discovered in 1971. The deposits are at a depth of 1.8-2.3 km. The initial flow rate of wells is 17-310 tons/day. Oil density is 0.86-0.90 g/cm3.

The Fedorovskoye oil and gas field is part of OAO Surgutneftegaz, one of the largest Russian fields. The scope of the company's activities covers exploration, development and development of oil and oil and gas fields, production and sale of oil and gas, production and marketing of petroleum products and petrochemicals.

Surgutneftegaz is distinguished by stable growth dynamics, based on high production growth rates and continuous growth of raw material potential. The flexible long-term development strategy of the company is based on many years of experience and the use of the latest technologies.

The territory along the middle course of the Ob River, near the city of Surgut, in the mid-sixties became one of the first oil and gas production areas in Western Siberia. In 1993 on the basis of the property complex production association“Surgutneftegaz” was founded joint-stock company of the same name.

Currently, more than 50 divisions of OJSC “Surgutneftegas” perform a full range of works on exploration, development and development of oil and oil and gas fields, production and sale of oil and gas.

1.2 Description of the technological process

A single-pipe pressure system was adopted as a field gathering scheme for oil, petroleum gas and water, which ensures the transportation of produced oil through all technological facilities, including oil treatment facilities, due to wellhead pressures in any way of their operation. Pressure two- and multi-pipe collection systems are allowed only in the area from group units to oil treatment plants at separate collection watered and non-watered or mixed oil, respectively. The desire to maximize the use of the energy of the reservoir leads to the fact that the flowing well is transferred to artificial lift only when the flow stops completely. This leads to the need to build booster pumping stations (BPS) combined with separation tanks. In addition, field gas gathering networks are being built to collect gas from the separated gas at the BPS.

In the case of a high water content (over 30%) of the transported liquid, separation plants are used. The water-oil mixture first enters the inlet separators SV-1/1 and SV-1/2, which are designed to separate the bulk of the liquid from the gas; at the same time, these devices are gas-liquid flow pulsation dampers. Further, the liquid is drained into the separators of the first stage С-1/1…С-/4 under the action of the hydrostatic liquid column (due to the difference in the installation heights of the devices). After the first stage separators, the watered, degassed oil enters the settling tanks O-1 and O-2, where the oil is separated from the water. Partially degassed oil enters the Heater-Triter X/T-1 and X/T-2 preliminary water discharge unit. Then oil with an average water cut of less than 10% enters the second stage separator C-2/1 and C2/2, where the final degassing takes place. after that, oil is accounted for by volume, weight (28-280 m 3 /h) and supplied to the oil pipeline. The gas released from the oil in the separation units and in the Heater-Triter preliminary dehydration unit (furnace) is fed to the GPP, as well as to the flare. Formation water separated at dewatering plants enters reservoirs, and then to cluster pumping stations, from where it is pumped into injection wells.

The master plan of the DNS is presented in Appendix A.

• 1.3 A modern approach to the development of automated process control systems for DNS
• As part of the reconstruction of the booster pumping station BPS-4A, OJSC "Surgutneftegas" successfully put into commercial operation a new process control system developed using the TRACE MODE SCADA system (Russia). APCS DNS-4A controls over 1600 parameters of the oil treatment process and provides their visualization on 18 graphic mnemonic diagrams and on archived trends. Automatic and remote manual control of gate valves and valves is implemented in the automatic process control system DNS-4A. The system is integrated with oil and gas metering units. Data from SCADA TRACE MODE is constantly transmitted to the corporate information system JSC "Surgutneftegaz" The APCS DNS-4A uses Austrian controllers Bernecker & Rainer (B&R), the driver for which is included in the extensive library of free TRACE MODE drivers (more than 1585 free drivers). This is already the second BPS owned by Surgutneftegaz, whose automation system is based on SCADA TRACE MODE. Earlier, in 2003, an automated process control system for the DNS of the Piltanskoye field was introduced. The development of the first automated process control system for DNS was carried out by the company LLC "AT" - an Authorized SCADA TRACE MODE system integrator from Moscow. The second APCS of the booster pumping station was completely designed and implemented by the employees of OJSC "Surgutneftegaz" on their own.
• Before starting work on the project, two specialists of OJSC "Surgutneftegas" were trained at the authorized training center of AdAstra Research Group and received the qualification of TRACE MODE certified engineers. When developing the automatic process control system DNS-4A, they took into account all the comments and wishes of technologists, so that the new system became more ergonomic and easy to use. The specialists of OJSC "Surgutneftegas" appreciated the flexibility of TRACE MODE as a universal SCADA system for oil production facilities. Currently, projects for the use of SCADA TRACE MODE at several more BPS and other facilities of OJSC "Surgutneftegas" are being considered. The list of TRACE MODE SCADA system implementations in the oil industry continues to grow.
• The qualified development of control algorithms for the automatic process control system for oil preparation and pumping allowed IBS specialists to ensure the minimum necessary involvement of the personnel of technological facilities in the process of controlling mechanisms and assemblies. This approach significantly reduces the load on the operator and thereby reduces the possible negative impact of the "human factor" on the growth of production costs, the creation of prerequisites for emergency situations and environmental pollution.
• About 95% of Russian oil is produced today by waterflooding. As a result, the water cut of oil during the production process increases to 80 percent or more, which leads to the need for additional measures for oil treatment and causes a constant increase in the cost of production. More precisely, with an increase in the water cut of the oil and gas emulsion, the costs of separating oil, water, associated gas, and mechanical impurities increase, and at the booster pumping station (BPS), more and more functions appear that are characteristic of an oil treatment and pumping unit (UPPN). This means that the traditional DNS in terms of functionality is gradually evolving towards the UPPN. At some point, oilmen realized the inefficiency of distillation through infield pipelines (the length of which can often be quite significant) of an emulsion containing 80-90% water. In this regard, tools and units began to be used to reduce water cut directly at the BPS. Although sometimes multi-phase pumps are installed, their use is rather limited. Mainly in water cut management is transferred to optimal control the process of preparing oil at the BPS.
• Obviously, it is necessary to solve the following problem - to keep the costs of oil treatment at the same level and at the same time maintain the level of oil quality.
• There are objective factors that impose certain requirements on the automated process control system for oil treatment in Western Siberia - the remoteness of the treatment sites from settlements, the harsh climate and the resulting organization of work (shift personnel, turnover of qualified personnel), fire hazard, and underdevelopment of infrastructure. These circumstances should give rise to a new approach to the construction of process control systems, in which increased attention should be paid to reliability and labor intensity.
• It was decided to deploy a project for the introduction of a new type of automated process control system at the Permyakovskoye and Koshilskoye fields of the Nizhnevartovsk Oil and Gas Production Enterprise (NNP), a TNK company. NNP is one of the city-forming enterprises of this region. It develops a number of deposits located at a considerable distance from the city (up to 450 km), which determines the presence of certain features in its activities. So, in addition to the harsh climatic conditions typical for this region as a whole, all work at the NNP facilities is carried out on a rotational basis, which implies increased costs for the life support of workers (up to imported drinking water), for maintaining infrastructure. That is why any opportunities for optimizing economic indicators, reducing labor costs and the negative impact of the role of the "human factor", and, consequently, the cost of oil production are very relevant here. In addition, for two BPSs, the company has already purchased imported Sivalls preliminary water discharge installations, which in themselves required a new level of industrial automation.
• The general task assigned to IBS specialists was formulated in purely economic terms - to improve the quality of oil treatment, while reducing the cost of this process. Special attention The focus was on the possibility of subsequent stabilization of the cost level, compensating for the expected increase in the water cut of the extracted oil. The project to create a new generation of automated process control systems for the BPS, which are part of the production structure of oil producing enterprises of TNK, was implemented by IBS in the period 2001-2002. During the implementation of the project, the entire cycle of work required for the commissioning of the automatic process control system for DNS was completed - from the development of technical solutions for automation to commissioning at the facility and staff training. Logically, 3 main levels of the system were identified: the oil treatment site, the oil field level (distance from the oil treatment sites is 50 km), the OGPD level (in a city 400 km away from the oil field). Thus, it turned out 3 zones covered by the project.
• The first stage of the work provided the traditional functions of monitoring the technological process directly at the oil treatment site. The technological goal of this stage of the project was to ensure a stable water cut of the output oil with unstable characteristics of the water-and-gas emulsion entering the site. The installation of control and measuring equipment (more than 200 types) was performed, the InTouch SCADA package for 1500 tags was installed and configured (at each preparation site), as well as the Avantis.Pro routine maintenance support system.
• The development implemented at the second stage (also based on the Wonderware product line - Industrial SQL, Active Factory, Suite Voyager, SCADA Alarm) allows you to separate the event flow coming from the technological control object and distribute its various components between the workplaces of specialists (operator , technologist, mechanic, power engineer, geologist) capable of making decisions on these events.
• Finally, in the third phase of work, the paradigm of "process" management was implemented.
• If we talk about the technical prospects of the project, the following should be noted. Building a vertical "platform and InTouch - Industrial SQL technological server - jobs in OGPD based on MS Office + Active Factory" allows you to increase both the number of connected technological objects and the number of jobs in OGPD. A potential bottleneck is the tagged capacity of Industrial SQL, since through it all technological parameters are delivered to the oil and gas production department. The installed capacity (100,000 tags), according to our calculations, allows us to connect all the pads of the field, and thus come to a situation where all the technological information from the field is concentrated in one place and in a single format, which is extremely attractive from the point of view of the possibility of in-depth analysis of the flow TP.
• Let us indicate the main items of operating costs, which were positively affected by the creation of this APCS:
• repairs of technological equipment, elimination of accidents and associated consumption of components, energy carriers, materials, transport resources;
• consumption of operating materials;
• fines (for example, for violation of the ecological state of the adjacent territory);
• expenses for ensuring quality and quantity control of delivered oil;
• payments to employees who were injured in accidents.
• These costs can be taken as economic criteria for assessing the effectiveness of automated process control systems. For various cost items, savings amounted to 5-30%, which was considered a result adequate to the investments made. Obviously, these indicators also indicate the success of the project as a whole.
• 2. Process automation
• 2.1 Target automation function
• Automation of production is carried out to facilitate the process of managing the facility, as a result of which there is no need to involve a large number of operators. The control post of the station is the control panel located in the control room. It provides remote monitoring and control of equipment, as well as operating modes of the main and auxiliary facilities. The automation scheme is presented in Appendix B.

The technological process must proceed as safely as possible in all its stages, for this, new, more accurate, compared to earlier developments, devices, sensors and actuators are used in the automation system. The system's capabilities for monitoring process parameters, triggering instrumentation control circuits and emergency shutdown function independently of each other, this is implemented in order to ensure maximum production safety. The design of the automated control system is carried out in such a way as to ensure safe, reliable and accurate control of the plant systems, as well as to provide for the operation of the plant in the most efficient mode.

2.2 Functions of the developed system

The urgency of creating a system has increased significantly in recent years due to the increase in the cost of oil, energy resources, reagents, the cost of maintaining maintenance personnel and maintaining the environment.

The main functions of the process control system include:

collection of information about the controlled technological process of oil treatment;

transfer of control commands to the technical complex of the technical level;

registration of events (prehistory of events) associated with the controlled technological process;

registration of personnel actions;

notification of personnel about detected emergency events related to the progress of the controlled technological process;

direct automatic control of the technological process in accordance with the specified algorithms with the possibility of switching to manual mode, both from the automation panel and locally;

real-time display of technological parameters of the process at the automated workplace, as well as presentation of archival information in a form convenient for perception;

archival database maintenance.

The means of achieving these goals is the use of modern technical means, including microprocessor ones.

The technical means used should allow the implementation of single-loop, multi-loop and multi-connected systems of automatic control, signaling and protection from a given set of algorithms, as well as promptly transform and improve existing protection, control and signaling schemes.

The use of modern microprocessor tools should allow, if necessary, the development of a control system, as well as its connection with other information networks, including a higher level.

2.3 Structure of APCS DNS

In the APCS of the DNS, the main 2 levels of the hierarchy are distinguished:

lower level - the level of sensors, instruments, actuators;

the upper level - microprocessor controllers and automated workplaces of operators.

All lower-level sensors, instruments and actuators are explosion-proof and are recommended for use in the oil and gas industry. The main function of the lower level is the conversion of the necessary technological parameters into electrical signals and signal processing by the microprocessor controller.

The main functions of the upper level is to obtain information from the lower level, the transmission of control commands.

On the automation board based on the process controller of the automated process control system and secondary sensor devices, the following are implemented:

installation technological protection schemes;

schemes for collecting telemechanical information from primary sensors installed at technological facilities;

starting equipment;

manual control.

The equipment for interfacing with the process equipment is based on the SLC5/04 process controller manufactured by Allen Bradley with modules for inputting signals from measuring instruments and sensors installed on the process equipment, and control modules for starting equipment.

The operator's workstation is developed based on the Microsoft WINDOWS operating system using RSView32 SCADA system development tools.

The automated process control system provides for the possibility of regulated operator intervention in the course of the technological process (opening / closing electric valves, redefining settings for regulators, etc.) by issuing commands from the operator's automated workplace, organized on the basis of an industrial personal computer.

2.4 Complex of technical means

All sensors, devices and actuators are made in an explosive design and are recommended for use in the oil and gas industry. The selected sensors have a high measurement accuracy and are resistant to various external influences.

2.4.1 Pressure gauge indicating signaling DM-2005 SG 1Ex

Pressure gauges showing signaling DM - 2005 Cg 1Ex are designed to measure the excess and vacuum pressure of various media and control external electrical circuits from a direct signaling device.

The devices are explosion-proof with the type of protection "explosion-proof enclosure" and are marked for explosion protection 1ExdII BT4.

In terms of protection from environmental influences, the devices have the following versions:

in terms of weather resistance - ordinary and protected from dust and water ingress;

in terms of resistance to aggressive media - ordinary and protected from aggressive media.

Controlled media: non-aggressive, non-crystallizing liquids, gases, vapors, including oxygen.

Technical details:

instrument reading range, MPa

from 0 to 0.1; 0.6; 0.25; 0.4; 0.6; 0.1; 1.6; 2.5; 4.0; 6.0; 10.0; 16.0; 25.0; 40.0; 60.0;100.0;160.0;

instrument accuracy class 1.5;

overpressure measurement range should be from 0 to 75% of the reading range; vacuum pressure is equal to the range of indications;

instrument settings range: from 5 to 95% of the reading range - for the measurement range from 0 to 100%, from 5 to 75% of the reading range - for the measurement range from 0 to 75%;

minimum setting range, set by the signaling device from 0 to 10% of the setting range;

parameters of the signaling device: voltage of external switched circuits: 24; 27; 36; 40; 140; 220; 380V - for AC circuits and 24; 27; 36; 40; 110; 220 V - for DC circuits;

breaking power of contacts 10W DC and 20VA contacts; 30W direct and 50VA alternating current - for a signaling device with a magnetic preload of contacts;

current up to 1 A;

voltage deviation from nominal values ​​should be from + 10 to - 15%;

AC frequency (50+/-1) Hz;

limit of permissible basic error of operation of the signaling device: +/- 2.5% of the range of indications - for devices with sliding contacts; +/- 4% of the range - for devices with magnetic contacts;

devices are resistant to ambient temperature from -50 to + 60 C and relative humidity up to 98% at 35 C and lower temperatures of moisture condensation;

devices are resistant to vibration with a frequency of (5 - 35) Hz with a displacement amplitude of 0.35 mm.

2.4.2 Ultrasonic level detector SUR-3

The SUR-3 ultrasonic level switch is designed to signal the position of the level of various liquid products at two points in process tanks and to control process units.

Technical details:

four optoelectronic keys of the "dry contact" type;

indication of the position of the first and second limit levels using LEDs;

maximum length of the sensitive element 4m (rigid SE) and 16m (flexible SE);

service life of at least 10 years;

Measured media: liquid (oil, dark and light oil products, liquefied gas).

2.4.3 Ultrasonic level detector SUR-5

Ultrasonic level indicator SUR-5 is designed to issue an electrical signal to the automatic monitoring and control system when an emergency level of liquid products is reached.

Technical details:

two optoelectronic keys of the "dry contact" type;

indication of the position of the level with the help of LEDs;

operating overpressure 84…106.7 kPa;

operating temperature from -45 to +65 C;

sensing element length 0.25…0.4m;

mean time between failures is not less than 50000 hours;

service life of at least 10 years.

2.2.4 Ultrasonic level sensor DUU4

Ultrasonic level sensor DUU4 is designed to measure the level of various liquid products. Sensors can carry out:

contact automatic measurement of the level of liquids;

contact automatic measurement of up to four levels of separation of immiscible liquid products;

measuring the temperature of the controlled medium at one point;

measuring the pressure of the controlled medium.

Technical details:

output signal 4-20mA or dry contacts or RS-485(Modbus RTU);

operating overpressure 2 MPa;

operating temperature from -45 to +95 C;

sensing element length 4m (rigid SE) or 25m (flexible SE);

mean time between failures is not less than 50000 hours;

service life of at least 8 years.

2.4.5 Thermal converter with unified output signal METRAN 200T-Ex

The sensors are designed to continuously convert the temperature of liquids, steam and gases into a unified current electrical output signal of remote transmission, which can be used in systems for automatic control, regulation and registration of temperature at facilities in various industries, energy, utilities.

Technical details:

range of measured temperatures 0 - 150 о С;

limit of permissible basic error? 0.5%;

additional sensor error caused by vibration, expressed as a percentage of the output signal range, should not exceed 0.25%;

the change in the value of the output signal caused by a change in the load resistance from 0.1 to 1.0 does not exceed? 0.1%;

additional sensor error caused by ambient temperature change in the operating range, expressed as a percentage of the output signal change range for every 10 ° C, does not exceed 0.45%;

length of the immersed part in the measurement zone 120 mm;

ambient temperature from minus 50 to 60 o C;

limit value of the output signal 4-20 mA;

load resistance connected at the output of the sensor, including the communication line - from 0.1 to 1.0 kOhm;

DC supply voltage 36 ? 0.72V;

power consumption, no more than 0.8 W;

dust and splash resistance IP 54;

climatic version and category U.2;

the assigned service life before decommissioning of the sensor is 12 years;

the mean time between failures is 32,000 hours;

sensor weight, no more than 0.73 kg.

2.4.6 Flowmeter Metran-350

The Metran-350 flow meter (jointly produced with Emerson Process Management) is designed to operate in systems for automatic control, regulation and control of technological processes in various industries, as well as in commercial accounting systems for liquids, steam and gases.

Main advantages:

simple installation in the pipeline through one hole;

installation in the pipeline without stopping the process (special design);

minimum probability of leakage of the measured medium;

lower pressure losses and shorter straight sections compared to flow meters based on orifice devices;

significant reduction in installation and maintenance costs due to the integral design;

ease of interfacing with existing control systems or flow computers via intelligent HART and Modbus communications protocol;

ease of reconfiguration of the dynamic range;

high reliability, no moving parts.

Measured media: gas, steam, liquid.

Measured medium parameters:

temperature: -40…400 °С - integral mounting and -40…677 °С - remote mounting;

excess pressure in the pipeline 25 MPa.

Limits of the basic permissible relative error of mass (volume) flow measurements up to ±1%.

Self-diagnosis.

Average service life - 10 years.

Calibration interval - 2 years.

Metran-350 flow meter operation principle is based on measuring the flow rate and quantity of a medium (liquid, steam, gas) by the variable pressure drop method using Annubar Diamond II+ (4th generation) and Annubar 485 (5th generation) averaging pressure tubes, on which a pressure drop occurs proportional to the flow. The sensors are installed perpendicular to the flow direction, crossing it along the entire section.

2.4.7 Intelligent pressure sensor Metran 100

Metran-100-DI intelligent pressure sensors are used to obtain analog data on overpressure at various units. Metran-100-DD sensors are used to measure the pressure difference at the inlet and outlet of the filters.

Ranges of measured pressures:

minimum 0-25 kPa;

maximum 0-25 MPa.

Basic error up to ±0.1% of range.

Versions:

ordinary;

explosion-proof (Ex);

Check interval: 3 years.

Warranty period: 3 years.

Sensor Capabilities:

control of the current value of the measured pressure;

control and adjustment of sensor parameters;

setting "zero";

system selection and unit setting;

setting the averaging time of the output signal (damping);

reconfiguration of measurement ranges, including non-standard ones (25:1, 16:1, 10:1);

adjustment to the "shifted" measuring range;

selection of the dependence of the output signal on the input value: (linearly increasing, linearly decreasing, proportional to the square root of the pressure drop);

sensor calibration;

continuous self-diagnosis;

testing and control of sensor parameters at a distance;

protection of settings from unauthorized access.

2.4.8 Vibration transducer DVA-1-2-1

DVA-1-2-1 is designed to measure the root mean square value (RMS) of vibration velocity. Output interface type: 4-20mA;

The vibration transducers are explosion-proof with the type of protection "intrinsically safe circuit" and marking for explosion protection 1ExibIICT5 according to GOST 51330.10.

Service life - 8 years.

2.4.9 Detector of pre-explosive concentrations of gases STM-10

Stationary signaling devices STM-10 are designed for automatic continuous monitoring of pre-explosive concentrations of multicomponent air mixtures of combustible gases and vapors.

Measuring range: 0-50% LEL.

Range of signal concentrations: 5-50% LEL.

Standard threshold setting: 1st - 7% LEL, 2nd - 12% LEL.

Alarm response time: no more than 10 s.

Warm-up time: no more than 5 minutes.

Ambient temperature: -60…+50 °С.

Power supply: 220 V (50 ± 1 Hz).

Service life: at least 10 years.

The signaling devices have a light signaling on the front panel for each channel when the threshold concentrations of combustible gases are reached or the sensor malfunctions.

2.4.10 3050 OLV Moisture Analyzer

The 3050 OLV analyzer determines the moisture content in a gas stream by measuring the vibration frequency of a quartz crystal.

When the crystal is blown with wet gas to be analyzed, water is adsorbed by a special coating on the crystal, causing a decrease in its frequency. The crystal is then blown over with a reference gas, which is the dried sample gas. In this case, the adsorbed water is removed from the surface of the crystal, and the frequency of its oscillations increases again.

The difference between these two frequencies is proportional to the water content of the gas.

The frequency of switching between the flow of the analyzed and reference gases, depending on the application, is programmed by the user.

Range: 0.1...2500 ppmv (calibrated), up to 9999 ppmv.

Units of measure: ppmv, ?C dew point, mg/m3;

Accuracy: +10% of reading in the range 0.1...2500 ppmv;

Sensitivity: +0.1 ppmv or 1% of reading;

Response time: no more than 1 min for 90% with a change in humidity from 1000 to 10 ppmv;

Analog output: 4...20 mA.

Relay outputs: 3 relays, for signaling a system error and exceeding the set concentrations;

Interfaces: RS-232, RS-485;

Environment parameters: Analyzer: 5...50 °С (-20...+50 °С in cabinet) .

2.4.11 IRFMD IR point hydrocarbon gas detector

Designed to measure the concentration of hydrocarbon gases in the air.

Specifications and Benefit:

analog signal 4-20mA;

indication of the level of gas contamination on a 4-digit display;

there is no need to perform current calibration;

RS-485 data link via Modbus RTU$ protocol

optical system with heating to remove condensation;

indication of contamination of the optical system;

protection from typical toxic substances;

works in an environment with insufficient oxygen content;

degree of protection IP66;

operating temperature from -45 to +75 C.

2.4.12 Cable products

The laying of cables at the facility is carried out along cable racks, and is carried out in accordance with the PUE ("Rules for the installation of electrical installations"). Overpasses are special structures for laying cables, protecting them from mechanical damage and bad weather. Control cables must be insulated with fireproof partitions. In accordance with the PUE, the minimum distance between intrinsically safe, low-current and power cables must be at least 50 cm.

This project uses several types of cables: KVVG - for laying from actuators to the control room, KVVGe - for laying from primary sensors to the control room, HV-1.0 - for internal disconnection of the cabinet unit, FTP - for connecting the controller with a computer, the minimum distance when joint laying with electrical circuits should be at least 50 cm.

3. Analysis and selection of software development tools

3.1 Rationale for choosing a controller

Industrial controllers are the brain of modern industrial automation systems. They are closest to the technological process. Their failure almost immediately leads to the failure of the entire industrial automation system. Almost all specialists who work in the field of industrial control systems have to deal with industrial controllers.

The dynamic growth of the Russian economy creates the preconditions for an increase in demand for modern process control systems. According to research results, the annual growth of the industrial automation market in Russia is at least 25%. For comparison: the Western market of industrial controllers has an annual growth rate of no more than 4.6%. Exists great amount enterprises active in the field of industrial controllers. Some of the largest suppliers of control and process control in the world market are as follows: the Canadian company Control Microsystems, the Tekon group of companies - the leading Russian supplier APCS tools and systems, EleSy, Industrial Computer Systems, Emerson Process Management, Rockwell Automation, Metso Aytomation, Yokogawa Electric, Opto 22, Octagon, Siemens, Modicon, Remicont-130 and others. Products from these manufacturers are becoming less expensive, more thoroughly tested, and more widely available. Below is a brief overview of controllers from some manufacturers.

The Industrial Computer Systems company has released the third generation of monoblock controllers of the FX3U family, which has a unique speed for this PLC class, a significant memory size, high configuration flexibility, and advanced communication tools. These controllers combine in a single design: power supply, central processing unit, memory, built-in discrete input/output channels, RS-422 programming port. The number of built-in discrete I/O channels ranges from 16 to 128. If it is necessary to increase the number of channels, it is possible to connect additional I/O modules to the controller's internal high-speed bus. One of the most important design features of the PLC FX3U is the presence of a second expansion bus located on the left side of the controller and designed to connect additional adapter modules.

All controllers of this series have a built-in non-volatile program memory of 256 KB. This makes it possible to implement complex control algorithms and store a large amount of information in data registers.

Advantages of Mitsubishi Electric's new FX3U series of programmable logic controllers: attractive cost, high reliability, high performance in its class, configuration flexibility, up to 384 I/O channels, up to 128 analog I/O channels, advanced communication tools.

The communication controller ELSI-COM, developed by specialists from the Tomsk Research Institute of Electronic Systems, is designed to solve the problem of collecting information from various subsystems and routing information between subsystems. ELSI-COM is a specialized device designed to organize information exchange between equipment of automation and telemechanics systems using various interfaces. The controller makes it possible to implement information exchange between several channels with different communication interfaces at minimal cost, combine equipment of different manufacturers or types into a single system, and also convert one protocol to another. ELSI-COM provides the user with the opportunity to work with the most common technological protocols and interfaces. The controller is designed for continuous unattended operation at technological facilities.

The SCADAPack controller, developed by the Canadian company Control Microsystems, combines a high-performance 32-bit processor, 16 MB flash, 4 MB CMOS, analog and digital I/O, extensive LAN and USB communication, and advanced power saving capabilities. . The SCADAPack PLC can be programmed both locally and remotely using ladder languages. For high-speed interaction with other equipment, the control uses an Ethernet adapter that supports ModBus/TCP, ModBus RTU/ASCII in UDP, DNP in TCP protocols. It is possible to supply the controller with an integrated wireless communication module operating at a frequency of 900 MHz or 2.4 GHz.

JSC "ZEiM" developed a controller with a functionally decentralized architecture - KROSS-500 and a controller with a functionally and geographically decentralized architecture - TRASSA, designed to automate objects of various classes on homogeneous equipment - simple and complex, concentrated and distributed. A distinctive feature of these controllers is the presence of modules that autonomously and independently of the central processor perform not only input / output functions, but also various control functions programmed by the user. This significantly increases the reliability, survivability of the controller and the dynamics of the performance of individual functions, and also reduces the cost of systems.

The ThinkIO controller, developed by Contron, is a new, highly flexible and customizable control system. The small dimensions of the controller (thickness no more than 70 mm) ensure its installation in small-sized industrial switching cabinets. The new system consists of a DIN-rail mounted ThinkIO computer and Wago's modular I/O system. The ThinkIO controller is equipped with a 266 MHz Intel® PentiumR MMX compatible processor, a watchdog timer, standard communication interfaces for USB, two Fast Ethernet, RS-232 and industrial buses (Profibus, CAN and DeviceNet), a DVI digital graphics interface, and also with connectors for direct connection to the Wago I/O system. The ability to configure and manage the controller via the Internet and a local network is provided by the integrated software environment SOPH.I.A.

Modicon's Quantum series of powerful programmable controllers is the perfect platform for all automation tasks. With the Quantum controller's modular architecture, scalable from a single controller to a global automation system, it can handle the most demanding tasks across the entire enterprise. Quantum controllers are programmatically and also network-compatible with the younger series of controllers - Compact and Momentum, which allows you to build even more flexible and efficient control architectures. Quantum is easy to configure and operate, provides a wide range of architectures and modules, has thousands of installations worldwide, and has been proven in hundreds of applications.

The SIMATIC S7-200 family of programmable controllers from Siemens are designed to build relatively simple and cheap automatic control systems. They are high performance: high speed execution of instructions and, as a result, a small program execution cycle time. Availability of high-speed counters external events, expanding the possible areas of application of controllers. Fast processing of interrupt requests. SIMATIC S7-200 controllers are highly versatile: the ability to expand the control system by connecting additional I / O modules. A powerful system of commands for fast and convenient processing of information in any practical applications. Many additional features: PPI interface that supports programming, execution of human-machine interface maintenance procedures, serial data exchange with various equipment. Friendly STEP 7 Micro/Win and STEP 7 Micro/DOS programming packages. Three-level password protection of user programs. TD200 text display and a wide range of operator panels to create a user-friendly human-machine interface. SIMATIC S7-200 programmable controllers have been expanded with new types of CPUs: CPU 210, CPU 221, CPU 222 and CPU 224. Compared to their counterparts, the new CPU 22x CPUs are smaller, have more memory, have higher performance, can be programmed in FBD language.

Allen-Bradley is one of the world leaders in the development and production of highly reliable industrial controllers from MicroLogix microcontrollers to powerful PLC controllers. One of the most common controllers are SLC-500 (Small Logical Controller), which have a wide range of applications - from small autonomous to large distributed control systems. SLCs are good example modern programmable logic controller. In this graduation project, an Allen-Bradley SLC-500 microprocessor controller was used.

The SLC-500 controllers are available in fixed and modular designs. A modular controller is a chassis, a power supply, a processor module, and a set of I/O modules for an object, determined by the number of input and output signals. The modular programmable controllers of the SLC series include 12 processor modifications, more than 80 types of I/O modules, special modules, 4 chassis sizes for installing modules (4, 7, 10, 13 seats). Each CPU module can support up to 30 I/O modules in a system and up to 3 chassis.

3.2 Basic technical data of the SLC controller 5/04

In the developed automation system, the modular controller of the American company Allen Bradley SLC 5/04 was used, since its functions meet the requirements of the system being developed. Table 3.1 summarizes the characteristics of the SLC 5/04 controller.

Table 3.1 - Brief characteristics of SLC 5/04

Program memory
Additional memory	Up to 4K words
I/O capacity
Max. Chassis/I/O slot
Additional redundant memory
Programming	APS, RSLogix 500 A.I.
Instruction set
Execution time of bit instructions
Typical scan time	0.9 ms/K

The developed automation system contains the following signals:

discrete inputs - 158;

discrete outputs - 67;

analog inputs - 51.

The I&C table is presented in Appendix B.

3.3 Controller configuration

The controller contains:

CPU - 1747-L541 5/04;

chassis for 13 slots - 2 pcs.;

power supply 1746-P4 - 2 pcs.;

discrete input module (24V) 1746-IB32 - 3 pcs.;

discrete input module (220V) 1746-IM16 - 5 pcs.;

discrete output module (24V) 1746-OB32 - 1 pc.;

discrete output module (220V) 1746-OW16 - 4 pcs.;

analog input module 1746-NI16I - 3 pcs.

analog input module 1746-NR4 - 3 pcs.

The RTU table is presented in Appendix D.

The memory card is presented in Appendix D.

3.4 Controller Programming

The program controlling the automation system contains the following blocks:

main program;

analog module initialization subroutine;

subroutine for copying data from discrete sensors to the controller memory;

subroutine for processing analog and discrete signals;

PID instruction processing subroutine.

In the analog modules initialization subroutine (called only when the controller is first started or when it is rebooted), the configuration word is written.

1746 - NI16I class3 analog module initialization word configuration is shown in Table 3.2.

Table 3.2 - Initialization word for 1746 module - NI16I class3

Bits 15, 14, 13 are error status bits. If 0 is written in bit 13, then the value is greater than 20mA, if bit 14 is 0, then the value is less than 4mA, if the last three bits are 1, then there are no errors.

Controller programming is carried out using Ladder Logic language. This programming language is a ladder, each rung of which begins with one or more conditions and ends with an action. Moreover, this action will be executed only when the conditions preceding it are true. Each rung is called a "rank". The algorithm of the program is presented in Appendix E, and the listing of the program is in Appendix G.

3.5 Selecting the protocol for the exchange of information between the controller and the upper level of the process control system

The information collection and control system is designed to collect data on the state of technological parameters, control installations, auxiliary systems, pumping units, and provide service personnel with reliable information.

The structure of the SCADA system has two levels: the lower level - signals from sensors and the upper one - the operator's automated workplace.

The controller constantly reads information from the sensors, when the process parameters change or exceed the specified settings, it issues a message to the operator room, controls the operation of pumps, valves, regulators, etc.

Information from the sensor enters the module, after which the controller converts this value, compares it with the settings, and using the tag, the value is displayed on the operator's monitor.

To communicate with the controller, a 1748-KTX network adapter is used, designed to work with a DH-485 network using the DF1 protocol. Maximum network length 4000 feet, maximum speed data transfer 19.2 Kb / s.

3.6 Operator interface

As software for the implementation of the upper level, we use RSView32, owned by Rockwell Software (USA)

When you log in and out of the surveillance program, you are prompted for a username and personal password. To organize communication with the upper level, a tag table was developed, presented in Appendix I. The operator interface consists of 11 graphic screens including trends and alarms, the screen hierarchy is presented in Appendix K.

Operators and dispatchers receive the necessary information about the progress of the controlled process, as well as information about the state of the equipment by presenting it on the MMI screens presented in Appendix L. For easier perception of information when creating the interface, the following were used: graphs (trends), tables (signaling), animation, etc.

Display of technological parameters of the process: temperature, pressure, level, water cut, etc. must be done with a certain degree of precision. The minimum value of the quantity that the device can measure can be determined by the formula:

(3.1)

As an example, let's determine with what accuracy it is necessary to display the pressure in front of the valve 1e.

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal Agency for Education

State educational institution HPE

"ORENBURG STATE UNIVERSITY"

Aerospace Institute

Department of Production Automation Systems

Graduation project

on the topic: Development of an automatic control system for the technological parameters of a gas compressor unit

Explanatory note

OGU 220301.65.1409.5PZ

Head Department of SAP N.Z. Sultanov

"Admit to the defense"

"____" __________________ 2009

Head Yu.R. Vladov

Graduate student P.Yu. Kadykov

Section consultants:

The economic part of O.G. Gorelikova-Kitaeva

Labor safety L.G. Proskurin

Norm controller N.I. Zhezera

ReviewerV.V. Turks

Orenburg 2009

Department____SAP_____________________

I confirm: department _____________

"______" _____________________ 200____

DESIGN PROJECT

STUDENT Kadykov Pavel Yurievich

1. Theme of the project (approved by the order of the university dated May 26, 2009 No. 855-C) Development of an automatic control system for the technological parameters of a gas compressor unit

3. Initial data for the project

Technical characteristics of the compressor unit 4GC2-130/6-65; description of the operating modes of the compressor 4Hz2-130/6-65; rules for disassembly and assembly of the compressor unit 4GTS2-130/6-65; operation manual for the complex of monitoring and control facilities MSKU-8000.

1 analysis of the operating modes of the gas compressor unit 4GC2

2 description of the current automation system

3 comparative analysis existing software and hardware systems for automation of gas compressor units

4 overview and description of OCR technology

5 selection of significant technological parameters of the GPU, for which it is recommended to use an automatic control system for deviation towards the boundary values

6 description of the developed software system for automatic control of technological parameters

7 development and description of the scheme of a laboratory stand for testing the developed software system for automatic control of technological parameters

5. List of graphic material (with an exact indication of the required drawings)

Reducer and drive part of the compressor, FSA (A1)

Comparative characteristics of existing GPA ACS, table (A1)

System for automatic control of technological parameters, functional diagram (A1)

Change of technological parameter in time and the principle of processing current data, theoretical diagram (A2)

Approximation and calculation of forecast time, formulas (A2)

Software module for automatic control of process parameters, program diagram (A2)

Software module for automatic control of process parameters, program listing (A2)

Automatic control system of technological parameters and operator control panel, screen forms (A1)

Normal shutdown of GPU, program scheme (A2)

Emergency stop of GPU, program scheme (A2)

Stand for laboratory research, circuit diagram (A2)

Stand for laboratory research, structural diagram (A2)

6. Project consultants (indicating the relevant section of the project)

O.G. Gorelikova-Kitaev, economic part

L.G. Proskurin, labor safety

Head ____________________________________ (signature)

_____________________________ (student's signature)

Notes: 1. This task is attached to the completed project and is submitted to the SEC together with the project.

2. In addition to the assignment, the student must receive from the supervisor a calendar schedule for the work on the project for the entire design period (indicating the deadlines and labor intensity of individual stages).

Introduction

2.1 General characteristics

2.2 Lubrication system

2.3 SSU control panel

2.4 Cartridge SGU

2.5 Buffer gas system

2.6 Nitrogen plant

4 Order Maintenance process

5 Description of the current automation system

5.1 Overview of OPC technology

6 Comparison of existing off-the-shelf solutions for GCU ACS

6.1 Software and hardware complex ASKUD-01 NPK "RITM"

6.2 Software and hardware complex ACS GPA SNPO "Impulse"

7 Selection of significant process parameters

8 Description of the developed system for automatic control of technological parameters

8.1 Functionality of the program

8.1.1 Scope

8.1.2 Application restrictions

8.1.3 Technical means used

8.2 Special conditions of use

8.3 User manual

9 Laboratory bench

9.1 Description of the laboratory bench

9.2 Structure of the laboratory bench

9.3 Schematic diagram of the laboratory stand

10 Substantiation of the economic effect of the use of ACS

10.1 Calculation of costs for the creation of ACS

10.2 Calculation of the economic effect from the use of ACS

11 Occupational safety

11.1 Analysis and provision of safe working conditions

11.3 Possible emergencies

11.4 Calculation of the duration of evacuation from the building

Conclusion

List of sources used

Introduction

The problem of controlling the technological parameters of gas compressor units (GCUs) is only partially solved by the existing automation systems, reducing it to a set of conditions in the form of boundary values ​​for each parameter, upon reaching which a strict sequence of ACS actions occurs. Most often, when any parameter reaches one of its limit values, only the unit itself automatically stops. Each such stop causes significant loss of material and environmental resources, as well as increased wear and tear of equipment. This problem can be solved by introducing a system of automatic control of technological parameters, which could dynamically monitor the change in the technological parameters of the GPU, and issue a message to the operator in advance about the tendency of any of the parameters to its boundary value.

Therefore, an urgent and significant task is the development of tools that can quickly track changes in technological parameters and report in advance to the operator's workstation information about the positive dynamics of any parameter in relation to its boundary value. Such tools can help prevent some of the GPU shutdowns.

Target thesis: improving the efficiency of the gas compressor unit 4GC2.

Main tasks:

Development of a software system for automatic control of technological parameters;

Development of a FSA fragment of a gas-pumping unit indicating significant technological parameters subject to automatic control.

1 General characteristics of production

The Orenburg Gas Processing Plant (OGPP) is one of the most large factories in Russia for the processing of hydrocarbon raw materials. In 1974, the State Acceptance Commission of the USSR accepted into operation the start-up complex of the first stage of the OGPP with the development of finished commercial products. This was followed by the introduction of the second and third phases of the OGPP.

The main marketable products in the processing of raw gas at a gas processing plant are:

stable gas condensate and multicomponent hydrocarbon fraction, which is transported for further processing to the Salavatsky and Ufimsky oil refineries of the Republic of Bashkortostan;

liquefied hydrocarbon gases (technical propane-butane mixture), which are used as fuel for household needs and in road transport, as well as for further processing in chemical industries; sent to the consumer in railway tanks;

liquid and lumpy sulfur - supplied to the chemical industry for the production of mineral fertilizers, pharmaceutical industry, Agriculture; sent to consumers by rail in tank cars (liquid) and gondola cars (lumpy);

odorant (a mixture of natural mercaptans) is used to odorize natural gas supplied to the public utility network.

All marketable products are voluntarily certified, comply with the requirements of current state, industry standards, specifications and contracts, and are competitive in the domestic and foreign markets. All types of activities carried out at the plant are licensed.

The organizational structure of the Gas Processing Plant is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 - Organizational structure of the Orenburg gas processing plant

The OGPP includes the main technological workshops No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, which are engaged in gas purification and drying from sulfur compounds, as well as obtaining an odorant, condensate stabilization, regeneration of amines and glycols. Also in each workshop there are installations for the production of sulfur and purification of exhaust gases.

Such a large enterprise has a large number of auxiliary shops, these include: a mechanical repair shop (RMC), an electrical shop, a shop for the repair and maintenance of instrumentation and automation (KIPiA), a central plant laboratory (CZL), as well as a water shop that provides all steam and water production.

An important role in such production is also given to the motor transport workshop (ATC), since all cargo transportation within the plant and outside it is carried out by its own vehicles.

2 Characteristics of the centrifugal compressor 4Hz2-130/6-65

2.1 General characteristics

Centrifugal compressor 4GC2-130/6-65 331AK01-1(331AK01-2) is designed to compress sour gases of expansion (weathering) and stabilization produced in the process of processing unstable condensate of I, II, III stages of the plant, expander gases, gases of stabilization and weathering from installations 1,2,3U-70; U-02.03; 1,2,3U-370; U-32; U-09.

The compressor unit (Figure 2) is installed in the shop premises, connected to the existing shop gas, water, air supply systems, electrical network, shop ACS (table 1.1). The composition of the installation according to table 1.2.

Figure 2 - Compressor unit with oil end seal system

The gas is compressed by a centrifugal compressor 4GC2-130/6-65 (1.495.004 TU, OKP 3643515066, hereinafter referred to as "Compressor").

The compressor was designed by CJSC NIITurbokompressor named after V.B. Shnepp in 1987, manufactured and delivered in 1989-1991, in operation since 2003 (No. 1 from 22.03.2003, No. 2 from 5.05.2003). ). Operating time at the beginning of reconstruction: No. 1 - 12,678 hours, No. 2 - 7,791 hours (06/20/2006). The manufacturer's warranty has expired.

Table 1 - Compressor marking decoding:

The compressor is driven by a STDP-6300-2B UHL4 6000 synchronous electric motor with a power of 6.3 MW and a rotor speed of 3000 rpm.

An increase in the rotation speed is provided by a horizontal single-stage multiplier with involute gearing (0.002.768 TO).

The connection of the shafts of the compressor and the electric motor with the shafts of the multiplier is provided by gear couplings with a key way of landing on the shaft (0.002.615 TO).

Oil type compressor bearings. The oil supply to the bearings is provided by the oil system as part of the compressor unit.

The oil heating and cooling system is water.

Commercial gas at the inlet to the compressor is separated and purified. After the first and second sections, the commercial gas is cooled in the gas air cooler (air cooling), separated and purified.

Buffer gas and technical nitrogen produced by the nitrogen plant from the instrumentation air are supplied to the DGS system through the DGS control panel. Buffer gas and instrumentation air are supplied from shop lines. Composition and properties of commercial gas and buffer gas according to tables 1.5 and 1.6, instrumentation air parameters according to table 1.1.

The automatic control system of the compressor unit is based on MSKU-SS-4510-55-06 (SS.421045.030-06 RE) and is connected to the ACS of the shop.

Figure 3 - Compressor plant with DGS system

Table 2 - Conditions provided by shop floor systems

Condition name	Meaning
The room is closed, heated with ambient temperature, C	From plus 5 to plus 45
Maximum content of hydrogen sulfide (pS) in the ambient air, mg/m3:
Constantly
In emergency situations (within 2-3 hours)
Elevation from the floor, m
Mains voltage, V	380, 6000, 10 000
Power supply frequency, Hz
Instrumentation and A system	MSKU-SS 4510-55-06
Adjustable (supported) parameter in instrumentation	Power consumption (5.8 MW), pressure (6.48 MPa) and gas temperature (188C) at the compressor outlet
Instrument air	According to GOST 24484_80
Absolute pressure, MPa	Not less than 0.6
Temperature, C
Pollution class according to GOST 17433-83	Class "I", H2S up to 10 mg/nm3
buffer gas	Tables 4-5
Absolute pressure, MPa	from 1.5 to 1.7
Temperature, C	from minus 30 to plus 30
Volumetric productivity under standard conditions (20С, 0.1013 MPa), nm3/hour
	Not more than 3 microns
Oil type for lubricating compressor compression housing bearings and clutches	TP-22S TU38.101821-83

The composition of the compressor unit includes:

Compression housing block;

Electric motor;

Lubrication unit;

Block of oil coolers;

Intermediate and trailer gas coolers;

Inlet intermediate and end separators;

Lubrication system, including interblock pipelines;

Pipe assemblies of gas communications;

Instrumentation system and A.

Table 3 - Main characteristics of the compressor unit 4Hz2

Characteristic	Meaning
Performance under normal conditions	40000 m3/hour (51280 kg)
Initial pressure, MPa (kgf/cm²)	0,588-0,981 (6-10)
Initial gas temperature, K/єС
Final pressure, MPa (kgf/cm²)	5,97-6,36 (61-65)
Final gas temperature, K/єС
Power consumed, kW
Supercharger speed, С?№ (rpm)
Electric motor power, kW
Motor type	TU STDP 6300-2BUHLCH synchronous
Mains voltage
Nominal motor rotor speed, (rpm)

2.2 Lubrication system

The lubrication system is designed to supply lubricant to the bearings of the compressor compression housings, electric motor, multiplier and gear couplings. During the emergency stop of the compressor when the electric oil pumps are not working, oil is supplied to the bearings from an emergency tank located above the compressor.

Table 3 - Conditions for normal operation of the lubrication unit

Parameter	Meaning
Oil temperature in the pressure manifold, °C
Pressure (excess) of oil in the pressure manifold, MPa (kgf/cm²)	0,14-0,16 (1,4-1,6)
The maximum allowable drop on the filter MPa (kgf/cm²)
Pressure (excessive) discharge of oil pumps MPa (kgf/cm²)	0,67-0,84 (6,7-8,4)
Productivity of oil pumps, m³/s (l/min)	0,0065(500)-0,02(1200)
Nominal volume of the oil tank, mі (liters)
Maximum volume of the oil tank, m³ (liters)
Applicable oils	TP-22S TU38.101821-83

The lubrication unit (AC-1000) consists of two filter units, two electric pump units, an oil tank, a fine cleaning unit, and two oil coolers.

The filter unit is designed to clean the oil entering the friction units from mechanical impurities.

The fine oil cleaning unit is designed to separate oil from water and mechanical impurities and consists of a UOR-401U centrifugal separator and an electric motor mounted on a common frame.

An oil tank is a reservoir in which it is collected, stored and settled from impurities (water, air, sludge), oils drained from friction units. The tank is a welded rectangular container, divided by partitions into 2 compartments:

Drain for receiving and preliminary settling of oil;

Fence.

The oil is drained from the system through a defoamer. In the upper part of the tank there is a hatch for cleaning closed with a lid. A fire barrier is installed on the line connecting the tank with the atmosphere to prevent fire from entering the oil tank. To heat the oil, the oil tank is equipped with a coil heater. To prevent the ingress of steam (steam condensate) into the oil tank in case of depressurization of the coil, there is a protective casing filled with oil.

To cool the oil, there is an oil cooler, which is a horizontal shell-and-tube apparatus with fixed tube plates. The oil is cooled by supplying water from the circulating water supply to the oil cooler coil.

Dry gas-dynamic seals are designed for sealing the end seals of compression housings for centrifugal compressors of the type 4GC2-130/6-65 331AK01-1(2).

The composition of dry gas-dynamic seals includes:

SSU control panel;

SGU cartridges;

Membrane gas separation unit MVA-0.025/95, hereinafter;

- "Nitrogen plant".

The lubrication unit (AC-1000) consists of 2 filter blocks, 2 electric pump units, an oil tank, a fine cleaning unit, 2 oil coolers.

The filter unit is designed to clean the oil entering the friction units from mechanical impurities. The fine oil cleaning unit is designed to separate oil from water and mechanical impurities and consists of a UOR-401U centrifugal separator and an electric motor mounted on a common frame.

Electric pump units are designed to supply oil to friction units during start-up, operation, and stop of the compressor and consist of a pump and an electric motor. One of the pumps is the main one, the other one is the standby one.

The oil is drained from the system through a defoamer. In the upper part of the tank there is a hatch for cleaning closed with a lid. A fire barrier is installed on the line connecting the tank with the atmosphere to prevent fire from entering the oil tank. To heat the oil, the oil tank is equipped with a coil heater. To prevent the ingress of steam (steam condensate) into the oil tank in case of depressurization of the coil, there is a protective casing filled with oil. To cool the oil, there is an oil cooler, which is a horizontal shell-and-tube apparatus with fixed tube plates. The oil is cooled by supplying water from the circulating water supply to the oil cooler coil.

2.3 SSU control panel

The control panel of the SGU is designed to control and monitor the operation of the SGU cartridges and is a tubular structure made of stainless steel, with instrumentation and control valves located on it, mounted on its own frame.

The SSU control panel includes:

Buffer gas system providing purified gas supply to DGS units;

Gas leak control system;

Separation gas system.

Table 4 - Main parameters of the DGS panel:

Parameter name	Meaning
Type of control panel SGU
Configuration	Tubular construction
Explosion protection class
Buffer gas supply system
Absolute pressure, MPa
Temperature, C	from -20 to +30)
Consumption, nm3/hour
Maximum pressure drop across the filter, kPa
Separation gas supply system	At the entrance to the SSU panel (one entrance)	At the exit from the SGU panel (for two cartridges)
Absolute pressure, MPa
Temperature, C
Consumption, nm3/hour
Maximum size of solid particles, microns
Length, mm
Width, mm
Height, mm
Weight, kg

2.4 Cartridge SGU

The SGU cartridge separates the pumped, commercial (compacted) gas and atmospheric air and prevents gas leaks from entering the cavity of the bearing chambers and oil from entering the compressor flow path.

The SGU cartridge consists of two mechanical seals located one behind the other (tandem). Chuck type in the direction of rotation - reversible.

The sealing stage of the SGU cartridge consists of two rings: fixed (stator part or end face) and rotating on the rotor shaft (rotor part or seat). Through the gap between them, the gas flows from the high pressure region to the low pressure region.

The end is sealed with an O-ring as a secondary seal.

Tolerance rings are installed on the inner surface of the seal sleeve (inserted into specially machined grooves and glued in place).

The stator part of the friction pair is made of graphite. The rotor part is made of tungsten carbide alloy with grooves. Spiral-shaped grooves are made in seals unidirectional in the direction of rotation, symmetrical grooves - in reversible seals

The presence of grooves on the rotor part of the sealing pair during the rotation of the shaft leads to a lifting force that prevents the gap from disappearing. The constant presence of a gap between the rings ensures that there is no dry friction between the surfaces of the rings.

The symmetrical shape of the grooves in the reverse seal relative to the radial line ensures the operation of the SGU cartridge when rotating in any direction.

The swirl of the flow in the gap allows solid particles to be thrown to the exit from the gap. The size of solid particles entering the gap should not exceed the minimum working size of the gap (from 3 to 5 microns),

The size of the gap in the sealing stage of the SGU cartridge depends on the parameters of the gas before sealing (pressure, temperature, gas composition), the speed of rotation of the rotor, and the structural shape of the sealing elements.

With an increase in pressure before sealing, the size of the gap decreases, and the axial rigidity of the gas layer increases. As the rotor speed increases, the gap increases and gas leakage through the sealing stage increases.

The cartridge is separated from the flow part by an end labyrinth seal, from the bearing chambers - by a barrier seal (graphite seal type T82).

The pressure in front of the end labyrinths of the first and second sections corresponds to the pressure in the suction chamber of the first section.

To prevent the ingress of compression gas from the flow path into the SGU cartridge, a buffer (purified commercial) gas is supplied to the first stage of the SGU cartridge (from the side of the flow path).

Most (more than 96%) of the buffer gas enters through the labyrinth seal into the flow part of the compressor, and a smaller part leaks into the cavity between the sealing stages of the cartridge, from where a controlled discharge of leaks to the candle is provided (primary leakage is less than 3%).

The second (external) stage of the cartridge operates at a pressure close to atmospheric. It blocks the primary leakage, and is also a safety net in case of depressurization of the first sealing stage of the cartridge. In the event of a primary seal failure, the secondary seal takes over and operates as a single seal.

As a separation gas, technical nitrogen is supplied to the barrier seal line, which is produced from the instrumentation air by the nitrogen plant.

Nitrogen is fed into the channel of the barrier graphite seal from the side of the bearing chambers and prevents oil and its vapors from entering the second stage of the cartridge, as well as gas from entering the bearing chamber.

Nitrogen does not form an explosive mixture with gas in the secondary leakage cavity and "blows" it onto the candle. The amount of secondary leakage is not controlled.

The SGU cartridge provides sealing and safe operation of the compressor in the range of its operating modes and when the compressor stops under pressure in the circuit.

Table 5 - Main parameters of the SGU cartridge

Parameter name	Meaning
Cartridge type SGU
Configuration	Double acting tandem
Barrier seal type	Low flow graphite packing type T82
Direction of rotation of the SGU chuck	Reversible type
Rotor rotation speed, rpm
Sealable medium	Commercial gas (table 1.5)
Maximum sealed pressure, absolute, MPa
Sealed gas temperature, С	From plus 25 to plus 188
Separating gas	technical nitrogen according to GOST 9293-74
Primary Leak Parameters
Gas composition	Buffer gas (table 1.5)
Pressure (absolute), MPa
Temperature, C
Consumption, nm3/hour
Secondary Leak Parameters
Gas composition	Buffer gas (table 1.5) and separation gas
Absolute pressure, MPa
Temperature, C
Consumption, nm3/hour
Buffer gas, nm3/hour
Separating gas, nm3/h
Dimensional and mass characteristics
Length, mm
Shaft diameter, mm
Maximum outer diameter, mm
Weight, kg
Mass of rotor part, kg

2.5 Buffer gas system

The buffer gas from the factory line is finely cleaned in a John Crane filter monoblock (double filter - one working filter, one reserve) and then throttled to the parameters required at the inlet to the SGU cartridges.

John Crane's monobloc filter is a duplicated filter system. Only one filter is active during operation. Without stopping the compressor, you can switch from one filter to another.

The filter monoblock has a changeover valve and a bypass valve. The bypass valve pressurizes the switching valve cavities on both sides to avoid failure during one-sided loading for a long time. In addition, this bypass valve fills the second filter housing with gas. When switching to the second filter, the flow is not interrupted. Under normal operating conditions, the bypass valve should be open. It should only be closed when the filter is changed. The bypass valve hole diameter is minimized to 2 mm. This ensures that a very small amount of gas is released to the atmosphere in case the bypass valve is accidentally left open while changing the filter elements.

All ball valves A2 - A9 included in the filter monoblock are closed in the vertical position and open in the horizontal position of the lever.

Each side of the monoblock has an outlet and a purge port for each filter. On the underside of each of the housings there are drainage holes closed with plugs.

The filter must be checked at least every 6 months for condensation and/or blockage. At the initial stage of operation, weekly visual checks of the filter elements are recommended.

Each SGU cartridge is equipped with a system for monitoring gas leaks and diverting primary gas leakage to the spark plug and secondary gas leakage into the atmosphere.

Separating gas is supplied to the SGU panel and is throttled to the pressure required at the inlet to the SGU cartridges. The system is designed to prevent gas leaks into the bearing assembly, eliminate the explosive concentration of the pumped gas in the compressor cavities, and also protect the DGS from oil ingress from the bearing cavities. The system is equipped with a bypass that includes a safety valve that directs excess pressure directly to the spark plug.

2.6 Nitrogen plant

The nitrogen plant includes an air preparation unit, a gas separation unit and a control and monitoring system. The main elements of the installation are two membrane gas separation modules based on hollow fibers. The modules work according to the membrane separation method. The essence of this method lies in the different rates of gas penetration through the polymer membrane due to the difference in partial pressures. The modules are intended for separation of gas mixtures.

In addition to modules, the installation includes:

Adsorber AD1 for air purification;

Electric heater H1 for air heating;

Filters F1, F2, F3 and F4 for final air purification;

Cabinet of control and management.

The module consists of a body and a bundle of hollow fibers placed in it. Air is supplied inside the hollow fibers and oxygen, penetrating through the walls of the fibers, fills the interfiber space inside the housing and exits through the “Permeate outlet” branch pipe to the outside, and the gas (nitrogen) remaining inside the fibers is fed through the “Nitrogen outlet” branch pipe to the SGU control rack.

F1-F4 filters are designed to clean the air from dripping oil and dust.

Adsorber AD1 is designed to purify air from oil vapors. Activated carbon is poured into the metal case, between the grates. A filter cloth is attached to the bottom grid. Active carbon SKT-4 and filter cloth "Filtra-550" must be replaced after 6000 hours of operation of the adsorber.

The electric heater is designed to heat the air entering the module. The electric heater is a vessel with a body heat-insulated from the external environment and a tubular heater (TEN) placed in it.

Fittings pcs. 1, pcs. 2 and tips NK-1, NK-2 are designed to select analysis from the MM1 and MM2 modules when setting up the installation. To take an analysis, put a rubber hose on the appropriate tip, connect it to the gas analyzer and turn the key 1/3 turn counterclockwise.

The surface of the fiber has a porous structure with a gas separation layer deposited on it. The principle of operation of the membrane system is based on the different rate of penetration of gas components through the membrane substance, due to the difference in partial pressures on different sides of the membrane.

The nitrogen plant operates in fully automatic mode. The monitoring and control system provides control of the installation parameters and protection against emergencies, automatic shutdown in the event of a malfunction.

Table 6 - Basic parameters of the nitrogen plant

Parameter name	Meaning
type of instalation
Design	Modular
Explosion protection class
View climatic version according to GOST 150150-69
Air inlet parameters
Temperature, C	(from plus 10 to plus 40)2
Absolute pressure, MPa
Relative humidity, %
Parameters of technical nitrogen at the outlet
Volume flow under standard conditions (20C, 0.1013 MPa), Nm3/hour
Temperature, C	No more than 40
Absolute pressure, MPa
Volume fraction of oxygen, not more than, %
Dew point not higher, C
	Not more than 0.01
Relative humidity, %
Volumetric consumption of permeate (oxygen-enriched air) at the outlet, nm3/hour
Power supply	Single-phase, voltage 220 V, 50 Hz
Power consumption, kW
Time to enter the mode, min	No more than 10
Dimensional and mass characteristics
Length, mm
Width, mm
Height, mm
Installation weight, kg	no more than 200

3 Description of the technological process and the technological scheme of the object

When the condensate purification and stabilization unit (U-331) is operating, the stabilization gas from 331V04 is sent to the 331AC104 separator, where it is separated from the liquid and through the 331AAU1-1 cut-off device enters the reduction unit with PCV501-1 and PCV501-2 valves that regulate the pressure in the suction manifold within 5.7-7.5 kgf/cm2.

The liquid level in the 331C104 separator is measured by the LT104 instrument with readings recorded on the monitor of the operator's workplace.

When the liquid level in the 331AC104 separator rises to 50% (700 mm), the 331LAp04 alarm is activated and an audible message is sent to the monitor of the operator's workplace.

Stabilization gas flow is measured by the FT510 instrument, temperature - by the TE510 instrument, pressure - by the PT510 instrument with readings recorded on the monitor of the operator's workplace. The pressure in the stabilization gas pipeline from 331V04 to valves 331PCV501-1 and 331PCV501-2 is controlled by the PT401 device with readings recorded on the monitor of the operator's workplace. When the pressure in the stabilization gas manifold drops below 6 kgf/cm2, valve 331PCV501A automatically opens, which is installed on the gas supply pipeline from the discharge of the 2nd stage of the compressor to the stabilization gas manifold. The suction manifold pressure is measured by the 331PT501 and controlled by the 331PCV501-1 and PCV501-2 valves, which are installed on the stabilization gas supply line to the inlet manifold. When the pressure drops below 6 kgf/cm2, the 331PAL501 alarm is activated and an audible message is sent to the monitor of the operator's workplace.

The expansion and weathering gases from 331V05A are sent to the 331AC105 separator, where they are beaten off from the liquid and through the 331AAU1-2 cut-off device enter the reduction unit with the 331PCV502 valve, which regulates the pressure in the suction manifold within 5.7-7.5 kgf/cm2.

The liquid level in the separator 33A1C105 is measured by the LT105 device with the registration of readings on the monitor of the operator's workplace.

When the liquid level in the 331C105 separator rises to 50% (700 mm), the 331LAp05 alarm is activated and an audible message is sent to the monitor of the operator's workplace.

Expansion and weathering gas flow is measured by the FT511 instrument, temperature - by the TE511 instrument, pressure - by the PT511 instrument with readings recorded on the monitor of the operator's workplace.

The pressure in the expansion and weathering gas pipeline from 331B05A to the PCV502 valve is controlled by the PT402 instrument with readings recorded on the operator's workplace monitor. When the pressure in the stabilization gas collector drops below 10 kgf/cm2, the PCV502A valve automatically opens, which is installed on the gas supply pipeline from the 2nd stage compressor discharge to the weathering gas collector. The pressure in the suction manifold is measured by the PT502 instrument with readings recorded on the monitor of the operator's workplace, regulated by the PCV502 valve, which is installed on the pipeline for supplying weathering gas to the inlet manifold. When the pressure drops below 10 kgf/cm2, the 331PAL502 alarm is activated and an audible message is sent to the monitor of the operator's workplace.

Expansion, weathering and stabilization gases after the reduction units are combined into a common collector (amount up to 40,000 m3/h) and with a temperature of 25 to 50 ° C are fed into the inlet separators 331S101-1 or 331S101-2, located at the suction of the 1st stage of centrifugal compressors 331AK01-1 (331AK01-2). It is possible to supply expander gases, stabilization and weathering gases to the inlet collector from the collector of low-pressure gases coming from units 1.2.3U70, U02.03, 1.2.3U370, U32, U09.

The flow of low-pressure gases is measured by the FT512 device, the temperature - by the TE512 device with the readings recorded on the monitor of the operator's workplace. The pressure in the low-pressure gas manifold is measured by the PT512 instrument with readings recorded on the monitor of the operator's workplace.

Stabilization gas pressure in the inlet manifold is measured locally with a technical pressure gauge and PT503 and PIS503 devices with readings recorded on the monitor of the operator's workplace. When the pressure drops below 5.7 kgf/cm2, the PAL503 alarm is activated and an audible message is sent to the monitor of the operator's workplace. When the pressure exceeds 6.5 kgf/cm2, the RAN503 alarm is activated and an audio message is sent to the monitor of the operator's workplace. Protection against overpressure in the inlet manifold is provided. When the pressure in the inlet manifold rises above 7.5 kgf/cm2, the PCV503 valve automatically opens.

Stabilization gases pass through the separator 331S101-1 (331S101-2), are separated from the liquid and enter the suction of the 1st stage of the compressor.

The gas pressure at the suction of the 1st stage is measured by devices RT109-1 (RT109-2), RT110-1(RT110-2) with readings recorded on the monitor of the operator's workplace.

The gas temperature at the compressor suction is measured by TE102-1(TE102-2) devices with readings recorded on the monitor of the operator's workplace.

The liquid level in separators 331С101-1 (331С101-2) is measured by instruments LT825-1 (LT825-2), LT826-1 (LT826-2) with readings recorded on the monitor of the operator's workplace. When the liquid level in the separators rises to 7% (112 mm), the alarm 331LAH825-1 (331LAH825-2), 331LAH826-1 (331LAH826-2) is activated and an audible message is sent to the monitor of the operator's workplace. With a further increase in the level in separators 331С101-1, 331С101-2 to 81% (1296 mm), the blocking of 331LAHH825-1 (2), 331LAHH826-1 (2) is activated, an audio message is sent to the monitor of the operator's workplace and the compressor motor is automatically stopped 331AK01-1 or 331AK01-2. At the same time, the electric motors of the fans AT101-1,2,3,4 (AT102-1,2,3,4) are automatically turned off, the main valve KSh114-1 (KSh114-2) and the backup valve KSh116-1 (KSh116- 2), the anti-surge valve KD101-1 (KD101-2) opens, the taps open:

KSh121-1 (KSh121-2) - discharge to the flare from suction pipelines;

KSh122-1 (122-2) - discharge to the flare from the injection pipelines of the 1st stage;

KSh124-1 (124-2) - discharge to the flare from the injection pipelines of the 2nd stage;

KSh115-1 (KSh115-2) - bypass of the main discharge valve;

KSh125-1 (125-2) - discharge to the flare from the 2nd stage injection pipelines between the valves KSh114-1 (KSh114-2) and KSh116-1 (KSh116-2);

the main suction valve KSh102-1 (KSh102-2) closes, and then the “Purge after stop” operation is carried out.

Compressors 331AK01-1 or 331AK01-2 are purged with clean (sales) gas. When purging compressors, KSh131-1 (KSh131-2) automatically opens to supply commercial gas for purging compressors. 7 minutes after the start of the purge, KSh121-1 (KSh121-2) and KSh122-1 (KSh122-2) are closed. In the next 7 minutes, provided that the discharge pressure of the 2nd stage is less than 2 kgf / cm2, KSh131-1 (KSh131-2), KSh124-1 (KSh124-2), KSh125-1 (KSh125-2) are closed and the oil pumps are turned off seals N301-1 (N301-2), N302-1 (N302-2), KSh301-1 (KSh301-2) closes when buffer gas is supplied, oil pumps of the lubrication system N201-1 (N201-2), N202-1 ( H202-2) and the main motor boost fan. Emergency stop completed.

At the end of the gas purge, a nitrogen purge is carried out, which is carried out by manually opening the nitrogen supply valve and the remote valve KSh135-1 (KSh135-2).

The commercial gas pressure up to the check valve is measured by the RT506 device with the readings recorded on the monitor of the operator's workplace. When the gas pressure drops to 20 kgf / cm2, the 331PAL506 alarm is activated and an audio message is sent to the monitor of the operator's workplace. The commercial gas pressure after the check valve is measured by the RT507, PIS507 devices with the readings recorded on the monitor of the operator's workplace. When the gas pressure drops to 30 kgf/cm2, the PAL507 alarm is activated and an audible message is sent to the monitor of the operator's workplace.

Commercial gas consumption is measured by FE501, FE502 devices with readings recorded on the monitor of the operator's workplace. When the gas flow rate drops to 1100 m3/h, the alarm 331FAL501, 331FAL502 is activated and an audio message is sent to the monitor of the operator's workplace.

The commercial gas temperature is measured by TE502, TE503 devices with readings recorded on the monitor of the operator's workplace. When the gas temperature drops to 30°C, the TAL502, TAL503 alarm is activated and an audio message is sent to the monitor of the operator's workplace.

The gas pressure drop in the separators 331С101-1 (331С101-2) is measured by the instruments of position 331РdТ824-1 (331PdT824-2) with the registration of readings on the monitor of the operator's workplace. When the gas pressure drop exceeds 10 kPa, the 331PdAH824-1 (331PdAH824-2) alarm is activated and an audible message is sent to the monitor of the operator's workplace.

Gas from the discharge of the 1st stage of compressors with a pressure of up to 24.7 kgf/cm2 and a temperature of 135°C is supplied to the air cooler AT101-1 (AT101-2), where it is cooled to a temperature of 65°C. The temperature of the gas from the discharge of the 1st stage of the compressors is measured by the TE104-1 (TE104-2) devices with the readings recorded on the monitor of the operator's workplace. The gas pressure at the discharge of the 1st stage of the compressor is measured by the devices RT111-1(2), RT112-1(2) with the readings recorded on the monitor of the operator's workplace. When the stabilization gas pressure increases from the discharge of the 1st stage of the compressor to 28 kgf/cm2, the alarm 331RAN111-1 (331RAN111-2) is activated and an audio message is sent to the monitor of the operator's workplace.

The temperature of the gas from the discharge of the 1st stage of the compressor is measured by the device TE103-1 (TE103-2) with the registration of readings on the monitor of the operator's workplace.

The outlet gas temperature from AT101-1 (AT101-2) is measured by TE106-1 (TE106-2) devices with readings recorded on the monitor of the operator's workplace. When the outlet gas temperature drops from AT101-1 (AT101-2) to 50 °C, the 331TAL106-1 (331TAL106-2) alarm is activated and an audio message is sent to the monitor of the operator's workplace. Maintaining the gas temperature at the outlet of the AT101-1 (AT101-2) is carried out by adjusting the fan performance by changing the angle of the blades in the spring-summer and winter periods; turning off and on the fan, turning on the heated air recirculation system - in winter. The gas temperature at the outlet of the AT101-1(AT101-2) is controlled by turning off and on the electric motors of the AT101-1,2,3,4 fans from the 331TAN(L)106-1 alarm in the following mode:

Table 7 - Outlet gas temperature control modes

The air temperature in front of the AT101-1 (AT101-2) tube bundle is regulated by changing the angle of inclination of the upper and side dampers, flow louvers, controlled by the TE120-1 (TE120-2), TE122-1 (TE122-2) devices with registration on the workplace monitor operator. Top, side dampers and inlet shutters are manually controlled seasonally. When the air temperature in front of the AT101-1 (AT101-2) tube bundle drops to 50 °C, the 331TAL122-1 (331TAL122-2) alarm is activated and an audio message is sent to the monitor of the operator's workplace. When the air temperature in front of the AT101-1 (AT101-2) tube bundle rises to 65 °C, the 331TAN122-1 (331TAN122-2) alarm is activated and an audio message is sent to the monitor of the operator's workplace. When the gas temperature at the outlet of AT101-1 (AT101-2) rises to 90 °C, the 331TAN106-1 (331TAN106-2) alarm is activated, an audio message is sent to the monitor of the operator's workplace. With a further increase in temperature to 95 ° C, the blocking 331TAHH106-1 (331TANH106-2) is activated;

The stabilization gas cooled in 331AT101-1 (331AT101-2) passes through separators 331C102-1 (331C102-2), is separated from the liquid and enters the suction of the 2nd stage of the compressors.

The gas pressure at the suction of the 2nd stage of the compressors is measured by the RT123-1 (RT123-2) devices with the readings recorded on the monitor of the operator's workplace. The gas pressure drop across the nozzle of the restrictor device SU102-1 (SU102-2), installed between the separators 331S102-1 (331S102-2) and the suction of the 2nd stage, is measured by the device PdT120-1 (PdT120-2) and on the monitor of the operator's workplace readings are recorded.

The gas temperature at the suction of the 2nd stage of the compressor is measured by the TE108-1 (TE108-2) devices with the readings recorded on the monitor of the operator's workplace.

The liquid level in separators 331С102-1 (331102-2) is measured by instruments LT805-1 (LT805-2), LT806-1 (LT806-2) with readings recorded on the monitor of the operator's workplace. When the liquid level in the separators rises to 17% (102 mm), the alarm 331LAH805-1 (331LAH805-2), 331LAH806-1 (331LAH806-2) is activated and an audio message is sent to the monitor of the operator's workplace. With a further increase in the level in the separators to 84% (504 mm), the blocking of the position 331LAHH805-1 (331LAHH805-2), 331LAHH806-1 (331LAHH806-2) is activated, an audible message is sent to the monitor of the operator’s workplace and the compressor motor 331AK01-1 is automatically stopped or 331AK01-2 in the same sequence.

The gas pressure drop in separators 331С102-1 (331С102-2) is measured by devices 331РdT804-1 (331PdT804-2) with readings recorded on the monitor of the operator's workplace. When the differential pressure rises to 10 kPa, the 331PdAH804-1 (331PdAH804-2) alarm is activated and an audible message is sent to the operator's workstation monitor.

The gas pressure from the discharge of the 2nd stage of compressors up to 331AT102-1 (331AT102-2) is measured by RT-124-1 (RT124-2), RT125-1 (RT125-2) devices with readings recorded on the monitor of the operator's workplace. The pressure drop at the 2nd stage (suction - discharge) is measured by the 331PdТ122-1 (331PdТ122-2) devices with the readings recorded on the monitor of the operator's workplace.

The gas temperature from the discharge of the 2nd stage of the compressors to AT102-1 (AT102-2) is measured by the TE109-1 (TE109-2) device with the readings recorded on the monitor of the operator's workplace. The gas temperature at the inlet to the AT102-1 (AT102-2) is measured by the TE110-1 (TE110-2) devices with the readings recorded on the monitor of the operator's workplace.

Gas from the discharge of the 2nd stage of compressors with a pressure of up to 65 kgf / cm2 and a temperature of 162 - 178 ° C is supplied to the air cooler AT102-1 (AT102-2), where it is cooled to a temperature of 80 - 88 ° C.

The gas temperature at the exit from AT102-1 (AT102-2) is measured by TE113-1 (TE113-2) devices with readings recorded on the monitor of the operator's workplace. When the outlet gas temperature drops from AT102-1 (AT102-2) to 65 °C, the 331TAL113-1 (331TAL113-2) alarm is activated and an audible message is sent to the monitor of the operator's workplace. Maintaining the gas temperature at the outlet of AT102-1 (AT102-2) is carried out by adjusting the fan performance by changing the angle of inclination of the blades in the spring-summer and winter periods, turning off and on the fan, turning on the heated air recirculation system - in winter.

The gas temperature at the outlet of the AT102-1 (AT102-2) is controlled by turning off and on the electric motors of the AT102-1,2,3,4 fans from the 331TAN(L)113-1 alarm in the following mode:

Table 8 - outlet gas temperature control modes

The air temperature in front of the AT102-1 (AT102-2) tube bundle is regulated by changing the angle of inclination of the upper and side dampers, flow louvers, controlled by the TE121-1 (TE121-2), TE123-1 (TE123-2) devices with registration on the workplace monitor operator. Top, side dampers and inlet shutters are manually controlled seasonally. When the temperature in 331AT102 rises to 105 °C, the 331TAN113-1 (331TAN113-2) alarm is activated and an audio message is sent to the monitor of the operator's workplace.

With a further increase in temperature on 331AT102 to 115 ° C, the 331TANN113-1 (331TANN113-2) blocking is activated, an audio message is sent to the monitor of the operator's workplace, and the compressor motor 331AK01-1 or 331AK01-2 is automatically stopped in the same sequence.

The compression gas cooled in AT102-1 (AT102-2) passes through separators 331C103-1 (331C103-2), is separated from the liquid, enters a common manifold and then through cut-offs 331A-AU4, 331A-AU-5 is directed to I, II , III stage of the plant for processing.

The liquid level in 331C103-1 (331C103-2) is measured by the LT815-1 (LT815-2), LT816-1 (LT816-2) devices with readings recorded on the monitor of the operator's workplace. When the liquid level in the separators rises to 17% (102 mm), the alarm 331LAH815-1 (331LAH815-2), 331LAH816-1 (331LAH816-2) is activated and an audio message is sent to the monitor of the operator's workplace.

The pressure drop across the 331C103-1 (331C103-2) separators is measured with the 331PdT814-1 (331PdT814-2) instruments. When the differential pressure rises to 10 kPa, the alarm 331PdAH814-1 (331PdAH814-2) is activated and an audible message is sent to the monitor of the operator's workplace.

The gas pressure from the discharge of the 2nd stage of compressors 331AK01-1 (331AK01-2) after 331S103-1 (S103-2) to the main valve KSh114-1 (KSh114-2) is measured by the device RT128-1 (RT128-2) with the registration of readings on the monitor of the operator's workplace. The gas pressure in the injection manifold after KSh114-1 (KSh114-2) is measured by the RT129-1 (RT129-2) instrument with readings recorded on the monitor of the operator's workplace. Gas pressure from the discharge of the 2nd stage of compressors 331AK01-1 (331AK01-2) after the diaphragm DF101-1 (DF101-2) installed between the main valve KSh114-1 (KSh114-2) and the backup valve of the main valve KSh116-1 ( KSh116-2), measured by RT136-1 (RT136-2), RT137-1 (RT137-2) instruments with readings recorded on the monitor of the operator's workplace. The pressure drop across the diaphragm DF101-1 (DF101-2) is measured by PdT138-1 (PdT138-2), PdT139-1 (PdT139-2) devices with readings recorded on the monitor of the operator's workplace.

The gas temperature from the discharge of the 2nd stage of compressors 331AK01-1 (331AK01-2) after the main valve KSh114-1 (KSh114-2) is measured by the TE111-1 (TE111-2) device with the readings recorded on the monitor of the operator's workplace, regulated by the KD102 valve -1 (KD102-2), which is installed on the pipeline for supplying hot gas from the discharge of compressors 331AK01-1 (331AK01-2) to mixing with cooled gas after separators 331S103-1 (331S103-2).

When the gas pressure drops to 61 kgf/cm2, the 331PAL504 alarm is activated and an audio message is sent to the monitor of the operator's workplace. When the gas pressure rises to 65 kgf/cm2, the 331RAN504 alarm is activated and an audio message is sent to the monitor of the operator's workplace.

The temperature of the compressed gas in the outlet manifold is measured by the TE501 instrument with readings recorded on the monitor of the operator's workplace. The compressed gas flow rate at the outlet manifold is measured by the FT504 instrument with readings recorded on the monitor of the operator's workplace. When the gas flow rate drops to 20600 m3/h, the alarm 331FAL504 is activated and an audio message is sent to the monitor of the operator's workplace.

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RESEARCH CENTER FOR CONTROL AND DIAGNOSTICS

technical systems

OJSC "NIC KD"

1. DEVELOPED JSC "NIC KD" (Research Center for Control and Diagnostics of Technical Systems)

2. ACCEPTED AND INTRODUCED by order of JSC "NIC KD" dated December 25, 2001 No. 36

1 GENERAL

1.1 Technical control is an integral part of the technological manufacture, testing and repair of the product.

Technological design of technical control is carried out in the form of:

1.1.2 The technical control process is developed as a set of interrelated technical control operations for certain groups and types of materials, blanks, semi-finished products, parts and assembly units, as well as for certain types of technical control and production.

If necessary, develop a technical control process for individual control performers and the customer.

1.1.3 The technical control operation is developed for the input, operational and acceptance control of individual control objects or controlled characteristics (parameters), as well as for the operational control of the technological process of obtaining material, workpiece, semi-finished products, parts, assembly unit after completion of a certain technological processing operation (assembly ).

1.1.4 The degree of detail of the system, processes, operations of technical control in the technological documentation is established by enterprises depending on the complexity of the objects of control, type, type and production conditions.

1.1.5 Technological documentation for systems, processes, technical control operations is coordinated with the technical control department of the manufacturer.

1.2 Technological design of technical control should provide the specified indicators of the control process, taking into account the costs of its implementation and losses from defects in production and when using products due to control errors or its absence.

1.3 Mandatory indicators of the control process are established:

performance or labor intensity of control;

characteristics of control reliability;

complex economic indicator.

Depending on the specifics of production and types of control objects, it is allowed to use other indicators of control processes (cost, volume, completeness, frequency, duration of control, etc.).

1.4 The methodology for calculating the indicators of control processes and the procedure for their accounting are established by the developer enterprise. Methods for the economic justification of technical control are given in Appendix A.

1.5 When analyzing the costs of implementing the control process, it is necessary to take into account:

the volume of output and terms of production;

technical requirements for products;

technical capabilities of controls;

costs for the acquisition of control and calibration equipment and their operation.

1.6 When analyzing losses from marriage due to control errors or its absence, it is necessary to take into account:

defectiveness level (defective rate) of products subjected to control;

the significance of defects according to controlled features (critical, significant and insignificant);

losses from false rejects due to control errors of the first kind that occur in production;

losses in production from missing defects due to control errors of the second kind, as well as losses to the consumer from missing defects due to control errors of the second kind;

damage from the supply of products that do not meet the established requirements.

1.7 The methodology for determining the probabilities of control errors of the first and second kind is given in Appendix B.

2 REQUIREMENTS FOR TECHNICAL CONTROL AND TECHNOLOGICAL DESIGN OF TECHNICAL CONTROL

2.1 Technical control should prevent the passage of defective materials, semi-finished products, blanks, parts and assembly units to the subsequent stages of manufacture, testing, repair and consumption.

2.2 Technical control must comply with the requirements of the quality management system in force at the enterprise.

2.3 Technical control must comply with the requirements of industrial safety, fire and explosion safety, industrial sanitation and environmental protection rules.

2.4 Technological design of technical control is carried out taking into account the characteristics of the technological process of manufacturing, testing and repair of the product, ensuring the necessary interconnection and interaction between them.

2.5 In the process design of technical control, the following should be ensured:

reliable assessment of product quality and reduction of losses from marriage both in the manufacture and use of products;

increase in labor productivity;

reducing the complexity of control, especially in processes with difficult and harmful working conditions;

possible combination of manufacturing, testing and repair operations with technical control operations;

collection and processing of information for control, forecasting and regulation of technological processes of processing and assembly;

optimization of technical control according to the established technical and economic criteria.

2.6 In the process design of technical control, if possible, the unity of measuring bases with design and technological ones should be ensured.

2.7 When process design SAC should be provided:

linking the work on the creation of the ACS with the work on the creation of the GPS, ACS, APCS, CAD, ASTPP, APCS;

maximum flexibility of the control process and its manageability;

adaptability to the conditions of the production process;

achieving the necessary completeness and reliability of control;

introduction of advanced automated devices based on digital and analog technology;

introduction of locally closed ACS and flexible production products.

3 ORDER OF DEVELOPMENT OF PROCESSES (OPERATIONS) OF TECHNICAL CONTROL

3.1 The main stages in the development of technical control processes, the tasks to be solved at the stage, the main documents that ensure the solution of tasks are given in Table. one.

Table 1

Process Development Phase	Tasks to be solved at the stage
1. Selection and analysis of raw materials for the development of control processes	Familiarization with the product, requirements for manufacturing, testing, repair and operation	Design documentation for the product. Technological documentation for the manufacture, testing and repair of the product
	Selection and analysis of reference information necessary for the development of the control process	The volume and terms of production of the product. Advanced control methods and processes Production instructions for control
	Evaluation of the possibility and stability of the technological process of manufacturing, testing and repair. Determination of the range of control objects (products, technological equipment, manufacturing processes, testing and repair, technological documentation). Establishment of types of control on its objects. Definition of technical requirements for control operations	Design documentation for the product. Method for selecting objects of control Methodology for establishing types of technical control
3. Selection of an existing standard, group process (characteristics) of technical control or search for an analogue of a single process of technical control	Assignment of the object of control to the current standard, group or single control process, taking into account the quantitative assessment of product groups Note. If there is a developed prospective technical control process for a product, it should be taken as a basis for choosing an existing technological process.	Documentation of group, standard and single processes of technical control for this group of products. Documentation of prospective technical control processes for a given group of products. Documentation of advanced technical control processes Design documentation Technological documentation for the manufacture, testing and repair of the product
4. Drawing up a technological route of the control process	Determination of the composition and sequence of technological operations of technical control, ensuring the timely detection and elimination of defects and obtaining information for the operational regulation and forecasting of the technological process and feedback from the automated control system and process control systems.	Methodology for the placement of control posts for the technological process of manufacturing, testing and repair of the product. Technological documentation for manufacturing, testing and repair
	Preliminary determination of the composition of control equipment
5. Development of technological operations of technical control	Choice of controlled parameters (features). Selection of control schemes, including determination of control points of objects, measuring bases	Method for selecting controlled parameters (features). Methodology for selecting control schemes Standards and methodological materials on quality systems, on statistical methods
	Choice of methods and means of control	Methodology for selecting methods and means of control Catalogs (albums, file cabinets) of control devices
	Determining the scope (plan) of control	Classifier of technological control operations
	Development of a sequence of transitions of technical control	Classifier of technological control transitions
6. Rationing of control processes	Establishment of the initial data necessary for calculating the norms of time and consumption of materials	Standards for time and material consumption Methodology for developing time standards for technical control
	Calculation and rationing of labor costs for the execution of the process	Classifier of categories of work and professions of control executors
	Determination of the category of work and justification of the profession of control executors to perform operations depending on the complexity of these works
7. Calculation of the technical and economic efficiency of the control process	Selection of the optimal variant of the technical control process	Technical control optimization technique
8. Registration of technological documents for technical control	Filling out technological documents. Standard control of technological documentation. Coordination of technological documentation with interested departments and its approval	ESTD standards
9. Development of documentation of control results	Establishing the procedure for processing the results of control and the required composition of document forms. Development of technological passports, measurement cards, control logs	Method of registration of control results ESTD standards

3.2 The necessity of each stage, the composition of the tasks and the sequence of their solution are determined depending on the types and types of production and are established by the enterprise.

4 ORDER OF DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMATIC (AUTOMATED) CONTROL SYSTEMS

4.1 The main stages in the development of an automatic control system, the tasks to be solved at the stage, the main documents that ensure the solution of these tasks are given in Table 2.

table 2

Stage of development of automatic control systems	Tasks to be solved at the stage	Basic documents that provide problem solving
1. Selection and analysis of raw materials for the development of an automatic control system	Familiarization with the product, requirements for manufacturing, testing, repair and operation. Selection and analysis of reference information necessary for the development of an automatic control system	Design documentation for the product Technological documentation for the manufacture, testing and repair of the product Volume and terms of production of the product Information on advanced methods and automatic control systems Production instructions for technical control Catalogs of promising automated means and control systems, including coordinate measuring machines, measuring robots, etc.
2. Choice of objects and types of control	Evaluation of the stability of the technological process of manufacturing, testing, and repair. Determination of the nomenclature of control objects (products, means of control of technological equipment, technological processes of manufacturing, testing and repair) Establishment of types of control by control objects	Methodology for selecting objects and types of control in flexible and automated production
3. Drawing up a generalized control process	Analysis of the totality of technological processes of control Synthesis of a generalized control route Designing typical control operations. Establishment of a consolidated list of controlled parameters. Establishment of basic control processes (centralization, degree of automation together with processing)	Methodology for compiling generalized control processes
4. Development of the SAK structure	Development of basic complexes of algorithms for processing control and measuring information. Development of SAC system solutions Development of planned solutions Rational separation of control functions. The choice of control schemes includes the determination of control points of the object Selection of methods and means of control, including types of sensors and devices for processing primary information, devices for manually entering information by the operator (peripheral device). Choice of operating modules (blocks) of SAK.	Documentation of operating modules and automatic control systems for similar groups of control objects
	Construction of control algorithms and development of mathematical methods for processing measurement and control results	Catalogs (albums, file cabinets) of automated controls and control systems. Catalogs of algorithms and methods for processing measurement and control results
5. Development of information support for the automatic control system	Determination of the list of information and the form of its submission to the control system. Determination of the list of information and the form of its presentation from the control system to the control system. Assessment of redundancy of information flows in the control system	Methodology of information survey of the automatic control system
6. Development of software and mathematical support for the automatic control system	Creation and debugging of software and mathematical support, including: input-output of information, exchange of information with systems; information support of the production process; processing of information on measurement methods; information support for the operation of equipment and control systems; test programs; auxiliary equipment management	Programming instructions
7. Development of rules for the operation and maintenance of the automatic control system	Development of instructions, guidelines, rules for operating and maintenance personnel	Rules for the operation and maintenance of automatic control systems
8. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the automatic control system	Evaluation of labor intensity and performance of control Determination and justification of the composition of service personnel Calculation of economic efficiency	Methodology for assessing the effectiveness of an automatic control system
9. Documentation for the automatic control system	Coordination of technological documentation with interested departments Accounting for the requirements of the state system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements	ESTD and GSI standards

4.2 The necessity of each stage, the composition of tasks and the sequence of their solution are determined depending on the types and types of production and are established by the enterprise.

Annex A

METHODOLOGY OF ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION

TECHNICAL CONTROL

1 The economic justification of the control option is performed using a complex economic indicator K e, which is the sum of the reduced costs for the implementation of the control process Z to and losses from rejects due to control errors or lack thereof P b.

K e = Z to + P b

2 The given annual costs are found by the formula:

Z to = AND + E n K

where AND- annual operating costs;

E n- standard of return on capital investments;

TO- capital investments in the control process, rub.

The calculation of annual operating costs and capital investments is carried out in accordance with the applied methods.

When calculating annual operating costs, the following components are taken into account.

;

;

.

For control equipment and instrument using different types of energy, the costs are calculated for each type of energy, and then summarized.

;

.

The list of designations for the quantities included in the formulas is given in Table. 3.

Table 3

Designation	Regularity	Designation name
		The amount of costs for the wages of control executors
Ca		Depreciation of control equipment and instruments for the period of control
Cuh		Costs for all types of energy consumed in the control process
		The cost of control equipment (devices and tools) required for control
Cp.z		The cost of preparatory and final works
		Time spent j-th executor of control to control the object
		hourly wage j-th control executor
		The number of control performers involved in the control of the facility
		Percentage taking into account accruals on salaries and bonuses
		The number of objects of control that the performer can simultaneously control
		The number of types of control equipment and devices used to control this facility
Ai		Unit cost i-th control used to control the object
		Quantity i th means of control
		Depreciation rate for the year
		Annual fund of time i th means of control
tOi		Working hours i-go means of control in the control of the object
		The number of control objects that can be simultaneously controlled on i-m control equipment
		The load factor of the control equipment or device, determined on the basis of the actual control conditions or taken as the average value of this factor for a given enterprise
C ei	RUB/kWh	Unit price of energy used for i-th control equipment or instrument
		Power consumed i-m control equipment or instrument
		Power factor
		The number of control equipment used to control this object
		Utilization factor i th control snap
		Life time i th control snap
		The number of performers employed in the preparatory and final operations for this facility
tp.zj		Time spent j-th contractor engaged in preparatory and final operations for this object
Rp.zj		hourly wage j-th contractor involved in preparatory and final operations for this object

3 Waste losses due to control errors or lack of control are determined by the formula:

3.1 Losses due to control errors i-th kind in production (rejection of good ones) is determined by the formula:

where No- an annual program for the control of units of production (hereinafter referred to as details);

Pgb- probability of control error of the 1st kind, %;

Cizg- the cost of manufacturing a part, rub;

Cost- residual value of the rejected part, rub.

3.2 Losses due to control errors of the 2nd kind in production (missing defects in the technological process) are determined by the formula:

3.3 Losses due to control errors of the 2nd kind at the consumer (missing defects in the finished product) is determined by the formula:

the value Cconsum are found on the basis of a technical and economic analysis of the consumer properties of the product, taking into account the influence of defects on controlled characteristics.

In the absence of data for analysis, an aggregated estimate of the value is allowed Cconsum as part of the cost of the finished product, proportional to the weighting factor of the defect.

3.4 Losses associated with a fine for the supply of low quality products are determined by the formula:

where CWith- unit cost of production, rub.;

MP- the number of units of low quality products;

W to- the amount of the fine for the supply of low quality products.

3.5 Losses associated with the markdown of products are determined by the formula

,

where - the cost of a unit of production after a markdown, rub.;

M y- the number of units of discounted products.

4 The probabilities of control errors for the case of measurement tolerance control are determined according to Appendix 2.

Other scientific sound methods determining the probabilities of control errors.

5 The annual economic effect when comparing the selected control option with the base one is found by the formula

where indices 1 and 2 refer respectively to the base and selected options.

For optimal control K E 2 = mini E= max

Annex B

METHODOLOGY

DEFINITIONS OF PROBABILITIES OF CONTROL ERRORS OF THE 1st AND 2nd KIND

1 The concepts of control errors of the 1st and 2nd kind - according to Table 4.

Table 4

Note. Quantities Pgb and Pdp, expressed as a percentage, correspond to the values n and m according to GOST 8.051-81, provided:

where s is the value of the standard deviation of the measurement error.

2 In the absence of control, take

Pgb = 0; Pdp = qO, (1)

where qO- average input defectiveness level (defective rate), %.

3 With continuous measurement control for one parameter, the probabilities of control errors are found in the following order:

3.1 Determine the relative error of control by the formula:

where d is the measurement error;

IT- tolerance for the controlled parameter.

3.2 One of the two basic laws - normal or Rayleigh - is taken as the law of distribution of the controlled parameter.

3.2.1 The normal law is accepted for those parameters whose deviations from the nominal value can be both positive and negative, and for which two limits of the tolerance field are set (lower and upper). Such parameters include, for example, linear and angular dimensions, hardness, pressure, stress, etc.

3.2.2 Rayleigh's law is accepted for those parameters whose deviations can only be positive (or only negative) and for which only the upper (or only the lower) limit of the tolerance field is set, and the other (natural) limit is zero. Such parameters include, for example, deviations in shape and location, beats, noise level, the presence of impurities, etc.

3.3 Find the probabilities of control errors according to table. 5 and 6.

3.3.1 If, during control, an acceptance tolerance is introduced by shifting both (for bilateral tolerance) or one (for one-sided tolerance) of the acceptance boundaries inside the tolerance field by a certain fraction l (0 ? l ? 1) of the permissible error d, then the probabilities of control errors are found by the formulas:

where under Pgb(qO, d o) and Pdp(qO, d O) means the values ​​of the probabilities expressed in Table. 5 and 6 for argument values qO and d O.

3.3.2. When checking with sorting on Z size groups to find the probability, you can use the formula:

4 In the case of selective control of one parameter using statistical acceptance control plans, they are accepted.

Pgb = 0; Pdp = qO · P(qO), (6)

where P(qO) is the operational characteristic of the respective control plan.

4.1 In the case of selective measurement control, the influence of the measurement error on the operational characteristic of the control plan is taken into account, for which the formula can be used:

Pdp = qO · P(qO+ D q), (7)

where - D q shift of the operational characteristics due to the influence of the measurement error, determined by the table. 7.

4.2 The construction of the operational characteristics of the control plan is carried out in accordance with GOST R 50779.71-99, GOST R 50779.74-99 and other instructive and methodological materials for statistical acceptance control.

5 When controlling simultaneously for two or more parameters, the probabilities of control errors are found by the formulas:

n ?5; (8)

where Pgbi, Pdpi are the corresponding probabilities for each ( i th) parameter;

n is the number of controlled parameters.

If n> 5 or if n? 5 but Pgb> 50%, use the formula

, (10)

where is the symbol for the product of all brackets for i = 1, 2..., n.

6 Examples of determining the probabilities of control errors of the 1st and 2nd kind.

6.1 The object of control is the valve guide of an automobile engine. The controlled parameter is the outer diameter. Nominal size -18 mm, tolerance according to the 7th grade IT = 18 microns. Average input defect rate q= 1%. Permissible measurement error according to GOST 8.051-81 is 5.0 µm. The error of the selected control means (supposedly lever) d = 4 μm.

6.2 We determine the relative error of control by the formula (2).

6.3 We accept the normal distribution law, since the tolerance is two-sided.

6.4 We find according to the table. 5 Pgb= 3.20% and according to the table. 6 Pdp = 0,43%

6.5 We introduce an acceptance tolerance by means of both acceptance boundaries inside the tolerance field by a value.

µm. Then a new permit

µm.

We calculate:

1 + l= 1.5; (1 + l)d O= 1.5 0.22 = 0.33;

1 - l \u003d 0.5; (1 - l)d O= 0.5 0.22 = 0.11.

We find according to the table. 5 Pgb (qO,(1 + l)d O) = Pgb (1%; 0,33) = 6,88%.

and according to table 6 R dp(qO, (1 - l)d O) = R dp(1 %; 0,11) = 0,34%.

We find by Formulas (3) and (4)

R gb= (1 + l) Pgb(qO,(1 + l)d O) = 1.5 6.88% = 10.32%;

R dp= (1 - l) R dp(qO,(1 - l)d O) = 0.5 0.34 = 0.17.

6.6 When sorted into three size groups (without acceptance tolerance), it will still be R gb= 3.20, and R dp determined by formula (5) at Z = 3.

R dp\u003d 11 (0.22 3) 2 \u003d 4.79%

6.7 We choose a plan for statistical acceptance control by an alternative attribute in accordance with GOST R 50779.71-99. With a lot size of 2000 pcs. and an acceptance defect level of 1%, we get a sample code of 10, the sample size is n= 125 pieces, acceptance number WITH= 3. The operational characteristic for the sample code 10 is shown in the figure.

We determine the shift of the operational characteristics according to Table 7

at qO= 1%, d o = 0,22:

D q = 2,1 %

According to the graph of the figure, we find

P(qO+ D q) = P(1%+2.1%) = P(3.1%) = 0.42.

By formula (7) we calculate:

R dp = qO· P(qO+ D q) = 1% 0.42 = 0.42%.

Note - In this case, the probability of batch rejection will be 1 - P(qO+ D q) = 1 - 0.42 = 0.58, i.e. about 60% of the batch volume will be rejected according to the results of random control. It is necessary either to increase the acceptance level of defectiveness, or to improve the accuracy of measurements.

Table 5

Probabilities of control errors of the 1st kind (wrong rejection) R gb, %

(1+l)d O	qO, %

Table 6

Probabilities of control errors of the 2nd kind (wrong acceptance) R dp, %

(1-l)d O

Defectiveness rate (defective rate), qO, %

Distribution of the controlled parameter according to the normal law

Distribution of the controlled parameter according to the Rayleigh law

Table 7

Operating characteristic shift Dq , %

Defectiveness rate (defective rate), qO, %

Distribution of the controlled parameter according to the normal law

Distribution of the controlled parameter according to the Rayleigh law

LIST OF PERFORMERS

1. Basic provisions

2. Requirements for technical control and technological design of technical control

3. The order of development of processes (operations) of technical control

4. The procedure for the development of automatic (automated) control systems

Annex A Methodology for the economic justification of technical control

Appendix B Method for determining the probabilities of control errors of the 1st and 2nd kind

Introduction 2

1. Development of a block diagram 6

2. Development of electrical circuit diagram 8

3. Settlement part 11

4. Design development 16

Conclusion 19

List of sources used 20

Annex A - List of elements

Introduction

Measurement and control of temperature is one of the most important tasks of a person, both in the production process and in everyday life, since many processes are regulated by temperature, for example:

Heating regulation based on measuring the temperature difference of the coolant at the inlet and outlet, as well as the temperature difference between the room and the outside;

Regulation of water temperature in the washing machine;

Temperature control of an electric iron, electric stove, oven, etc.;

Temperature control of PC nodes.

In addition, other parameters such as flow, level, etc. can be indirectly determined by measuring the temperature.

Electronic systems for automatic temperature control are widespread, they are used in warehouses for finished products, foodstuffs, medicines, in chambers for growing mushrooms, in industrial premises, as well as in farms, poultry houses, greenhouses.

Automatic control systems are designed to control technological processes, while the nature of their behavior and parameters are known. In this case, the object of control is considered as deterministic.

These systems control the relationship between the current (measured) state of the object and the established “norm of behavior according to the known mathematical model of the object. Based on the results of processing the information received, a judgment is issued on the state of the control objects. Thus, the task of the SAC is to assign an object to one of the possible qualitative states, and not to obtain quantitative information about the object, which is typical for IS.

In SAK, thanks to the transition from measurement absolute values to relative (as a percentage of the “normal” value), the efficiency of work is significantly increased. The SAC operator with this method of quantitative assessment receives information in units that directly characterize the level of danger in the behavior of the controlled object or process.

Automated control systems in flexibleproduction systems (GPS)

SAC GPS is its most important module, since it determines the possibility of implementing an unmanned production process.

SAC solves the following tasks:

• obtaining and presenting information about the properties, technical condition and spatial location of controlled objects and the state of technical O logical environment;
• comparison of the actual values ​​of the parameters with the given ones;
• transfer of information about discrepancies for decision-making at various levels of management of the State Fire Service;
• obtaining and presenting information on the performance of functions.

SAC provides: the possibility of automatic restructuring of control facilities within the specified range of controlled objects; compliance of the dynamic characteristics of the ACS with the dynamic properties of controlled objects; completeness and reliability of control, including control of transformation and transfer of information; reliability of controls.

According to the impact on the object, control can be active and passive. The most expedient and promising is the active control of product parameters and modes of technological processes and environments in the processing zone, since it allows you to provide regulation or control of them and eliminate (reduce) the appearance of defects.

Rice. 1.1 - Relationships between ACS and GPS elements

1 - material flows; 2 - control signals; 3 - control and measuring information.

The typical structure of the SAK (Fig. 1.2) flexible production systems includes three levels. The upper level provides general control over the aggregate of the flexible production module and coordinates them, reconfigures and repairs, issues information to the control panel of flexible production systems, receives, processes and summarizes information coming from the middle level; control of the volume and quality of products and tools; control over the execution of a set of operations performed by flexible production modules (FPM).

Rice. 1.2 - Structure of the ACS in the GPS

The middle level provides control of the GPM and presentation to the upper level of generalized information about the properties, technical condition and spatial location of controlled objects and components of the GPM. At the same time, the following tasks are solved: quality control of the manufactured product at the GPM, self-control and control of the functioning of the lower level; processing of information about the parameters of the technological environment.

The lower level provides control of processing and assembly objects, technical condition and spatial arrangement of HPM components (CNC machines, PR). At this level, the SAC solves the following tasks: input and output control of the production facility; obtaining and processing information about the controlled parameters of the processing or assembly object in the process of processing; transfer of information to the middle level; transition control. The means of control at the lower level are positioning sensors and control of the technological environment (temperature, pressure, speed, humidity), etc.

In this case, the measurement parameters can be spaced both in time and space. So some of the parameters can be controlled in the processing area, another - during transportation, the third - during storage, etc.

In principle, it is possible to share control between different processing cells and build it according to one of the following principles: with rechecking the control parameters on the next cell in whole or in part; with the division of the complete group of tested - irl.meters between the output of the previous and the input of the next cells; with no re-control at the input of the next cell.

Control in the processing zone includes control of the correct installation and fixation of the workpiece in the clamping device of the machine, and in the case of active control, a number of geometric (dimensional and shape parameters) characteristics.

To ensure product quality, not only product parameters are controlled, but also a number of tool parameters (change, wear rate, blade temperature), machine tool (workpiece clamping and positioning, absence of foreign objects in the processing area, deformation of machine parts), processing mode (force, speed , cutting power, torque, feed and depth of cut), process environment (temperature and coolant flow, external influencing factors, including vibration, temperature, pressure and air humidity) and supporting systems.

The controlled parameters of the technical means of the GPS on a functional basis can be divided into the parameters of the intended purpose, power supply, operating modes, readiness for operation, control circuits, safety, as well as parameters that determine the performance and reliability of the GPS elements.

The upper-level computer makes a decision on the mode of operation of the ACS according to information from automatic cells and provides periodic self-control of its work.

In the reconfiguration mode, control information is sent to the upper-level computer, which decides on the reconfiguration of the control system at the middle and lower levels. The computer of the lower level establishes a set of controlled parameters and functions of processing objects and control standards.

Fallback mode is initiated by any level of ACS. At the lower level, it is caused by an increase in the acceptable level of rejects, a deviation from the norm of the GPM parameters or the controls themselves.

Nominal mode of operation of the ACS The alarm signal from each level is transmitted to a higher one and is displayed on the GPS control panel.

The SAK software (SW) consists of:

• Software for monitoring the progress of the manufacturing process at specific workplaces of the State Fire Service;
• Control system software as a control subsystem:
• SAC software implements following features:
• Automatic collection of information about the actual release of parts on controlled equipment;
• Automatic accounting of equipment downtime and differentiation for reasons;
• A documented call to the repair services of the workshop;
• Issuance of operational information on the progress of production, downtime to the line personnel of the shop during the shift;
• Automatic reception and processing of information about the dimensions of parts for the control of TP;
• Automatic processing of receiving control information.

SAC are divided into several classes, which are designed to measure the geometric, physical and mechanical parameters of parts and assembly units and electrical parameters and characteristics.

1 Development of an electrical block diagram

The electrical structural diagram is presented in the graphic part of the course project BKKP.023619.100 E1.

According to the condition of the course design, the developed scheme must meet the following requirements:

Device name -automatic control systems

Regulated (controlled) parameter - temperature;

Sensor - thermoelectric;

Type, family of control device - microcontroller NEC

Executive (regulatory) device - DC motor;

Alarm - light

Electronic key - bipolar transistor;

Supply voltage - 220 V, 50 Hz;

Power consumed by the executive device - 20 W;

Additional requirements forcourse design condition:

Design - panel

Indication of set and actual temperatures - digital (3 digits)

When the temperature drops below the set limit, an alarm is triggered and the fan motor is switched off.

Working temperature range: 100…300 about C

The devices included in the circuit perform the following functions:

Converter AC/DC accepts AC input voltage, outputs a stabilized DC voltage with a high degree of accuracy.

The voltage-to-current converter is designed to convert AC voltage into a unified DC output signal (4 ... 20mA);

Electronic key - used to switch the control circuit;

DC motor - regulates the temperature value at the output of the circuit;

Fan - controls temperature range;

Light alarm - turns on when the temperature drops below the set limit;

Reference voltage source - for powering the ADC in the microcontroller.

1. Circuit operation:

The circuit is powered by a 220 V mains source with an industrial frequency of 50 Hz. AC power is used to power the circuit elements. DC converter. With two output channels with voltage 12V, 24V.

24V required for power supplyvoltage current converter (PNT).

12V is needed to power the DC motor.

The microcontroller is powered by a voltage of 5 V, from the stabilizer microcircuit D.A. 2.

The operation of the system is activated by closing the switch SA1.

Signals are received at the MC inputs, one of them is from the operator's console, the second is from the sensor.

The master device (operator's console) is the buttons SB1 "More", SB2 "Less", SB3 "Task", which are connected to the inputs of the microcontroller NEC , respectively P45, P44, P43.

The operator sets the required temperature value through the control panel. The value is written through the arithmetic logic unit to register1. Thus, the limits of the count are set.

The second, analog signal, frommeasuring transducer with a fixed temperature measuring range –converter voltage current (PNT), acting on the input ANI 0 of the microcontroller, is converted by the built-in ADC into a discrete (digital code), then enters the memory register 2, and is stored until the comparison signal arrives.

The values ​​of register 1 and register 2 are compared on a digital comparator, and if the actual value decreases above the set value, the EC closes, an alarm is triggered and the fan motor is turned off. And in the case of normal operation: the set and actual values ​​are the same, the fan controls the temperature range.

Also, the signal from registers 1 and 2 is fed to the mode selection circuit, and then to the decoder, which is needed to display the temperature values ​​on a digital display.

2. Development of an electrical circuit diagram

The electrical circuit diagram is shown in the drawing BKKP.023619.100 E3.

The stand supply voltage is 220V 50Hz.

However, a lower level voltage is used directly to power the circuit elements. To provide such power, AC is used in the circuit. DC series converter TDK lambda LWD 15. With two output channels voltage 12V, 24V. I chose this converter based on the required parameters, low cost and versatility. The operation of the system is driven by closing the switch SA1.

To display the work of the stand there is an indicator HL 1.

The operator's console contains 3 buttons KM1-1:

When the button SB1 is pressed, the operator increases the temperature value, and the indication displays the set value at the time of entry.

When the SВ2 button is pressed, the operator reduces the set temperature value and the indication displays the set value at the time of entry,

By pressing SB3 - the operator confirms the set temperature.

A thermal converter with a unified output signal of the KTXA type measures the temperature.The primary thermal converter (PP) is equipped with a measuring transducer (MT), which is placed in the terminal head and provides continuous temperature conversion into a unified output current signal of 4-20 mA, which is fed to the input of the microcontroller.

The primary thermal converters are thermoelectric converters KTKHA, KTKKhK, KTNN, KTZhK modifications 01.XX;

To complete the primary thermal converters, a measuring transducer with a fixed temperature measurement range - PNT was used.

I chose PNT type KTXA 01.06-U10 - I-T 310 - 20 - 800. class 0.5; (0 ... 500)°С, 4-20 mA- cable thermocouple with chromel-alumel graduation, constructive modification 01.06-U10, terminal head made of polymer material with measuring transducer PNT, working junction insulated(AND), heat-resistant cover(T 310) diameter 20 mm. installation length ( L) 800 mm. Transmitter type PNT, accuracy class 1 in the temperature range O - 500 ° C. Unified output 4-20 mA.

The brand's LED is used as a light signaling AL308.

Digital indication - ALS 324 A with a common cathode.

Chip stabilizer KR142en5a, necessary to power the microcontroller NEC.

I chose an electronic key on a bipolar transistor KT805 A. Since its parameters satisfy the condition.

The central and basic element is the microcontroller NEC 78K0S/KA1+ series. I chose this MK because oflow cost, the required number of pins and the right parameters. MK NEC has a standard structure. It contains a processor, internal read-only memory for program storage (IROM in NEC terminology), internal random access memory for data storage (IRAM), and a set of peripherals.

Some characteristicsmicrocontroller NEC 78K0S/KA1+ series.

Figure 2.1 - assignment of microcontroller pins NEC

Reference voltage source (ION) D.A.1 used to power the ADC in the microcontroller.ION connected to reference voltage input AVref.

ION MAX6125 I chose based on the necessary requirements. U in : 2.7 ... 12.6 V, U out : 2.450 ... 2.550 V.

Below are ION firms MAX , for clarity.

Figure 2.2 - a visual diagram of the connection of the company's ION MAX

3. Settlement part

3.1.1. Electronic key calculation

Figure 3.1 - Calculated scheme

Diode VD 1 performs the function of protecting the switching device: DC motor M. I chose the KD 105B diode because of the suitable parameters and examples of other circuits.

3.1.2. We calculate the circuit parameters to select a transistor.

3.1.3. We calculate the rated load current according to the formula:

(3.1)

3.1.4. We calculate the collector current taking into account the starting mode according to the formula:

(3.2)

3.1.3. Initial data

Collector supply voltage U pit = 12 V.

Load current I n \u003d 3.3 A.

U o out DD 1< 0,6В

U 1 out DD 1 \u003d U power - 0.7 \u003d 4.3V (3.3)

We select a bipolar silicon transistor KT 838 A in terms of load current and supply voltage.

The bipolar silicon transistor KT 838A has the following parameters:

H21 e \u003d 150 - 3000

Uke us = 5V

Ube us = 1.5V

Uke max =150 V

Ik max \u003d 5 A

Pk max =250 W

U be then \u003d 1.5V

Calculation procedure

3.1.4 At the microcontroller output DD 1 discrete signal 0 or 1. When the signal is low, the transistor VT 1 must be securely closed, fully open and saturated when high. To do the first one:

U o out DD 1< U бэ порог. (3.4)

0.6V< 1,5В.

3.1.5. We calculate the base current at which its saturation mode is ensured by the formula:

(3.5)

3.1.6 Calculate the current flowing through the resistor R11

(3.6)

K - base current safety factor, taking into account the aging of the transistor K = 1.3

3.1.7. We calculate the resistance of the resistor R11

(3.7)

Choosing the resistance of the resistor R11 from the standard range of nominal resistance values, equal to R \u003d 75 Ohm.

R11

Resistor S2-33N-0.25-75 Ohm - 5% OZHO.468.552 TU

3.1.8. We calculate the power of the resistor R11

(3.8)

Choosing a resistor R 11 0.1 W

3.1.9. Finding the power dissipated by the transistor

(3.11)

Since P VT 1< P k max , а именно: 16.5W< 250 Вт, транзистор выбран правильно.

3.1.11. Because u bae us \u003d 1.5 V, then we take the switching voltage of the transistor from the closed state to the open

(3.12)

and the switching voltage from open to closed

(3.13)

The corresponding base currents will be I b + \u003d I b - \u003d 0.039A

(3.14)

1. calculation of light signaling:

U pet

Figure 1.3 - Calculated scheme

3.2.1. Initial data:

Supply voltage: U pit = 5 V

LED AL 308, with parameters:

Direct voltage drop on the LED: Upr \u003d 2 V

Rated forward current of the LED: Ipr.nom.=10 mA

Calculation procedure

3.2.2. We calculate the resistance of the resistor R 9 , according to the formula:

R9 = (3.13)

R9=

3.2.3 Choosing a resistance R9 from a number of standard, equal to 300 Ohm

According to the results of calculations, we choose as a resistor R9

C 2-33-0.125-300 Ohm±5% OZHO.467.173.TU

3.3. We calculate the parameters of the resistor R7 , which is located at the input of the MK ANI 0 and we exit with PNT:

3.3.1. Knowing the unified current signal, which is equal to 5 ... 20mA and the supply voltage equal to 5V, according to the formula of Ohm's law, we find the resistance:

4 Design development

4.1 PCB dimensioning

Printed circuit board - a plate of electrically insulating material, rectangular in shape, used as a base for the installation and mechanical fastening of hinged radio elements, as well as for their electrical connection to each other by means of printed wiring.

For the manufacture of printed circuit boards, foil fiberglass is most often used. The dimensions of each side must be a multiple of: 2.5, 5, 10 with a length of up to 100, 350 and more than 350 mm, respectively. The maximum size of any side cannot exceed 470mm, and the aspect ratio must be no more than 3:1.

Determining the size of the board is reduced to finding the total installation areas of small-sized, medium-sized and large-sized elements. And for this you need to know the overall dimensions of each element. Small-sized include all miniature elements, namely, resistors (P ≤ 0.5 W), small-sized capacitors, diodes, etc. Medium-sized ones include microcircuits in rectangular cases, resistors (P ≥ 0.5 W), electrolytic capacitors, etc. Large-sized ones include variable resistors and capacitors, semiconductor devices on radiators, etc.

Overall dimensions, as well as the installation area of ​​all elements located on the board, are shown in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1 - Overall dimensions of elements and their installation area

Element designation	Item Type	Overall dimensions, mm 2	Quantity, pcs	Installation area, mm 2	Dimensions
	2
R1-R6,R8,R10 , R12,R13	C1-4	6 x 2.3			mg
R7, R9, R11	C2-33	7 x 3			mg
	KT502V	5.2 x 5.2		27,04	mg
VT 2- VT 4	KT3142A	5x5			mg
VD 1	KD 105B	7 x 4.5		31,5	mg
	MAX6125	3 x 2.6		7, 8	Wed
	kr142en5a	16.5 x 10.7		176,6	Wed
	78K0S/KA1+	6.6 x 8.1		53,9	Wed
	HC-49 U	11x5			mg
C1, C5	K50 - 6	4 x 7			sg

Continuation of table 4.

С2, С3, С4	K73-17	8 x 12			sg
C6, C7	KM-5B	4.5x6			mg
HG1-HG3	ALS 324 A	19.5 x10.2		596,7	sg

Find the area occupied by elements of the same type of dimensions

S mg = 138+63+27.04+75+31.5+55+54=393.54 mm 2 (6)

S sg = 176.6+7.8 +53.9+56+288+596.7=1179 mm 2

According to the data given in Table 4.1, we calculate the area of ​​the installation zone

S mz \u003d 4 ∙ S mg + 3 ∙ S sg +1.5 ∙ S kg, (4.1)

where S mz - the area of ​​the calculated installation zone;

S mg - the total area occupied by small-sized radio elements, cm 2 ;

S sg - the total area occupied by medium-sized radio elements, cm 2 ;

S kg is the total area occupied by large radioelements, cm 2 .

S ms = 4∙ (393,54) + 3∙ (1179) \u003d 5111.16 mm 2 \u003d 51.1 cm 2

The area of ​​the printed circuit board must not be less than 52 cm 2 .

5. Development of the stand design

The view block drawing is presented in the graphic part of the course project BKKP.023619.100 VO

When developing a design, the following basic requirements must be taken into account:

The design of the device must comply with the operating conditions

The device and its parts should not be overloaded during operation from the impact on them of current, vibration, temperature and other loads. The elements of the devices must withstand their permissible values ​​for a certain time, provided that they operate without failure.

Most of the parts are mounted on a printed circuit board made of one-sided foil fiberglass. It is strengthened inside the case, where the power source is also placed. The device controls are located on the front panel. Toggle switch "network", fuses, light signaling, digital indication, buttons.

The automatic control system is placed in the case Bopla model NGS 9806 c made changes and overall dimensions 170x93x90 made of plastic.

There are mounting holes on the body for panel mounting.

On the front panel there are: LED, digital indication, light signaling, and button modules.

The L2T-1-1 toggle switch has only two positions: on - the position of the toggle switch is up, off - the position of the toggle switch is down. A terminal block is attached to the rear wall of the case for connecting the converter, PNT, fan motor to the electrical network 220 V 50 Hz.The power connection is made through a standard cord with a plug.

The printed circuit assembly is attached to the case using four M3-1.5 GOST17473-72 screws, which cut through the board into the case protrusions. These protrusions are made by casting together with the body.

AC-DC firm converter TDK - lambda LWD series 15 is attached to the bottom wall of the housing with 4 screws M3-1.5 GOST17473-72.

Conclusion

In this course project, an automatic temperature control system was developed, during the development, the parameters of the specified devices were calculated, in particular an electronic key, a resistor for a light alarm and a resistor at the output of the PNT. In addition, the dimensions of the printed circuit assembly were calculated. All elements of the system are widely used, readily available for purchase and interchangeable, which ensures high maintainability of the circuit.

The graphic part of the course project is represented by an electrical structural diagram and an electrical circuit diagram of the stand and a general view drawing.

A text editor was used in the design of the course project. Microsoft Word 2007 and graphics editor Splan 7.0

List of sources used

1 Industrial electronics and microelectronics: Galkin V.I., Pelevin

E.V. Proc. - Minsk: Belarus. 2000 - 350 p.: ill.

2 printed circuit boards. Technical requirements TT600.059.008

3 Rules for the implementation of electrical circuits GOST 2.702-75

4 Fundamentals of automation / E.M. Gordin - M .: Mashinostroenie, 1978 - 304 pages.

5 Semiconductor Devices: A Handbook / V.I. Galkin, A.A. Bulychev,

P.N.Lyamin. - Minsk: Belarus, 1994 - 347

6 Diodes: Handbook O.P. Grigoriev, V.Ya. Zamyatin, B.V. Kondratiev,

S.L. Pozhidaev. Radio and communications, 1990.

7 Resistors, capacitors, transformers, chokes, switching

REA devices: Ref. N.M. Akimov, E.P. Vashchukov, V.A. Prokhorenko,

Yu.P. Khodorenok. - Minsk: Belarus, 1994.

8 Semiconductor devices: Reference book V.I. Galkin, A.L. Bulychev,

P.M. Lyamin. - Minsk: Belarus, 1994.

9 Usatenko S.T., Kachenok T.K., Terekhova M.V. Execution of electrical circuits according to ESKD: a Handbook. Moscow: Standards Publishing House, 1989.

10 OST45.010.030-92 Molding of leads and installation of electronic products on printed circuit boards.

11 STP 1.001-2001 Rules for drawing up an explanatory note for 1 course and diploma project.

12 Information from the sitehttp://baza-referat.ru/Systems_of_automated_control

13 Information from the sitehttp://forum.eldigi.ru/index.php?showtopic=2