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shock wave

The main damaging factor of a nuclear explosion. Represents an area of ​​sharp compression
medium propagating in all directions from the explosion site at supersonic speed.

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light emission

A stream of radiant energy, including visible, ultraviolet and infrared rays.
It spreads almost instantly and lasts up to 20 seconds, depending on the power of the nuclear explosion.

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electromagnetic pulse

Short-term electromagnetic field arising from the explosion of a nuclear weapon as a result of the interaction of gamma rays and neutrons emitted during a nuclear explosion with atoms environment.

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Depending on the type of nuclear charge, one can distinguish:

• thermonuclear weapons, the main energy release of which occurs during a thermonuclear reaction - the synthesis of heavy elements from lighter ones, and a nuclear charge is used as a fuse for a thermonuclear reaction;
• neutron weapon - a nuclear charge of low power, supplemented by a mechanism that ensures the release of most of the explosion energy in the form of a stream of fast neutrons; its main damaging factor is neutron radiation and induced radioactivity.

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Soviet intelligence had information about the work on the creation of an atomic bomb in the United States, which came from atomic physicists who sympathized with the USSR, in particular Klaus Fuchs. This information was reported by Beria to Stalin. However, it is believed that a letter addressed to him in early 1943 by the Soviet physicist Flerov, who managed to explain the essence of the problem in a popular way, was of decisive importance. As a result, on February 11, 1943, the State Defense Committee adopted a resolution on the start of work on the creation of an atomic bomb. General leadership was entrusted to the Deputy Chairman of the GKO V. M. Molotov, who, in turn, appointed I. Kurchatov as the head of the atomic project (his appointment was signed on March 10). The information received through intelligence channels facilitated and accelerated the work of Soviet scientists.

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On November 6, 1947, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, V. M. Molotov, made a statement regarding the secret of the atomic bomb, saying that "this secret has long ceased to exist." This statement meant that the Soviet Union had already discovered the secret of atomic weapons, and they had these weapons at their disposal. The scientific circles of the United States of America accepted this statement by V. M. Molotov as a bluff, believing that the Russians could master atomic weapons no earlier than 1952.

U.S. spy satellites have located the exact location of Russian tactical nuclear weapons in the Kaliningrad region, contradicting Moscow's claims that tactical weapons have been transferred there.

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The successful test of the first Soviet atomic bomb was carried out on August 29, 1949 at the constructed test site in the Semipalatinsk region of Kazakhstan. On September 25, 1949, the Pravda newspaper published a TASS report "in connection with the statement of US President Truman about an atomic explosion in the USSR":

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LIFE SAFETY BASICS

CHARACTERISTICS OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS

Tarasov Vladimir Yurievich MOU Oryol secondary school

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Characteristic modern means injuries and consequences of their use

Modern means of destruction include weapons of mass destruction (nuclear, chemical and bacteriological (biological)) and conventional means of attack.

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Nuclear weapon

A nuclear weapon is a weapon whose destructive action is due to the energy released during nuclear fission or fusion reactions. These weapons include various nuclear weapons, their control and delivery to the target. It is the most powerful type of weapon of mass destruction.

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Nuclear weapons are intended for the mass destruction of people, the destruction or destruction of administrative and industrial centers, various objects, structures, and equipment.

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The damaging effect of a nuclear explosion depends on the power of the ammunition charge, the type of explosion, and the type of nuclear. The power of a nuclear munition is characterized by its TNT equivalent, i.e., the mass of trinitrotoluene (TNT), the explosion energy of which is equivalent to the explosion energy of a given nuclear munition, and is measured in tons, thousands, millions of tons. In terms of power, nuclear weapons are divided into ultra-small, small, medium, large and extra-large.

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Types of explosions

Ground nuclear explosion - an explosion produced on the surface of the earth or at such a height when its luminous area touches the surface of the earth and has the shape of a hemisphere or a truncated sphere.

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Air nuclear explosions are used to destroy low-strength structures, to destroy people and equipment over large areas, or when severe radioactive contamination of the area is unacceptable.

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The damaging factors of a nuclear explosion and their impact on people, buildings, structures.

A huge amount of energy released during the explosion of a nuclear weapon is spent on the formation of an air shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, radioactive contamination of the area and an electromagnetic pulse, called the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion.

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shock wave

The shock wave of a nuclear explosion is one of the main damaging factors. Depending on the medium in which a shock wave arises and propagates - in air, water or soil, it is called, respectively, an air shock wave, a shock wave in water and a seismic blast wave.

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An air shock wave is a region of sharp compression of air, propagating in all directions from the center of the explosion at supersonic speed. The front boundary of the wave, characterized by a sharp pressure jump, is called the front of the shock wave.

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The shock wave of a nuclear explosion, as in the explosion of conventional ammunition, is capable of causing various injuries to a person, including fatal ones. Shock wave injuries are classified into mild, moderate, and severe.

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light emission

Under the action of light radiation from a nuclear explosion is understood electromagnetic radiation, which includes the ultraviolet, visible and infrared regions of the spectrum. The source of light radiation is the luminous area of ​​the explosion.

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Light radiation, affecting people, causes burns to open and protected by clothing areas of the body, eyes and temporary blindness. Depending on the value of the magnitude of the light pulse, skin burns of four degrees are distinguished.

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Values ​​of light pulses corresponding to skin burns of varying degrees, cal/cm2

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Light radiation in combination with a shock wave leads to numerous fires and explosions as a result of destruction of gas communications in settlements and damage to electrical networks. The degree of damaging effect of light radiation is sharply reduced under the condition of timely notification of people, the use or protective structures, natural shelters (especially forests and relief folds), personal protective equipment (protective clothing, glasses) and strict implementation of fire prevention measures.

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penetrating radiation

The penetrating radiation of a nuclear explosion is the flow of gamma radiation and neutrons emitted from the area of ​​the cloud of a nuclear explosion. Sources of penetrating radiation are nuclear reactions occurring in the munition at the time of the explosion, and radioactive decay of fission fragments (products) in the explosion cloud.

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Penetrating radiation, propagating in the medium, ionizes its atoms, and when passing through living tissue, the atoms and molecules that make up cells. This leads to a disruption of normal metabolism, a change in the nature of the vital activity of cells, individual organs and body systems.

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A reliable protection against penetrating radiation from a nuclear explosion is the protective structures of the civil defense. When passing through various materials the flow of gamma quanta and neutrons is weakened. The ability of a material to attenuate gamma radiation or neutrons is usually characterized by a layer of half attenuation, i.e. the thickness of the material layer, which reduces the radiation dose by 2 times.

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Radioactive contamination of the area

Among the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion, radioactive contamination occupies a special place, since not only the area adjacent to the site of the explosion, but also the area remote from ten or even hundreds of kilometers can be exposed to it. At the same time, contamination can be created over large areas and for a long time, posing a danger to humans and animals.

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The trace of a radioactive cloud on a flat terrain with the same direction and speed of the wind has the shape of an elongated ellipse and is conditionally divided into four zones: moderate (A), strong (B), dangerous (C) and extremely dangerous (D) contamination. The boundaries of radioactive contamination zones with varying degrees of danger to people are usually characterized by the dose of gamma radiation received during the time from the moment the trace is formed to the complete decay of radioactive substances D∞ (changes in rads), or by the radiation dose rate (radiation level) 1 hour after the explosion

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Reliable protection against radioactive contamination are protective structures (shelters, PRU, closed gaps, basements industrial and residential buildings, etc.), personal protective equipment (gas masks, respirators, anti-dust fabric masks and cotton-gauze bandages, ordinary clothes and shoes).

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electromagnetic pulse

Nuclear explosions in the atmosphere produce powerful electromagnetic fields with wavelengths from 1 to 1000 m or more. Due to the short duration of the existence of such fields, they are usually called an electromagnetic pulse (EMP).

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air burst

An air explosion is a nuclear explosion, the minimum height of which is above the earth's surface, while the luminous area does not touch the earth's surface and has the shape of a sphere.

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Presentation on the topic: AFFECTING FACTORS OF A NUCLEAR EXPLOSION

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Definition A nuclear weapon is an explosive mass destruction weapon based on the use of intranuclear energy released during chain reactions of fission of heavy nuclei of some uranium and plutonium isotopes or during thermonuclear reactions of fusion of light nuclei of hydrogen isotopes (deuterium and tritium) into heavier ones, for example, nuclei of helium isotopes.

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A nuclear explosion is accompanied by the release of a huge amount of energy, therefore, in terms of destructive and damaging effect, it can exceed the explosions of the largest ammunition filled with conventional explosives by hundreds and thousands of times. A nuclear explosion is accompanied by the release of a huge amount of energy, therefore, in terms of destructive and damaging effect, it can exceed the explosions of the largest ammunition filled with conventional explosives by hundreds and thousands of times.

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Among modern means of armed struggle, nuclear weapons occupy a special place - they are the main means of defeating the enemy. Nuclear weapons make it possible to destroy the means of mass destruction of the enemy, in short time inflict heavy losses on manpower and military equipment, destroy structures and other facilities, contaminate the area with radioactive substances, and also exert a strong moral and psychological impact on the personnel and thereby create a party using nuclear weapons, profitable terms to achieve victory in the war. Among modern means of armed struggle, nuclear weapons occupy a special place - they are the main means of defeating the enemy. Nuclear weapons make it possible to destroy the means of mass destruction of the enemy, inflict heavy losses on him in manpower and military equipment in a short time, destroy structures and other objects, contaminate the area with radioactive substances, and also exert a strong moral and psychological impact on the personnel and thereby create favorable conditions for the party using nuclear weapons to achieve victory in the war.

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Sometimes, depending on the type of charge, narrower concepts are used, for example: Sometimes, depending on the type of charge, narrower concepts are used, for example: atomic weapons (devices that use fission chain reactions), thermonuclear weapons. Features of the destructive effect of a nuclear explosion in relation to personnel and military equipment depend not only on the power of the ammunition and the type of explosion, but also on the type of nuclear charger.

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Devices designed to carry out the explosive process of releasing intranuclear energy are called nuclear charges. Devices designed to carry out the explosive process of releasing intranuclear energy are called nuclear charges. The power of nuclear weapons is usually characterized by the equivalent of TNT, i.e. so much TNT in tons, the explosion of which releases the same amount of energy as the explosion of a given nuclear weapon. Nuclear weapons are conditionally divided by power into: ultra-small (up to 1 kt), small (1-10 kt), medium (10-100 kt), large (100 kt - 1 Mt), extra-large (over 1 Mt).

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Types of nuclear explosions and their damaging factors Depending on the tasks solved with the use of nuclear weapons, nuclear explosions can be carried out: in the air, on the surface of the earth and water, underground and water. In accordance with this, explosions are distinguished: air, ground (surface), underground (underwater).

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Air nuclear explosion An air nuclear explosion is an explosion produced at a height of up to 10 km, when the luminous area does not touch the ground (water). Air explosions are divided into low and high. Strong radioactive contamination of the area is formed only near the epicenters of low air explosions. Infection of the area along the trail of the cloud does not have a significant impact on the actions of personnel.

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The main damaging factors of an air nuclear explosion are: an air shock wave, penetrating radiation, light radiation, and an electromagnetic pulse. During an air nuclear explosion, the soil swells in the area of ​​​​the epicenter. Radioactive contamination of the terrain, which affects the combat operations of troops, is formed only from low air nuclear explosions. In areas of application of neutron munitions, induced activity is formed in the soil, equipment and structures, which can cause damage (irradiation) to personnel.

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An air nuclear explosion begins with a short blinding flash, the light from which can be observed at a distance of several tens and hundreds of kilometers. Following the flash, a luminous area appears in the form of a sphere or hemisphere (with a ground explosion), which is a source of powerful light radiation. At the same time, a powerful flow of gamma radiation and neutrons propagates from the explosion zone into the environment, which are formed during a nuclear chain reaction and during the decay of radioactive fragments of nuclear charge fission. Gamma rays and neutrons emitted in a nuclear explosion are called penetrating radiation. Under the action of instantaneous gamma radiation, the atoms of the environment are ionized, which leads to the appearance of electric and magnetic fields. These fields, due to their short duration of action, are commonly called the electromagnetic pulse of a nuclear explosion.

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In the center of a nuclear explosion, the temperature instantly rises to several million degrees, as a result of which the substance of the charge turns into a high-temperature plasma that emits X-rays. The pressure of gaseous products initially reaches several billion atmospheres. The sphere of incandescent gases of the luminous area, seeking to expand, compresses the adjacent layers of air, creates a sharp pressure drop at the boundary of the compressed layer and forms a shock wave that propagates from the center of the explosion in various directions. Since the density of the gases that make up the fireball is much lower than the density of the surrounding air, the ball quickly rises. In this case, a mushroom-shaped cloud is formed containing gases, water vapor, small particles of soil and great amount radioactive products of the explosion. Upon reaching the maximum height, the cloud is transported over long distances under the influence of air currents, dissipates, and radioactive products fall to the earth's surface, creating radioactive contamination of the area and objects.

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Ground (surface) nuclear explosion This is an explosion produced on the surface of the earth (water), in which the luminous area touches the surface of the earth (water), and the dust (water) column from the moment of formation is connected to the explosion cloud. A characteristic feature of a ground (surface) nuclear explosion is a strong radioactive contamination of the area (water) both in the area of ​​​​the explosion and in the direction of movement of the explosion cloud.

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Ground (surface) nuclear explosion The damaging factors of this explosion are: air shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, electromagnetic pulse, radioactive contamination of the area, seismic explosive waves in the ground.

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Ground-based (surface) nuclear explosion During ground-based nuclear explosions, an explosion crater and strong radioactive contamination of the area are formed on the surface of the earth both in the area of ​​​​the explosion and in the wake of the radioactive cloud. During ground and low air nuclear explosions, seismic explosive waves arise in the ground, which can disable buried structures.

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Underground (underwater) nuclear explosion This is an explosion produced underground (under water) and characterized by the release of a large amount of soil (water) mixed with nuclear explosive products (fragments of uranium-235 or plutonium-239 fission). The damaging and destructive effect of an underground nuclear explosion is determined mainly by seismic explosive waves (the main damaging factor), the formation of a funnel in the ground and severe radioactive contamination of the area. Light emission and penetrating radiation are absent. Characteristic of an underwater explosion is the formation of a sultan (column of water), the basic wave formed during the collapse of the sultan (column of water).

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Underground (underwater) nuclear explosion The main damaging factors of an underground explosion are: seismic explosive waves in the ground, air shock wave, radioactive contamination of the terrain and atmosphere. Seismic blast waves are the main damaging factor in a comflet explosion.

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Surface nuclear explosion A surface nuclear explosion is an explosion carried out on the surface of the water (contact) or at such a height from it, when the luminous area of ​​the explosion touches the surface of the water. The main damaging factors of a surface explosion are: air shock wave, underwater shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, electromagnetic pulse, radioactive contamination of the water area and coastal zone.

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Underwater nuclear explosion The main damaging factors of an underwater explosion are: an underwater shock wave (tsunami), an air shock wave, radioactive contamination of the water area, coastal areas and coastal facilities. During underwater nuclear explosions, the ejected soil can block the riverbed and cause flooding of large areas.

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High-altitude nuclear explosion A high-altitude nuclear explosion is an explosion produced above the boundary of the Earth's troposphere (above 10 km). The main damaging factors of high-altitude explosions are: air shock wave (at an altitude of up to 30 km), penetrating radiation, light radiation (at an altitude of up to 60 km), X-ray radiation, gas flow (exploding products of an explosion), electromagnetic pulse, atmospheric ionization (at an altitude of over 60 km).

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Stratospheric nuclear explosion The damaging factors of stratospheric explosions are: x-ray radiation, penetrating radiation, air shock wave, light radiation, gas flow, ionization of the environment, electromagnetic pulse, radioactive air contamination.

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Space nuclear explosion Space explosions differ from stratospheric ones not only in the values ​​of the characteristics of the accompanying physical processes, but also in the physical processes themselves. The damaging factors of cosmic nuclear explosions are: penetrating radiation; x-ray radiation; ionization of the atmosphere, due to which a luminescent glow of the air occurs, lasting for hours; gas flow; electromagnetic impulse; weak radioactive contamination of the air.

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The damaging factors of a nuclear explosion The main damaging factors and the distribution of the share of the energy of a nuclear explosion: shock wave - 35%; light radiation - 35%; penetrating radiation - 5%; radioactive contamination -6%. electromagnetic pulse -1% Simultaneous exposure to several damaging factors leads to combined damage to personnel. Armament, equipment and fortifications fail mainly from the impact of the shock wave.

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Shock wave A shock wave (SW) is a region of sharply compressed air propagating in all directions from the center of an explosion at supersonic speed. Hot vapors and gases, trying to expand, produce a sharp blow to the surrounding layers of air, compress them to high pressures and densities and heat up to high temperature(several tens of thousands of degrees). This layer of compressed air represents the shock wave. The front boundary of the compressed air layer is called the front of the shock wave. The SW front is followed by an area of ​​rarefaction, where the pressure is below atmospheric. Near the center of the explosion, the velocity of SW propagation is several times higher than the speed of sound. As the distance from the explosion increases, the wave propagation speed decreases rapidly. At large distances, its speed approaches the speed of sound in air.

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Shock wave The shock wave of a medium-sized ammunition passes: the first kilometer in 1.4 s; the second - for 4 s; fifth - in 12 s. The damaging effect of hydrocarbons on people, equipment, buildings and structures is characterized by: velocity pressure; overpressure in the shock front and the time of its impact on the object (compression phase).

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Shock wave The impact of SW on people can be direct and indirect. With direct exposure, the cause of injury is an instantaneous increase in air pressure, which is perceived as a sharp blow leading to fractures, damage to internal organs, and rupture of blood vessels. With indirect impact, people are amazed by flying debris of buildings and structures, stones, trees, broken glass and other objects. Indirect impact reaches 80% of all lesions.

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Shock wave At an excess pressure of 20-40 kPa (0.2-0.4 kgf / cm2), unprotected people can get light injuries (light bruises and contusions). The impact of SW with an overpressure of 40-60 kPa leads to lesions of moderate severity: loss of consciousness, damage to the hearing organs, severe dislocations of the limbs, and damage to internal organs. Extremely severe lesions, often fatal, are observed at excess pressure over 100 kPa.

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Shock wave The degree of damage by a shock wave to various objects depends on the power and type of explosion, mechanical strength (stability of the object), as well as on the distance at which the explosion occurred, the terrain and the position of objects on the ground. To protect against the impact of hydrocarbons, one should use: trenches, cracks and trenches, which reduce its effect by 1.5-2 times; dugouts - 2-3 times; shelters - 3-5 times; basements of houses (buildings); terrain (forest, ravines, hollows, etc.).

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Light radiation Light radiation is a stream of radiant energy, including ultraviolet, visible and infrared rays. Its source is a luminous area formed by hot explosion products and hot air. Light radiation propagates almost instantly and lasts, depending on the power of a nuclear explosion, up to 20 s. However, its strength is such that, despite its short duration, it can cause skin (skin) burns, damage (permanent or temporary) to the organs of vision of people, and ignition of combustible materials of objects. At the moment of formation of a luminous region, the temperature on its surface reaches tens of thousands of degrees. The main damaging factor of light radiation is a light pulse.

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Light radiation To protect the population from light radiation, it is necessary to use protective structures, basements of houses and buildings, and the protective properties of the terrain. Any obstruction capable of creating a shadow protects against the direct action of light radiation and eliminates burns.

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Penetrating radiation Penetrating radiation is a stream of gamma rays and neutrons emitted from the zone of a nuclear explosion. The time of its action is 10-15 s, the range is 2-3 km from the center of the explosion. In conventional nuclear explosions, neutrons make up approximately 30%, in the explosion of neutron ammunition - 70-80% of the Y-radiation. The damaging effect of penetrating radiation is based on the ionization of cells (molecules) of a living organism, leading to death. Neutrons, in addition, interact with the nuclei of atoms of certain materials and can cause induced activity in metals and technology.

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Penetrating Radiation Gamma rays are photons, i.e. electromagnetic wave that carries energy. In the air, it can travel long distances, gradually losing energy as a result of collisions with the atoms of the medium. Intense gamma radiation, if not protected from it, can damage not only the skin, but also internal tissues. Dense and heavy materials such as iron and lead are excellent barriers to gamma radiation.

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Penetrating radiation As a result of the passage of radiation through the materials of the environment, the intensity of the radiation decreases. The weakening effect is usually characterized by a layer of half attenuation, i.e. with. such a thickness of the material, passing through which the radiation is reduced by 2 times. For example, the intensity of y-rays is reduced by 2 times: steel 2.8 cm thick, concrete - 10 cm, soil - 14 cm, wood - 30 cm. up to 5000 times. A pound layer of 1.5 m protects almost completely from penetrating radiation.

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Radioactive contamination (contamination) Radioactive contamination of the air, terrain, water area and objects located on them occurs as a result of the fallout of radioactive substances (RS) from the cloud of a nuclear explosion. At a temperature of approximately 1700 ° C, the glow of the luminous region of a nuclear explosion stops and it turns into a dark cloud, to which a dust column rises (therefore, the cloud has a mushroom shape). This cloud moves in the direction of the wind, and RVs fall out of it.

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Radioactive contamination (contamination) The sources of radioactive substances in the cloud are the fission products of nuclear fuel (uranium, plutonium), the unreacted part of the nuclear fuel and radioactive isotopes formed as a result of the action of neutrons on the ground (induced activity). These RVs, being on contaminated objects, decay, emitting ionizing radiation, which in fact are the damaging factor. The parameters of radioactive contamination are: radiation dose (according to the impact on people), radiation dose rate - radiation level (according to the degree of contamination of the area and various objects). These parameters are a quantitative characteristic of damaging factors: radioactive contamination during an accident with the release of radioactive substances, as well as radioactive contamination and penetrating radiation during a nuclear explosion.

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Electromagnetic pulse During ground and air explosions, the damaging effect of an electromagnetic pulse is observed at a distance of several kilometers from the center of a nuclear explosion. The most effective protection against an electromagnetic pulse is the shielding of power supply and control lines, as well as radio and electrical equipment.

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The situation that develops during the use of nuclear weapons in the centers of destruction. The focus of nuclear destruction is the territory within which, as a result of the use of nuclear weapons, mass destruction and death of people, farm animals and plants, destruction and damage to buildings and structures, utility and energy and technological networks and lines, transport communications and other objects occurred.

Zone of complete destruction The zone of complete destruction has an overpressure at the front of the shock wave of 50 kPa at the border and is characterized by: massive irretrievable losses among the unprotected population (up to 100%), complete destruction of buildings and structures, destruction and damage to utility-energy and technological networks and lines, as well as parts of shelters civil defense, the formation of continuous blockages in settlements. The forest is completely destroyed.

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Medium damage zone Medium damage zone with overpressure from 20 to 30 kPa. It is characterized by: irretrievable losses among the population (up to 20%), medium and severe destruction of buildings and structures, the formation of local and focal blockages, continuous fires, the preservation of utility networks, shelters and most of the anti-radiation shelters.

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Zone of weak destruction The zone of weak destruction with excess pressure from 10 to 20 kPa is characterized by weak and medium destruction of buildings and structures. The focus of the lesion but the number of dead and injured can be commensurate with or exceed the lesion in an earthquake. So, during the bombing (bomb power up to 20 kt) of the city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, most of it (60%) was destroyed, and the death toll amounted to 140,000 people.

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Exposure to ionizing radiation Under the conditions of hostilities with the use of nuclear weapons, vast territories can be in the zones of radioactive contamination, and exposure of people can become widespread. In order to exclude overexposure of the personnel of facilities and the population in such conditions and to increase the stability of the functioning of national economy facilities in conditions of radioactive contamination war time establish acceptable doses of radiation. They are: with a single irradiation (up to 4 days) - 50 rad; repeated irradiation: a) up to 30 days - 100 rad; b) 90 days - 200 rad; systematic exposure (during the year) 300 rad.

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Exposure to ionizing radiation SIEVERT (sievert) - a unit of equivalent dose of radiation in the SI system, equal to the equivalent dose if the dose of absorbed ionizing radiation, multiplied by the conditional dimensionless factor, is 1 J/kg. Because different kinds radiation causes different effects on biological tissue, then the weighted absorbed dose of radiation, also called the equivalent dose, is used; it is obtained by modifying the absorbed dose by multiplying it by the conventional dimensionless factor adopted by the International Commission on X-Ray Protection. At present, the sievert is increasingly replacing the physical equivalent of the roentgen (FER), which is becoming obsolete.

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Affecting factors nuclear weapons: - shock wave; - light radiation; - penetrating radiation; - Nuclear pollution; - electromagnetic pulse (EMP).

shock wave

The main damaging factor of a nuclear explosion.

It is an area of ​​sharp compression of the medium, propagating in all directions from the explosion site at supersonic speed. The front boundary of the compressed air layer is called the front of the shock wave.

The damaging effect of the shock wave is characterized by the amount of excess pressure.

Overpressure 20-40 kPa unprotected people can get light injuries (light bruises and concussions). The impact of a shock wave with excess pressure 40-60 kPa leads to lesions of moderate severity: loss of consciousness, damage to the hearing organs, severe dislocation of the limbs, bleeding from the nose and ears. Severe injuries occur when excessive pressure exceeds 60 kPa. Extremely severe lesions are observed with excess pressure over 100 kPa .

light emission

A stream of radiant energy, including visible ultraviolet and infrared rays. Its source is a luminous area formed by hot explosion products and hot air.

Light radiation propagates almost instantly and lasts, depending on the power of the nuclear explosion, up to 20 s.

penetrating radiation

Flux of gamma rays and neutrons propagating within 10-15 s.

Passing through living tissue, gamma radiation and neutrons ionize the molecules that make up the cells. Under the influence of ionization, biological processes occur in the body, leading to a violation of the vital functions of individual organs and the development of radiation sickness.

electromagnetic pulse

A short-term electromagnetic field that occurs during the explosion of a nuclear weapon as a result of the interaction of gamma rays and neutrons emitted during a nuclear explosion with the atoms of the environment.

Radioactive contamination of the area

Fallout of radioactive substances from the cloud of a nuclear explosion into the surface layer of the atmosphere, airspace, water and other objects.

Zones of radioactive contamination according to the degree of danger

• zone A- moderate contamination with an area of ​​70-80% of the area of ​​the entire trace of the explosion. The radiation level at the outer boundary of the zone 1 hour after the explosion is 8 R/h;
• zone B- severe contamination, which accounts for approximately 10% of the area of ​​the radioactive trace, the radiation level is 80 R/h;
• zone B- dangerous infection. It occupies approximately 8-10% of the area of ​​the explosion cloud trace; radiation level 240 R/h;
• zone G- extremely dangerous infection. Its area is 2-3% of the area of ​​the explosion cloud trace. Radiation level 800 R/h.

Types of nuclear explosions

Depending on the tasks solved by the use of nuclear weapons, nuclear explosions can be carried out in the air, on the surface of the earth and water, underground and water. In accordance with this, high-altitude, air, ground (surface) and underground (underwater) explosions are distinguished.