Presentation on the topic of energy and ecology. Presentation "environmental problems of thermal energy". Field of heliostat mirrors at the Crimean solar power plant

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Thermal power plants THERMAL POWER PLANT (TPP), a power plant that generates electrical energy as a result of the conversion of thermal energy released during the combustion of organic fuel. The first thermal power plants appeared at the end. 19 in (in New York, St. Petersburg, Berlin) and became predominantly widespread. All R. 70s 20th century Thermal power plant is the main type of electric power station.

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Operating principle The operating principle of a hydroelectric power station is quite simple. A chain of hydraulic structures provides the necessary pressure of water flowing to the blades of a hydraulic turbine, which drives generators that produce electricity. The required water pressure is formed through the construction of a dam, and as a result of the concentration of the river in a certain place, or by diversion - the natural flow of water. In some cases, both a dam and a diversion are used together to obtain the required water pressure. All power equipment is located directly in the hydroelectric power station building itself. Depending on the purpose, it has its own specific division. In the machine room there are hydraulic units that directly convert the energy of water flow into electrical energy. There is also all kinds of additional equipment, control and monitoring devices for the operation of hydroelectric power stations, a transformer station, switchgears and much more.

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Hydroelectric stations are divided depending on the generated power: powerful - produce from 25 MW to 250 MW and above; medium - up to 25 MW; small hydroelectric power plants - up to 5 MW.

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The largest hydroelectric power stations in Russia are Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP, Krasnoyarsk HPP, Bratsk HPP, Ust-Ilimsk HPP

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Nuclear power plants Nuclear power plant (NPP), a power plant in which atomic (nuclear) energy is converted into electrical energy. The energy generator at a nuclear power plant is a nuclear reactor. The heat that is released in the reactor as a result of a chain reaction of fission of the nuclei of some heavy elements, as in conventional thermal power plants (TPP), is converted into electricity. Unlike thermal power plants that run on fossil fuels, nuclear power plants run on nuclear fuel.

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Advantages and disadvantages Advantages of nuclear power plants: Small volume of fuel used and the possibility of its reuse after processing. High power Low cost of energy, especially thermal. Possibility of placement in regions located far from large water-energy resources, large coal deposits, in places where opportunities for the use of solar or wind power are limited. When a nuclear power plant operates, a certain amount of ionized gas is released into the atmosphere, but a conventional thermal power plant, along with smoke, releases an even larger amount of radiation emissions due to the natural content of radioactive elements in coal. Disadvantages of nuclear power plants: Irradiated fuel is dangerous and requires complex and expensive reprocessing and storage measures; From the point of view of statistics and insurance, major accidents are extremely unlikely, but the consequences of such an incident are extremely severe; Large capital investments required for the construction of the station, its infrastructure, as well as in the event of possible liquidation.

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Non-traditional sources of electricity What are these non-traditional and renewable sources of energy? These usually include solar, wind and geothermal energy, the energy of sea tides and waves, biomass (plants, various types of organic waste), low-potential environmental energy, and it is also customary to include small hydroelectric power plants, which differ from traditional - larger - hydroelectric power plants only in scale.

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Field of heliostat mirrors at the Crimean solar power plant A solar power plant is an engineering structure that converts solar radiation into electrical energy. The methods for converting solar radiation are different and depend on the design of the power plant.

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Wind power plant Wind power is a branch of energy specializing in the use of wind energy - the kinetic energy of air masses in the atmosphere. Wind energy is classified as a renewable form of energy, as it is a consequence of the activity of the sun. Wind energy is a booming industry

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Geothermal power plants Geothermal power plant (GeoTES) is a type of power plant that generates electrical energy from the thermal energy of underground sources (for example, geysers).

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Tidal power plant A tidal power plant (TPP) is a special type of hydroelectric power station that uses the energy of tides, and in fact the kinetic energy of the Earth's rotation. Tidal power plants are built on the shores of seas, where the gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun change the water level twice a day. Pros and cons of non-traditional renewable energy sources These energy sources have both positive and negative properties. The positive ones include the ubiquity of most of their species and environmental cleanliness. Operating costs for the use of non-traditional sources do not contain a fuel component, since the energy of these sources is, as it were, free. Negative qualities are the low flux density (power density) and the time variability of most renewable energy sources. The first circumstance forces the creation of large areas of power installations that “intercept” the flow of used energy (receiving surfaces of solar installations, the area of a wind wheel, extended dams of tidal power plants, etc.). This leads to high material consumption of such devices, and, consequently, to an increase in specific capital investments compared to traditional power plants. However, the increased capital investment is subsequently recouped due to low operating costs.

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Thermonuclear power plant Currently, scientists are working on the creation of a Thermonuclear power plant, the advantage of which is to provide humanity with electricity for an unlimited time. A thermonuclear power plant operates on the basis of thermonuclear fusion - the reaction of synthesis of heavy hydrogen isotopes with the formation of helium and the release of energy. The thermonuclear fusion reaction does not produce gaseous or liquid radioactive waste and does not produce plutonium, which is used to produce nuclear weapons. If we also take into account that the fuel for thermonuclear stations will be the heavy hydrogen isotope deuterium, which is obtained from simple water - half a liter of water contains fusion energy equivalent to that obtained by burning a barrel of gasoline - then the advantages of power plants based on thermonuclear reactions become obvious .

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Among thermal power plants, thermal steam turbine power plants (TSPS) predominate, in which thermal energy is used in a steam generator to produce high-pressure water steam, which rotates a steam turbine rotor connected to the rotor of an electric generator (usually a synchronous generator). Among thermal power plants, thermal steam turbine power plants (TSPS) predominate, in which thermal energy is used in a steam generator to produce high-pressure water steam, which rotates a steam turbine rotor connected to the rotor of an electric generator (usually a synchronous generator).

TPES that have condensing turbines and do not use the heat of exhaust steam to supply thermal energy to external consumers are called condensing power plants (State District Electric Power Station, or GRES). TPPs with an electric generator driven by a gas turbine are called gas turbine power plants (GTPP). TPPPs that have condensing turbines and do not use the heat of exhaust steam to supply thermal energy to external consumers are called condensing power plants (State District Electric Power Station, or GRES). Thermal power plants with an electric generator driven by a gas turbine are called gas turbine power plants (GTPPs).

Hydroelectric power station (HPP), a complex of structures and equipment through which the energy of water flow is converted into electrical energy. A hydroelectric power station consists of a sequential chain of hydraulic structures that provide the necessary concentration of water flow and the creation of pressure, and energy equipment that converts the energy of water moving under pressure into mechanical rotational energy, which, in turn, is converted into electrical energy. According to the maximum used pressure, hydroelectric power stations are divided into high-pressure (more than 60 m), medium-pressure (from 25 to 60 m) and low-pressure (from 3 to 25 m). Hydroelectric power station (HPP), a complex of structures and equipment through which the energy of water flow is converted into electrical energy. A hydroelectric power station consists of a sequential chain of hydraulic structures that provide the necessary concentration of water flow and the creation of pressure, and energy equipment that converts the energy of water moving under pressure into mechanical rotational energy, which, in turn, is converted into electrical energy. According to the maximum used pressure, hydroelectric power stations are divided into high-pressure (more than 60 m), medium-pressure (from 25 to 60 m) and low-pressure (from 3 to 25 m).

Hydroelectric stations are divided depending on the generated power: Hydroelectric stations are divided depending on the generated power: powerful - generate from 25 MW to 250 MW and above; medium - up to 25 MW; small hydroelectric power plants - up to 5 MW.

Pros and cons of non-traditional renewable energy sources These energy sources have both positive and negative properties. The positive ones include the ubiquity of most of their species and environmental cleanliness. Operating costs for the use of non-traditional sources do not contain a fuel component, since the energy of these sources is, as it were, free. Negative qualities are the low flux density (power density) and the time variability of most renewable energy sources. The first circumstance forces the creation of large areas of power installations that “intercept” the flow of used energy (receiving surfaces of solar installations, the area of a wind wheel, extended dams of tidal power plants, etc.). This leads to high material consumption of such devices, and, consequently, to an increase in specific capital investments compared to traditional power plants. However, the increased capital investment is subsequently recouped due to low operating costs.

The work can be used for lessons and reports on the subject "Ecology"

Ecology is a science that studies the relationships between humans, animals, plants and microorganisms among themselves and with the environment. Presentations and reports on Ecology will help in the study of this wonderful science.

Ecological energy crisis
The main components of the problem:
1.Environmental problems of thermal energy
2.Environmental problems of hydropower
3.Environmental problems of nuclear energy
4. Electromagnetic pollution problem
environment
5. The influence of energy on the lithosphere

Environmental problems of thermal energy
Combustion of fuel is not only the main source of energy,
but also the most important supplier of pollutants to the environment
substances.
It can be considered that thermal energy has
negative impact on almost all elements
environment, as well as on humans, other organisms and their
communities. At the same time, the influence of energy on the environment and its
inhabitants largely depends on the type of used
energy carriers (fuels). The cleanest fuel
is natural gas, followed by oil (fuel oil),
hard coals, brown coals, shale, peat.
Serious environmental problems are associated with solids
waste from thermal power plants - ash and slag from thermal power plants - significant
source of heated waters, which are used here as
cooling agent.

Environmental problems of hydropower
One of the most important impacts of hydropower is related to
alienation of significant areas of fertile (floodplain)
land for reservoirs.
It is believed that in the future, global energy production from hydroelectric power plants will
will not exceed 5% of the total.
Reservoirs have a significant impact on atmospheric
processes. For example, in dry (arid) areas, evaporation
from the surface of reservoirs exceeds evaporation with equal magnitude
land surface tens of times. With increased evaporation
associated with a decrease in air temperature, an increase in foggy
phenomena.

Problems of nuclear energy
Until recently, nuclear energy was viewed as
the most promising. Until the mid-80s, humanity was in a nuclear
energy saw one of the ways out of the energy impasse. At
normal operation of nuclear power plants, releases of radioactive elements into the environment
extremely insignificant. On average they are 2-4 times less than from
Thermal power plants of the same power.
According to various data, the total release of fission products from
contained in the reactor ranged from 3.5% (63 kg) to 28% (50 tons). For
comparison, we note that the bomb dropped on Hiroshima gave only
740 g of radioactive substance. After the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant
Some countries have decided to completely ban construction
NPP. These include Sweden, Italy, Brazil, Mexico.
During nuclear reactions, only 0.5-1.5% of nuclear fuel burns out.
The inevitable result of nuclear power plant operation is thermal pollution.

The problem of electromagnetic pollution of the environment
The problem of impact on humans is becoming of great relevance
electromagnetic fields of various ranges. For objective reasons
the human body is not able to adapt to man-made
electromagnetic radiation and may not have appropriate
adaptation mechanisms. This problem has already been named
electromagnetic smog.
The main question is which radiation is useful for humans, and
which, on the contrary, are harmful
All surrounding EMFs can be divided into two groups: artificial or
technogenic, caused by human industrial activity, and
natural, caused by the presence of the Earth's own magnetic field
(MP).

Impact on the lithosphere
Already today, human impact on the lithosphere is approaching
limits, the crossing of which can cause irreversible processes
over almost the entire surface of the earth's crust. In progress
transformations of the lithosphere by humans (according to data from the early 90s)
extracted 125 billion tons of coal, 32 billion tons of oil, more than 100 billion tons of others
mineral.
Searching for suitable places for deep final
waste disposal is currently taking place in several
countries. There is a project to create an international
storage facilities for high-level radioactive waste. As possible places
burial sites are offered in Australia and Russia

Conclusion:
The current situation with the impact of the fuel and energy complex on
environment, especially given the low level of energy efficiency of the economy
can be rightfully characterized as an energy and environmental problem. Impact
sectors of the fuel and energy complex on nature is unacceptably high, continuation of existing trends
threatens large-scale disturbances of ecological balance, massive
oppression of natural ecosystems. At present, the task of reducing to
minimize the negative impact of energy on the environment in order to maximize
protect the human body from harmful influences.

ENERGY Energy is a branch of industry that includes the generation, transmission and sale of electrical and thermal energy to consumers. Together with the extraction, processing and transmission of energy resources (minerals and their derivatives used as fuels), it forms a fuel and energy complex.

Electric power industry Electric power industry is the process of production, transmission and sale of electrical energy to consumers. The electric power industry includes: 1. Thermal electric power industry, the conversion of thermal energy released during the combustion of fuels into electrical energy; 2. Nuclear power in practice is often considered as a subtype of thermal power. In it, thermal energy, which is then converted into electrical energy, is released not during the combustion of organic fuel, but during the fission of atomic nuclei in a reactor; 3.Hydropower - conversion of the kinetic energy of natural water flow into electricity 4. "Alternative" energy - promising types of electricity generation that have not yet become widespread, such as solar, wind and geothermal energy;

GENERAL INFORMATION Power lines of various voltage levels (in Russia from 0.4 to 1050 kV). They are divided into overhead and cable. There are transmissions at high (from 110 kV and above), medium (0.4110 kV) and low (0.4 kV, including V voltage in the household network in Russia) voltage. Typically, transmission at high voltages is called electricity transport, at low and medium voltages - distribution; Energosbyt organizes sales of electricity to end consumers. Over the years, energy sales activities in Russia have been separated into a separate business (separate legal entities).

HEAT SUPPLY Heat supply (heat power) is the process of generating and transmitting thermal energy to consumers. There are decentralized (individual and local) and centralized (from boiler houses and thermal power plants). In Russia, the main coolant in heating networks is chemically prepared water, which has practically replaced superheated steam (although the phrase “steam heating” is still often used in everyday life). Thermal energy is produced both together with electricity at thermal power plants (the so-called combined generation, or district heating), and at purely thermal stations. It is transmitted to consumers through insulated pipelines, mainly underground, but sometimes above-ground. Before being supplied to the end consumer, water is brought to the standard temperature in hot water boilers at centralized heating points (CHP)CHP

RELEVANCE OF THE PROBLEM The fact that ecology is extremely relevant at the present time remains undoubted, and the most important task is the environmental education of humanity, which is associated with a careful attitude towards nature, cultural heritage, and social benefits. Energy is a branch of production that is developing at an unprecedentedly rapid pace. If the population doubles every year, then in energy production and consumption this happens every year. With such a ratio between the growth rates of population and energy, the energy availability increases exponentially not only in total terms, but also per capita. It is obvious that this industry has a huge impact on the environment and living organisms

Elements 40 K 238 U and 226 Ra 210 Pb and 210 Po 232 Th Emission share 4.0 GBq1.5 GBq5.0 GBq1.5 GBq SMOKE EMISSIONS FROM TPP TO THE ATMOSPHERE CONTAINS Annual emissions from a 1000 MW coal-fired thermal power plant: Types of CO 2 Sulfur monoxideSulfur oxide nitrogen Particulate matter Toxic metals Quantity per year 7 million tons thousand tons 25 thousand tons 20 thousand tons 400 tons

THE PROBLEM OF GREENHOUSE GASES AND OXYGEN DEFICIENCY Carbon dioxide emissions: When burning 1 ton of coal Natural gas total CO 2 emissions 2.76 tons 1.62 tons 7 million tons Oxygen consumption: When burning 1 ton of coal Natural gas total O 2 consumption 2.3 tons 2.35 t500 million tons

SOLAR ENERGY CAN CAUSE A NUMBER OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS The construction of energy facilities using renewable energy sources can cause a number of serious environmental problems - on lands that are ideal for the construction of solar power plants, water resources may begin to deplete, reports the environmental Internet portal EcoGeek. In particular, such conflicts between solar projects and water conservation have increasingly begun to arise in California. Solar power plants require large amounts of water for cooling, while in the arid areas where they are built, water resources are scarce. Powerful solar plants can use over 500 million gallons (about two billion liters) of water per year, and there are currently 35 such large projects in the California deserts.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THERMAL ENERGY Thermal power plants are most “responsible” for the increasing greenhouse effect and acid precipitation. There is evidence that thermal power plants pollute the environment with radioactive substances 2-4 times more than nuclear power plants of the same power.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF HYDROPOWER ENGINEERING Deterioration of water quality; In reservoirs, the heating of water sharply increases, which intensifies the loss of oxygen and other processes caused by thermal pollution. The incidence of disease in the fish stock is increasing, especially helminth damage. The taste qualities of the inhabitants of the aquatic environment decrease. The migration routes of fish are being disrupted, feeding grounds, spawning grounds, etc. are being destroyed.

HYDROELECTRIC PLANT OF THE AMUR REGION. AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE ECOLOGY In the Amur region, four hydroelectric power stations are used to supply the population with electricity: Bureyskaya, Zeyskaya, Nizhne-Bureyskaya, Nizhnezeyskaya hydroelectric power stations. 1.Hydroelectric power plants cause enormous damage to fisheries. 2. Reservoirs increase air humidity, contribute to changes in the wind regime in the coastal zone, and attack the temperature and ice conditions of the drainage.

AMUR GENERATION Energy sources of the branch Installed electrical capacity, MW Installed thermal capacity, Gcal/hour Blagoveshchenskaya CHPP Raichikhinskaya GRES102238.1 Operates in the Amur region. The main activities are the production of thermal and electrical energy, transportation of thermal energy, its sale to the population and legal entities. The branch includes two power plants.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF NUCLEAR ENERGY. destruction of ecosystems and their elements (soils, grounds, aquifers, etc.) in places of ore mining (especially with the open method); withdrawal of significant volumes of water from various sources and discharge of heated water. If these waters enter rivers and other sources, they experience a loss of oxygen, the likelihood of flowering increases, and the phenomena of heat stress in aquatic organisms increase; Radioactive contamination of the atmosphere, water and soil cannot be ruled out during the extraction and transportation of raw materials, as well as during the operation of nuclear power plants, waste storage and processing, and their disposal.

WAYS TO ELIMINATE Rational and efficient energy consumption. Move away from old standards (thermal power plants, hydropower, nuclear energy) and move to new environmentally friendly ones (wind, tidal, geothermal, bioenergy, hydrogen, solar). Install cleaning systems. Controlling the release of pollutants into the atmosphere.

CONCLUSION: In conclusion, we can conclude that the current level of knowledge, as well as existing and under development technologies, provide grounds for optimistic forecasts: humanity is not in danger of a deadlock situation either in relation to the depletion of energy resources or in terms of environmental problems generated by energy. There are real opportunities for the transition to alternative energy sources (inexhaustible and environmentally friendly). From these positions, modern methods of energy production can be considered as a kind of transitional. The question is how long this transition period is and what possibilities are available to shorten it.

Electric power industry refers to the process of production, transmission and sale of electrical energy to consumers. The electric power industry includes: In terms of generation: Thermal electric power industry - the conversion of thermal energy released during the combustion of fuels into electrical energy; Nuclear power in practice is often considered as a subtype of thermal power. In it, thermal energy, which is then converted into electrical energy, is released not during the combustion of organic fuel, but during the fission of atomic nuclei in a reactor; Hydropower - conversion of the kinetic energy of natural water flow into electricity; “Alternative” energy - promising types of electricity generation that have not yet become widespread, such as solar, wind and geothermal energy; In terms of transmission: Power lines of various voltage levels (in Russia - from 0.4 to 1050 kV). They are divided into overhead and cable. There are transmissions at high (from 110 kV and above), medium (0.4-110 kV) and low (0.4 kV, including 110-380 V - the voltage in the household network in Russia) voltage. Typically, transmission at high voltages is called electricity transport, at low and medium voltages - distribution; Transformer facilities (substations) - serve for transition from one voltage level to another; Energosbyt - organization of sales of electricity to end consumers. In 2004-2007, energy sales activities in Russia were separated into a separate business (separate legal entities).