Journalism is called the chronicle of modernity, since it reflects the current history in its entirety, addresses the topical problems of society - political, social, cultural, everyday, philosophical, etc. Newspaper-journalistic (journalistic) style speeches are presented on the pages of newspapers and magazines, in materials of radio and television journalism, in public lectures, in the speeches of speakers in parliament, at congresses, plenums, meetings, rallies, etc.
Texts related to this style are distinguished by a variety of topics and language design. On the one hand, the same genre, for example, the genre of reportage, will be significantly different in the newspaper, on radio and on television. But, on the other hand, newspaper reporting differs significantly from other newspaper genres - information, essay, feuilleton, etc.
However, all genres of journalism have many common features that allow them to be combined into a single whole. And these common features are due to the presence of common function. Journalistic style texts are always addressed to the masses and always perform - along with informational - an influencing function. The nature of the impact can be direct and open. For example, at a rally, speakers openly call on the masses to support or reject this or that decision of the government, this or that speaker, politician, etc.
The nature of the impact may be different, as if hidden behind an outwardly objective presentation of facts (cf. news programs on radio, television). However, the very selection of facts, their more or less detailed consideration, the nature of the presentation of the material also provide for a certain impact on the masses. By its very nature, journalism is designed to actively intervene in life, to shape public opinion.
A characteristic feature of journalism is also that it affects not only one person, but precisely the masses, society as a whole and its individual social groups. In the journalistic style, the author's individuality is much stronger than in the scientific, official and business styles. However, in this case, the author manifests himself not only as a specific person (with his own unique features), but also as a representative of society, an exponent of certain social ideas, interests, etc.
Therefore, the main feature, the dominant feature of journalistic style is social appraisal, which is manifested both in the very selection of facts, the degree of attention to them, and in the use of expressive linguistic means.
In general, the journalistic style is characterized by a constant alternation of expression and standard, the constant transformation of expressive means into a standard and the search for new expressive means of expression.
For example, metaphors cold war, iron curtain, perestroika, stagnation, thaw almost immediately turned into socio-political, standardly used terms.
Such confrontation and interaction of expression and standard is quite natural. The influencing function determines the constant desire of journalism for expression, but the need for expressive and visual means conflicts with the need to quickly respond to all the events of our time. Standards, being ready-made speech forms, are correlated with certain socio-political and other situations. And the text, built in a familiar, standard form, is easier to write and easier to digest. It is no coincidence that such stereotypes are most often found in those genres that require an economical and concise form and are operationally related to the event itself: official communication, information, press review, report on the work of parliament, government, etc. In other genres (essay, feuilleton, etc.) there are fewer speech standards, original expressive techniques come to the fore, speech is individualized.
The standard informative means used in a journalistic style include the following:
| Language tools | Examples |
|---|---|
| Socio-political vocabulary. | Society, citizen, patriotism, reform, democracy, parliament, debate. |
| Terminology of science, production and other social media. | According to the experts of the Institute terrestrial magnetism Russian Academy, main stream of solar matter passed away from the Earth ... At the beginning of the century, the peak of the eleven-year solar activity cycle. For 6 days, the number of requests for medical help for those suffering from diseases has doubled of cardio-vascular system. |
| Book vocabulary of abstract meaning. | Intensify, constructive, priority. |
| Own names. | It was decided to hold the next meeting of the G8 in Canada. After talks about the possible resignation of the Italian coach "Spartacus" gave his club the best match of the season. The president V.V. Putin made an appeal to the participants of the forum. |
| Abbreviations, that is, compound words. | UNESCO, CIS, UN. |
| Newspaper cliches, that is, stable phrases and whole sentences. | Difficult political environment; reserves for increasing efficiency; reach design capacity. |
| Polynomial phrases. | Together with the delegation went to the DPRK working group to prepare proposals for the modernization of Korean roads. |
| Complete sentences with direct word order. | Yesterday Minister of Railways N. Aksyonenko headed a delegation of the Ministry of Railways of the Russian Federation and flew to Pyongyang. |
| Complex and complicated sentences with participial, adverbial phrases, plug-in constructions, etc. | It is expected that during the meeting of ministers a number of issues related to the connection of the Trans-Korean Railway with the Trans-Siberian Railway will be resolved. |
Among the expressive-influencing means, it is necessary to highlight the following:
| Language tools | Examples |
|---|---|
| Language level: Vocabulary and phraseology | |
| Vocabulary of various stylistic coloring. | Puncture inexperienced politician in intrigues; to one of the regional police departments of Khabarovsk man rammed cannon; The Pentagon watches with impotent desperation as Chinese experts gutted top secret plane; fire up state machine - it's not for weak. |
| Newspapers, that is, units that are widely used in this particular area and almost uncommon in other areas. | Accomplishments, steady, initiative, intrigues, curbing, atrocities, military action, outrages, unanimously, solidarity. |
| Tropes, that is, turns of speech in which a word or expression is used in a figurative sense in order to achieve greater expressiveness. | |
| a) Metaphor, that is, the use of a word in a figurative sense based on the similarity of two objects or phenomena. | Election marathon; political farce; reserve of racism; political solitaire. |
| b) Metonymy, that is, the use of the name of one object instead of the name of another object on the basis of an external or internal connection (adjacency) between these objects or phenomena. | Gold(meaning "gold medals") went to our athletes. London(meaning "government, ruling circles Great Britain") agreed to participate in the military operation together with Washington(in the meaning of "the government, the ruling circles of the United States"). |
| c) Synecdoche, that is, a kind of metonymy, in which the name of a part (detail) of an object is transferred to the whole object, and vice versa - the name of the whole is used instead of the name of the part. In this case, the singular is often used instead of the plural and vice versa. | The presentation was dominated by crimson jackets(instead - wealthy people, now conditionally called new Russians). Protection(instead of - the defender) requires the full justification of the widow Rokhlin. Even the most discerning buyer find here a product to your liking. |
| d) Epithet, that is, an artistic, figurative definition. | Dirty war; gangster prices; barbaric methods. |
| e) Comparison, that is, a trope consisting in likening one object to another on the basis of a common feature. | snow dust pillar stood in the air. It was noticeable that "the best teacher in Russia", going on stage, was worried like a first grader. |
| f) Paraphrase, that is, a trope, consisting in replacing the name of a person, object or phenomenon with a description of their essential features or an indication of their characteristic features. | Foggy Albion (England); king of beasts (lion); creator of Macbeth (Shakespeare); singer of Giaur and Juan (Byron). |
| g) Allegory, that is, an allegorical depiction of an abstract concept with the help of a specific, life image. | Such a quality of a person as cunning is shown in the form of a fox, greed - in the guise of a wolf, deceit - in the form of a snake, etc. |
| h) Hyperbole, that is, a figurative expression containing an exorbitant exaggeration of the size, strength, value of an object, phenomenon. | Wide as the sea, highway; officials robbed poor tenants to the thread; ready suffocate in the arms. |
| i) Litota, that is, a figurative expression that downplays the size, strength, significance of the described object, phenomenon. | Below a thin blade you have to bow your head. Such injections into our economy - a drop in the sea. |
| j) Personification, that is, endowing inanimate objects with signs and properties of a person. | The ice track is waiting future champions. Terrifying poverty firmly clung to to an African country. not without reason slander and hypocrisy all life walk in an embrace. |
| Cliche expressive-influencing nature. | People of good will; with a sense of legitimate pride; with deep satisfaction; to increase fighting traditions; policy of aggression and provocation; pirate course, the role of the world gendarme. |
| Phraseologisms, proverbs, sayings, winged words, including modified ones. | Washington still shows the habit rake in the heat with someone else's hands. This faction is no stranger sing from someone else's voice. The restoration of Lensk proved that we have not forgotten how work with fire. Lennon lived, Lennon is alive, Lennon will live! |
| Language level: Morphology | |
| The emphasized role of collectiveness (the use of the singular in the meaning of the plural, pronouns every, every, adverb always, never, everywhere and etc.). | How to help farmer? This land is richly watered with the blood of our fathers and grandfathers. Every man at least once in his life thought about this question. Never The world has never seemed so small and fragile. |
| Forms of superlatives as an expression of expression, the highest rating. | The most decisive measures, the highest achievements, the strictest ban. |
| Imperative (incentive) forms as an expression of agitation and sloganism (imperative mood, infinitive, etc.). | summon slanderers to the answer! Be worthy memory of the fallen! Everyone - to fight the flood! |
| The expressive use of present tense forms in describing past events: the author seeks to present himself and the reader as if they were participants in these events. | Now I often I ask myself, what made me in life? AND I answer - Far East. Here about everything their concepts, between people their relations. Here, for example, in Vladivostok comes whaling flotilla "Glory". The whole city buzzing. collects the bosses of all the sailors and say: “If you, a scoundrel, come tomorrow and say that you were robbed, then it’s better not to come.” Someone in the morning is, of course robbed, and blames... |
| Language level: Expressive syntax and rhetorical figures * | |
| Antithesis, that is, a sharp opposition of concepts, thoughts, images. | The rich feast on weekdays, and the poor mourn on holidays. |
| Gradation, that is, such a construction of parts of the statement, in which each subsequent part contains an increasing (or decreasing) semantic or emotionally expressive meaning. | Our officials have long forgotten that they are obliged cherish the people's wealth, preserve, increase, fight for every penny! |
| Inversion, that is, the arrangement of the members of the sentence in a special order that violates the usual (direct) word order. | With joy this message was received. Don't leave terrorists from retribution. |
| Parallelism, that is, the same syntactic construction of adjacent sentences or segments of speech, including such varieties of parallelism as anaphora, that is, the repetition of the same elements at the beginning of each parallel row, and epiphora, that is, the repetition of the last elements at the end of each row. | Every day the pensioner came to the district administration. Every day retirees were not accepted. On Monday, the plant did not work - shared received on a new order money. Didn't work on Tuesday either. shared the money. And now, a month later, also not up to work - divide money not earned yet! |
| Mixing Syntactic Structures(the incompleteness of the phrase, the end of the sentence is given in a different syntactic plan than the beginning, etc.). | Our experiment showed that the Russian "wild geese" are ready to fight for the Americans, even for the Taliban. If only they paid... A banknote was confiscated from a citizen detained in Kazan, which was 83 times more than the norm. Did the terrorists also have such "weapons of mass destruction"? |
| Connecting structures, that is, those in which phrases do not fit immediately into one semantic plane, but form a chain of attachment. | I recognize the role of the individual in history. Especially if it's the president. Especially the President of Russia. They did everything themselves. And what just did not come up with! It is worse when a person is not noticed behind the clothes. It is worse when offended. They offend undeservedly. |
| A rhetorical question, that is, the affirmation or denial of something in the form of a question, a rhetorical exclamation, a rhetorical appeal, as well as a question-corresponding presentation of the material as an imitation of a dialogue; introduction to the text of direct speech. | So we will not hear the truth from our valiant naval commanders? Get it, Inspector, blue outfit! Yesterday, the Minister of Internal Affairs signed a report of the State Traffic Safety Inspectorate on the introduction in Russia new form for her employees. Equator wall? Easy! |
| Nominative representations, that is, an isolated nominative case, naming the topic of the subsequent phrase and designed to arouse special interest in the subject of the statement. | September 11, 2001. This day became a black day in the life of the entire planet. |
| Ellipsis, that is, the intentional omission of any member of the sentence, which is implied from the context. | In your letters - the truth of life. Russia - in the final of the 2002 World Cup! |
| Polyunion or, on the contrary, non-union in complex and complicated sentences. | The team was shaken up more than once. And they changed coaches. And the center was transferred to the right flank. And the defense was dispersed. To be afraid of wolves - do not go into the forest. |
Of course, the use of standard and expressive means of language in a journalistic style largely depends on the genre, on the sense of proportion, taste and talent of the publicist.
In general terms, the main linguistic features of the artistic style of speech include the following:
1. Heterogeneity of the lexical composition: a combination of book vocabulary with colloquial, vernacular, dialect, etc.
Let's turn to examples.
“The feather grass has matured. The steppe was clad in swaying silver for many versts. The wind accepted it resiliently, swooping in, roughening it, bumping it, driving gray-opal waves first to the south, then to the west. Where a flowing air stream ran, the feather grass inclined prayerfully, and a blackening path lay for a long time on its gray ridge.
“Different herbs have blossomed. On the crests of the nikla is a joyless, burnt-out wormwood. The nights faded quickly. At night, in the charred-black sky, innumerable stars shone; month - the Cossack sun, darkening with a damaged sidewall, shone sparingly, white; the spacious Milky Way intertwined with other stellar paths. The tart air was thick, the wind was dry and wormwood; the earth, saturated with the same bitterness of the all-powerful wormwood, yearned for coolness.
(M. A. Sholokhov)
2. The use of all layers of Russian vocabulary in order to implement the aesthetic function.
“Daria hesitated for a moment and refused:
No, no, I'm alone. There I am alone.
Where "there" - she did not even know close, and, going out of the gate, went to the Angara.
(V. Rasputin)
3. The activity of polysemantic words of all stylistic varieties of speech.
“The river boils all in a lace of white foam.
On the velvet of the meadows poppies are reddening.
Frost was born at dawn.
(M. Prishvin).
4. Combinatorial increments of meaning.
Words in an artistic context receive a new semantic and emotional content, which embodies the figurative thought of the author.
“I dreamed of catching the departing shadows,
The fading shadows of the fading day.
I went up the tower. And the steps trembled.
And the steps under my foot trembled.
(K. Balmont)
5. Greater preference for the use of specific vocabulary and less - abstract.
“Sergey pushed the heavy door. The steps of the porch barely audible sobbed under his foot. Two more steps and he is already in the garden.
“The cool evening air was filled with the intoxicating aroma of flowering acacia. Somewhere in the branches, a nightingale chimed and subtly trilled.
(M. A. Sholokhov)
6. A minimum of generic concepts.
“Another essential piece of advice for a prose writer. More specificity. The imagery is the more expressive, the more precisely, more specifically the object is named.
“You have: “Horses chew grain. Peasants prepare “morning food”, “birds rustled”… In the artist’s poetic prose, which requires visible clarity, there should be no generic concepts, if this is not dictated by the very semantic task of the content… Oats are better than grain. Rooks are more appropriate than birds."
(Konstantin Fedin)
7. Widespread use of folk poetic words, emotional and expressive vocabulary, synonyms, antonyms.
“The rosehip, probably, has still made its way along the trunk to the young aspen since spring, and now, when the time has come for the aspen to celebrate its name day, it all flared up with red fragrant wild roses.”
(M. Prishvin).
“New time” was located in Ertelev Lane. I said "fit". This is not the right word. reigned, ruled."
(G. Ivanov)
8. Verbal speech.
The writer calls each movement (physical and / or mental) and change of state in stages. Forcing verbs activates reader tension.
“Grigory went down to the Don, carefully climbed over the fence of the Astakhov base, went to the shuttered window. He heard only frequent heartbeats... He tapped softly on the frame's binding... Aksinya went silently to the window and peered. He saw how she pressed her hands to her chest and heard her indistinct moan escape her lips. Grigory motioned for her to open the window and took off his rifle. Aksinya opened the doors. He stood on the mound, Aksinya's bare hands grabbed his neck. They trembled and beat on his shoulders so, these native hands, that their trembling was transmitted to Grigory.
(M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Flows the Don")
The dominants of the artistic style are the imagery and aesthetic significance of each of its elements (down to sounds). Hence the desire for freshness of the image, unhackneyed expressions, a large number of tropes, special artistic (corresponding to reality) accuracy, the use of special expressive means of speech characteristic only for this style - rhythm, rhyme, even in prose a special harmonic organization of speech.
The artistic style of speech is distinguished by figurativeness, the wide use of figurative and expressive means of the language. In addition to its typical linguistic means, it uses the means of all other styles, especially colloquial. In the language of fiction, vernacular and dialectisms, words of a high, poetic style, slang, rude words, professionally business turnover speeches, journalism. Means in the artistic style of speech are subject to its main function - aesthetic.
As I. S. Alekseeva notes, “if the colloquial style of speech performs primarily the function of communication, (communicative), scientific and official-business function of communication (informative), then the artistic style of speech is intended to create artistic, poetic images, emotional and aesthetic impact. All linguistic means included in a work of art change their primary function, obey the tasks of a given artistic style.
In literature, language occupies a special position because it is building material, that matter perceived by ear or sight, without which a work cannot be created.
The artist of the word - the poet, the writer - finds, in the words of L. Tolstoy, "the only necessary placement of the only necessary words" in order to correctly, accurately, figuratively express the thought, convey the plot, character, make the reader empathize with the heroes of the work, enter the world created by the author.
All this is available only to the language fiction, so it has always been considered the pinnacle of the literary language. The best in language, its strongest possibilities and the rarest beauty - in the works of fiction, and all this is achieved by the artistic means of the language. The means of artistic expression are varied and numerous. First of all, these are trails.
Tropes - a turn of speech in which a word or expression is used in a figurative sense in order to achieve greater artistic expressiveness. The path is based on a comparison of two concepts that seem to our consciousness to be close in some way.
1). An epithet (Greek epitheton, Latin appositum) is a defining word, mainly when it adds new qualities to the meaning of the word being defined (epitheton ornans is a decorating epithet). Wed Pushkin: "ruddy dawn"; Special attention theorists give an epithet with a figurative meaning (cf. Pushkin: “my harsh days”) and an epithet with the opposite meaning - the so-called. an oxymoron (cf. Nekrasov: "wretched luxury").
2). Comparison (Latin comparatio) - revealing the meaning of a word by comparing it with another according to some common ground(tertium comparisonis). Wed from Pushkin: faster than a bird youth." The disclosure of the meaning of a word by determining its logical content is called interpretation and refers to figures.
3). Periphrasis (Greek periphrasis, Latin circumlocutio) is a method of presentation that describes a simple subject through complex turns. Wed Pushkin has a parodic paraphrase: "The young pet of Thalia and Melpomene, generously endowed by Apollo." One of the types of paraphrase is euphemism - a replacement by a descriptive turn of a word, for some reason recognized as obscene. Wed in Gogol: "get by with a handkerchief."
In contrast to the paths listed here, which are built on the enrichment of the unmodified main meaning of the word, the following paths are built on shifts in the main meaning of the word.
4). Metaphor (Latin translatio) - the use of a word in a figurative sense. The classic example given by Cicero is "the murmur of the sea". The confluence of many metaphors forms an allegory and a riddle.
5). Synecdoche (Latin intellectio) - the case when the whole thing is recognized by a small part or when a part is recognized by the whole. The classic example given by Quintilian is "stern" instead of "ship".
6). Metonymy (Latin denominatio) is the replacement of one name of an object by another, borrowed from related and close objects. Wed Lomonosov: "read Virgil".
7). Antonomasia (Latin pronominatio) is the replacement of one's own name with another, as if from the outside, a borrowed nickname. The classic example given by Quintilian is "destroyer of Carthage" instead of "Scipio".
8). Metalepsis (Latin transumptio) - a replacement representing, as it were, a transition from one path to another. Wed in Lomonosov - "ten harvests have passed ...: here, through the harvest, of course, summer, after summer - a whole year."
Such are the paths built on the use of the word in a figurative sense; theorists also note the possibility of the simultaneous use of a word in a figurative and literal sense, the possibility of a confluence of contradictory metaphors. Finally, a number of tropes stand out in which it is not the basic meaning of the word that changes, but one or another shade of this meaning. These are:
9). Hyperbole is an exaggeration brought to the point of "impossibility". Wed Lomonosov: "running, speedy wind and lightning."
10). Litotes is an understatement expressing, through a negative turnover, the content of a positive turnover (“a lot” in the meaning of “many”).
eleven). Irony is the expression in words of the opposite meaning to their meaning. Wed Lomonosov's characterization of Catiline by Cicero: “Yes! He is a fearful and meek person ... ".
TO expressive means language also includes stylistic figures of speech or simply figures of speech: anaphora, antithesis, non-union, gradation, inversion, polyunion, parallelism, rhetorical question, rhetorical appeal, default, ellipsis, epiphora. The means of artistic expression also include rhythm (poetry and prose), rhyme, and intonation.
Test 17
Test 15
Test 14. Vocabulary not only of the literary language is presented in the style of speech
Test 13. Emotionally expressive vocabulary is most fully represented in
Test 12
Test 11
Test 9
Test 7
Test 6. The main language function of conversational style is
Test 3. Does not apply to book style of speech
a) official business;
b) scientific;
c) colloquial and everyday;
d) journalistic.
a) scientific;
b) artistic;
c) journalistic;
d) official business.
Test 5 informality, ease and expressiveness of speech communication characteristic of the style
a) official business;
b) scientific;
c) colloquial and everyday;
d) journalistic.
a) accumulative;
b) cognitive;
c) communicative;
d) aesthetic.
a) informality and ease of speech;
b) spontaneity and automatism;
c) accuracy and consistency of speech;
d) routine content.
Test 8. The statement is incorrect:
a) Speech situation pays a lot of attention to conversational style.
b) This allows the maximum reduction of the statement.
c) Compression, simplification - extremely important condition for the existence of a conversational style.
d) The main form of existence of the conversational style is the monologue form.
a) scientific terminology;
b) colloquial words;
c) commonly used words;
d) colloquial words.
Test 10 practical application often there is a mixture of styles, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ begins to interact with each other. This process is called:
a) semantic flow;
b) written stream;
c) speech flow;
d) oral flow.
a) journalistic;
b) official business style;
c) scientific;
d) colloquial and everyday.
a) vernacular;
b) dialects;
c) jargon;
d) literary language.
a) colloquial and everyday speech;
c) scientific speech;
d) technical style.
a) scientific;
b) official business;
c) journalistic;
d) artistic.
a) sixty grams, with fifty percent;
b) driver, on vacation;
c) shorter, softer;
d) five kilograms of an orange.
Test 16 sweetheart, hare, hard worker refer to
a) neologisms;
b) evaluative vocabulary;
c) archaisms;
d) historicism.
a) abstractness and precision;
b) imagery and aesthetic value;
c) standardization and objectivity;
d) appraisal and invocativeness.
Target- adjustment of skills and abilities of mastering various functional styles of speech in their written (mostly) and oral form.
Questions: 1. The concept of functional styles of speech, dominant styles. 2. Oral and written forms of speech. 3. Scientific writing. 4. Official and business writing.
Literature:
1. Vvedenskaya L.A., Pavlova L.G., Kataeva E.Yu. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook. allowance for universities. - Rostov n / D .: publishing house "Phoenix", 2002.
2. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook. manual for university students / Maksimov V.I., Kazarinova N.V., Barabanova N.R. and others / ed. V.I. Maksimova. - M., 2000.
3. Russian language and culture of speech: Workshop / ed. prof. IN AND. Maksimov. – M.: Gardariki, 2000.
4. Fedosyuk M.Yu. and others. Russian language for non-philologist students: Uchebn. allowance. - M .: "Flinta", 1997.
5. Koltunova M.V. Language and business communication. - M., 2000.
If you have thought about the communicative code, you have undoubtedly come to the conclusion that language really exists only in speech. Speech can be oral and written, good, bad, bright, figurative, rich, poor ... Or business, scientific, colloquial, journalistic, artistic. The need for business, scientific, etc. speech is determined by the sphere of communication (say, a scientific conference), i.e. such quality of speech as its relevance in a given communication situation (including the characteristics of a communication partner, the content of speech, purpose, type of thinking). Relevance is created, in particular, the right choice functional style of speech: business, scientific, colloquial, journalistic, artistic.
The literary language is used in all spheres of communication; it is the basis, the base of any functional style. However, each style has its own dominant. Everything is subject to it: the selection of vocabulary (words), types of sentences, case forms, temporary forms of verbs, the use of parts of speech, the construction of the text.
Familiarize yourself with the dominants of functional styles*
Dominant business style - the ultimate accuracy, which does not allow other interpretations. Therefore, the business style is characterized by cumbersomeness, long sentences with clarifying phrases (what if they don’t understand it that way, punctuation marks should also clarify, highlight, underline), the use of special terms and standardized construction of speech - up to the use of special forms to be filled out (and here are their one must learn to read), digital marking, the prohibition of pronominal substitutions, the actual impossibility of an oral form of speech. Distinguish business style and business communication. Business conversation can be written (correspondence) and oral (negotiations). Business negotiations can take place in different settings - both in formal (proximity to business style) and informal (proximity to colloquial speech).
Dominant scientific style - conceptual accuracy. Each branch of scientific knowledge has its own terminology, which is systematically organized. The term has a certain meaning in this terminological system. Another feature of the scientific style is the emphasized logicality of speech, therefore textual braces of the type are widely used here: from this it follows, this leads to .., therefore, in this way, etc. If the accuracy of business style is primarily associated with the correspondence to specific reality, then the accuracy of scientific speech - this is conceptual accuracy (i.e., it is related to the accuracy of the functioning of concepts).
Dominant journalistic style - social appraisal. It manifests itself in newspaper “labels” (fascist, democrat, pseudo-democrat), in words with an additional connotation (meaning): cf.: leader and leader, congress, congress and gathering), in the very selection of facts, the degree of attention to them, in the use expressive syntax (sentence construction).
Dominant art style - the figurative and aesthetic significance of each of its elements (up to the sound).
Dominant conversational style - a feature of colloquial speech (an oral form of informal personal communication) - a minimum of concern for the form of expression of thoughts, hence phonetic fuzziness, lexical inaccuracy, syntactic negligence, etc. The system of colloquial speech relies on extralinguistic factors that facilitate understanding and is suitable only in personally addressed informal communication.
Art style as a functional style finds application in fiction, which performs figurative-cognitive and ideological-aesthetic functions. In order to understand the features of the artistic way of knowing reality, thinking, which determines the specifics of artistic speech, it is necessary to compare it with the scientific way of knowing, which determines the characteristic features of scientific speech.
Literature, like other forms of art, is inherent in concrete representation of life in contrast to the abstract, logical-conceptual, objective reflection of reality in scientific speech. Characteristic of a work of art perception through the senses and the re-creation of reality , the author seeks to convey, first of all, his personal experience, their understanding and comprehension of this or that phenomenon.
For the artistic style of speech is typical attention to the particular and the accidental followed by typical and general. Remember "Dead Souls" by N.V. Gogol, where each of the shown landowners personified certain specific human qualities, expressed a certain type, and all together they were the "face" of contemporary Russia to the author.
World of Fiction- this is a “recreated” world, the depicted reality is, to a certain extent, the author’s fiction, which means that the subjective moment plays the main role in the artistic style of speech. The whole surrounding reality is presented through the vision of the author. But in a literary text, we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in the artistic world: his preferences, condemnations, admiration, rejection, etc. This is connected with emotionality and expressiveness, metaphorical, meaningful versatility of the artistic style of speech.
The lexical composition and functioning of words in the artistic style of speech have their own characteristics. . The words that form the basis and create the imagery of this style include, first of all, the figurative means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words with a wide range of uses. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic credibility in the description certain parties life.
In the artistic style of speech, the speech polysemy of the word is very widely used. , which opens up additional meanings and semantic shades in it, as well as synonymy at all language levels, which makes it possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meanings. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the richness of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to a bright, expressive, figurative text. The author uses not only the vocabulary of the codified literary language, but also a variety of figurative means from colloquial speech and vernacular.
Come to the fore in a literary text emotionality and expressiveness of the image . Many words that in scientific speech act as clearly defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and journalistic speech - as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech - as concrete-sensory representations. Thus, the styles functionally complement each other. For artistic speech, especially poetic, inversion is characteristic, that is, a change in the usual word order in a sentence in order to enhance the semantic significance of a word or give the whole phrase a special stylistic coloring. An example of inversion is the well-known line from A. Akhmatova's poem "Everything I see is Pavlovsk is hilly ...". Variants of the author's word order are diverse, subject to the general plan.
In artistic speech, deviations from structural norms are also possible due to artistic actualization., i.e., the allocation by the author of some thought, idea, feature that is important for the meaning of the work. They can be expressed in violation of phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms.
In terms of diversity, richness and expressive possibilities of language means, the artistic style stands above other styles, is the most complete expression of the literary language.
As a means of communication, artistic speech has its own language - a system of figurative forms, expressed by linguistic and extralinguistic means. Artistic speech, along with non-artistic speech, performs a nominative-pictorial function.
Linguistic features of the artistic style of speech
1. Heterogeneity of the lexical composition: a combination of book vocabulary with colloquial, colloquial, dialect, etc.
The feather grass has matured. The steppe was clad in swaying silver for many versts. The wind accepted it resiliently, swooping in, roughening it, bumping it, driving gray-opal waves first to the south, then to the west. Where a flowing air stream ran, the feather grass bent prayerfully, and for a long time a blackening path lay on its gray ridge.
Various herbs bloomed. On the crests of the nikla is a joyless, burnt-out wormwood. The nights faded quickly. At night, in the charred-black sky, innumerable stars shone; month - the Cossack sun, darkening with a damaged sidewall, shone sparingly, white; the spacious Milky Way intertwined with other stellar paths. The tart air was thick, the wind was dry and wormwood; the earth, saturated with the same bitterness of the all-powerful wormwood, yearned for coolness.(M.A. Sholokhov)
2. Use of all layers of Russian vocabulary in order to realize an aesthetic function.
Daria hesitated for a minute and refused:
- No, no, I'm alone. There I am alone.
Where "there" - she did not even know close and, going out of the gate, went to the Angara. (V. Rasputin)
3. Activity of polysemantic words
all styles of speech.
The river boils all in a lace of white foam.
On the velvet of the meadows poppies are reddening.
Frost was born at dawn.
(M. Prishvin).
4. Combinatorial increments of meaning
(B.Larin)
Words in an artistic context receive a new semantic and emotional content, which embodies the figurative thought of the author.
I dreamed of catching the departing shadows,
The fading shadows of the fading day.
I went up the tower. And the steps trembled.
And the steps trembled under my foot
(K. Balmont)
5. Greater preference for the use of specific vocabulary and less - abstract.
Sergei pushed the heavy door. The steps of the porch barely audible sobbed under his foot. Two more steps and he is already in the garden.
The cool evening air was filled with the intoxicating aroma of flowering acacia. Somewhere in the branches, a nightingale chirped its trills, iridescently and subtly.
6. A minimum of generic concepts.
One more important piece of advice for a prose writer. More specificity. The imagery is the more expressive, the more precisely, more specifically the object is named.
You: " Horses chew corn. The peasants are preparing morning food”, “noisy birds"... In the artist's poetic prose, which requires visible clarity, there should be no generic concepts, if this is not dictated by the very semantic task of the content ... oats better than grain. Rooks more appropriate than birds(Konstantin Fedin)
7. Wide use of folk poetic words, emotional and expressive vocabulary, synonyms, antonyms.
Rosehip, probably, since spring has made its way along the trunk to the young aspen, and now, when the time has come to celebrate the aspen's name day, it all flared up with red fragrant wild roses.(M. Prishvin).
The New Time was located in Ertelev Lane. I said "fit". This is not the right word. Reigned, ruled.(G. Ivanov)
8. Verbal speech
The writer calls each movement (physical and / or mental) and change of state in stages. Forcing verbs activates reader tension.
Gregory went down to the Don, carefully climbed over through the wattle fence of the Astakhov base, came up to the shuttered window. He heard only frequent heartbeats ... Quietly knocked into the binding of the frame ... Aksinya silently approached to the window peered. He saw how she pressed hands to chest and heard an inarticulate moan escaped her lips. Gregory familiar showed so that she opened window, stripped off rifle. Aksinya opened wide sashes. He became on the mound, Aksinya's bare hands grabbed his neck. They are so trembled And fought on his shoulders, these native hands that tremble them transmitted and Gregory.(M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Flows the Don")
The dominants of the artistic style are the imagery and aesthetic significance of each of its elements (down to sounds). Hence the desire for freshness of the image, unhackneyed expressions, a large number of tropes, a special artistic (corresponding to reality) accuracy, the use of special expressive means of speech characteristic only for this style - rhythm, rhyme, even in prose a special harmonic organization of speech.
The artistic style of speech is distinguished by figurativeness, the wide use of figurative and expressive means of the language. In addition to its typical linguistic means, it uses the means of all other styles, especially colloquial. In the language of fiction, vernacular and dialectisms, words of a high, poetic style, jargon, rude words, professionally business turns of speech, journalism can be used. HOWEVER, ALL THESE MEANS IN the artistic style of speech ARE SUBJECT TO ITS MAIN FUNCTION - AESTHETIC.
If the colloquial style of speech performs primarily the function of communication, (communicative), scientific and official-business function of the message (informative), then the artistic style of speech is intended to create artistic, poetic images, emotional and aesthetic impact. All linguistic means included in a work of art change their primary function, obey the tasks of a given artistic style.
In literature, language occupies a special position, since it is that building material, that matter perceived by ear or sight, without which a work cannot be created. The artist of the word - the poet, the writer - finds, in the words of L. Tolstoy, "the only necessary placement of the only necessary words" in order to correctly, accurately, figuratively express an idea, convey the plot, character, make the reader empathize with the heroes of the work, enter the world created by the author.
All this is available ONLY to the LANGUAGE OF ART LITERATURE, therefore it has always been considered the pinnacle of the literary language. The best in language, its strongest possibilities and the rarest beauty - in the works of fiction, and all this is achieved by the artistic means of the language.
The means of artistic expression are varied and numerous. You are already familiar with many of them. These are such tropes as epithets, comparisons, metaphors, hyperbole, etc.
trails- a turn of speech in which a word or expression is used in a figurative sense in order to achieve greater artistic expressiveness. The path is based on a comparison of two concepts that seem to our consciousness to be close in some way. The most common types of tropes are allegory, hyperbole, irony, litote, metaphor, metomia, personification, paraphrase, synecdoche, simile, epithet.
For example: What are you howling about, the night wind, what are you complaining about insanely - personification. All flags will visit us - synecdoche. A man with a fingernail, a boy with a finger - litote. Well, eat a plate, my dear - metonymy, etc.
Expressive means of language include stylistic figures of speech or just figures of speech : anaphora, antithesis, non-union, gradation, inversion, polyunion, parallelism, rhetorical question, rhetorical address, omission, ellipsis, epiphora. The means of artistic expression also include rhythm (poetry And prose), rhyme, intonation .
Loading...