Where official business style of speech is used examples. Writing business style text: rules and examples. Language Level: Syntax

The Russian language allows you to express your thoughts in five different ones, each of which is something special and is used in a particular field of activity. In the administrative and public - official business style of speech is used, applied both in written and oral form.

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Peculiarities

This style has pronounced characteristics , which are clearly seen in the morphology and syntax of texts. The stylistic features are as follows:

Concerning lexical features, then there are only three of them:

1. A certain set of lexical phrases and the use of official words: prescribe, allow, notify, plaintiff, law, etc.
2. Dry vocabulary, full of purely clerical expressions: there is a place to be, etc.
3. The use of set phrases: based on, taking into account, etc.

Important! Despite the necessary impersonality, these texts allow the use of first person verbs and pronouns.

Syntactic constructions- these are the signs that easily allow the reader to determine the type of presentation. This type of texts has several characteristic syntactic features:

1. The presence of small structures - simple sentences, the absence of homogeneous members of the sentence or introductory words.
2. High structural standardization - each type of document has its own structural features. So, all statements begin with a stamp at the top of the sheet, and all protocols are characterized by signatures at the end of the document.

This form of presentation of thoughts is quite actively used in various spheres of life. Everyone should be able to use it, since any relationship with organizations take place in business language.

Usage

The scope of application is extremely narrow, and at the same time quite extensive. Examples of text of this nature are often found in government organizations and are divided into:

1. Legislative level - legislative documents, official papers, charters, rules.
2. Everyday business level - official correspondence, private office work.

Both types are used in different areas:

• jurisprudence;
• economy;
• politics;
• business;
• international relations;
• marketing.

An example of official business style documents is office and official papers, starting with explanatory and ending with the Constitution.

Cliche

As in any other, in an official business text there are some clichés. Usually, the use of such stamps is considered unacceptable and negative.

Stamps are words that are overused and have an indefinite meaning (defined, therefore, some), deforming the meaning, or losing it altogether in an abundance of unnecessary phrases.

Despite the negative value of stamps, they can and should be used in business conversations and papers. It was stated above that business speech uses standards as the main means of language. The presence of a certain standard or stamp at times simplifies creation and filling all questionnaires, forms and other documents.

Important! In such forms, it is unacceptable to freely express one's thoughts: the secretary cannot be answered in business correspondence “We are waiting for an answer, like the nightingale of summer” - this is unacceptable.

Official speech, standard situations - all this determines essence and purpose of such documents, as well as their clear structure and arrangement of all elements of the proposal. It does not allow:

• conversational elements;
• poeticisms;
• archaisms;
• emotional words and colorings;
• artistic elements: hyperboles, metaphors, etc.;

Any text of this category, which is correctly built in terms of grammar and vocabulary, is correct and fully complies with the requirements of the official business style of speech. And if it contains the above elements, even with the correct structure, it is perceived as incorrect. Standardness in this type of speech is a lexical feature, and has its own markers, for example:

• to fine;
• express gratitude;
• call to account;
• put forward an argument;
• be responsible;
• delivery notice.

Thus, the cliché in general is negative phenomenon, but using them in this category acceptable and even welcome.

However, there is another side to the excessive use of clericalism - texts must carry information, despite the use of many clichés.

Therefore, you should carefully proofread all papers to make sure that the recipient and reader get the necessary information load from them.

Style Text Analysis

Any text is subject to analysis to determine the style to which it belongs and other features. Examples of texts can be found in legislative documents, official notices and other official papers. To define a style, analyze text:

Reveal style features:

• accurate presentation of information and detailed;
• the severity of the composition;
• lack of expression and emotion.

Lexical features:

• use of special terminology;
• an abundance of bureaucracy (taking into account, have the right);
• words of necessity and duty.

Morphological features:

• use and verbs in the present tense;
• frequent use of verbal nouns;
• naming people based on their actions.

Syntactic:

• high particularity of homogeneous members;
• the presence of complicated sentences;
• frequent use of the genitive;
• use of passive and impersonal constructions;
• the presence of simple unemotional sentences;
• direct word order.

If all these features are found in the text, then it belongs to the official business style. Examples of texts of a similar plan are found in educational literature, stationery and personal documents. For example, an autobiography is often written in a similar language, and certain rules should be followed when writing it:

1. Structured text: each important date begins with a paragraph and is followed by a new paragraph, the date is always indicated at the end of the document.
2. Strict observance of the chronological sequence, starting from birth and ending with the last year before writing the document, illogical transitions are not allowed.
3. Conciseness: the autobiography is not written on more than 2-3 pages.
4. A statement of accurate, reliable facts that can always be confirmed by evidence papers.

When writing a biography use of words from other styles is allowed, but the presence of cliches is welcome. Often you can find autobiographies in a completely artistic style, but such a document is more like an autobiographical story than a dry statement of facts.

Dialogue

Oral speech can also be delivered in a business style. Compliance with the cliché of the official style is also welcomed in dialogues, despite the fact that the usual arrangement of information on papers differs from oral speech.

She is usually full of emotion and rather asymmetrical. If oral speech is emphatically logical, the communication environment is clearly official.

Main characteristic oral business communication is the flow of a conversation in a positive way in the key of sympathy, respect or goodwill. Oral speech differs depending on the varieties of style:

• clerical and business - oral speech is full of clericalism and cliches, but it also allows the use of ordinary, non-business words;
• public administration - the use of phraseological units, anarchisms, slang expressions and other words that are not related to the business style is unacceptable.

TO main features oral official speech include:

• brevity;
• accuracy;
• influence;
• corresponding words;
• well-designed structures;
• correct syntax;
• standardization of mentally prepared speech.

Oral business speech cannot be emotional. good example the following business dialogue can serve:

- Hello!

- Hello. How can I help you?

— I would like to submit my resume to your company.

- Do you have a higher education?

— Yes, I graduated from the university with a degree in Management.

Are you familiar with our terms and conditions?

— Yes, in full.

- Fine. Then take your resume and other documents, and come tomorrow at 9:00 to the main office for an interview. All the best!

- Thank you. Goodbye.

Official business style in Russian, examples where it is applied

We study speech styles in Russian - official business style

Conclusion

Business speech may seem boring and dry at first glance, but when mastering it, it becomes clear that it is as rich as artistic speech, just the scope of its application requires certain conditions and rules, to which it corresponds. Formal business style is feature of the state and business sphere, and sooner or later you will have to learn to own it in order to become a full-fledged member of society.

The book describes in detail the spheres and types of business communication, new phenomena in the official business style, as well as the language features of Russian business speech. Varieties of written business texts of a personal, official and industrial nature and the most popular genres of oral business speech are analyzed, such aspects are considered business communication like etiquette, a speech portrait of a business person, the language of advertising, administrative and business jargon, etc. Each section is accompanied by questions for self-control and a list of recommended literature. For students of humanitarian universities, teachers of the Russian language and the culture of professional speech, as well as all readers interested in modern business speech. 2nd edition.

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The following excerpt from the book Fundamentals of Russian Business Speech (Authors, 2012) provided by our book partner - the company LitRes.

Language of official business communication

§ 1. Official business style in the system of book styles: general characteristics and features of the new time

The official business style, along with the scientific and journalistic style, is one of the most important styles of the modern Russian language. Official business speech provides communication in the official sphere between various organizations and institutions, between legal entities and individuals, between states and within the country. Being a functional style, official business speech has a number of specific linguistic features that are found at all levels of the language system - lexical, morphological and syntactic, and has specific textual characteristics. Any native speaker of the Russian language unmistakably qualifies this piece of text as official business:

In order to reduce the harmful effects of tobacco smoke, it is prohibited to smoke tobacco at workplaces, in urban and suburban transport, on air transport, in indoor sports facilities, health care organizations, cultural organizations, in territories and indoors educational organizations, in the premises occupied by the organs state power, with the exception of smoking tobacco in specially designated areas for smoking tobacco.

The rather definite expressiveness of the specific linguistic features of business speech, the limited scope of use, ease of recognition underlie the parody of this style, for example, the fairy tale "Little Red Riding Hood" in an official business style (fragment):

In an unknown locality lived a citizen named Little Red Riding Hood (real name has not been established). On such and such a date of such and such a year she left the house. Citizen K. had a bundle with her, which she had to hand over to citizen Babushka (real name has not been established) at a predetermined place, namely, at the place of residence mentioned above. Citizen Babushka had a privatized land plot and a place of residence not far from the place of residence of citizen Red Riding Hood, but due to old age could not run a household on her own.

Going to her destination, the citizen Little Red Riding Hood had to go through the forest - an area with a high criminogenic situation. While the citizen Red Riding Hood was passing the aforementioned section of the path, an unfamiliar citizen approached her, who, as it turned out later, turned out to be Volk, a citizen who did not work anywhere (his real name was also not established) ...

Insufficient command of business speech can lead to errors that resemble parodies, for example:

Returning from the flight, Korotkov dozed off, which was the result of his collision with a pole standing not far from the roadside.

The accused confessed under the weight of the stolen evidence.

The functional differentiation of the modern Russian language is based on the goals of communication and spheres of activity. The sphere (scientific, business, legal, socio-political) and the goal (to convince, inform, regulate, influence, prove) define and form the fundamental linguistic features of the functional style. As already noted, official business speech serves a fairly wide range of official relations, ensuring the implementation of legal, administrative and organizational tasks. According to M. N. Kozhina, the most important goal of the official business sphere is the expression of will and the speech embodiment of the regulatory function of law. These two goals determine the main features of the official business style, such as: 1) imperative and prescriptive-duty value; 2) accuracy, not allowing other interpretations; 3) non-personal character; 4) nominal character of speech; 5) standardization; 6) unemotionality, neutrality and ugliness.

1.1. Lexical and grammatical features of the official business style

Each functional style, including official business style, is characterized by its own specific features at the level of vocabulary, morphology and syntax. The lexical level of the business style is formed by: 1) commonly used neutral words of the Russian language ( law, health, country, protection, demand, receive, engage and etc.); 2) terms and phrases of a terminological nature ( claim, penalty, legal capacity, legal capacity, creditor, insolvency, trustee, adopter, lost profit, entity ); 3) the so-called "clericalisms", i.e. words and phrases characteristic of the official business style, but also within business speech having an undesirable "official" connotation ( appropriate, following, notify, lose force, notify, after the expiration of the term, recover etc.). The vocabulary of the official business style is devoid of figurativeness, expressiveness and expressiveness. Business documents do not use words and expressions with a reduced stylistic coloring. In business speech there are historicisms ( His Majesty, His Excellency) and archaisms, i.e. words that are out of use ( this, such, this, so that and etc.). At the same time, it should be noted that at present there is a tendency to replace a number of archaic words and phrases with modern equivalents, for example, instead of with this we direct recommend to use just direct; designated (above) is replaced by named, named above on specified (named) above; this year- on this year, current year; hereby inform- on inform; immediately- on immediately; notify- on inform; for consideration- on for consideration; which- on which.

A distinctive feature of business speech is the frequency of use of verbominants, i.e. combinations of a verb with a weakened semantic meaning and a noun, for example: reach an agreement, make a censure, make payments, secure, collect a fine, search, seize etc. In some cases, combinations of a verb with a noun are phraseological in nature, i.e. the phrase cannot be replaced by one verb, for example, allow marriage, take office, confer control- the lexical compatibility of a noun with a verb is limited. Attributive combinations are also frequent, which can be both free phrases and phraseologized ones: money, material assets, misuse, payment order, force majeure, writ of execution, cassation complaint and etc.

To convey certain semantic information, ready-made speech formulas - clichés - are used. So, for example, a reminder could be expressed as follows: we remind you that ... we inform you that ... we consider it necessary to remind you once again ...; message - we inform you that ... we inform ... we inform you ... we bring to your attention ...; and the refusal we are not able to fulfill… unfortunately, we are not able to satisfy your request… we cannot provide you with… etc.

In the official business style, nouns are widespread, formed from verbs or verb phrases and denoting people according to a certain action or attitude to action: testator, advertiser, advertiser, applicant, trustee, policyholder, founder, donor etc. The names of persons by profession, position and academic title retain the masculine form, for example: Ivanov's secretary, Treplev's teacher, Zinin's supervisor, Brunova's graduate student, Korina's laboratory assistant etc.

Many researchers note the nominal nature of the business language. The frequency of the use of nouns significantly exceeds the frequency of the use of verbs. Verbal nouns with suffixes are especially characteristic of the official business style. – enij-, -anij-:

The antimonopoly authority… issues… to business entities… instructions:

a) about termination limiting competition agreements…

b) o cessation of abuse a business entity with a dominant position…

c) about termination of the violation rules of non-discriminatory access to goods…

before preventing actions that may interfere with occurrence competition and/or may lead to limitation, removal competition and violation antimonopoly legislation;

f) about elimination consequences violations

g) o recovery the situation that existed before violations antitrust laws...

h) o imprisonment contracts, about change terms of contracts or termination contracts in the event that, when considering a case on violation of the antimonopoly legislation by persons whose rights are violated or may be violated, a corresponding petition was filed ...

In the group of verbal nouns, one can highlight words that are rarely found in other styles of speech, namely: nouns with the prefix non-: dereliction of duty, failure to return funds, failure to provide assistance, avoidance of exposure etc. This group of terms is extremely productive, it is constantly replenished with words formed according to the traditional model: Not+ verbal noun.

A. M. Peshkovsky wrote that the widespread use of verbal nouns makes speech "sluggish, confused, melodically poor and formless." However, verbal nouns have a number of semantic and syntactic properties, which, according to G. O. Vinokur, ensure their indispensability in a business text. G. O. Vinokur notes that the ability of verbal nouns to name not the specific action itself, but the general idea of ​​it, the loss of grammatical categories inherent in the verb (type, voice, tense), and create the necessary business speech unambiguity and at the same time generalization of meaning, provide the official significance of the concept called the verbal name, elevate it to the rank of constant thematic and situational clichés of office work.

The widespread use of verbal nouns leads, in turn, to the use of semantically empty words, for example: on the fact of a fire, the case of restoration work, in the process of implementation, cleaning work, in the prescribed manner, in the form of an agreement, for the intended purpose, within the powers etc.

An official business text is easily recognizable by nominal prepositions that are used to express various relationships (goals, conditions, modes of action, indications of the source, reasons, etc.): for the purposes of, on the basis of, in relation to, in the form of, under the guise of, in accordance with etc. Their stylistic coloring is revealed when compared with simple prepositions or conjunctions involved in the design of similar relations, for example:

The guarantee terminates when changes in obligations under the loan agreement - if obligations change.

The decision of the court of first instance was canceled by the Judicial Collegium for Criminal Cases due with an improperly conducted verification of the arguments given in the complaint - because of badly done check because check was bad...

The stay of citizens in the forests may be limited in order to ensure fire safety in forests - For providing… to provide…

In a business style, personal pronouns are practically not used, since the presentation, as a rule, is conducted not from a specific person, but from an abstract, generalized one - official representative organizations, institutions.

Commission as part of ... checked ... This regulation establishes ... The managing organization transfers ... The Government of the Russian Federation decides…

At the same time, there are a number of documents in which the presentation is in the first person, but without the use of a pronoun. me: ask, inform, bring to your attention. For example, a decree of the head of state can be conveyed both by a personal sentence (in the first person) and by an impersonal (infinitive) sentence, for example:

a) For a great personal contribution to the development of domestic engineering, labor achievements and many years of conscientious work, award:

ORDER FOR MERITS TO THE FATHERLAND IV DEGREE YARYGIN Vladimir Mikhailovich - open turner-carousel joint-stock company"Electrostal Heavy Machinery Plant", Moscow Region (Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1458 of November 3, 2007).

b) Guided by federal laws of May 31, 1996 No. 61-FZ "On Defense" and of March 28, 1998 No. 53-FZ "On military duty and military service", I decide:

From October 1 to December 31, 2007, call up citizens for military service Russian Federation at the age of 18 to 27 years ... (Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of September 30, 2007).

The low use of personal pronouns is also explained by the fact that pronominal substitution is not used in official business style. For example:

State Secretary of the Union State in the course of execution budget of the Union State on the proposal of the main managers of funds budget of the Union State has the right to make changes to the consolidated budget breakdown of income and expenses budget of the Union State on target balances budget of the Union State allocated for the same purposes in addition to the appropriations provided in the budget for 2007 to finance the programs and subprograms of the Union State.

A distinctive morphological feature of the business style is the predominance of the infinitive over other verb forms. According to M.N. Kozhina, in official texts the infinitive occurs five times more often than in scientific texts. See example:

The functioning of the conjugated forms of the verb also has its own characteristics. Most often in business texts, the present tense forms are used, which have the meaning of this prescription or this obligation. For example:

Unless otherwise specified in the Contract, the insurance premium paid at the same time.

All disputes and disagreements ... allowed on the basis of these rules and the current legislation of the Russian Federation.

Form paid appears here in the sense of "must be paid, ordered to pay"; allowed- in the meaning of "should be allowed, must be allowed."

The forms of the future tense, like the forms of the present, have shades of obligation, prescription, or acquire a conditional meaning (usually in complex sentences). The most typical value of the past tense in official business texts is the past of the underlined statement.

Heads of two states in a frank and friendly atmosphere held in-depth exchange of views and reached common understanding on issues of bilateral relations, as well as international and regional problems of mutual interest.

The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation composed of ... having heard in a plenary session the opinion of Judge A. Ya. Pliva ... installed…

Based on the foregoing and guided by paragraph 2 of the first part of Article 43 and the first part of Article 79 ... The Court defined…

The desire for objectivity of presentation is found in wide distribution in the texts business correspondence passive constructions in which the action comes to the fore, and the real producer of this action is not indicated by the grammatical form of the subject and, thus, is relegated to the background.

Act drawn up in duplicate. After the approval of the act, its first copy returns V customs Department, whose cars provided events, and is the basis for issuing an order to write off motor resources.

Official business style documents have high information redundancy and contextual conditionality, which is primarily due to the need to present this or that issue as accurately, fully and comprehensively as possible, to prevent ambiguities, the possibility of different readings and interpretations. These reasons influence the syntax of business speech, which, according to many, is heavy, cumbersome, and confusing. In many genres of official speech, both simple and complex sentences are widely represented with separate participial and participial phrases, common members of sentences, with homogeneous members, the number of which can reach 15–18 or more. For example:

An employer who deems it necessary in order to carry out effective economic activity organization to improve its organizational and staffing structure by reducing the number or staff of employees in order to obtain the consent of a higher elected trade union body to dismiss an employee who is the head (his deputy) of an elected trade union collegiate body and not released from the main work, is obliged to provide motivated evidence that the forthcoming dismissal of such an employee is due precisely to the specified goals and is not related to the implementation of trade union activities by him.

The above complex sentence consists of two simple sentences and is complicated by two participial phrases, but it is quite difficult to perceive from the point of view of the literary language, since it contains several propositional (semantic) structures in a collapsed form:

If the employer wants to dismiss the head of the trade union or his deputy and the head (deputy) of the trade union body is not released from work, then the employer must 1) obtain the consent of the higher trade union body and 2) provide evidence that:

a) the dismissal is due to the need to improve the structure of the organization;

b) dismissal is not related to trade union activities.

Of course, there are different forms of written expression of complex organizational and production situations, in some cases it is impossible to avoid a complicated presentation, introductory, descriptive constructions or isolation, but in Lately In the works of both linguists and lawyers, there are more and more statements about the need to strive for simplicity, clarity, economy of presentation, to express thoughts in short phrases, in an accessible and clear form.

The specificity of business speech is manifested at the text level. As B. S. Schwarzkopf notes, the textual norms of the official business style are manifested in the patterns of implementation of the semantic-information structure and the rules for the linear deployment of the document scheme, i.e., they determine the semantic and formal organization of the text and its parts. Textual norms differ in the degree of rigidity / flexibility of the organization. B. S. Schwarzkopf distinguishes three types of texts depending on the degree of rigidity of text norms: a sample matrix, a sample model and a sample schema. The most rigid organization has a sample-matrix, which "is characterized by the fixedness of all three main parameters of text organization: (a) a set of content elements (requisites), (b) their sequence, (c) their spatial arrangement." The sample model is less rigid. In this case, the form of the text is fixed (a set of details and their sequence), but freedom is allowed in the way the content is presented. The most flexible type of text is represented by a sample diagram, in which only a set of attributes is fixed.

The listed samples of texts are implemented in typical texts - genres of official business style. Examples of text-matrix are various certificates and questionnaires, in which the writer is required to have a minimum of effort when filling in the appropriate columns or answering questions. Application, complaint, request, different kinds regulated letters are samples-models. Sample schemes include various types of unregulated letters containing up-to-date production information or reflecting important aspects of business relations, analytical, review, informational and statistical notes, including situation analysis, data commentary, digital information, etc. Official business style genres are distinguished by standardization and unification, since for the vast majority of genres their form is enshrined at the legislative level.

The legal basis for the creation, collection, processing, accumulation, storage, search, distribution and provision of documented information is contained in the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Information, Information Technologies and Information Protection". Since 1993, the All-Russian classifier of management documentation has been in force, including all-Russian (intersectoral, interdepartmental) unified forms of documents approved by the ministries (departments) of the Russian Federation - developers of unified documentation systems (UDS). Certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation oblige to draw up documents in accordance with the norms and requirements of approved GOSTs and other regulatory and methodological materials (see, for example, GOST 6.10.5-87. "Unified documentation systems. Requirements for the construction of a layout key"; GOST R 6.30-2003. "Unified documentation systems. Unified system of organizational and administrative documentation. Requirements for paperwork"). Requirements for the texts of management documentation, forms of their construction and issues of unification of language tools, as well as guidelines for the design of official documents are set out in methodological recommendations on the unification of the texts of management documents of the All-Russian Research Institute of Records Management and Archiving (VNIIDAD) (revised in 1998). Base for creating documents management activities contained in State system documentation management support (GSDM).

The issues of unification and standardization of documents at the international level are handled by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

1.2. Speech cliches of an official business style of speech

The phenomenon called in the linguistic literature a stamp, cliché, standard, speech stereotype, in relation to the official business style, should be discussed separately. There are special reasons for this, which we will discuss below.

Traditionally, the use of stamps is perceived as a negative phenomenon and is regarded as a significant lack of speech. Stamps include "universal" words that have an indefinite, erased meaning. They can replace a word with a specific meaning in order to avoid, for example, an undesirable clarification, for example: There were some shortcomings in the work of the enterprise, which allowed some persons to commit certain offenses. Or: One way or another, we will snuggle up to the aspirations of the working man.<…> We are categorically against the fact that the product of the vital activity of peoples belonged to a narrow gang of bankers(attributed to Viktor Anpilov). Such phrases either do not carry a semantic and informational load, or significantly distort it.

Another manifestation of the “stamping” of speech is, for example, the use of a word with the realization of its frequency compatibility. If applause is mentioned in a speech, it is certainly stormy, the atmosphere is warm, the distribution is wide, the impression is indelible, the moment is current, the spectacle is exciting, etc. Such combinations of words unify the speech, deprive it of its originality.

Fascination with cliches and stereotypical expressions - if it looks, for example, in a conversation with a friend as follows: My friend turned to me with a request to help him, and I agreed to intercede for him before our local committee- should be regarded as an inability to use the riches of the Russian language, as a lack of knowledge of the stylistic differences between language units and a lack of knowledge of various styles of the Russian language. The combinations of stylistically incompatible words generated by this are often ridiculed by humorists, as is done in the parody poem by M. Isakovsky:

In the forgotten side, in the Zabolotsky volost, oh, I liked you completely and completely. How it came - I don’t know myself - it’s a hobby, we walked through the forests of local importance.<…>The forest was dressed in fogs from high humidity... Suddenly a package of extreme importance came to you.<…>And since then, in my chest - sadness and chagrin, and I do not like the ways of local significance.

Similar phenomena in the Russian language were once described by Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky, who diagnosed him as “clerical”, meaning the littering of the language with bureaucratic clichés, replacing them with original ways of expressing thought.

This general position does not apply, however, to the journalistic style, one of the characteristic features of which is the antinomy "standard - expressiveness".

If in such styles of speech as scientific style, colloquial speech, language fiction, stereotypes and clichés are undesirable, because they are not just ugly, but clutter up speech, deprive it of individuality and expressiveness, then in business speech “hackneyed clichés”, “worn out expressions” are often desirable and simply necessary.

In defining the official business style (and its place among other styles), the emphasis is, as noted above, on the presence of a standard, a stamp, a template as the main and characteristic feature of the style, on some of its “heaviness” and the absence of expressiveness and “excesses”.

The concept of a standard, standardization as an immanent feature of an official business style is associated primarily with the form of many documents drawn up according to a specific template. “Since everything is regulated in legal relations, and communication is carried out according to certain standards that facilitate this communication, insofar as the speech standard, the template turns out to be inevitable, necessary and even expedient, justified here.” The presence of a standard, a sample, greatly facilitates the filling in of the necessary forms, questionnaires, forms, etc. - a rather significant variety of documents required by official authorities.

Indeed, it is difficult to imagine a free form in a standard leave application or memorandum, not to mention instructions, statutes and constitutions. It is no coincidence that in institutions intended to receive documents of a certain type from citizens, they often offer special samples of their completion or execution - questionnaires, applications, powers of attorney, petitions, explanatory notes, letters of guarantee etc. - so that the people who compose them do not deviate from the accepted rules, from the regulated form, do not suffer in search of words and stable combinations typical for this style, such as: as a result, I ask to provide, in connection with which, I certify, cause damage due to me, non-compliance, I hereby certify, the established procedure, documentation, I bring to your attention, indemnify etc.

In texts of special purpose and form, various kinds of liberties and deviations from the laws of the genre are hardly possible and appropriate, such as the phrase: “We are waiting for an answer, like the nightingale of summer” in the final part of a business letter. The official sphere of communication, repetitive standard situations, a clearly limited thematic circle of business speech determine the standard forms of documents - with obligation and a clear structural and compositional arrangement of parts.

Colloquial and expressive elements, poeticisms and other "different style" expressions in documents regulating relations between the individual and society, between citizens and official authorities, are simply unacceptable. As an example, let's cite excerpts from a very serious legal document in terms of genre and purpose, from which it follows that suspicions of stealing a certain citizen's piglet turned out to be groundless: the piglet coveted oats growing on the other side of the river and tried to swim to it.

RESOLUTION

Refusal to initiate criminal proceedings

I, district inspector of the Ust-Ishimsky District Department of Internal Affairs of the Department of Internal Affairs of the Omsk Region, militia captain Mitelev, having considered the application of c. Pogrebkovskaya, who lives in the village. Malaya Beach on the street. collective farm,

SET

On September 17, 1979, 1 piglet at the age of 3 months named Borya did not return along with the rest of the piglets. Having strayed from the main herd, the piglet Borya grazed alone along the bank of the river. Berry.<…>Borya was carried by the current into the Irtysh River, where the unreasonable animal continued to swim against the current, hoping that it would swim out, but did not calculate its strength and capabilities. A herd of piglets saw how Borya was dying, but could not provide effective assistance and, screeching loudly, ran along the shore, thus trying to attract the attention of people. Piglet Borya floundered in the water for a long time, while resounding with a loud screech around the village of Malaya Beach, and, after being exhausted, resigned to fate and quietly drowned.

Collective farmers who harvested the crops saw this death of the piglet Bori, which they confirm in their testimony.<…>

Guided by Art. 113 Code of Criminal Procedure and Art. 5 paragraph 1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure,

RESOLVED

In the initiation of a criminal case on the theft of a piglet Bori from gr. Pogrebkovskaya to refuse.

District inspector, police captain Mitelev.

As you can see, a document that cannot stand stylistic uniformity causes nothing but laughter and is hardly perceived as serious and corresponding to the types of documents of this sample. The essence of the incident described is much easier to comprehend when writing a document in standard clerical language. “Chancellery can be seen as a result of linguistic ‘conservation of energy’” - using stamps and templates, writing and speaking is much easier and faster than using bright, expressive, artistic speech and language means.

And vice versa, an unjustified passion for a form intended only for a certain type of texts, and the corresponding vocabulary and syntax can cause bewilderment, become an object of irony and be perceived as a parody. This is how the text, concise and stylized as a business speech, conveying the content of the novel in verse "Eugene Onegin" can be perceived. Here's an example:

<…>Due to the remoteness of the estate belonging to the Larin family from St. Petersburg and the shortage of males, as well as due to the lack of life experience, education according to romantic ideas and the content of French novels, gr. T. Larina fell in love with me, about which I was notified in writing.

In order to avoid misunderstanding and categorically rejecting the possibility of an adequate response to the aforementioned feeling and the formation of a joint venture called the family, I considered it necessary to put c. Larin is aware of this. In the course of the short talks that took place between us, the feeling I had with respect to Mr. Larina, was qualified as "brother's love", which excluded the development of further relations.<…>(E. Onegin).

Texts belonging to the sphere of everyday colloquial speech, but grammatically and lexically designed according to the rules of official business speech, are perceived as incorrect. (Compare the already classic example of a marriage proposal in such a lexical form as: "It's time to put the question of marriage between us on the agenda.")

The standard in formal business style is associated not only with the form. Standardization is also considered here as a concept of a lexical plan, which, in turn, is largely determined by the form of a particular document - for example, the composition of the procedural act and the structure of the document (minutes, decrees, sentences, warrants or complaints, orders, contracts, statements, reprimands, orders, etc.). Characterization of the lexical level in textbooks and manuals that highlight the features of the official business style of speech necessarily includes an indication of such a feature as the presence of typical phrases - a kind of markers of this style. The abundance in official business texts of various kinds of stable turns and formulations that do not allow variation, A.F. Zhuravlev considers among his own features of style. In accordance with the trend towards maximum motivation of nominations, official business speech reveals, in his opinion, a “passionate commitment” to non-idiomatic phrases. The non-single-word nomination belongs "to the most loaded naming methods in the official style".

Lexical compatibility in all types of business documents is extremely standardized. For example, arbitrariness in the choice of the appropriate accompanying verb in combinations like control is placed, price is set, debt is paid off, issue is raised, discounts are given, agreement is reached, payment is made etc. It is no coincidence that knowledge of the style and accepted templates and stamps of official business and legal documentation is considered a necessary component professional qualities an employee applying for a job related to office work.

However, even here there are limitations on the use of stamps, standards and clichés. So, in the special circular existing in the field of office work, which sets out the basic rules for the preparation and execution of outgoing documents, in particular, it is prescribed to strive for simplicity, conciseness, clarity, accuracy; avoid long phrases with a large number of participles and participles; do not use epithets, hyperbole, metaphors; do not use obsolete words and expressions (archaisms), for example, words such as: for whom, therefore, this, this, rather than, find, thankful. Moreover, the authors of the rules warn of the danger of being carried away by clericalism - such phrases as In terms of meeting requests… There is an increase in labor productivity etc., making speech official and inexpressive. Nevertheless, in general, clericalism - incoming And outgoing(papers, document numbers), execution of the decision to entrust, assist, work out the issue, make a payment, involve(resource, people, departments), in accordance with the decision, in accordance with the decision- a natural linguistic phenomenon, they facilitate the compilation and passage of papers "through the authorities".

Characteristic for business speech are recognized stable phrases of a mostly terminated nature, by no means distinguished by emotionality and expressiveness, generally inherent in Russian phraseology and actively implemented in other areas of communication. For example: impose a fine, declare gratitude, call to account, stabilization fund, put forward an argument, bear responsibility, in due course, cash on delivery, with declared value, social protection, notification of delivery, in a friendly atmosphere etc. Or related to the legal field: capital punishment, court case, recovery of non-pecuniary damage, strict regime colony, punishability of an act, law enforcement agencies, imprisonment, cassation complaint, undertaking not to leave the country, arbitrage practice, blame etc.

Among them, expressions denoting procedural or professional actions are especially distinguished. Similar speech clichés can be found in any of the sub-styles:

- legislative ( sue, pronounce a sentence, find guilty, arrest, serve a term, select a measure of restraint, recognize as a victim);

- administrative and clerical ( levy a tax, collect a debt, expropriate, impose control, make amends, repay a loan);

- diplomatic ( veto, respect human rights, reach an agreement, resolve a conflict, inform, protest, infringe on interests), although in the latter speech clichés merge with journalistic ones. "Traditional diplomatic language<…>has been worked out, quite flexible, and a lot of ready-made formulas have been accumulated, juggling with which diplomats really achieve some decisions, although for the uninitiated this language is an object for criticism. However, this language is functional."

So, cliches should be assessed as a negative phenomenon, while clichés help in drafting a document, make it easier for readers to find the right words and understand the text.

A broad understanding of cliches inevitably leads us to the problem of expressiveness of speech, since the concept of "stable expressions" includes, among other things, phraseological units, proverbs, catchwords - phrases that are not created in speech, but used in finished form. They are designed to serve to create imagery and originality of speech, to increase its expressiveness. Units such as: take the bull by the horns, register Izhitsa, and things are still there, roll up your sleeves, and the ends are in the water, customs gives the go-ahead, keep on starvation rations, the new broom sweeps clean, without hesitation and others, are unlikely to be found in the texts of the legal, clerical, diplomatic sub-styles in their written implementation.

The business text as a whole is distinguished by the most strict and restrained nature of the presentation and the tendency to use stylistically neutral and / or bookish elements. It is believed that the official business style, characterized by formality, high regulation and impersonality, practically excludes the use of expressive and emotionally colored, figurative and evaluative means, stylistic devices. Emotionlessness is one of the most important extralinguistic parameters of the texts of service documents. When determining the official business style, as a rule, such speech acts as “fights” of the prosecution and the defense at court hearings are not taken into account, when the speaker’s task is not just to present the facts, but to attract the attention of the listeners, to influence them in order to convince, arouse sympathy, understanding in them, etc. The speaker’s speech tasks determine and use means of expression- comparisons, phraseological units, proverbs, aphorisms.

Thus, this category of language units is presented differently in texts related to oral and written business speech. In oral business speech, which is characterized by a lesser degree of standardization, the use of expressive means of the language is less regulated and more likely.

If in written business speech colloquial vocabulary, manifestations of expression are inappropriate and are perceived as stylistic errors, because they do not correspond to the canon and violate the requirements of formality and unemotionality, then in oral business speech colloquial vocabulary often acts as a function of increasing expressiveness, intimating communication, is used as a means of influencing the interlocutor.

Comparing the lexical norms of oral and written business speech, M. V. Koltunova gives examples of discrepancies between them in the use of nomenclature signs and various names. So, in her opinion, professionalisms actively penetrate into oral business speech, often having a different terminological correspondence in written speech: charge price instead of set a price, black cash instead of unaccounted for money, leaves the wheels instead of sold without intermediaries etc.

Oral speech also has its own arsenal of set expressions and precedent texts, which are associated with oral, colloquialism: in a nutshell, make ends meet, strike up a relationship, splurge, keep one's own interests, shake hands, in short and others. Many of the above expressions are marked by expressiveness.

In addition to phraseological units, professional idioms are also used in oral business speech: distribute according to the statements, raise the reporting, remove from the balance sheet, develop connections, reach the consumer, put into operation, write down the amount etc.

Colloquial expressions and emotionally colored vocabulary penetrate into oral business speech: exorbitant prices, peak situation, a sea of ​​​​commodities, ridiculous money, a trifle etc.

Although, of course, as M. V. Koltunova points out, one should also take into account the specifics of the situation in which oral business speech is implemented: strictly official, official and unofficial.

A comparison of the written and oral varieties of business style shows their fundamental difference. The impossibility of the existence of a correlative oral form of the official business style is inherent in the communicative specificity of the business text of the document as a written act that has official force. This indicates the need to classify the official business style as a written form of language implementation.

A document is a text that controls the actions of people, and to perform this function it must have official power, and this property can only be provided by the texture of written speech, where the written word is “fixed”. The spoken word does not have spatio-temporal constancy. This fixation is manifested in the document as a requirement for the accuracy of the interpretation of the word, which qualifies as the dominant business style. Only a prepared, edited and, therefore, written speech can meet such a requirement. An oral text cannot be built on such a dominant. Thus, the predominant form of business style is the written form of speech.

A special status is assigned to oral dialogic speech: it cannot represent a business style even in official conditions and in official relations. Oral business dialogic speech cannot be attributed to the official business style, since it is different in nature (on the grounds of immediacy / mediation, preparedness / spontaneity, personal addressing). This is manifested in indicators of the frequency of used language units and morphological categories that are different from written speech, as well as in a different structure of syntactic units and text organization. Spontaneous dialogical speech demonstrates the process of thinking, clarifying or changing the speech plan, and these features make oral business dialogic speech related to colloquial everyday speech. However, it also cannot be attributed to the colloquial style, “since oral business dialogic speech is influenced by ready-made written business tests.<…>and because in the conditions of official communication “does not work” the dominant conversational style, which is expressed in a different principle of text organization.

Comparing the oral and written forms of professional speech, T. G. Vinokur makes an interesting conclusion that two tendencies collide in professional oral speech: an inclination towards a social stereotype of speech (“I speak as it is customary to speak on this topic for this purpose”) and, conversely, the desire to overcome this limitation (“not in the usual way, but in my own way”). Based on this, special oral professional speech, according to the scientist, combines elements of different styles, among which there can be various kinds of stable expressions - both figuratively expressive and terminological.

The very fact of distinguishing persuasive, expressive and suggestive types of communication in business communication speaks in favor of the possibility of using phraseological units and other stable phrases, since the goals of communication under these conditions are: to form a certain psycho-emotional mood in the interlocutor, to convey experiences, feelings, to convince the legitimacy of interaction strategies, to make like-minded people, to evoke certain feelings in the interlocutor, to have an inspiring effect on the business partner to change motivation, value orientations, etc.

friendly relations between business partners they also “lower the bar” of severity in relation to the selection of lexical and phraseological means, although they do not cancel the predominance of means corresponding to this style and unmistakably betraying in it belonging to the sphere of business communication.

1.3. Intra-style and genre differentiation of official business style

The official business style, serving a wide range of industrial, legal, diplomatic relations, is internally not homogeneous. The breadth of use and the degree of heterogeneity determine the internal differentiation of style. According to some researchers, it is difficult to determine the number of substyles in official business speech, it is even difficult to draw conditional boundaries between them. Nevertheless, it is practically universally recognized in the literature to single out: 1) the actual official business style, 2) legal and 3) diplomatic substyles. It should be noted that the terminology for designating sub-styles is also unsettled, for example, the actual official business style is called clerical or everyday business style, legal - documentary, legislative. Since the division into substyles is determined by the sphere of functioning, it is natural that the main distinguishing features will be lexical (terminological) and genre, i.e. each variety has its own special terminology and each substyle is characterized by its own set of typical texts.

The core of the official business style is formed by documents, that is, business papers drawn up in accordance with approved standards and rules and having legal force. The existing documentation is very diverse and can be divided into types and types (or genres) depending on the function, content, purpose, form of sending, degree of accessibility. So, they distinguish internal and external business correspondence, organizational and legal, planning, administrative, information and reference, reporting, financial, contractual and other documentation. In turn, these types of documents are classified according to various functional or target characteristics into smaller types, for example, official business correspondence is divided into commercial and business, that is, economic, financial, legal issues are resolved through business correspondence, and commercial transactions are formalized through commercial. On a functional basis, letters are divided into requests, proposals (offers), claims (complaints), notices, confirmations, reminders, etc. The rules for compiling business papers are quite fully set out in a number of methodological and practical manuals, and the most frequent standard texts of documents will be discussed below. The language of organizational and administrative documentation most fully and consistently represents the features of the official business style: standardization and unification, impersonality and formality, lack of evaluation and expression, communicative accuracy and lexical limitations.

The legal or legislative sub-style is primarily the language of the law and is implemented in the texts of codes, laws, decrees, statutes, normative legal acts, a prime example legislative substyle is the text of the Constitution.

This sub-style is characterized by its own professional legal terminology: qualified majority, verdict, trust property, majoritarian electoral system, indemnify, incriminate and etc.

The legislative substyle is characterized primarily by accuracy, standard presentation, generalization of expression, a complete lack of individualization, since the language of the law is the language of state power, the law is addressed not to a specific person, but to all people or groups of people. However, these characteristics are only valid for certain group documents, especially codes. At the same time, there are a number of documents, for example, resolutions on the conduct of investigative actions, protocols on the progress and results of their conduct, official letters from the investigator containing demands to provide him with objects or documents, and protocols on attaching them to the case, etc., the language of which differs from the language of codes and resolutions, since it should record the real life situations and speech of their participants. Of course, these documents are drawn up in accordance with the recommendations on the correct use of written speech, which can be found in periodically published samples of procedural documents of investigators, i.e., the written speech of the investigator must meet the requirements of procedural norms. The compliance of the text of the document with the procedural law is manifested in the correct name of the document, the use of wording, legal terms and concepts in the meaning prescribed by law. Documents to which the investigator gives arbitrary names do not meet the requirement of legality; it is necessary to accurately transfer the relevant wording of the law into the protocol, resolution, demand. According to the requirements of Art. 474 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, procedural actions and decisions are drawn up on the forms of procedural documents provided for by Chapter 57 of the Code, but if there are discrepancies between the requirements of specific articles of the Code of Criminal Procedure and the forms, the investigator must independently additionally enter these requirements into the forms. At the same time, when drawing up, for example, a decision to conduct a search, testimonies of his accomplice or witness, unexpected for the searched person, containing expressive vocabulary, may be quoted. This can give the document more credibility, which in turn increases the likelihood of the voluntary surrender of the items and documents sought. It is interesting to note that the vast majority of the 150 interviewed investigators were in favor of a moderate fixation of slang words and expressions that reflect the essential circumstances of the case.

A special sub-style, already within the framework of the language of the law, forms the language of legal proceedings, which finds speech incarnation in statements of claim, petitions, speeches of the parties, and judicial acts. Representatives of the judiciary note the importance of observing such qualities as relevance, consistency, correctness, economy in the preparation of judicial acts, advocate clarity and clarity of wording, urge to avoid complicated syntactic constructions, the inept use of which, as a rule, leads to misunderstanding or misunderstanding of important documents and, accordingly, to serious errors.

The sphere of functioning of the diplomatic sub-style is diplomacy and international relations. The preparation of diplomatic documents is one of the most important activities of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the conformity of documents international standards and etiquette is controlled by the protocol service. In diplomatic practice, traditionally distinguished the following types documents: personal notes, verbal notes, memos, memorandums, private letters of a semi-official nature.

Personal note sent to important issues or contains information about some significant event. A personal note begins with an address (for example: Dear Mr. Ambassador) and necessarily ends with the words “demonstrating respect” (for example: Sincerely…). The note is drawn up in the first person on behalf of the signer of the note. The final politeness formulas expressing respect are called compliments in the language of diplomats. The tone of the compliment can be different ( respectfully - respectfully - please ... accept the assurances of my highest consideration), respectively, the compliment is read and interpreted differently by the receiving party. The form of address also depends on the specific case and local practice, for example, it is customary to address a minister and an ambassador Mr. Minister, Mr. Ambassador or Your Excellency, and to the messenger - Mr. Messenger or Mr. Minister.

The most common document of international correspondence is considered to be notes verbale, which are used to consider a wide range of political, economic, scientific and technical problems. The notes request visas, report on incidents involving embassy employees, and convey representative information to the embassies. The text of verbal notes is written in the third person (for example: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs… shows its respect…). Verbal notes begin and end with compliments. A compliment is not used in cases where mourning is announced, condolences are expressed, or for some other reason countries do not use compliments in their correspondence, that is, the nature of the compliment is based on the principle of reciprocity.

A number of diplomatic documents do not contain compliments - these are memos and memorandums. The aide-mémoire is usually given to reinforce the meaning or emphasize the importance of the oral statement. An aide-memoire is drawn up in an impersonal form ( a request is made, it is necessary to state, it is reported and etc.). A memorandum is a document that provides an analysis of a particular problem, sets out the arguments in defense of one's position. The memorandum can either be an attachment to the note, or be an independent document that is handed over personally or sent by courier.

A special group of documents is formed by declarations, messages, statements of heads of states, governments, ministers of foreign affairs, legislative bodies of states on issues international relations. Unlike the traditional diplomatic documents discussed above (notes, memorandums, memos), messages, declarations, statements do not have a strict form. But since all documents of diplomatic correspondence are official, it is of great importance right choice genre of the document: it must correspond to this specific case, take into account the traditions of the host country, take into account the characteristics of the addressee and possible reactions on his part.

The language of diplomacy is the neutral vocabulary of the Russian literary language, which in certain meanings is used as a term: protocol(a set of generally recognized rules of international communication), side(a certain state and its government participating in the negotiations). Words that have a stylistic mark are also used. book, high giving documents solemnity, for example: courtesy visit, attendants, respect, accept assurance and so on.

Terminology is widely used in the language of diplomacy international law, mainly of Latin and French origin ( restitution, conflict, convention, pact, parity, memorandum, attache, demarche, agrement, disavow), since in the Middle Ages in Western Europe the diplomatic language was Latin, and later, in the 18th-19th centuries, French. Sometimes in diplomatic texts Latin terms and expressions are used in Latin spelling: persona non grata, status quo, right of veto etc.

It is interesting to note how such a type of document as a business card is used in diplomatic practice. In diplomacy, a business card is used not only to represent its owner. The card can be used to congratulate the holiday, express condolences, express gratitude, etc. The following abbreviations are defined, which are written in the lower left corner of the business card and express one or another attitude of the card holder to the person to whom it is addressed:

p. f. - congratulations (pour feliciter);

p. r. - an expression of gratitude (pour remercier);

p. c. - an expression of condolence (pour condoleance);

p. f. N.A. - Happy New Year (pour feliciter Nouvel An);

p. p. – absentee introduction of a newly arrived person instead of a personal visit.

The language of diplomacy is simple, concise, clear, but at the same time, in contrast to the actual official business style (or clerical), one can find evaluative and metaphorical expressions in diplomatic texts, for example: cold war, good will, new thinking, spirit of Geneva, political cuisine etc. “Inaccuracies, distortion of facts, their understatement or exaggeration should not be allowed in diplomatic documents. Such carelessness makes the document vulnerable, since its content will be called into question... The word must be absolutely authentic to the concept invested in it... However, the artistic image applied to the place can enhance the expressiveness of the document.”

The syntax of diplomatic documents is characterized by the use of conditionally concessive sentences, flexible wording, which meets the requirements of diplomatic etiquette, diplomatic tact. The imperative mood and, accordingly, imperative sentences (order, command) are used in diplomatic undertones in exceptional cases - in notes of protest, in ultimatums.

Diplomatic practice is constantly evolving, moving away from established forms. Recently, the practice of exchanging personal messages between heads of state, government, and foreign ministers has become widespread. In general, the diplomatic language is the most “open” of all the sub-styles of business speech; it is closer than other varieties of official business style to politics and journalism, and this affects its linguistic and stylistic originality.

1.4. New phenomena in formal business style

The official business style is traditionally considered the most conservative functional style of the Russian language, but nevertheless it undergoes changes that inevitably occur in the language. As already noted, the properties of any functional style are determined by extralinguistic factors, and above all by the scope and purpose of use. Expansion of Russia's international contacts, globalization, gradual integration of Russia into the world economic space, development information technologies and the widespread introduction of computers have an impact on business language, on the vocabulary and syntax of official documents, on their graphic design, compositional organization, on the emergence of new types of business papers and new details. At present, such requisites seem to be commonplace, such as TIN, e-mail, website, different types of font, underlining, non-traditional heading, various symbols, indents are widely used in graphic design.

The changes observed in business texts are of natural interest to both linguists and document specialists involved in the problems of standardization and unification of official documentation. A thorough analysis of the main trends in the development of business style is presented in the works of S. E. Ulyantseva. She compares new types of documents with traditional ones, revealing similarities and differences due to time; shows the influence of the English-language tradition on the style of modern office work, characterizes electronic forms of documentation. Among the new types of documents, the most widespread are sales letter, resume, letter of hiring, code of conduct. Their features are clearly revealed when compared with traditional genres similar in function, for example: resume - autobiography, sales letter - information mail, the code of corporate ethics - the rules of the labor schedule.

The emergence of new types of documents is explained by the urgent needs of modern business communication, which go beyond the strictly regulated, impersonal documents in which it is implemented. “So, for example, the transition from the system of distribution of goods and services to their sale in a market economy has necessitated the formation of campaigning mechanisms in business area and its documented expression. Campaigning can be aimed at promoting a specific product or service, promoting a specialist in the labor market, or shaping the image of an organization or company as a whole. At the level of the text, agitation is realized by using such important communicative qualities of speech as expressiveness, emotionality, which were not previously manifested in management documentation. For example, in the code of corporate ethics, a new document that partly replaced former rules work schedule, there are no clericalisms, clichéd constructions typical for the vocabulary of the official business style, instead expressive expressions typical for journalism are used: ability to sacrifice momentary interests, exclusivity of services, maximum profit at minimum cost, impeccable business reputation and etc.

It is interesting to note that elements of pathos and publicism were also characteristic of the first documents of the Soviet government. For example, K. A. Loginova gives examples from the "Charter of the Internal Service of the Red Army": the harsh hand of the revolutionary law, like the apple of an eye to protect and protect the people's property, not to spare ... not even one's own life.

A separate class of business papers is formed by electronic documents: official websites of government bodies, state and commercial organizations containing management documentation in electronic form, and electronic correspondence. The Internet provides almost unlimited opportunities for working with information, thereby improving the quality and efficiency of business communication.

Development electronic forms Much attention is paid to communication in Russia, in particular, targeted programs "Electronic Russia (2002-2010)" and "Electronic Moscow" were adopted. Legal basis for functioning electronic documents serve federal laws"On electronic digital signature” and “About communication”.

There are two groups of electronic documents depending on their origin: the first is documents representing the traditional form of business communication (for example, documents entered into electronic databases), and the second is documents whose appearance and functioning is due to the specifics of electronic communication (official websites of government bodies, government and commercial organizations and electronic correspondence).

In the documents of the first group, no language changes are found, however, when they are translated into electronic form, formal violations are noted. The second group of documents is formed under the influence technical features representation of information on the Internet, which determines their properties. The document is characterized by a high logical structure in the presentation of information, which is achieved by a clear division of the site content into sections. Each section is easily accessible, contains only the necessary information, and in turn can be divided into subsections.

Currently, electronic correspondence is considered as a fairly promising direction in the development of office work, at the same time, there is a lack of rules and regulations governing this process. The analysis of electronic correspondence shows that the electronic text for the compiler of the letter is identified primarily with oral speech: the electronic letter, as a rule, is not registered and does not have a legal nature. S. E. Ulyantseva notes, for example, such expressions in emails: this is complete nonsense; let those who ask them (questions) carefully read the orders, then there will be no questions; the question is considered settled; that's what you had to pay etc. It is quite clear that such expressions are absolutely unacceptable in traditional business letters. Obvious manifestation emotional state the writer is explained by the uncertain status of electronic correspondence, the lack of its regulation. In addition, in response emails, full quoting or repetition of fragments of the sender's letter is allowed, which is also regarded as a violation of etiquette in traditional correspondence.

Features of the language of electronic documents are manifested not only at the textual, but also at the lexical level. The vocabulary of the official business style, functioning in the electronic environment, is characterized by the active borrowing of English-language computer and telecommunication terminology. The most common is tracing. Simultaneously with tracing, new meanings are developed for native Russian words, which in some cases leads to synonymy of terms. The study revealed a large number of synonymous terms, indicating the development, formation of the terminological system of the language of electronic means of communication. The active spread of electronic means of communication leads to the emergence of new phrases formed by expanding the compatibility of some words. One of the sources of replenishment of the dictionary of the language of means of electronic communication is word formation.

Another feature of modern business communication is associated with the emergence of hypertext - a new way of text organization. The advantage of hypertext is that the totality of texts related in meaning is within the immediate reach of the user of information, which is achieved by stepwise deployment of information, the transition from one thematic fragment to another at the choice of the recipient of information.

Of course, the English business tradition has a huge impact on the official business style of the Russian language, since the leading language of business communication in international and transnational companies is English. Most of the documentation in these companies is in English, although bilingual documents have become more common in recent years. A characteristic feature of such documents is a literal translation for maximum accuracy, the inappropriate use of borrowed words, often with errors in Russian transcription, the transfer of English punctuation into Russian sentences, the use of foreign names in the same text either in Russian transcription or in the original. Despite the fact that the introduction of new rules is often considered illegal, in practice it is used quite often.

Thus, we can say that changes in socio-political and economic life have led to changes in the official business style. This has found expression both in the emergence of completely new types of documents - electronic, and in the replacement of traditional genres with modern ones (autobiography - summary, information letter - advertising letter, labor regulations - code of corporate ethics). New types of documents have their own linguistic features that contrast with the generally accepted norms of official business style, in particular, in electronic correspondence, in advertising letters, means of linguistic representation are used, expressions characteristic of colloquial speech are used, borrowings are widely used, and new terminological systems are being formed. In general, changes in official business language modern Russia associated with the general trend of interpenetration and mutual influence of styles, which is typical for this period of language development, this trend is especially pronounced in oral professional and business communication.

Questions and tasks for self-control

1. What underlies the functional differentiation of the modern literary language?

2. What are the main features of the official business style of speech.

3. What are the main lexical features of business speech? What explains the predominantly nominal nature of the official business style?

4. What is the difference between the grammatical structure of business speech?

5. What caused standardization as an immanent feature of the official business style?

6. What is the role of stamps in the official business style of speech and in other styles of the Russian language?

7. What type of stable combinations are recognized as characteristic of the sphere of business speech?

8. How do written and oral forms of business speech differ in relation to the use of stable means of the Russian language? Are all substyles of business speech characterized by the use of clichés?

9. What is the reason for the intra-style differentiation of the official business style?

10. What substyles are traditionally distinguished within the official business style of speech?

11. What is the core of the official business style?

12. What are the main features of the legislative sub-style?

13. What are the main genres of documents of the diplomatic substyle and what is their linguistic specificity?

14. What changes are taking place in the formal business style at the present time?

15. What is the reason for the use of expressive means of language in modern business documents?

§ 2. Professional and business communication

2.1. Professional and business communication: types, forms, language specifics

Professional business communication In a broad sense, it is a professional communicative form of activity. In any production and non-production sphere, people are inevitably forced to enter into communication in order to organize interaction, solve specific problems and achieve a common result. According to some data, 63% of English, 73% of American and 85% of Japanese leaders emphasize communication as the main condition effective work companies and spend 50 to 90% of their time on communications. Business conversation is a complex multifaceted process of establishing and developing professional and business contacts between people, the interaction of subjects carried out by symbolic means, which is generated by the need for joint activities and includes the exchange of information, the development of a unified strategy for interaction, the perception and understanding of another person and influencing him.

End of introductory segment.

Formal business style designed to serve the legal relationship between citizens and the state, in connection with which it is used in various documents: from state acts and international treaties to business correspondence. The most important features of style - message and impact- are implemented in such official documents as laws, resolutions, decrees, orders, contracts, agreements, statements and many others. This style is also called administrative, as it caters to the realm of official business relations, the area of ​​law and public policy. Its other name is business speech- testifies that this style is the oldest of the bookish ones, and its origins must be sought in the business speech of Kievan Rus, since legal documents (Pravda Russkaya, various treaties, letters) were created already in the 10th century.

The official business style stands out for its stability, isolation and standardization. Despite the wide variety of business documents, their language is strictly subject to the requirements of official business presentation. It provides for the accuracy of the formulation of legal norms and the need for absolute adequacy of their understanding; the composition of the mandatory elements of the execution of the document, ensuring its legal validity; standardized presentation; stable forms of material arrangement in a certain logical sequence, etc.

For all forms of business writing, strict compliance with the literary norm at all language levels is mandatory: the use of lexical and phraseological means of a colloquial, colloquial nature, dialect, professional jargon words is unacceptable; non-literary variants of inflection and word formation; colloquial syntactic constructions. The official business style does not accept expressive elements: evaluative vocabulary, high or reduced words (joking, ironic), figurative expressions. The most important requirement for the language of the document is the objectivity and impassivity of the presentation of facts.

The official business style functions mainly in written form, but it is not excluded oral, in particular, speeches by state and public figures at solemn meetings, meetings, receptions. The oral form of business speech is characterized by a full style of pronunciation, a special expressiveness of intonation, and logical stresses. The speaker can allow some emotional elation of speech, even interspersed with other-style language means, without violating, however, the literary norm. Wrong accents, non-literary pronunciation are not allowed.

Vocabulary official speech is characterized by the widespread use of special words and terms (legal, diplomatic, military, economic, sports, etc.). The desire for brevity leads to the appeal to abbreviations, complex abbreviations government agencies and supranational formations, as well as institutions, organizations, societies, parties, etc. ( Russian Federation, CIS, Ministry of Emergency Situations, Airborne Forces, Air Force, FDI, Housing and Public Utilities, Liberal Democratic Party, Municipal Unitary Enterprise, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Health, Rosstat). Since the structure of state bodies, the names of parties and social movements are subject to change, many new words appear and this part of the vocabulary is constantly updated and replenished.

In business and official texts, words and expressions are used that are not accepted in other styles: above, below, above, proper, prohibited, deed, punishability etc. This also includes stable phrases: preventive measure; appeal; act of civil status; an act of defiance; House arrest and others. The regular use of such words and expressions that do not have synonyms contributes to the accuracy of speech, excludes other interpretations.

Morphological the features of the official business style are largely determined by its nominal character: there is an absolute predominance of nominal parts of speech with little use of verbs. The inappropriateness of the expressive coloring of official speech makes it impossible to use interjections, modal words, a number of particles, words with subjective evaluation suffixes, adjectives in comparative and superlative degrees. Nouns denoting positions are usually used in the masculine form ( accountant, director, laboratory assistant, postman, controller and so on.).

The high frequency of verbal nouns is a consequence of the consolidation of stable turns of speech (synonymous with verbal expressions): the procedure for drawing up and executing a transportation plan; in order to improve the procedure for collecting taxes and so on. In such turns of speech, a chain of forms of the genitive case of nouns often appears ( clarification of the conditions for the commission of a crime; verification of compliance with the passport regime), which gives the phrase heaviness and sometimes makes it difficult to perceive.

Adjectives and participles in business speech often act as nouns ( sick, vacationing, the undersigned); productive short forms of adjectives ( must, must, obligatory, necessary, accountable, liable, responsible). The appeal to such forms is dictated by the prescriptive nature of business speech: Expert call required to determine cause of death(UPK RSFSR).

The selection of pronouns in business speech is indicative: personal pronouns are not used here I, you, he, she, they due to the complete lack of individualization of speech and concreteness, accuracy of the statement. Instead of demonstrative pronouns this one, that one and so on. words are used given, present, corresponding, known, indicated, above, below etc. Indefinite pronouns are not used at all in business speech: someone, somebody, something and so on.

To characterize verbs in official speech, its nominal structure is also important, which determines the high frequency of linking verbs ( is, becomes, is), replacing the verbal predicate with a combination of an auxiliary verb with a noun naming the action ( provide assistance; exercise control; take care of etc.). Compared to other book styles, business style has the lowest frequency of verbs: there are only 60 verbs for every thousand words (in scientific style - 90, in artistic speech - 151). The prescriptive nature of the official business style, the predominance of stating and descriptive types of speech over narration and reasoning determine its static nature, the displacement of verb forms by verbal nouns.

Among the semantic groups of verbs presented in a business style, the main role is given to words with the meaning of obligation ( should, ought to, ought to, must), as well as abstract verbs indicating being, presence ( is, there is). See for example:

Persons who were in constant upbringing and maintenance, obliged deliver maintenance to the persons who actually raised them, if the latter are disabled and in need of assistance and cannot receive maintenance from their children or spouses.

In official speech, non-finite forms of verbs are more common - participles, participles, infinitives, which especially often act in the meaning of the imperative mood ( take into account; make a suggestion; recommend, withdraw etc.).

Present tense forms perform the function of prescription: Enterprises are responsible...; The tenant is responsible for the property(such verb forms of tense are called hereby instructions).

The forms of the future tense acquire various shades in the context (obligations, prescriptions; possibilities close to necessity): Borders will as they existed on October 1, 1941 g. (i.e. established by the contract); Military command highlight... (= "must highlight"). Another meaning of the future, typical for business texts, is the future conditional (irreal), which is usually found in complex sentences with subordinate clauses: The sum insured is paid if within a year will come permanent disability.

It is quite consistent with the tasks of business speech and the functioning of the forms of the past tense. One of the typical meanings is the past of an underlined statement, a pronounced fixation of what is reported in writing (agreements, contracts, etc.):

Ukraine confirms that it translated funds ... to pay off part of the debt for previously supplied Russian gas; We, the undersigned..., examined, measured, compared drawings and accepted single-family panel house (act).

Imperfective verbs, being more abstract in meaning than perfective verbs, prevail in the genres of general business speech (constitution, codes, charters, etc.). Perfect forms are used in texts of a more specific content (orders, orders, minutes of meetings, resolutions, acts, contracts). Such forms of the verb are used in combination with modal words in the sense of obligation and express a categorical command, permission ( must report; has the right to prescribe; must transfer; undertake to provide), as well as a statement ( the ministry considered, took action, made a proposal; organized, paid, completed etc.).

Syntax official business style reflects the impersonal nature of business speech ( Complaints are submitted to the prosecutor, Cargo transportation is carried out ...). In this regard, passive constructions are widely used, which allow you to abstract from specific performers and focus on the actions themselves ( Competitive enrolled...-Admitted ten patients; 120 applications registered; The lead time for an order will be extended if...).

Syntactic constructions in official speech are full of clichéd phrases with denominative prepositions: for the purposes of, in connection with, on the line, on the basis of and etc. ( in order to improve the structure; in connection with the indicated complications; for cooperation and mutual assistance; based decision ). Such clichés are a specific feature of the official business style. The use of such syntactic constructions is necessary for expressing typical situations; they facilitate and simplify the compilation of standard texts.

In official business documents, composing unions are more common than subordinating ones (since the law, the charter prescribes, and does not explain, proves). At the same time, a feature of business speech is the predominance of complex syntactic constructions: a simple sentence is not able to reflect the sequence of facts to be considered in an official business plan.

Conditionally infinitive constructions play an important role in the official business style (especially in the texts of laws, where this is motivated by the target task - to stipulate the conditionality of the legal norm). A characteristic feature of business speech is also the use of infinitive and impersonal sentences with the meaning of obligation. In order to achieve conciseness and accuracy, parallel syntactic constructions are often used (participial and participle constructions, constructions with verbal nouns).

The business style syntax is characterized by a strict and definite word order in a sentence, which is due to the requirement of consistency, consistency, and accuracy of the presentation of thoughts. A stylistic feature is also the predominant use indirect speech. Direct speech in an official business style is resorted to only in cases where verbatim citation of legislative acts or other documents is necessary.

In the design of texts in official business style, paragraph division and rubrication play an important role; requisites- permanent elements of the content of the document: names, dates, signatures, as well as the graphic design adopted for this document. All this is of paramount importance in office work, testifies to the literacy of the compiler of the document, his professionalism and culture of speech.

Characteristic for legal, administrative and social activities. For such a phenomenon as the culture of speech, the official business style is very important, because it is used to draw up documents and business papers related to state tasks, court cases and diplomatic communication. It is characterized by isolation, the stability of many speech turns, specific vocabulary and special syntactic turns. Documents written in a formal business manner are compact and filled with clichés and language clichés. These are international treaties, state decrees and acts, legal laws and court rulings, various charters and official correspondence, as well as other types of business papers that differ in accuracy and language standard.

This is a special culture of speech. The official business style, in addition to clichés and language clichés, includes professional terminology and archaisms in abundance. Polysemantic words are not used at all when using this style. Documents also avoid synonyms, and if they are used, then their style is also strictly observed and the vocabulary, as it were, is shackled into a framework, beyond which it is forbidden.

But the official business style uses nouns in abundance, naming people on the basis of activity, positions are always called in the masculine gender. Often words with a particle are used not as antonyms for the same words when they are used without a negative particle. Popular in business documents are both complex and infinitives in the designations of actions performed or being performed. A rather large place in this style of speech is given to complex words.

Formal business style favors homogeneous members. Passive constructions are also often used, that is, impersonal sentences without indicating the person performing the action. The genitive case of nouns forms a chain of syntactic constructions, sentences are often very common and burdened with a clause clause.

The official business style has two varieties: official documentary and everyday business style. The first group is the language of such legislative acts as the Constitution of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities, charters and programs of parties, as well as diplomatic documents of international importance, such as a communiqué, memorandum, convention, etc. The second group includes the language used in the process of conducting official correspondence and compiling private business papers. These include a variety of references, business letters, powers of attorney, announcements, statements, receipts, autobiographies, etc. It is known how the listed papers are standardized, which greatly facilitates their compilation. The information they contain is brief and used in a minimal amount.

It is known that English is a means of international communication. Therefore, formal business style in English used in the diplomatic substyle when business papers are to be translated. Varieties of business speech in this case are determined by the scope of use. Trade agreements and contracts are maintained in the style of commercial correspondence. In the field of law, the language of codes, legal provisions, state and parliamentary decisions is used. Separately, the language of paramilitary business papers stands out.

Thus, the official business style of the English language is intended to play the role of a tool by which an understanding of the essence of the matter is achieved by the parties, which leads to the signing of various agreements.

Formal business style in life is much more common than you might think. You see it in instructions, in any documents of organizations (whether state or commercial), in legislative acts, in methodological developments, and so on.

Examples of official business style:,.

The main function of this style is informing - the message is extremely accurate and concise information. Therefore, the information saturation of texts written in official business style is very high, although it is difficult to perceive.

Read about all styles of speech (text).

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Characteristics of the official business style

Among the main style features are the following:

• informative orientation - in order to remain in the exclusively administrative and legal sphere of activity;
• accuracy and standardity of formulations - sometimes to the detriment of ease of perception;
• rigid logical structure and sentences, and the text itself as a whole;
• lack of emotionality and evaluativeness - in texts written in an official business style, there are either facts or well-founded hypotheses, and a subjective approach to the things stated is completely excluded.

At the language levels, stylistic features are manifested as follows:

• in vocabulary - as a rule, the texts use mainly words and terms of the official business sphere;
• in morphology - clericalism and language clichés (set expressions) are actively exploited; complex prepositions;
• in syntax - the texts of the named style are composed mainly of significant length, voluminous sentences, as a rule, complex and complicated in various ways.

Formal business style: analysis of examples

Let's analyze examples of our style so that its features become clearer.

An excerpt from the document:

According to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, a company with limited liability(hereinafter - LLC) is recognized as a commercial organization approved by one or more persons, the authorized capital of which is divided into shares determined by the constituent documents. Unlike a joint-stock company, the right to a share is not confirmed security, a share, but only a certificate, which, in accordance with the charter of an LLC, can be issued to its participants and founders.

1 . In vocabulary of the above passage, the following layers can be distinguished:

• words that are commonly used: participants, documents, society, persons, limited;
• terms: shares, limited liability company, code, founder, authorized capital, share, commercial organization;
• speech cliches: according to the code, in contrast to, in accordance with.

2. Let's analyze the morphology specified passage from the document. The following points should be highlighted here:

• verbal nouns prevail: organization, founders, participants;
• often there are nouns with the general meaning of persons: persons, participants;
• stringing nouns in the instrumental and genitive case: Unlike a joint-stock company, the right to a share is not confirmed by a security, a share, but only by a certificate, which, in accordance with the charter of an LLC, can be issued to its founders;
• the predominance of participles and gerunds over verbs.

3. Syntax. There are also interesting points here:

• sentences, as a rule, are voluminous (in this case, we have two such sentences, and they completely make up the above passage);
• direct word order is used in the sentences: a limited liability company is recognized ..., the authorized capital ... is divided;
• according to the purpose of the statement in the above passage, all sentences are narrative;
• a complex sentence is additionally complicated, firstly, by the turnovers involved (defined by the constituent documents), and secondly, by homogeneous members (According to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, a limited liability company (hereinafter - LLC) is recognized as a commercial organization approved by one or more persons, the authorized capital of which is divided into shares).

An excerpt from the document:

During the war in 45 out of 77 houses survived in Borovoye. Collective farmers had 4 cows, 3 heifers, 13 sheep, 3 pigs. Most of the gardens household plots, as well as Orchard with total area in 2.7 hectares, belonging to the collective farm "Krasnaya Zarya", were cut down. The damage caused by the Nazi invaders to the property of the collective farm and collective farmers is estimated at approximately 230,700 rubles.
By the time our military units arrived, there were 64 out of 370 residents in the village.
There were cases of forcible removal of residents to work for the occupiers ... At present, it has been completely restored in the village. Borovoye farm of the collective farm "Krasnaya Zarya".

1. In vocabulary note the following layers:

• words of common use: survived, residents, gardens.
• terms and established expressions: damage, removal, total area, Nazi invaders.
• frequent speech clichés: they remained in stock, the damage caused is calculated, they took place, most of the gardens.
• despite the rare inversion (there were cases of forced removal), the order of words, most often, is direct: most of the gardens ... turned out to be cut down, the damage ... is calculated, the inhabitants ... were numbered;
• a large number of numerals expressing statistical data: there were 4 cows, 3 heifers, 13 sheep, 3 pigs.

2. Parsing the morphology the quoted passage. As you can see, in this example, the same as in the first:

• verbal nouns and nouns with an abstract meaning prevail: removal, work, occupiers, arrival, time, damage;
• nouns that have the general meaning of persons: residents, occupiers, collective farmers;
• there is a stringing of nouns in the instrumental and genitive case: the damage caused by the Nazi invaders to the property of the collective farm and collective farmers.

3. In syntax the following points should be noted:

• sentences are cumbersome, as a rule, dryly informative;
• word order is used direct: caused by the Nazi invaders of the property of the collective farm and collective farmers;
• according to the purpose of the statement, which is usually narrative, and according to intonation, non-exclamatory.

In conclusion, it should be noted that the official business style is one of the most insidious. His formulations are so perfect that they are firmly embedded in the memory, and therefore clericalism and linguistic clichés actively penetrate into books, making them look like a bad translation from a foreign language.

Remember: the facelessness and detachment of business style vocabulary for good literature - great evil. what words and expressions you choose for your stories and novels. And if clericalism has penetrated into them, drive them out mercilessly!

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