A set of interconnected and interacting groups of society. The social structure of society. Stratification is the process by which groups of people are unequal to each other and unite into hierarchically arranged layers.

A person participates in public life not as an isolated individual, but as a member of social communities - a family, a friendly company, a labor collective, a nation, a class, etc. His activities are largely determined by the activities of those groups in which he is included, as well as the interaction within groups and between groups. Accordingly, in sociology, society acts not only as an abstraction, but also as a set of specific social groups that are in a certain dependence on each other.

The structure of the entire social system, the totality of interconnected and interacting social groups and social communities, as well as social institutions and relations between them, is social structure society.

In sociology, the problem of dividing society into groups (including nations, classes), their interaction is one of the cardinal and is characteristic of all levels of theory.

The concept of a social group

Group is one of the main elements of the social structure of society and is a collection of people united by any essential feature - common activities, general economic, demographic, ethnographic, psychological characteristics. This concept is used in jurisprudence, economics, history, ethnography, demography, psychology. In sociology, the term " social group».

Not every community of people is called a social group. If people are just in a certain place (on a bus, in a stadium), then such a temporary community can be called "aggregation". A social community that unites people on only one or a few similar grounds is also not called a group; the term "category" is used here. For example, a sociologist might categorize students aged 14 to 18 as youth; elderly people who are paid by the state allowance, provides benefits for paying utilities, - to the category of pensioners, etc.

social group- this is an objectively existing stable community, a set of individuals interacting in a certain way on the basis of several signs, in particular, the shared expectations of each member of the group regarding others.

The concept of a group as an independent one, along with the concepts of personality (individual) and society, is already found in Aristotle. In modern times, T. Hobbes was the first to define a group as "a certain number of people united by a common interest or common cause."

Under social group it is necessary to understand any objectively existing stable set of people connected by a system of relationships regulated by formal or informal social institutions. Society in sociology is considered not as a monolithic entity, but as a set of many social groups that interact and are in a certain dependence on each other. Each person during his life belongs to many such groups, among which are the family, the friendly team, the student group, the nation, and so on. The creation of groups is facilitated by similar interests and goals of people, as well as the realization of the fact that when combining actions, you can achieve a significantly greater result than with individual action. At the same time, the social activity of each person is largely determined by the activities of the groups in which he is included, as well as the interaction within groups and between groups. It can be stated with full confidence that only in a group a person becomes a person and is able to find full self-expression.

The concept, formation and types of social groups

The most important elements of the social structure of society are social groups And . Being forms of social interaction, they are such associations of people whose joint, solidarity actions are aimed at meeting their needs.

There are many definitions of the concept of "social group". Thus, according to some Russian sociologists, a social group is a collection of people who have common social characteristics and perform a socially necessary function in the structure of the social division of labor and activity. The American sociologist R. Merton defines a social group as a set of individuals interacting with each other in a certain way, aware of their belonging to this group and recognized as members of this group from the point of view of others. He distinguishes three main features in a social group: interaction, membership and unity.

Unlike mass communities, social groups are characterized by:

• sustainable interaction, contributing to the strength and stability of their existence;
• a relatively high degree of unity and cohesion;
• clearly expressed homogeneity of the composition, suggesting the presence of signs inherent in all members of the group;
• the possibility of entering into broader social communities as structural units.

Since each person in the course of his life is a member of a wide variety of social groups that differ in size, nature of interaction, degree of organization and many other features, it becomes necessary to classify them according to certain criteria.

There are the following types of social groups:

1. Depending on the nature of the interaction - primary and secondary (Appendix, scheme 9).

primary group, according to C. Cooley's definition, is a group in which the interaction between members is direct, interpersonal in nature and has a high level of emotionality (family, school class, peer group, etc.). Carrying out the socialization of the individual, the primary group acts as a link between the individual and society.

secondary group- this is a larger group in which interaction is subordinated to the achievement of a specific goal and is formal, impersonal. In these groups, the focus is not on the personal, unique qualities of the group members, but on their ability to perform certain functions. Organizations (industrial, political, religious, etc.) can serve as examples of such groups.

2. Depending on the method of organization and regulation of interaction - formal and informal.

formal group- This is a group with a legal status, interaction in which is regulated by a system of formalized norms, rules, laws. These groups have a consciously set target, statutory hierarchical structure and act in accordance with the administratively established procedure (organizations, enterprises, etc.).

informal group arises spontaneously, on the basis of common views, interests and interpersonal interactions. It is deprived of official regulation and legal status. These groups are usually led by informal leaders. Friendly companies, informal youth associations, rock music lovers, etc. can serve as examples.

3. Depending on the belonging of individuals to them - ingroups and outgroups.

Ingroup- this is a group to which the individual feels a direct belonging and identifies it as "mine", "our" (for example, "my family", "my class", "my company", etc.).

Outgroup- this is a group to which this individual does not belong and therefore evaluates it as "alien", not his own (other families, another religious group, another ethnic group, etc.). Each ingroup individual has his own outgroup rating scale: from indifferent to aggressive-hostile. Therefore, sociologists propose to measure the degree of acceptance or closeness in relation to other groups according to the so-called Bogardus' "social distance scale".

Reference group- this is a real or imaginary social group, the system of values, norms and assessments of which serves as a standard for the individual. The term was first proposed by the American social psychologist Hyman. The reference group in the system of relations "personality - society" performs two important functions: normative, being for the individual a source of norms of behavior, social attitudes and value orientations; comparative, acting as a standard for the individual, allows him to determine his place in the social structure of society, evaluate himself and others.

4. Depending on the quantitative composition and form of the implementation of connections - small and large.

is a directly contacting few a group of people, combined to implement joint activities.

A small group can take many forms, but the initial ones are the “dyad” and “triad”, they are called the simplest molecules small group. Dyad consists of two people and is considered an extremely fragile association, in triad actively interact three persons, it is more stable.

The characteristic features of a small group are:

• small and stable composition (as a rule, from 2 to 30 people);
• spatial proximity of group members;
• sustainability and longevity:
• a high degree of coincidence of group values, norms and patterns of behavior;
• intensity of interpersonal relationships;
• a developed sense of belonging to a group;
• informal control and information saturation in the group.

large group- this is a large group in its composition, which is created for a specific purpose and the interaction in which is mainly indirect ( labor collectives, enterprises, etc.). This also includes numerous groups of people who have common interests and occupy the same position in the social structure of society. For example, social-class, professional, political and other organizations.

A collective (lat. collectivus) is a social group in which all vital connections between people are mediated through socially important goals.

Characteristic features of the team:

• combination of interests of the individual and society;
• commonality of goals and principles that act for the members of the team as value orientations and norms of activity. The team performs the following functions:
• subject- the solution of the problem for which it is created;
• socio-educational- a combination of the interests of the individual and society.

5. Depending on the socially significant signs - real and nominal.

Real groups are groups identified according to socially significant criteria:

• floor- men and women;
• age- children, youth, adults, the elderly;
• income- rich, poor, prosperous;
• nationality- Russians, French, Americans;
• Family status- married, single, divorced;
• profession (occupation)— doctors, economists, managers;
• location- city dwellers, rural dwellers.

Nominal (conditional) groups, sometimes called social categories, are isolated for the purpose of conducting sociological research or population statistics (for example, to find out the number of passengers-beneficiaries, single mothers, students receiving nominal scholarships, etc.).

Along with social groups in sociology, the concept of "quasi-group" is singled out.

A quasi-group is an informal, spontaneous, unstable social community that does not have a definite structure and system of values, in which the interaction of people is, as a rule, of a third-party and short-term nature.

The main types of quasigroups are:

Audience is a social community united by interaction with a communicator and receiving information from him. The heterogeneity of this social formation, due to the difference in personal qualities, as well as the cultural values ​​and norms of the people included in it, determines the different degree of perception and evaluation of the information received.

- a temporary, relatively unorganized, unstructured accumulation of people united in a closed physical space by a common interest, but at the same time devoid of a clearly perceived goal and interconnected by similarity emotional state. Allocate General characteristics crowds:

• suggestibility- people in the crowd are usually more suggestible than outside it;
• anonymity- an individual, being in the crowd, as if merges with it, becomes unrecognizable, believing that it is difficult to "calculate" him;
• spontaneity (infectiousness)- people in the crowd are subject to rapid transmission and change of emotional state;
• unconsciousness- the individual feels invulnerable in the crowd, out of social control, so his actions are "impregnated" with collective unconscious instincts and become unpredictable.

Depending on the way the crowd is formed and the behavior of people in it, the following varieties are distinguished:

• random crowd- an indefinite set of individuals formed spontaneously without any purpose (to watch a celebrity suddenly appear or a traffic accident);
• conventional crowd— a relatively structured gathering of people influenced by planned predetermined norms (spectators in a theatre, fans in a stadium, etc.);
• expressive crowd- a social quasi-group formed for the personal pleasure of its members, which in itself is already a goal and result (discotheques, rock festivals, etc.);
• acting (active) crowd- a group that performs some actions, which can act as: gatherings- an emotionally excited crowd gravitating towards violent actions, and revolting crowd- a group characterized by particular aggressiveness and destructive actions.

In the history of the development of sociological science, various theories have developed that explain the mechanisms of crowd formation (G. Lebon, R. Turner, and others). But for all the dissimilarity of points of view, one thing is clear: to control the command of the crowd, it is important: 1) to identify the sources of the emergence of norms; 2) identify their carriers by structuring the crowd; 3) purposefully influence their creators, offering the crowd meaningful goals and algorithms for further actions.

Among quasi-groups, social circles are closest to social groups.

Social circles are social communities that are created for the purpose of exchanging information between their members.

The Polish sociologist J. Szczepanski identifies the following types of social circles: contact- communities that constantly meet on the basis of certain conditions (interest in sports competitions, sports, etc.); professional- gathering for the exchange of information solely on a professional basis; status- formed about the exchange of information between people with the same social status (aristocratic circles, women's or men's circles, etc.); friendly- based on the joint conduct of any events (companies, groups of friends).

In conclusion, we note that quasi-groups are some transitional formations, which, with the acquisition of such features as organization, stability and structure, turn into a social group.

social structure- a set of interconnected and interacting social groups, as well as social institutions and relations between them. That is, it is an analysis of all significant differences between people in the process of their life.

-) Estate-class structure

--) The class structure of society

Class- a large social group that differs from other groups in relation to the means of production (ownership of the means of production or not), in terms of place in the system of social production (exploiters or exploited) and in terms of access to social wealth (distribution of benefits in society).

--) social stratification

social stratification- (lat. stratum - layer, layer) - differentiation of a given set of people into strata (layers) due to the uneven distribution of management functions, power and influence, rights and privileges, prestige and respect. Based on the social differentiation of society, a system of incentives to work is created in order to change one's social and property status.

Social strata- selection of groups by:

---) roles in public organization labor (organizers and production managers or ordinary performers);

---) methods and shares of obtaining social wealth (labor and non-labor);

---) the amount of income received;

---) the level and means of generating income;

---) physical and mental labor;

---) performance of management or subordination functions;

---) the amount of income received (the lion's share or miserable crumbs);

---) place of residence;

---) pastime;

---) amateur interests;

---) inclinations to certain free activities.

Marginal layers– groups of people who do not fit into the social structure of a given society (■ people from the countryside who do not fit into the rules of behavior and values ​​of urban residents, the disabled, the unemployed, vagrants, parasites, beggars, criminals). Estates- social groups that have rights and obligations enshrined in customs or laws and inherited. castes(Latin castus - pure) - closed groups of people performing specific, inherited, social functions.

-) Vocational and educational structure

These are people with higher and secondary education, students and schoolchildren, doctors and economists.

-) Ethnic structure of society

Genus- a group of blood relatives, leading their origin along the same line (maternal or paternal), having a common place of settlement, a common language, common customs and beliefs. Tribe- the union of clans that came out of the same genus, but subsequently separated from each other.

Nationality- the unification of people by territorial, neighborly ties.

Nation- a form of community of people, characterized by signs: --) community of territory,

--) common language,

--) common economic life,

--) common features of the mental warehouse, fixed in the mentality of this people,

--) national identity.

-) Settlement structure

Settlement structure– spatial form of organization of society (■ townspeople and villagers). A city is a historically specific socio-spatial form of existence of a society that arose as a result of the social division of labor (separation of craft from Agriculture), a place of concentration of the population, occupied mainly by non-agricultural labor

-) Demographic structure

Family- a small social group based on a marital union and family ties(husband and wife, parents and children, other relatives), on the joint management of a common household, united by a common life and mutual moral responsibility for raising children.

Family Functions:

--) reproductive- human reproduction.

--) Economic and consumer- housekeeping, a single budget, the implementation of "family power".

--) Educational- socialization of the child - his preparation for a future independent life.

Social science test Social structure of society for grade 10 with answers. The test includes two parts. Choice questions (10 tasks) and short answer tasks (3 tasks).

Choice questions

1. The hallmark of a biosocial group is

1) income
2) education
3) age
4) power

2. The division into social groups occupying different positions in society is called

1) social differentiation
2) social mobility
3) social structure
4) social adaptation

3. The totality of interconnected and interacting social communities and relations between them is called

1) social institution
2) social structure
3) social group
4) stratum

4. Tribe, people, nation

1) class communities
2) ethnic groups
3) demographic groups
4) consanguineous communities

5. Are the following judgments about the formation of social groups correct?

A. Social groups are formed in the course of the conscious and organizing activity of people.
B. Social groups are formed independently of the consciousness and will of people.

1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong

6. Are the following judgments about a marginal person correct?

A. A marginal person can become the bearer of various anti-democratic tendencies in society.
B. A marginal person can become a support for progressive changes in society.

1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong

7. Are the following judgments about social mobility correct?

A. Social mobility is an increase in social inequality.
B. Social mobility represents the growth of the middle class.

1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong

8. The well-known sociologist P. A. Sorokin compared the values ​​of the lowest and highest incomes in different countries in different historical periods. So, in medieval Germany, this ratio was 10,000:1, and in medieval England - 600:1. This example illustrates

1) social mobility
2) social inequality
3) social communication
4) social adaptation

9. Give an example of downward vertical social mobility

1) citizen N. moved from leadership position for ordinary work
2) engineer K. moved from a state enterprise to a private company
3) teacher T. went to work as the director of a neighboring school
4) citizen R. switched from military service to civilian

10. Of the 92 Roman emperors, 36 started from the lower ranks. Of the 65 Byzantine emperors, 12 advanced through military careers. Napoleon and his entourage - marshals, generals, the kings of Europe appointed by him - came out of commoners. Cromwell, Grant, Washington and other commanders have risen to the highest positions thanks to the army. These examples illustrate the army's role as

1) marginal group
2) social ladder
3) social status
4) social lift

Short answer questions

1. Write down the word missing in the fragment of the table.

2. Establish a correspondence between examples of social mobility and its types: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Examples of social mobility

A) dismissal of an employee
B) movement of a specialist from one profession to another
C) the movement of a resident from the city to the village
D) promotion of a person in a position
D) the ruin of the entrepreneur

Types of social mobility

1) ascending vertical
2) downward vertical
3) horizontal

3. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.

(A) Within 5 years, an upper class of owners was formed in Russia, constituting about 5% of the total population, the social lower classes of society were formed, whose standard of living is below the poverty line. (B) The middle of the social pyramid is occupied by small entrepreneurs. (C) As the standard of living of the population rises, the middle part of the pyramid can be replenished with an increasing number of representatives of business-oriented strata of society, professional labor and career. (D) Most likely, the middle class of Russia will be born from it.

Determine which provisions of the text are worn

1) actual character
2) the nature of value judgments

Write next to the letter denoting the position, the number expressing its character.

Answers to the social science test Social structure of society for grade 10
Choice questions
1-3
2-1
3-2
4-2
5-3
6-3
7-4
8-2
9-1
10-4
Short answer questions
1. Marginal
2. 23312
3. 1122

The social structure of society.

social structure- a set of interconnected social communities and relations between them; a set of interrelated and interacting social groups and institutions

Social sphere of society- a set of social relations and conditions that affect the content and nature of people's activities, their behavior, covers the interests of people, social groups, the relationship between society and the individual.

social relations- relations between people or groups of people that arise in connection with the emerging common interests, motives of activity.

The structure of social relations:

• Subjects (parties between which social relations arise)
• objects (things about which relationships arise)
• needs
• interests
• values

Social communities- bringing people together in joint activities, during which they acquire similar characteristics and social qualities.

Signs of social community:

• similarity of living conditions
• community of needs
• existence of joint activities
• the formation of one's own culture
• social identification of members, that is, awareness of their belonging to a given community

Types of social communities:

• social aggregation– a number of people gathered in a certain physical space and not constantly interacting (people at a bus stop)
• social category- conditional allocation of people on any basis (brunettes and blondes)
• quasigroup- a spontaneous community in which there are no stable expectations, and interaction is usually one-sided (audience, fan group, crowd)

social group.

social group- a set of people who have a common social attribute and perform socially necessary functions in the structure of the social division of labor.

social group- one of the main components of the social structure of society. It is a group of people who are characterized by some common features(proximity of living conditions, common needs, etc.)

Brief description of the groups

• Large-small. Groups by the number of members in them.

Large groups are united by a socially significant feature: belonging to a religion, the same profession, etc. People in such groups may never come into contact with each other.

Small groups are characterized by closer interactions, a small number of members, they are in direct interaction (family, friends)

• Primary - secondary. They differ in the form of communication. IN primary- people get the first experience of social interaction, socialization, assimilation of norms and rules (family, class at school, sports section, etc.)

Secondary the main thing is the achievement of certain goals, the performance of functions (a political party, a large production team, etc.)

• Nominal - real.

Nominal group- artificially created for the purpose of research social processes, for example, Internet users, the electorate supporting a certain candidate, People of these groups may never meet each other in their lives.

Real group- a specific formal or informal group that really exists, for example, friends, class, etc.).

• Formal - informal.

Formal groups are built on the basis of official documents (orders, for example). They are in hierarchical subordination (military unit, sports team, production team).

informal- arise on the basis of common interests, values, goals, personal sympathy (friends)

• The membership group is the reference group.

Reference group serves for the individual as a standard of behavior, a source of formation of values ​​and norms. Such groups can be fictional and real.

Membership groups- these are groups of the actual presence of people in them, they directly affect a person, they interact with members.

Persistent - short-term groups. They differ in the time of existence of the group (for example, a school cash register is a stable group, a tourist group is short-term)

Antisocial group- a group whose members behave contrary to social norms.

Crime group- a group characterized by a special social danger

conformism- adapting to the requirements and behavior of other people.

Nonconformism- acting contrary to the opinions of others.

Each person occupies a certain position in society, which is determined by the following signs:

• income - the amount of cash receipts of an individual or family for a certain period of time (salary, allowance, pension, scholarship, alimony).
• wealth- accumulated income.
• education
• power
• prestige- the respect that this or that specialty enjoys in public opinion.

In relation to basic social values:

• socially oriented(industrial, educational, social and cultural, etc. associations),
• asocial- focused on meeting the needs of only members of this group (hippies, rockers, breakers, etc.)
• antisocial(criminal groups). The vital activity of the antisocial group is carried out according to strict canons, the rules of rank correspondence, the law of strength, mutual responsibility, the persecution of the weak, etc.

Along with socially developed primitive groups (yard associations, a company of drinking buddies, etc.).

Small social group.

Small social group- this is a fairly stable association of people connected by mutual contacts, common activities, in direct communication, experiencing feelings and emotions in relation to each other.

Distinctive features of a small group:

• Personal contacts in space and time.
• The presence of a permanent goal of joint activity.
• The presence of an organizing principle in the group. This may be a specific person - a leader, a manager, or functions are distributed among group members.
• Separation of roles
• Emotional relationships between group members
• Formation of interpersonal relationships in a group

Development of a specific group culture - norms, rules, standards of life, behavior

Classification of small social groups

Formal and informal.

Formal groups are united by official goals, there is a document certifying belonging to this group (school class, sports section)

informal groups do not have a formal structure. The interaction of members of an informal group is spontaneous, determined by their personal relationships, the commonality of the system of values.

Functions of small social groups.

• socialization of the individual, the formation of his character
• expressive function, determining the place of an individual in a group, his self-esteem, the realization of abilities, professional qualities
• instrumental - an individual in a group performs a specific activity
• psychological function - support a person in a difficult situation, joy for his success.

Strat.

Strata(Latin stratum - layer, layer) - a social layer of people who have similar characteristics in terms of income, power, education and prestige.

social stratification- the presence in society of social formations, whose representatives are distinguished by an unequal amount of power, material wealth, rights and obligations, prestige.

Historical types of stratification:

• Slavery. Patriarchal (relation to the owner as a father) and classical (slave-tool). Slavery is physical and legal dependence on the owner.
• Caste- a social group, membership in which a person owes his birth (exists in India). The transition from one caste to another during life is almost impossible.
• estate- a social group whose members differ in rights and obligations enshrined in law and inherited. The transition from one class to another is possible, but under certain conditions, merit to the Fatherland.
• Class- a large group of people, differing in their place in social production, in relation to the means of production, their role in the social organization of labor. The bourgeoisie are the owners of the means of production, they determine the course of social production. The proletariat (working class) - sells its labor force while working in production.

The main types of stratification:

• economic(division into haves and have-nots, economic stratification);
• political(managing and managed);
• professional(groups by occupation, occupation, profession. Some are more prestigious than others).

Stratification models:

Western.

• upper upper class (corporate managers, luminaries of science)
• upper class (managers of an average firm, newspaper publishers)
• upper middle class (college teachers, White collars)
• middle middle class (bank employees, teachers elementary school, blue collar)
• lower middle class (hairdressers, salesmen)
• middle lower class (taxi drivers, porters, blue collar)
• lower lower class (servant, gray collar)

Eastern.

• upper layer
• apologetic layer (priests)
• serving
• dependent
• outcasts

mixed

• elite
• middle class
• working class
• lower class

Social inequality- conditions under which people do not have equal access to social benefits, have unequal chances and opportunities to satisfy needs.

pros

• stimulates competition
• enhances people's ability to advance

Minuses

• leads to social conflict
• breeds idle people

Do not confuse the concepts of "social stratification" and "social differentiation"

• "Social differentiation"- a broader concept, includes any differences, including inequality. For example, some are football fans and others are not.
• At the core "social stratification» lies the division into strata.

Polarization of society increasing the distance between the rich and the poor.

Marginal- a person who has lost his former social status, deprived of the opportunity to do his usual business and unable to adapt to the new stratum within which he exists.

Underclass- a layer of society formed by elements that have lost their human appearance, the social bottom of society (drunkards, drug addicts).

Lumpens("rags") - declassed sections of society, angry begging (tramps, beggars, homeless people).

social mobility.

social mobility- a change in the place occupied by a person or a group of people in the social structure.

Features of types of social mobility

Vertical - social movements leading to a decrease or increase in social status.

Rising This is a social uplift, an increase in status.

descending- social decline, lowering of status.

Horizontal- the movement of social communities and groups that does not lead to a change in social status.

• Territorial (geographic) - change of residence, tourism. If movement develops into migration, then it will be vertical mobility.
• Professional - change of profession.
• Regional.
• Family.
• Legal - change of citizenship
• Political, etc.

Migration This is a territorial movement of the population, accompanied by a change in place of residence.

Kinds migrations:

• The nature- labor and political reasons.
• By duration- temporary (seasonal) and permanent.
• By territory- domestic and international.

By status- legal (lawful) and illegal.

The erection of social barriers and partitions, the restriction of access to another group or the closure of the group in itself is called social clause.

Types of societies for social mobility:

• closed
• open
• intermediate type (feudal society with estates).

Channels of social mobility (“social lifts”):

• school
• education in general
• family
• professional organizations
• army
• political parties and organizations
• church.

Under marginality refers to an intermediate, “borderline” state of a social subject.

Marginal(from lat. marginalis - located on the edge) when moving from one social group to another, it retains the old system of values, connections, habits and cannot learn new ones (migrants, unemployed). Marginals seem to lose their social identity and therefore experience great psychological stress.

Socialization.

Social environment- a set of social factors influencing the formation and behavior of the individual.

• macro environment(the nature of the social division of labor, the social structure of society, the education system, etc.)
• microenvironment(family, school, etc.)

Socialization- human learning process social experience, teaching social roles and patterns of behavior, acquiring qualities that allow an individual to live and work in society, the formation of a personality.

Socialization is a long process that includes a number of stages, each of which has its own characteristics.

Stages of socialization:

• Infancy. 0-1 year. Satisfaction of natural needs, elementary social roles (son)
• Childhood. 1-13 years old. During this period, 70% of the personality is formed. Mastering elementary social statuses and roles. Economic independency. The main activity is play.
• Adolescence, youth. 13-19 years old. Puberty, the ability to rash risk, emphasized the desire for independence and self-reliance, a penchant for creativity and non-recognition of authorities. Search for moral guidelines. Maximalism. The discrepancy between a high level of claims and a low social status, given by age. High level of mobility. Active search for a place in life. Freedom from stereotypes and prejudices. Creative propensity. Association in informal groups. Conflicts with parents. Dependence on the opinions of peers. Economic independency. Lack of life experience, which leads to quality errors. Low level of tolerance. Mastering new social roles associated with a change in status (student, family man). outrageous- shocking behavior that is contrary to the norms accepted in society.
• Youth. 19-30. Independence, professional growth, creating a family, raising status.
• Maturity. 30-55. Role conflict is overcome. The rise of the human personality. Collective stage, which may include several cycles (mastering a profession, creating a family, etc.). Assimilation of social roles in a real situation. Equalization of rights and obligations. Active producer of wealth. Great responsibility.

Criteria of attitude to mature age:

• self-reliance on livelihood
• managing money independently
• independence in choosing a lifestyle
• living independent of parents
• ability to answer before the law
• vote

Old age. 55-death. consumer of social goods. Defenseless as a child. Too much free time. Body aging. Passive lifestyle. Feelings of social inferiority. Lack of a life plan.

Levels of socialization

Primary socialization covers the period from birth to the formation of a mature personality.

Secondary socialization – the process of development of a socially mature personality, associated mainly with the mastery of a profession.

Socialization agents- people and institutions responsible for teaching cultural norms and learning social roles.

Agent types:

• Primary socialization agents- the immediate environment, close personal relationships, parents, relatives, friends, teachers, coaches).
• Agents of secondary socialization- formal environment (administration of school, university, enterprises, army, police, church, party leaders, state, media workers).

social status.

Status(lat ) — state, position.

social status- the social position of a person in society, which he occupies in accordance with age, gender, origin, profession, marital status, etc.

Types of social statuses.

1.According to the position of the individual in the group:

• social status- the position of a person in society, which he occupies as a representative of a large social group in relations with other groups;
• personal status- the position of an individual in a small group, depending on how its members evaluate him in accordance with his personal qualities.

1. According to the time frame, the impact on the life of the individual as a whole:

• main status determines the main thing in a person's life
• non-primary status affects the details of human behavior.

3. Acquired or not at the will of man:

• prescribed- the status in which a person is born or which is assigned to him over time, a social position that is prescribed in advance to the individual by society, regardless of the merits of the individual; (age, gender, race, nationality, royal family, relatives in law).
• achieved- the status that a person has received due to his efforts, desire or luck, is acquired as a result of free choice, personal efforts and is under the control of a person (profession, husband, millionaire, world champion).
• mixed has the features of prescribed and achieved status (disabled)

Status hierarchy:

• intergroup- between status groups;
• intragroup-between the statuses of individuals within the same group.

The place in the status hierarchy is called status rank.

status rank:

• high
• average
• short

Components of social status:

• status rights and obligations- this is what the holder of this or that status should and can do;
• status range- the established framework within which rights and obligations are exercised. Reducing the interstate distance is called familiarity;
• status symbols- external insignia of bearers of a particular status (military uniform, manners, style of clothing, etc.);
• status image or image- a set of ideas that have developed in public opinion about how an individual should look and behave in accordance with his status.
• status identification- determination of the degree of compliance with one's status.

status set- the totality of all statuses occupied by a given individual.

Prestige- assessment by society of the significance of certain positions held by individuals or various groups in society. Authority- the degree of recognition by society of the personal and business qualities of individuals. It reflects the degree of influence of an individual in a group or society.

social role.

social role- a model of behavior focused on a certain status, this is a system of expected behavior, which is determined by normative duties and the rights corresponding to these duties.

Types of social roles:

• psychosomatic- behavior depends on biological needs, human culture;
• psychodramatic- depends on the requirements of the social environment;
• social - The behavior of the individual depends on the expectations of the representatives of a particular social category.

Social roles- due to social status, profession or position.

Features of social roles:

• standardized
• are built on the basis of rights and obligations (teacher-student, employee-director).

role set- a set of roles performed by a person.

• main roles- family and household, professional, socio-political.
• situational- the role of the passenger, the buyer ....

Interpersonal roles- characterized and determined by interpersonal relationships, regulated at an emotional level (leader, offended, loved, neglected, family favorite, etc.

Normative structure of the performance of a social role:

• descriptions of behavior (characteristic of this role);
• instructions (requirements for this behavior);
• assessing the performance of the assigned role;
• sanctions for violation of prescribed requirements.

Role conflict- clash of role requirements for a person, caused by many simultaneously performed roles. It arises as a result of the fact that a person does not fulfill the duties necessary for a particular role.

Types of role conflicts:

• Intra-role(parents should be affectionate and strict at the same time)
• Interrole(wife - good worker and housewife)
• Personal-role(the requirements of a social role are contrary to the interests of the individual, for example, a person in this job cannot prove himself)

"Mirror Self Theory" by C. Cooley

A person has as many social selves as there are individuals and groups whose opinion is important to him, the lights are like a mirror in which a person sees the attitude of others around him.

Social roles can be institutionalized and conventional. institutionalized: the institution of marriage, family (social roles of mother, daughter, wife) Conventional: accepted by agreement (a person may refuse to accept them)

Kinds social roles by position and importance in society:

Positive Roles:

• family member
• collective member
• specialist, etc.

Negative roles:

• tramp
• beggar
• drug addict
• alcoholic etc.

Man lives in society, he is a social being. During the course of historical development, society has developed norms of behavior that regulate human behavior.

Norm- a rule, a standard, a pattern of behavior that determines how a person should behave in a given situation. It is the norms that regulate social interactions, relations between members of the group, determine the duties and rights of individuals. Norms serve as models, standards for the behavior of individuals in society.

Thus, social norms a is a measure of acceptable behavior of an individual, social group or organization, historically established in a particular society.

Types of norms:

• formal (written), for example, laws, charters, orders.
• informal (unwritten, for example, greetings, rules of etiquette, birthday greetings, etc.)

By scale:

• in small groups
• in large groups

According to the form of manifestation:

• standards of behavior (men are strong)
• expectation of behavior (a man must protect a woman)

According to the severity of execution:

• custom - traditionally established order of behavior (hospitality)
• manners - external form habit-based behaviour.

Norms can be everyday(do not slurp) and secular (to compliment the lady).

Etiquette- a system of rules of conduct adopted in special circles (in diplomatic circles)

Traditions- everything that is inherited from predecessors (meeting classmates)

habits- established patterns of behavior in a certain situation. There can be group (lying down) and individual (drinking coffee in the morning), harmful (drunkenness, smoking) and harmless.

manners- forms of behavior that exist in a given society and can be subjected to moral assessment (do not beat women)

Laws

Taboo- an absolute ban imposed on any action, the subject of incest, cannibalism)

Where there are norms, rules, there will always be people who violate them. Therefore, society has developed a whole system of social control.

social control- a mechanism for maintaining public order.

Social sanctions- means of encouragement or punishment, stimulating people to comply with social norms. These are ways of encouraging normatively correct behavior and punishment for normatively incorrect, a system of both punishments and rewards for poorly or well-learned social norms, as well as for their violation or implementation.

Types of social sanctions.

In terms of intensity:

• tough
• soft

By types:

• formally positive
• formally negative
• informally positive
• informally negative

By way of delivery:

• internal or self-control. Infantilism is impulsive behavior, the inability to control one's emotions and desires.
• external
• informal. Public opinion - a set of ideas, assessments, common sense judgments shared by the majority of the population or part of it, is used at an unofficial level, often in small groups of people.
• formal - used by social institutions, organizations and institutions or officials representing them at the official level.

Formal control methods:

• insulation
• isolation - restriction of contacts
• rehabilitation (alcoholics anonymous)

Deviant- any person who deviates from the norm.

Deviant behavior- deviant behavior.

Types of deviant behavior (Merton):

• innovation- accepting goals but not accepting means
• ritualism- not accepting ends, but accepting means (bureaucrat)
• reprise- denial of goals and means (drug addicts, alcoholics)
• rebellion- complete denial of goals and means and replacing them with new ones (revolutionary)

Reasons for deviant behavior:

• insufficient knowledge of social norms,
• inability to perceive social norms due to gaps in education
• diseases (alcoholism, drug addiction), etc.

Anomie - the state of the individual, characterized by the collapse of the system of values, caused by contradictions between the proclaimed values ​​and the inability to achieve them by legal means.

Delinquent behavior- a set of illegal acts or crimes.

The areas of the city where most crimes occur are called criminogenic, and categories of the population inclined to commit deviant or delinquent acts - at-risk groups.

Types of social norms:

• legal regulations(rules of human behavior, which are enshrined in the relevant regulations);
• religious norms(norms of behavior that are enshrined in religious scriptures);
• moral standards(rules of behavior that are dictated by society to a person).

FAMILY.

Family- this is a complex social formation based on a system of relationships between spouses, between parents and children, it is a small group whose members are connected by marriage or family relations, common life and mutual moral responsibility.

Family Functions:

• reproductive - biological reproduction and preservation of offspring, procreation
• educational - spiritual reproduction of the population. The family forms the personality of the child, has a systematic educational impact on each member throughout life;
• social status - transfer of social status, position in society
• household – maintaining the physical condition of the family, caring for the elderly;
• economic - support by some family members of others: minors, the elderly, disabled
• emotional - love, support
• sexy
• socializing - the formation of a person as a person takes place in the family
• social control function - responsibility of family members for the behavior of its members in society, their activities; the orienting basis is formed by the values ​​and elements of culture recognized in the whole society or in social groups.
• recreational (leisure activities) - maintaining the family as an integral system; the content and forms of leisure activities depend on the level of culture, national traditions, individual inclinations and interests, the age of family members, its income

Types of families by number of members:

• nuclear(parents and children),
• extended(married couple, children, parents of one of the spouses, other relatives, etc.),
• incomplete family- consists of children and only one parent or a married couple without children,
• complete- have both of the parents.

Types of families depending on the criterion of family power:

• matriarchy- power in the family belongs to a woman;
• patriarchy- a man is at the head;
• egalitarian or democratic- a family in which the status equality of spouses is observed (is the most common at present)

By the nature of the relationship between members:

• traditional (patriarchal)) - the dominant position of the husband. Wife takes care of housework and child rearing
• partnership (democratic)- joint performance of household duties, no leadership by gender.

By number of children:

• infertile, childless families;
• one-child families;
• small families- the number of children is not enough to ensure natural growth, no more than 2 children;
• average children families - a sufficient number for growth and the emergence of dynamics, 3-4 children;
• large families- much more than is required to ensure natural growth, 5 or more children.

Depending on where you live.

• patrilocal- a family living in the same territory as the husband's parents;
• matrilocal- a family living in the same territory as the wife's parents;
• peololocal- a family living separately from the parents.

Types of foster families

• Adoption- accepting a child into a family as a blood relative. In this case, the child becomes a full member of the family with all the rights and responsibilities.
• guardianship- Admission of a child to a family for the purpose of upbringing and education, as well as to protect his interests. The child retains his surname, his natural parents do not receive exemption from the obligation to maintain it. Guardianship is established for children under 14 years old, and from 14 to 18 years old guardianship.
• patronage- raising a child in a professional substitute family on the basis of a tripartite agreement between the guardianship authorities, the foster family and the institution for orphans.

foster family– raising a child at home with a guardian on the basis of an agreement that determines the period for transferring the child to the family.

Marriage- the union of a man and a woman, enshrined in the registry office in accordance with established laws for the purpose of creating a family, giving rise to mutual personal and property rights and obligations between spouses.

Features of types of marriage

• Monogamy- one husband and wife; polygamy- one spouse and several wives or vice versa.
• Actual (civilian)- issued in the registry office and based on love consent without paperwork.

kinship A group of people related by common ancestors, adoption or marriage.

Relatives

relatives in law

Degrees of relationship:

immediate

cousins

second cousins

Together they make family tree

family roles:

• marital
• parental
• children's
• intergenerational
• intragenerational (older brother)

gender roles- prescriptions and expectations of correct male and female behavior.

Styles of family relationships:

• permissive
• authoritarian
• democratic

Family values:

- material well-being

- relationships with other people

— self-realization

Trends in the development of the modern family:

• changing styles of family relations, equal distribution of rights and responsibilities in the family
• family unit of society
• state aid

• reduction of legal marriages
• falling birth rate
• an increase in the number of early marriages and their disintegration
• increase in the number of divorces
• the growth of deviant behavior in the family, the increase in the number of social orphans
• growth of incomplete families
• increasing the role of women in solving family problems.

Demographic policy- purposeful activity government agencies and other social institutions to regulate the processes of population reproduction.

The main directions of demographic policy:

• financial stimulation of the birth rate (maternity capital)
• youth housing program (mortgage lending, subsidies)
• expansion of the network of institutions providing upbringing and education of youth
• propaganda healthy lifestyle life
• socially oriented advertising in the media, aimed at fixing family values ​​in the mass consciousness
• study of family problems at the state level.

Generation people who were born in the same time period.

Reasons for increasing intergenerational differences: 1) renewal of the human social environment; 2) increasing social mobility of all kinds; 3) social life becomes more complex and diverse.

The continuity of generations – necessary condition development of society, that is, the transfer of traditions, moral values, guidelines, cultural heritage from generation to generation

Human life takes place in a society in which various relationships are formed. These relationships are the result social interaction.

social interaction(social interaction)- this is the steady implementation of certain actions that are aimed at a partner for a response from his side, a process by which people act and experience an impact on each other.

social connection- a set of dependencies between people realized through social actions, relationships that unite people into social communities.

Types of social connections:

• social contacts– simple, elementary connections (buying a newspaper)
• social action– actions that are others-oriented and rational (desire gratification)

Social interactions- systematic, interdependent actions of subjects directed at each other, the process of exchanging social actions between two or more people.

Signs of social interaction:

• objectivity, i.e. always has a purpose or cause that is external to the interacting groups or people;
• outer expression, and therefore available for observation;
• character exchange, signs that decrypted by the opposite side;
• situationality, i.e. e. usually tied to a specific situation , to the conditions of the course (for example, meeting friends or taking an exam);
• it expresses subjective intentions of the participants.
• Feedback, that is the presence of a reaction. However, this reaction may not follow, but it is always expected, admitted as probable, possible.

Interaction can be seen as at the micro level, so on macro level.

Interaction on micro level is the interaction in everyday life, for example, within a family, a small work group, a student group, a group of friends, etc.

Interaction on macro level unfolds within social structures, institutions, and even society as a whole.

CONFLICT.

Conflict- dispute, clash of competing parties on any issues, lack of agreement.

Structure of the conflict

• Subject of the conflict are its members.
• The subject of the conflict What caused the conflict.
• flow conditions.
• Strategy and tactics of the parties.
• Scale of the conflict— the number of people involved and the severity of the consequences.
• Consequences, results.

Types of conflicts:

by participants

• Intrapersonal - dissatisfaction with the person himself, his results
• interpersonal - between individuals
• intergroup or social - between the leader and subordinates, between the most diverse groups of people

on the subject of the dispute

• economic
• political
• professional
• ethnic
• cultural

by way of flow

• confrontation - passive opposition of groups with different interests
• rivalry - the struggle for recognition of personal achievements and abilities
• competition

according to the results

• constructive - lead to positive consequences
• deconstructive - hinders further effective, positive development

• realistic (subjective) - has a specific subject of conflict, dissatisfaction with something
• unrealistic (non-objective) - aims to express emotions, resentment, hostility.

Political conflict is a clash of opposing social forces with different interests.

Causes of political conflict:

• power struggle
• different financial situation, income level
• a consequence of ill-conceived policy in the country
• racial, national, religious discrimination

Types of political conflicts

by subjects

• interstate
• interethnic (ethnic)
• interclass
• racial
• between social groups and public organizations

by scale

• international
• regional
• local

Positive functions of political conflict

• defuse tension between antagonists
• communicative and informational and binding (the parties can get to know each other better)
• stimulating (conflict becomes the driving force of social change)
• reassessment and change of former norms and values
• achieving social balance

Negative Functions of Conflict

• the threat of a split in society
• negative changes in power structures
• adverse demographic consequences, etc.

Ways to resolve a political conflict

• diplomatic settlement of the conflict through negotiations
• change of political leaders and regimes
• reaching a temporary compromise
• war, revolution

Interethnic conflict is a special form of political conflict, the causes of which may be political, economic, social, religious, national-cultural and other problems.

Types of ethnic conflicts

by areas

• socio-economic
• cultural and linguistic

by goals

• realistic
• unrealistic

in terms of the use of military force

• peaceful
• with minimal use of military force
• military

vertically

• between the center and the republic (state, canton, etc.)
• between regional and local authorities

horizontally

• between indigenous and non-indigenous groups
• micro-conflicts on a personal level

Military conflict is a special form of political conflict, an armed clash of the parties as a means of resolving contradictions between the parties (states, coalitions of states, social groups)

Military conflicts are divided by intensity

• low intensity (military actions)
• medium intensity (local and regional wars)
• high intensity (world wars)

Methods for preventing military conflict

political and diplomatic

• meetings of heads of state and government
• negotiations at various levels
• use of international organizations
• announcement of an ultimatum

economic

• trade cooperation negotiations
• curtailment of cooperation programs
• introduction of trade and economic sanctions
• economic blockade

ideological

• warning of incitement of enmity and enmity
• cessation of propaganda of extremism, chauvinism and nationalism
• the behavior of propaganda to destroy the "image of the enemy"

military

• activation of all types of reconnaissance and warning
• conduct of military forces on alert
• joint actions of troops to prevent conflict

Strategies in conflict:

• rivalry (competition) - for me to win, you must lose
• cooperation - for me to win, you must win too
• compromise - for each of us to win something, each of us must lose something
• avoidance - no one wins, so I'm leaving
• adaptation - for you to win, I must lose

Conflict resolution is the transition of the conflict from the phase of insoluble contradiction to the phase of mutually beneficial cooperation.

Ways to resolve the conflict:

• use of force
• compromise
• mediation
• arbitration

Social conflict is the highest stage in the development of contradictions in the system of relations between people, social groups, and society as a whole.

Causes of social conflicts:

• social heterogeneity of society
• difference in income levels, power, prestige, education
• religious differences
• socio-psychological traits of a person

Stages of social conflict:

• pre-conflict - a conflict situation, the parties are aware of the growing tension,
• direct conflict,
• conflict resolution.

Consequences of the conflict

Negative consequences of social conflict:

• creating stressful situations
• disorganization of social life
• destruction of the social system

Positive consequences of social conflict:

• informing about the presence of social tension
• stimulating social change
• removal of social tension.

Ways out of social conflict:

• non-intervention - the hope that everything will work out by itself.
• Restoration - the return of society to the pre-conflict state, taking into account the new situation
• Renewal - an active way out of the conflict by discarding the old, developing the new
• Violent suppression
• Arbitration (UN)

Nations and international relations

Genus - a group of blood relatives who trace their origin along the same line.

Tribe- association of several genera.

Nationality- a historically established community of people united common territory, language, culture, follows the tribe and precedes the nation.

Nations appear in the period of development of capitalist relations.

Nation- a historically established community, characterized by developed economic ties, a common territory, language, culture, psychological make-up, self-consciousness.

Nation signs:

1. the unity of the territory
2. unity of language
3. common historical destiny
4. general culture,
5. common self-consciousness - knowledge of the history of their people, respect for the nat. traditions, a sense of national dignity,
6. sustainable statehood,
7. unity of economic ties,
8. developed social structure.

Nationality- belonging to a particular nation

National minority- a significant set of people of a certain nationality living in the territory of a certain state, being its citizens, but not belonging to the indigenous nationality.

Diaspora – residence of a significant part of the population outside the country.

Ethnos- a set of people who have a common culture, aware of this community as an expression of a common historical destinies. It is a generalizing concept for a tribe, nationality, nation.

International relations:

1. relations between different states
2. relations between different nationalities within the same country.

Forms of interethnic relations:

1. peaceful cooperation

• ethnic mixing (interracial marriages)
• ethnic takeover assimilation- complete dissolution of one people in another (VPN, development of North America),
  1. ethnic conflict.

The main directions in the development of interethnic relations:

1. integration– striving for interaction, expansion of ties, perception of the best (EU)
2. differentiation- the desire of the nation for self-development, sovereignty, opposition of various ethnic groups (protectionism, extremism, separatism, etc.). Separatism- the desire of the nation to secession, isolation.

International conflict - an extreme form of contradiction between rival national formations created to protect national interests.

Causes of interethnic conflicts:

1. socio-economic - inequality in the standard of living, access to benefits
2. cultural and linguistic - insufficient use of language and culture in public life
3. ethnodemographic - the difference in the level of natural population growth
4. environmental
5. extraterritorial - non-coincidence of borders with the boundaries of the settlement of peoples
6. historical - past relationships of peoples
7. confessional

Types of ethnic conflicts:

1. state-legal - dissatisfaction legal status nations (Chechnya-Russia),
2. ethnoterritorial (Nagorno-Karabakh,)
3. ethno-demographic - restrictions for newcomers in comparison with the indigenous nationality (the Confederation of the Peoples of the Caucasus and the Russian authorities),
4. socio-psychological - violation of human rights (the rights of Russians in the Baltic states).

Discrimination- belittling, belittling, infringement of rights

Nationalism- ideology and politics based on the idea of ​​national superiority and national exclusivity.

Chauvinism the extreme degree of nationalism.

Genocide - deliberate and systematic extermination of the population on racial, national or religious grounds.

Segregation is a form of racial discrimination.

Ways to resolve interethnic conflicts:

1. humanistic approach to solving nat. problems:

— voluntary search for consent and renunciation of violence,

- recognition of the priority of human rights over the rights of the state, society, peoples,

Respect for the sovereignty of peoples;

1. negotiations between conflicting parties;
2. information path - the exchange of information between the parties on possible measures to overcome conflict situations;
3. application of the legal mechanism.

THE YOUTH.

The youth- this is a generation of people passing through the stage of growing up, i.e. the formation of the individual, the assimilation of knowledge, social values ​​and norms necessary in order to take place as a full-fledged and full member of society.

youth it is customary to call the period in a person's life from 14 to 30 years - between childhood and adulthood

WITH the point of view of leading activities, then this period coincides with the end education(learning activities) and entry into working life

From point of viewpsychology youth is a period finding my self, the assertion of a person as an individual, unique personality; the process of finding one's own special path to achieve success and happiness.

From a position of law youth - the time of the onset civil age(in Russia - 18 years). An adult person receives a full legal capacity, i.e. the opportunity to enjoy all the rights of a citizen (suffrage rights, the right to enter into a legal marriage, etc.) At the same time, a young person assumes certain responsibilities, among which - compliance with laws, paying taxes, caring for disabled family members, protecting the Fatherland.

From a philosophical point of view youth can be seen as opportunity time, the time of aspiration to the future. From this position, youth is a period of instability, change, criticality, a constant search for novelty. The interests of the young lie on a different plane than the interests of the older generations: young people, as a rule, do not want to obey traditions and customs - they want to transform the world, to establish their innovative values.

Thus, the youth- This is a specific socio-demographic group, the nature of which is determined by a combination of age characteristics, social status and a special psychological make-up.

Teenager's problems

• Economic.

Young people are not financially well off, does not have her own housing, is forced to rely on the financial assistance of her parents. Young people's wages are much lower than the average wage, and student scholarships are extremely low.

• Spiritual.

Increasing in society the process of losing moral compass erosion of traditional norms and values. Youth, as a transitional and unstable social group, is most vulnerable to the negative trends of our time. Thus, the values ​​of labor, freedom, democracy, interethnic tolerance are gradually decreasing, and they are being replaced by consumer attitude to the world, intolerance to strangers, herding. At the same time, there is an avalanche-like criminalization of young people, the number of young people with social deviations, such as alcoholism, drug addiction, and prostitution, is growing.

• The main problem remains the problem of fathers and children associated with the conflict of values ​​between young people and the older generation.

More generally generation is an objectively emerging socio-demographic and cultural-historical community of people united by age and common historical living conditions. To refer to people who have some kind of demographic event in one year (birth, marriage, divorce), they use the concept cohort. For example, people born in the same year make up age cohort.

Compliance with the norms and traditions of the older generation ensures the sustainability of society. But traditional norms can become outdated - then they will play a destabilizing role. The same applies to innovations: some of them can be useful for society, and some of them are detrimental to it. Therefore, it is important to distinguish which values ​​should be maintained and which ones should be discarded.

Youth, on the one hand, is unprotected group, which is rather a destabilizing force in society, and on the other hand, it is a generation on which depends the future of the country. Such a special status of youth gives rise to the need for an adequate youth policy that can solve or mitigate existing problems, as well as direct the creative potential of young people into a creative direction.

Features of the social status of youth

• transitivity
• high level of mobility
• mastering new social roles (worker, student, citizen, family man) associated with a change in status.
• active search for one's place in life
• favorable professional and career prospects.

The youth- this is the most active, mobile and dynamic part of the population, free from stereotypes and prejudices of previous years and possessing the following socio-psychological qualities: mental instability; internal inconsistency; low level of tolerance (from lat. tolerantia - patience); the desire to stand out, to be different from the rest; the existence of a specific youth subculture.

It is typical for young people to unite in informal groups, which are characterized by the following signs:

• emergence on the basis of spontaneous communication in the specific conditions of the social situation;
• self-organization and independence from official structures;
• obligatory for participants and different from the typical, accepted in society, models of behavior that are aimed at the realization of vital needs that are not satisfied in ordinary forms (they are aimed at self-affirmation, giving social status, gaining security and prestigious self-esteem);
• relative stability, a certain hierarchy among group members;
• expression of other value orientations or even worldview, stereotypes of behavior that are uncharacteristic of society as a whole;
• attributes that emphasize belonging to a given community.

Youth policy is a system of state priorities and measures aimed at creating conditions and opportunities for successful socialization and effective self-realization of young people.

The goal of the youth policy:

comprehensive youth capacity development which, in turn, should contribute to the achievement of long-term goals - the social, economic, cultural development of the country, ensuring its international competitiveness and strengthening national security.

Youth policy system is made up of three components:

• legal conditions for the implementation of youth policy (ie the relevant legal framework);
• forms of regulation of youth policy;
• information and material and financial support of youth policy.

The main directions of youth policy are:

• involvement of young people in public life, informing them about potential development opportunities;
• development of creative activity of youth, support of talented youth;
• integration of young people who find themselves in a difficult life situation into a full life.

These directions are implemented in a number of specific programs: legal advice, popularization of universal values, promotion of a healthy lifestyle, organization of international interaction between young people, support for volunteer initiatives, assistance in finding employment, strengthening a young family, increasing civic engagement, helping young people in difficult situations, etc.

If desired, every young person is able to find in the media all the necessary information about current projects and choose those that can help in solving his specific problems.

The goals of the state youth policy in the Russian Federation:

• ensuring the continuity of generations,
• preservation and development of national culture, education of young people to respect the historical and cultural heritage of the country,
• education of patriots of the country, citizens of a right-wing state, respecting the rights and obligations of the individual, tolerant, respectful of the traditions and culture of other peoples, able to find compromises in resolving issues,
• the formation of a culture of interpersonal relations, the rejection of forceful methods of resolving conflicts within the country,
• formation of positive motivation labor activity, high business activity, the desire to improve the professional level,
• all-round development of young people, their creativity, skills of self-realization of the individual, the ability to defend one's rights, the desire to participate in the activities of public organizations,
• the development of various social roles by young people, the formation of responsibility for their well-being and the state of society, the development of a culture of their social behavior,
• empowering a young person in choosing his life path, achieving personal success,
• non-admission of discrimination of young citizens based on age,
• realization of the innovative potential of youth in the interests of social development and the development of the youth themselves.

Directions of youth policy in the Russian Federation:

• ensuring the rights of young people,
• ensuring guarantees for young people in the field of labor and employment,
• assistance entrepreneurial activity youth
• state support for a young family,
• guaranteed provision of social services,
• support for talented youth
• formation of conditions aimed at the physical and spiritual development of young people,
• supporting the activities of youth and children's associations,
• promotion of international youth exchanges.

SOCIAL POLITICS

Social policy is a set of measures of state influence aimed at regulating social processes and relations between people.

In a broad sense is the development activity of the state social sphere.

In a narrow sense- this is the activity of the state, aimed at ensuring favorable conditions for the life of people, their life and work.

Key Documents

• ILO Convention (International Labor Organization) 1962. № 117 "On the main goals and norms social policy» (Geneva). It notes that any policy should be aimed at achieving the well-being of the population, as well as encouraging its aspirations for social progress. Raising the living standards of people should become a priority for the economy.
• Constitution of the Russian Federation based on the main provisions of ILO Convention No. 117 . Article 7 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation said: " Russian Federation is a social state whose policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of a person.

Tasks of social policy

• achievement of human and social welfare
• ensuring equal and fair opportunities for personal development.

Functions of social policy.

• Stabilizing– ensuring social sustainability and social security of society
• stimulating economic and social activity
• guaranteeing– ensuring guarantees social support on the part of the state, the creation of foundations for ensuring the lower threshold of the material basis of life
• Protective– ensuring social security of all members of society in a crisis and a state of social risk
• Compensatory– elimination of external constraining conditions that prevent people from being active participants in social relations

Principles of social policy:

• principle of social equality members of this society
• principle of social solidarity- general, united support, based on the commonality of the main vital interests and goals of the population of a given country,
• principle of social justice- socio-economic symmetry and equivalence in the life of society and its social groups.

The structure of social policy.

— Employment policy. – The policy of regulation of incomes of the population. - Policy social guarantees. - Policy social protection. – Policy for the protection of health and environmental safety

Criteria for assessing the standard of living— data on the monetary incomes of the population and their dynamics; — data on real incomes and consumption expenditures; — data on the differentiation of real incomes by social groups of the population; — data on the prevalence and depth of poverty.
The subjects of social policy are participants in the process of developing its foundations, concepts, directions and those who are directly involved in its implementation:

• state
• political parties
• socio-political associations and movements,
• individual public organizations
• various charities
• individuals (sponsors, donors, patrons).

The object of social policy is the entire population of the country, but with an emphasis on social protection of low-income people, the disabled, etc.

Ways of carrying out social policy.

• State and municipal regulation.
• Social partnership is the integration of the interests of various social groups.
• Lobbying is the representation of the interests of certain social groups in government bodies.

Means of social policy:

• state legal documents (laws, resolutions, orders, etc.) and administrative decisions on the regulation of the social sphere;
• social programs and events;
• institutions and enterprises of the social sphere;
• state social standards (GMSS);
• economic standards governing the social sphere (tax leverage and incentives, tariffs, etc.);
• financial and credit means of development of the social sphere. New sources of financing have appeared: the Stabilization Fund, state non-budgetary funds, charity and sponsorship.

Other forms of social policy:

• economic (crediting to the population, taxation individuals and etc.);
• ecological (restoration of the natural environment, measures to eliminate the consequences of the impact of man-made factors on public health),
• foreign, international policy (IMF loans, repayment of public debts);
• ideological policy (formation of a positive image of an entrepreneur in the media), etc.

Model of social policy is a set of means used by the state to solve social issues.

There are the following models of social policy:

1. paternalistic socialist. Comprehensive responsibility of the state for the socio-economic situation of citizens; state monopoly of the production of all goods, including social ones; centralized distribution of social benefits.

Advantages of the model : a sense of social security, social stability.

Flaws : this system is not able to ensure the level of well-being of all citizens; equalizing principle of distribution of social benefits; a high degree of dependence of a person on the state.

1. Swedish model (Swedish socialism). A high level of regulation of the social sphere, but at the same time it is a market system (Sweden, Norway, Finland).

Advantages of the model: provides a high level of social protection of citizens; high standards of living.

Flaws: high tax pressure on business; excessive system of unification of the social sphere and restriction of freedom of choice of social benefits by people.

1. The welfare state model. A typical market model with a high level of social regulation. The state assumes the function of ensuring the social stability of citizens, provides a wide range of social services that the market cannot provide.
2. Model of "socially oriented market economy". There is a certain system of "social shock absorbers" that ensures a standard of living not below the poverty line. At the same time, the state does not take on the tasks that citizens themselves can solve.
3. 5. Market social model . Differs in the greatest social rigidity, denationalization of the social sphere, minimization of social transfers (benefits, pensions).

Directions of social policy

1. Improving the social climate in society, reducing poverty and reducing the differentiation of the population in terms of income

Ways:

• Ensuring high rates of economic growth, creating efficient jobs and increasing wages.
• Ensuring positive changes in education and healthcare systems, increasing their accessibility and quality of services.
• Raise minimum size payment of tons of ore and wages of employees of budgetary organizations.
• Raising the average old-age pension.
• Increasing the effectiveness of social support for certain groups of the population.
• Orientation of the tax system to the problem of income leveling.

1. Improving Efficiency state support families

Ways

• Improving the system of granting benefits in connection with the birth and upbringing of children.
• Carrying out additional measures for state support of families with children, including expanding the market for educational services for children and the scale of construction of affordable housing for families with children.
• Providing additional support to single-parent families with children and large families with low income, families taking care of children left without parental care.
• Creation of programs of social support and assistance to the family in the upbringing of young children through the development of children's preschool institutions, prevention of family troubles.
• Strengthening the system of prevention of homelessness and neglect.
• Increasing the efficiency and accessibility of the network of social services to provide social and psychological support to children from families in a socially dangerous situation.
• Completion by 2020 of the process of modernization and development of the system social service families and children in accordance with international standards social services for families and children in developed European countries.
• Improving the order and procedure for the adoption of children, the admission of children to foster families.
• Creation of a system for the rehabilitation of disabled children

1. Rehabilitation and social integration of disabled people

Ways

• Improving the systems of medical and social expertise and rehabilitation of the disabled.
• Ensuring accessibility of housing, social infrastructure facilities, transport for the disabled (Accessible Environment program).
• Creation of infrastructure for rehabilitation centers.
• Formation of the industry for the production of modern technical means rehabilitation.
• Strengthening the material and technical base of institutions of medical and social expertise, rehabilitation institutions and prosthetic and orthopedic enterprises.

1. Social services for older citizens and the disabled

Ways

• Ensuring the availability of social services High Quality for all elderly and disabled citizens in need.
• Development of all forms of providing social services to elderly citizens and the disabled (non-stationary, semi-stationary, stationary and urgent social).
• the development of paid forms of social services, taking into account the growth in incomes of elderly citizens and the disabled, and the formation of a network of comfortable boarding houses for the elderly for permanent and temporary residence.

1. Development of the sector of non-state non-profit organizations in the field of social services

Ways

• Transformation of most state and municipal institutions social protection systems that provide services to the elderly and disabled, to non-profit organizations and the creation of a mechanism to attract them on a competitive basis to fulfill the state order for the provision of social services.
• Reduction of administrative barriers in the field of activity of non-governmental non-profit organizations.
• Creation of a transparent and competitive system of state support for non-governmental non-profit organizations providing social services population.
• Assistance in the development of the practice of charitable activities of citizens and organizations, as well as the spread of voluntary activities (volunteering).

1. Formation of an effective system of social support for people in difficult life situations, and a system for the prevention of offenses.

• Integration of people who find themselves in a difficult life situation into the life of society.
• Formation of a system of social rehabilitation of minors and citizens released from places of deprivation of liberty and sentenced to penalties not related to deprivation of liberty, development of juvenile justice mechanisms.
• ensuring the humanization of the penitentiary system (i.e. the penitentiary system), including the provision of effective educational and educational work in the penitentiary system.

The material was prepared by: Melnikova Vera Alexandrovna.

The social structure of society

1. The concept of social structure and its constituent elements.

The social structure of society is a set of interconnected and interacting social communities and groups, social institutions, social statuses and relations between them. All elements of the social structure interact as a single social organism. In order to more clearly represent the complexity and multidimensionality of the social structure, it can be conditionally divided into two subsystems: 1) the social composition of society; 2) the institutional structure of society.

1. The social composition of society is the recoupment of interactions existing social communities, social al groups and individuals, for a particular society. Every giving social communitythere is a certain place, definedposition in the social structuretour. Some social communitiestake more advantageous positions, others are less advantageouse. In addition, in the socialcommunity, separate social groups (separate individuals)
also occupy different socialdifferent positions and have different socialal statuses (Fig. 1).

2. Institutional structure the cheers of society is the aggregate interacting social media institutions that ensure the stability chivye forms of organization and management of society. Every institute (a group of institutions) regulates relationships in a certain area societies, e.g. political institutions (state, parties etc.) regulate relations in the political sphere, economic - in the economic (Fig. 2).

3. The institutional system of society can be represented as a matrix, the cells (institutions, statuses) of which are filled with specific people from certain social groups and communities. Thus, there is a "superimposition" of the social composition of society on the institutional structure. At the same time, specific people can occupy and release certain cells (statuses), and the matrix (structure) itself is relatively stable. For example, the President of Ukraine, in accordance with the Constitution of Ukraine, is re-elected every five years, and the status of the President and the institution presidencies remain unchanged for many years; parents grow old and die, and their statuses are occupied by new generations.

4. In a democratic society, all social institutions are formally (legally) equal. However, in real life, some institutions may dominate others. For example, political institutions can impose their will on economic ones and vice versa. Each social institution has its own social statuses, which are also not equivalent. For example, the status of the president in political institutions is paramount; the status of a member of parliament is more significant than the status of an ordinary voter; the status of the owner of a firm or manager in economic institutions is more preferable than the status of an ordinary worker, etc.

social community

A social community is a large or small group of people with common social characteristics, occupying the same social position, united by common activities (or value orientations).

Society as an integral socio-cultural system consists of many individuals who are simultaneously members of large and small social communities. For example, a specific individual - a citizen of his country - can simultaneously be a member of such large social communities as ethnic, territorial, professional, etc. In addition, he, as a rule, is a member of several small social groups at once - a family, a work team, a scientific department , a circle of friends, etc. People of the same profession or one type of activity (miners, doctors, teachers, metallurgists, nuclear scientists) unite in a community; with common ethnic characteristics (Russians, Tatars, Evenks); with approximately the same social status (representatives of the lower, middle or upper classes), etc.

The social community is not the sum of individual individuals, but is an integral system and, like any system, has its own sources of self-development and is the subject of social interaction.

Social communities are distinguished by a wide variety of types and forms, for example, according to the following features:

• in terms of quantitative composition - from two or three people to tens and even hundreds of millions;
• by duration of existence - from several minutes to many millennia;
• according to the basic system-forming features - professional, territorial, ethnic, demographic,
  sociocultural, confessional, etc.

The main form of social communities are social groups.

Society in its concrete life reality acts as a set of many social groups. The whole life of a person from birth to death takes place in these groups: family, school, student, industrial, army teams, sports team, circle of friends, girlfriends, etc. A social group is a kind of intermediary between an individual and society. This is the immediate environment in which social processes arise and develop. In this sense, it performs the functions of a link in the "individual-society" system. A person is aware of his belonging to society and his social interests through belonging to a certain social group, through which he participates in the life of society. Membership in various groups determines the status and authority of a person in society.

2. Social stratification.

Even Plato and Aristotle divided society (the state) into three main social strata: the highest, the middle and the lowest. Subsequently, the division of social groups and individuals into categories was called the social class structure of society.

Social class structure of society - it is a set of interacting social classes, social strata and relations between them.

Basics modern approach to the study of the social class structure of society and the determination of people's belonging to certain social strata (strata) were laid down by M. Weber. He considered the social structure of society as multidimensional, multilevel. Without denying the importance of the economic factor in the social inequality of people, M. Weber introduced such additional criteria for determining social belonging as social prestige(social status) and attitude to power(the ability and ability to use the resources of power). social prestige, according to M. Weber, may not depend on wealth and power. For example, scientists, lawyers, priests, public figures may have relatively small incomes, but at the same time have higher prestige than many rich entrepreneurs or high-ranking officials.

A significant contribution to the development of the theory of stratification was made by P. Sorokin, T. Parsois, J. Shils, B. Barber, W. Moore and others. Thus, the sociologist P. Sorokin most clearly substantiated the criteria for people to belong to one or another stratum. He identifies three main criteria: economic, professional, political.

Theory of social stratification gives a more realistic idea of ​​the social structure modern society than the Marxist doctrine of classes. It is based on the principle of differentiation (stratification) of people into social classes and strata (strata) according to such criteria as income level, authority, prestige of the profession, level of education, etc. At the same time, the concept of “class” is used as a collective term that unites people with approximately the same status.

Social stratification is the differentiation (stratification) of a certain set of people into social classes and strata in a hierarchical rank (higher and lower). Strata (from lat. stratum - layer, layer) - a social layer of people with similar social indicators. The basis of the stratification structure is the natural and social inequality of people.

The social class structure of modern society is usually divided into three main social classes: higher, middle And lower. For greater differentiation according to certain social characteristics, each class, in turn, can be divided into separate social strata-strata.

The number of divisions into classes and strata may depend on the specific tasks of sociological research. If the purpose of the study is to obtain a general idea of ​​the social structure of society, then the number of divisions will be small. If it is necessary to obtain more detailed information about certain social strata or about the structure as a whole, then the number of divisions can be increased in accordance with the objectives of the study.

When studying the social structure, it must be taken into account that the social composition of society (division into social communities), as a rule, does not coincide with social class differentiation. For example, a highly skilled worker in terms of income, lifestyle and ways of satisfying his needs can be classified as a middle class, while a low-skilled worker can be classified as a lower class.

Each society seeks to institutionalize social inequality so that no one can arbitrarily and randomly change the structure of social stratification. For this, there are special mechanisms (institutions) that protect and reproduce the social hierarchy. For example, the institution of property gives different chances to a wealthy heir and to a person from a poor family; the institute of education makes it easier to make a career for those who have acquired the relevant knowledge; membership in political party provides an opportunity to make a political career, etc.

In different spheres of life, an individual can occupy different social positions. For example, a person with a high political status may receive relatively small incomes, and a rich entrepreneur may not have proper education, etc. Therefore, to determine the social status specific individual or social group in empirical research use integral indicator of social position (integral status), which is determined by the totality of all measurements.

In addition to this method, there are others, for example, the method of self-classification, the essence of which is self-assessment of one's class affiliation. It cannot be considered objective in terms of evaluation criteria, but to a large extent reflects the class consciousness of people.

3. Social mobility and marginality.

The relative stability of the social structure of society does not mean that there are no movements, changes and displacements in it. Some generations of people leave, and their places (statuses) are occupied by others; new types of activity, new professions, new social statuses appear; an individual during his life can repeatedly (forced) change his social position, etc.

The movement of people from one social group, class, or stratum to another is called social mobility. The term "social mobility" was introduced into sociology by P. A. Sorokin, who considered social mobility as any change in social status. In modern sociology, the theory of social mobility is widely used to study the social structure of society.

There are the following types of social mobility:

• vertical upward and downward mobility. For example, an individual occupies a higher position, significantly improves his financial situation, wins elections or vice versa, loses prestigious job, his company goes bankrupt, etc.;
• horizontal mobility - movement of an individual or group within one social stratum;
• individual mobility - a separate individual moves asocial space in one direction or another;
• group mobility - entire social groups, social strata and classes change their social position in the social structure. For example, former peasants move into the category of hired workers; miners of mines liquidated due to unprofitability become workers in other areas.

Movements of large social groups occur especially intensively during periods of economic restructuring, acute socio-economic crises, major socio-political upheavals (revolution, civil war, etc.). For example, the revolutionary events of 1917 in Russia and Ukraine led to the overthrow of the old ruling class and the formation of a new ruling elite, new social strata. Currently, Ukraine is also undergoing serious political and economic changes. Socio-economic relations, ideological guidelines, political priorities are changing, new social classes and social strata are emerging.

Changing social positions (statuses) requires considerable efforts from the individual (group). New status, a new role, a new socio-cultural environment dictate their own terms, their own rules of the game. Adaptation to new conditions is often associated with a radical restructuring of life orientations. In addition, the new social environment itself has a kind of filters, carrying out the selection of "ours" and the rejection of "them". It happens that a person, having lost his socio-cultural environment, cannot adapt to the new one. Then he, as it were, "gets stuck" between two social strata, between two cultures. For example, a wealthy former small entrepreneur is trying to get into the higher strata of society. He, as it were, emerges from his old environment, but he is also a stranger to the new environment - "a hodgepodge in the nobility." Another example: a former research worker, forced to earn a living as a cart driver or small business, is weighed down by his position; for him the new environment is alien. Often he becomes the object of ridicule and humiliation on the part of less educated, but more adapted to the conditions of their environment, "colleagues in the shop."

Marginality(French that rgipa1 - extreme) is a socio-psychological concept. This is not only a certain intermediate position of the individual in the social structure, but also his own self-perception, self-perception. If a homeless person feels comfortable in his social environment, then he is not marginalized. A marginal is someone who believes that their current position is temporary or accidental. People who are forced to change their type of activity, profession, socio-cultural environment, place of residence, etc. (for example, refugees) experience their marginality especially hard.

It is necessary to distinguish marginality as constituent part natural social mobility and forced marginality, that arose in a crisis society, which becomes a tragedy for large social groups. "Natural" marginality does not have a mass and long-term character and does not pose a threat to the stable development of society. “Forced” mass marginality, which takes on a protracted long-term character, indicates a crisis state of society.

4. Social institutions.

A social institution is a relatively stable complex (system) of norms, rules, customs, traditions, principles, statuses and roles that regulate relations in various fields society. For example, political institutions regulate relations in the political sphere, economic - in economic sphere etc.

However, it must be borne in mind that a social institution is a multifunctional system. Therefore, one institution may be involved in the performance of several functions in different areas of society, and vice versa, several institutions may be involved in the performance of one function. For example, the institution of marriage regulates marital relations, participates in the regulation of family relations and at the same time can contribute to the regulation of property relations, inheritance, etc.

Social institutions are formed and created to meet the most important individual and social needs and interests. They are the main regulatory mechanisms in all major areas of human life. Institutions ensure the stability and predictability of people's relations and behavior, protect the rights and freedoms of citizens, protect society from disorganization, and form a social system.

A social institution should be distinguished from specific organizations, social groups and individuals. The ways of interaction and behavior prescribed by institutions are impersonal. For example, the institution of the family is not specific parents, children and other family members, but a certain system of formal and informal norms and rules, social statuses and roles, on the basis of which family relations are built. Therefore, any person involved in the activities of an institution must comply with the relevant requirements. If a person does not properly fulfill the prescribed by the institute social role, then he may be deprived of his status (a parent may be deprived of his parental rights, an official - of his position, etc.).

To perform its functions, a social institution forms (creates) the necessary institutions within which its activities are organized. In addition, each institution must have necessary funds and resources.

For example, for functioning of the institute of education, such institutions as schools, colleges, universities are created, the necessary buildings and structures are being built, allocated cash and other resources.

All human life is organized, directed, supported and controlled by social institutions. So, a child, as a rule, is born in one of the institutions of the Institute of Health - a maternity hospital, primary socialization takes place at the Institute of the Family, receives education and a profession in various institutions of institutions of general and vocational education; the security of the individual is provided by such institutions as the state, government, courts, police, etc.; the institutions of public health and social protection support health. At the same time, each institution in its field performs the functions of social control and forces people to obey accepted norms. The main social institutions in society are:

institutions of family and marriage- the need for the reproduction of the human race and primary socialization;

political institutions(state, parties, etc.) - the need for security, order and management;

economic institutions(production, property, etc.) - the need for obtaining means of subsistence;

educational institutions- the need for the socialization of the younger generations, the transfer of knowledge, and the training of personnel;

cultural institutions- the need for the reproduction of the socio-cultural environment, for the transfer to the younger generations cultural norms and values;

institutions of religion- the need to solve spiritual problems.

The institutional system of society does not remain unchanged. As society develops, new social needs arise and new institutions are formed to meet them. At the same time, the “old” institutions are either reformed (adapted to new conditions) or disappear. For example, such social institutions as the institution of slavery, the institution of serfdom, the institution of the monarchy were eliminated in many countries. They were replaced by the institution of the presidency, the institution of parliamentarism, the institutions of civil society, and such institutions as the institutions of family and marriage, the institutions of religion have been significantly transformed.

5. Social organizations.

Society as a social reality is ordered not only institutionally, but also organizationally. Social organization is a certain way of joint activity of people, after which it takes the form of an orderly, regulated, coordinated, aimed at achieving specific goals of interaction. Organization as a process of establishing and coordinating the behavior of individuals is inherent in all social formations: associations of people, organizations, institutions, etc.

Social organization - a social group focused on achieving interrelated specific goals and the formation of highly formalized structures.

formal organizations. They build social relations on the basis of regulation of connections, statuses, norms. They are, for example, industrial enterprise, firm, university, municipal structure (mayor's office). The basis of formal organization is the division of labor, its specialization on a functional basis. The more developed the specialization, the richer and more complex the administrative functions will be, the more multifaceted the structure of the organization. The formal organization resembles a pyramid in which tasks are differentiated at several levels. In addition to the horizontal division of labor, it is characterized by coordination, leadership (hierarchy of job positions) and various vertical specializations. Formal organization is rational, it is characterized by service connections between individuals; it is fundamentally impersonal; designed for abstract individuals between whom standardized relationships are established based on formal business communication. At certain conditions these features of formal organization turn it into a bureaucratic system.

Informal organizations . They are based on comradely relations and the personal choice of the participants' connections and are characterized by social independence. These are amateur groups, leadership relationships, sympathies, etc. The informal organization has a significant influence on the formal and seeks to change the existing relations in it according to its needs.

The vast majority of the goals that people and social communities set for themselves cannot be achieved without social organizations which predetermines their omnipresence and diversity. The most significant among them:

Organizations for the production of goods and services (industrial, agricultural, service enterprises and
firms, financial institutions, banks);

Organizations in the field of education (preschool, school,
higher educational establishments, institutions of additional education);

Organizations in the field of medical care,
health, recreation, physical education And
sports (hospitals, sanatoriums, tourist camps, stadiums);

Research organizations;

Legislative and executive authorities.

They are also called business organizations which perform socially useful functions: cooperation, cooperation, subordination (subordination), management, social control.

In general, every organization exists in a specific physical, technological, cultural, political and social environment, must adapt to it and coexist with it. There are no self-sufficient, closed organizations. All of them, in order to exist, work, achieve goals, must have numerous connections with the outside world.