Recommendations for reducing the costs of production and circulation of the cafe "Uyut. Test work on "microeconomics" The graph shows the costs of a confectionery cafe

Business plan for the confectionery "Glazur"

* Calculations use average data for Russia

1 903 000 ₽

Starting investments

800 000 ₽

175 000 ₽

Net profit

12 months

Payback period

To open your own 100 sq. meters with a guest hall for 20 seats will require 1.9 million rubles. The institution will be able to bring about 800 thousand rubles a month, of which the net profit will be 175 thousand rubles

1. Summary of the project "Confectionery"

The essence of the project is the opening of its own confectionery in a city with a population of over 500 thousand people. The purpose of this business plan is to justify the effectiveness and profitability of the project for investment. The confectionery will be located in a rented area of 100 sq. meters, where a confectionery shop and a hall for 20 visitors will be located. The integral indicators of the project are given in Table. one.

The starting capital of the confectionery project is 1,903,000 rubles. As a source Money own savings will be used. The estimated term of the business plan is 3 years. The expected turnover of the confectionery will be 800 thousand rubles, net profit - 175 thousand rubles. Return on sales will be 21%. It is supposed to recoup investments for 12 months of work.

Table 1. Integral performance indicators

2. Description of the confectionery industry and company

Confectionery is a rather broad and multicomponent concept. According to Russian GOST, confectionery products are divided into the following groups: chocolate, cocoa, flour confectionery and sugar confectionery. Main feature modern market confectionery can be called the transition from the “privilege” of confectionery to their mass consumption. Increasingly, confectionery products are becoming fast food, rather than a rare expensive pleasure or gift. In connection with this factor and the fact that confectionery products have a short shelf life and are highly dependent on freshness, confectionery business was and remains promising for small businesses. Until recently, the confectionery market has seen steady growth. According to Alto-Group, since 2011 production volumes have increased in all major segments (see Figure 1).

Figure 1. Confectionery production volumes in Russia 2011-2014 (tons)

Source: alto-group.ru

At the end of 2015, experts noted a decrease in production volumes. In general, the market decline, according to the Center for the confectionery market, was about 1%. In particular, according to INFOLine specialists' calculations based on Rosstat data, the production of the largest group in the structure of confectionery production - chocolate, cocoa and sugar confectionery products - showed a 2.5% drop compared to the previous year. The reasons for this situation were the weakening of the national currency, the reduction in the income of the population and the decrease in its purchasing power, and as a result, the decrease in the consumption of sweets. At the same time, over the year, imports of all confectionery products to the country decreased by half, and consumer prices increased by an average of 24% (data from the CIIKR). Chocolate (38%) and caramel (33-35%) went up especially strongly. Due to the rise in prices for raw cocoa, manufacturers began to give preference to cheaper recipes, increasing the production of products with fillings and chocolate icing, refusing directly from the chocolate itself. Compared to chocolate, the crisis-resistant direction turned out to be cheaper flour confectionery products.

The purpose of this confectionery project is to organize its own production and sale of confectionery products in a city with a population of more than 500 thousand people and make a profit. A confectionery shop with a cafe-shop for 20 visitors will be placed indoors with total area 100 square meters. The concept of the project will provide for the production of confectionery products according to their own recipes and their sale to consumers in finished form and to order. Since the cafe-shop will be located directly at the production, the consumer will always have the right to count on the purchase of fresh products. The assortment of the confectionery will include flour cakes and pastries with a total assortment of more than 110 types. Due to not the most unfavorable market conditions, the focus will be on inexpensive products and original recipes.

The target audience of the confectionery will be residents of the city, mainly living and working in its central part. The target audience can be described as citizens with an average level of income. The majority of Central Asia is made up of people aged 24-45, that is, the most solvent part of the population. Due to the fact that the confectionery will have small production capacities and turnovers, it is planned to carry out activities within the framework of an IP with a simplified taxation system (“income minus expenses”). The staff of the confectionery will be 6 people. The total investment costs for opening a confectionery will amount to 1,903,000 rubles. Of these, investments in working capital- 300,000 rubles. More detailed articles of the investment costs of the project are given in Table. 2 business plans.

Table 2. Total investment costs of the project

	NAME	AMOUNT, rub.
Real estate
	Repair and design of the premises
	Facade works
Equipment
	Workshop and guest room equipment
Intangible assets
	Registration and clearance


working capital
	working capital
		1 903 000

3. Description of goods and services of the confectionery

The basis of the assortment of the confectionery will be flour confectionery - cakes (more than 100 types) and cakes (more than 10 types). The products we produce are high-calorie, but at the same time quickly digestible products with a high nutritional value having excellent taste, unusual appearance and appetizing aroma. The mass of cakes will vary from 40 to 120 gr., cakes - from 500 to 2000 gr. In Table. 3 presents the range of confectionery and variable production costs. The assortment is indicative and may be changed depending on demand, inclusion of new types of products, etc. The additional assortment of the confectionery will include soft drinks: coffee, tea, milkshakes and more.

Table 3. Range of confectionery

	PRODUCT	DESCRIPTION
Confectionery
Biscuit cakes
	Cake “Michelangelo”	Biscuit cake with jelly and berries
	Cake “Mr. Nut”	Biscuit cake with walnuts
	Cake “Carrot fortress”	Biscuit cake with carrots, cottage cheese, cinnamon and nuts
	Cake “German adventure”	Biscuit cake with chocolate icing, banana and butter cream
	Small Chocolate Cake	Biscuit cake with chocolate
	Cake “Chocolate King”	Biscuit cake with chocolate and cherry
Sand cakes
	Cake “Sladkoedoff”	Sand cake with candied fruits and nuts
	Cake “Termite”	Sand cake with condensed milk
	Cake “Miracle Glaze”	Sand cake with icing
puff cakes
	Puff cake “Mephistopheles”	Cream puff cake with a surprise inside
	Napoleon cake"	Classic puff cake “Napoleon” with custard
Biscuit cakes
	Biscuit cakes	Biscuit cakes in assortment
	Custard cakes	Custard cakes in assortment
	shortbread cakes	Sand cakes in assortment
	puff pastries	Puff pastries in assortment
	Cake baskets	Cake baskets in assortment

	milkshake	Milkshake in assortment
		Coffee in assortment
		Tea in assortment
		Juice in assortment

The main raw materials in the confectionery industry will be flour, eggs, sugar and butter. Milk and dairy products, fruits, berries, nuts, etc. will also be used. In the calculations of this business plan, the average prices for raw materials in Russia as of December 2016 are used.

4. Sales and marketing of the confectionery

The key sales channel for the confectionery at the initial stage of the project will be its own cafe-confectionery at the workshop, in the future it is planned to supply products to grocery stores cities. The sales plan (see Table 4 of the business plan) is designed for three years of the project's existence. It is planned to reach the planned volumes by the 4th month of work.

Table 4. Sales plan for 2017-2019

YEAR	2017		2018		2019
Expression	AT in kind	AT monetary terms, rub.	in kind	In monetary terms, rub.	in kind	In monetary terms, rub.
Product type

cakes

As marketing tools to attract target audience planned to use:

distribution of leaflets and business cards;

carrying out promotions with the distribution of finished products.

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Since feedback from the client is important for the effective operation of the confectionery, it would be advisable to maintain social networks, where photos of confectionery products will be posted, where visitors can leave feedback on different types of products. It is also possible to hold competitions with a drawing of confectionery products or certificates for their purchase. To maintain customer loyalty, it is planned to create branded discount cards. To attract the attention of the audience at the start of work on the opening day of the confectionery will be held advertising campaign with a free tasting of confectionery. 40 thousand rubles will be spent on advertising purposes before the opening of the institution.

5. Production plan of the confectionery shop

The confectionery shop with a cafe-shop will be located in the central part of the city, in a room with a total area of 100 square meters. Of these, 55 sq. meters will be a confectionery shop, 40 sq. meters will be occupied by a guest hall, designed for the simultaneous reception of 20 visitors. To accommodate the confectionery, the premises previously used as a cafe will be used, and therefore there is no need to bring the main communications. However, the guest hall and the facade of the building will need to be refurbished to create corporate identity confectionery. The total cost of repairs will amount to 430 thousand rubles.

The technological process of preparing confectionery products will depend on the specific recipe. In general, it can be divided into 5 main stages: preparation of the product for dough kneading, dough kneading, semi-finished product baking, cream preparation, product design. To equip the confectionery shop, it will be necessary to purchase equipment in the amount of 611,000 rubles. Taking into account equipment for preparing drinks, cash equipment, shop windows and furniture for the guest room, 1,043,000 thousand rubles will be needed. (see Table 5 of the business plan).

Table 5. List of equipment

	Name	Cost, rub.
Confectionery equipment
	beater
	Cream kettle
	dough mixer
	Forms confectionery
	Convection confectionery oven

	electric stove
	proofing cabinet
	Rubbing machine
	Fridge
	flour sifter
	freezer

	Washing bath
	production inventory

	Umbrella exhaust
	production table

Refrigeration equipment for trading floor
	Showcase confectionery
	Pastry cabinet
	Juice cooler
	Bar refrigerated cabinet
Other equipment
	Furniture for visitors
	coffee machine
	Cash equipment / cashless payment terminal
	bar counter
	Inventory
	Milkshake Mixer

Total:		1 043 000

On average, it is planned to produce 680 kg of cakes and 500 kg of cakes per month. The seasonality factor will influence the volumes of production. Thus, the highest loading of the workshop is expected on the eve of the New Year holidays, as well as in February - March.

6. Organizational plan of the confectionery

Responsibilities for the management of the confectionery and work on cooperation with suppliers will be assumed by the individual entrepreneur. Organizational structure will include confectioners, sales assistants, accountant and support staff. In Table. 6 shows the staffing and payroll. The main requirements for confectioners will be: vocational education, knowledge of recipes and production technology, the principle of operation of confectionery equipment, methods of product design.

Table 6 staffing and payroll

	Job title	FOT, rub.
Production personnel
	Confectioner
sales staff
	Salesman
support staff
	Cleaning woman
Total:		145 000
Social Security contributions:		43 800
Total with deductions:		188 800

7. Financial plan of the confectionery

Investments in the Glazur confectionery project will amount to 1,903,000 rubles. Detailed cost items are set out in Table 2 and in Table. 5 business plan. All the main financial indicators in the main period of activity, including cash flow, revenue, net profit, fixed and variable costs, are given in Appendix 1. The variable part will include the cost of raw materials, the fixed part (see Table. 7) - rent, utilities, business expenses, accounting, depreciation, management expenses, annuity loan payment (for a period of 36 months). Depreciation charges were calculated on a straight-line basis over the period beneficial use 5 years.

Table 7. Fixed costs of the confectionery

8. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the confectionery

The effectiveness of the project can be judged on the basis of the analysis financial plan, cash flows, as well as simple and integral indicators of the project (Table 1 business). The change in the value of money over time is taken into account using the discounted cash flow method. The discount rate is 5%. The expected turnover of the confectionery is 800 thousand rubles, net profit is 175 thousand rubles, profitability of sales is 21%.

Simple (PP) and discounted payback period of the project are equal to 12 months. Net present value (NPV) - 2,183,048 rubles, which is a positive value and exceeds the size of the initial investment. The internal rate of return (IRR) is 10.63%. The investment attractiveness of the project is also evidenced by the profitability index (PI), which is equal to 1.15 and exceeds 1.

9. Risks and guarantees of a confectionery business idea

Both at the preparation stage and during the main period of the confectionery operation, the activity is associated with certain risks. Their assessment, as well as measures to prevent them, are given in Table. eight.

Table 8. Possible risks and ways to prevent them or their consequences

risk factor	Probability of occurrence	The severity of the consequences	Events
Equipment failure			Acquisition of equipment from a trusted supplier, availability of guarantees, compliance with operating rules, hiring qualified personnel
Shortage of qualified personnel			Search for personnel at the stage of business planning, the presence of the “backbone” of the team, the offer of more favorable conditions employees than competitors
Delaying repairs, increasing estimates		below the average	Careful choice construction company, the conclusion of an agreement with a fixed deadline for the delivery of an object, a fixed estimate
“Squeezing out” by competitors (dumping, marketing wars, copying the corporate menu)			Advertising, maintaining a high level of service, customer focus, obtaining feedback from customers, the presence of a financial airbag for the initial period of work, the use of all competitive advantages, the existence of a loyalty program
Unplanned rent increase			Prescribing all the terms of the lease in the contract, clarity of wording, if necessary - drawing up a lease agreement with the participation of a lawyer, concluding a long-term contract at a fixed rate
emergency, natural disaster	extremely low		Installation of security and fire alarms, compliance with fire regulations

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Service description

The organization is engaged in baking cakes, pancakes and muffins to order. We are considering a situation where Self employed independently prepares products for sale. He has no additional employees. There is only the desire of a good cook to become a real seller of sweets. We consider renting the premises, but you can also use your own premises, if available.

Market analysis

The realities of today suggest that it is almost impossible to open and stay afloat with a simple confectionery. This is due to the very high competition in the industry.

Having considered the analytical data, we can conclude that the industry is not developing today. There was a glut in the market. There has been no growth since 2000. Even small towns are oversaturated with confectionery.

The competition in the industry is very strong, respectively, and the requirements for products are high. How can a private entrepreneur with a small production volume attract buyers? First of all, the exclusivity of the products offered. Why are people willing to buy such a product? because large stores offer the same product to the customer. They do not have variety, more precisely, there is variety, only in large supermarkets they sell the same thing as in a small trading shop. In general, this is a very relative variety.

People want something special that would be made just for them. So, today mastic cakes, products with photos, drawings, small toys, figurines are very popular. How is the whole process going? The person tells the seller about the required weight, the event itself. Attention is also paid to the specific features of the life of a person or people for whom this cake will be prepared. The same thing happens with baking small muffins, pancakes.

An important advantage is that, in fact, production directly depends on the number of customers. That is, you can pre-purchase the required number of products.

Of course, looking at consumer demand data, you can see that cakes and pastries account for only 8%. But is it really that bad?

Firstly, our entrepreneur does not cook in such large volumes in order to provide a large number of customers. The number of consumers will be much greater than the number of manufactured products. This will allow you to set a good price for handmade cakes.

Secondly, in the segment of sweets and biscuits there is the highest demand. At the same time, there is huge competition. Most of the market is occupied by large confectionery factories. It is more than difficult to compete with them. And the profit from sales will be less than when making cakes.

So, who will become the main consumer of sweets of a private entrepreneur?

This may include people of average and above average income levels. As a rule, family people order cakes for birthdays, anniversaries, name days. Close attention should be paid to families with small children. Parents, as a rule, take a very responsible approach to preparing a holiday for their child. A handmade cake with favorite cartoon characters will certainly please the baby.

Of course, there will be no competition. There are three main competitors:

Large stores and supermarkets . But a private entrepreneur will win against their background due to exclusivity, individual approach, quality and novelty of the ideas used.
Coffee houses and other establishments Catering . They can be eliminated by separating the niche of buyers. Not everyone is ready to go celebrate the celebration in a cafe, many do it at home. Yes, and the cake will cost a little cheaper, and the taste will be better.
Other private entrepreneurs-confectioners . There are more and more such people today. You can fight them. It is necessary to prepare custom cakes so that people come again and again. Yes, and customers can bring new applicants. In this business, it is word of mouth that is the main engine of advertising. Therefore, all that is required from the confectioner is to do his job with love.

SWOT analysis

A person who knows how to cook delicious cakes is often afraid to open own enterprise. And he has every reason to. Before organizing a business, you need to study in detail the sphere, the market situation, and, finally, evaluate own possibilities and take into account possible difficulties.

Not all factors can be controlled. There are those that you have to put up with or try to avoid them.

To external factors relate:

Capabilities:

Possibility of using various resources (a large number of suppliers).
Low activity of competitors (meaning that other manufacturers are developing own production rather than waging an intra-class struggle).
Full control of your own expenses and income.
High demand for the product.
The novelty of the idea, its "tasty".
Ability to develop new products, recipes, varieties.
Income growth.
Consumer love for exclusive things.
A large number of restrictions, the need for certification.
Constant demand for manufactured products (within the industry).

Threats:

It is quite difficult to enter the market (this is due to the execution of the necessary documents).
The appearance of others individual entrepreneurs with the same idea.
The emergence of new requirements, standards for manufactured products.
The tightening of work in this industry, associated with the emergence of new laws, SanPins.
High sensitivity of business to external conditions.

There are also factors that the entrepreneur himself can regulate. They are also called internal. These include:

Strengths:

Qualification of the entrepreneur, which determines the quality of products.
High level of motivation.
High performance.
Using the most effective ways advertising.
Product exclusivity.
Working with reliable product suppliers.
Use of high quality modern equipment.
Experience in the industry (pastry chef).
Working with a specific segment.
Profit will depend on the entrepreneur himself.
Costs, in case of failure, will be minimal.

Weak sides:

The need for initial investment.
There is no clear strategy.
Inexperience as an entrepreneur.
Sales channels have not been developed.

First of all, the entrepreneur must solve the following questions:

Develop an assortment . It is best to make a portfolio with your work, a price list with detailed composition, weight, menu, features. This will not only make your business more presentable, but will also give it respect and respectability from customers.
Pay attention to technology . It is very important to comply with all standards, not to break the law. At this stage, it is necessary to study the existing legislation. You can use the services of a technologist.
Find product suppliers . This, firstly, will help reduce costs, and secondly, it will ensure the quality of the raw materials used. It is worth spending a little time but finding a great supplier with all the required certifications. You can go to local grocery stores and compare prices.
Start looking for clients early . This can be done at the stage of certification, search for premises.

Opportunity Assessment

What can be said about the possibilities? The entrepreneur himself can work at any time of the day or night. Everything will depend on the number of orders. The mode of operation can be called irregular.

A private entrepreneur does not have to worry about the seasonality of work. There are many more consumers than he could bake cakes.

Based on the experience of many "private confectioners", they also work on weekends. And on such days, the number of orders is noticeably higher.

You can find a job anywhere in the city. The main thing here is to comply with all sanitary standards. You also need to look at the cost. It shouldn't be too big. You can take an ordinary room and bring it into a suitable form, in accordance with all norms and rules.

It is important to remember that the possibilities of one person are not unlimited. If the demand is too high, you can hire another pastry baker and create masterpieces together.

In the future, you can think about developing your own packaging.

Organizational and legal aspects

Since the entrepreneur will be alone, it is better to choose. In addition, if he has never had his own business, then he will be able to take advantage of tax holidays, but more on that later. You must specify the following OKVED codes:

15.81 - Production of bread and flour confectionery products of non-durable storage;
52.24.2 – Retail confectionery.

We choose the taxation system (UTII is also possible, but tax holidays do not apply to it). Our organization is engaged in the production of goods, which means that it can qualify for tax holidays. Where to start? From the study of the law on tax holidays. It is very important to see if it is accepted in your city. Remember that you can use the 0% tax rate only for 2 tax periods. We will make the calculation in this business plan based on the 0% rate.
use not necessary. You can limit yourself to BSO. This will save purchase costs cash register and his service.
We study all the requirements of the SES, obtain the appropriate permit ( not necessary, but there will still be a check someday, so it's better to prepare in advance). Remember that the FEZ must indicate the range of products (in the application).
Certificates of conformity of production to the available requirements are necessary.
The equipment must also have certificates (Russian ones!).
Development technological maps prepared dishes must be agreed upon (referring specifically to the recipe).
An agreement must be concluded with an organization that conducts disinfection, disinfestation and deratization.
No work licenses no need.
It is imperative to develop a compliance monitoring program sanitary norms at the enterprise.

Marketing plan

Price policy:

Determining the cost, you need to understand that people are willing to pay good money for quality goods. The cost will be clearly above the market average. Would anyone believe that a delicious, high-quality and exclusive cake can cost 300 rubles? For people, the cost, on the contrary, will be a certain indicator of quality.

When developing a promotion strategy, you need to understand that you do not need to use all types of advertising. This will not be effective, and it will also significantly increase costs.

Create your own website . It's not worth saving. It is worth trusting a professional who will make a “delicious” site for good money. It is worth doing its constant filling - adding photos and reviews of your customers. Of course, it is also important to promote your site so that it has as many visitors as possible.
Opening a group on a popular network . Working with the community will in many ways be similar to working with the site - photos, reports, prices, compositions. You can attract new subscribers with the help of advertising within the network.
contextual advertising . With it, you can advertise your own site, where the contact information is located, or a group.
"Word of mouth" . This method plays a huge role. It is impossible to manage it on its own. But to influence - very even. You just need to love your job, do it with love! The more satisfied customers, the more new ones. Their number is growing exponentially, based on the professionalism of the confectioner.
Promotions, discounts, bonuses . This method will allow you to develop your own client base. Together with the previous method, these will be real promotion engines. With time, contextual advertising may simply not be needed.

Calculation of projected income

We will proceed from the fact that a pastry chef can cook from 1 to 6 cakes per day. Everything here, of course, will depend on the level of skill. The average weight of the cake is at least 2 kilograms. So the average return will be something like this:

Production plan

The requirements for the premises are the same as for the mini-bakery:

No basements.
There must be a ventilation system.
It is obligatory to have cold and hot water, as well as sewerage.
Ceilings should be whitewashed and walls tiled.
There must be a toilet and a warehouse in production.

Repairs must be made to comply SES requirements and the fire department.

From the equipment you will need:

bake;
mixer;
tables;
fridge.

The inventory will also include decor accessories, cutlery.

organizational plan

Financial plan

Do not forget that we have chosen the simplified tax system and we are entitled to tax holidays. That is, net profit will be equal to 89,800 rubles.

As for the insurance premiums of the entrepreneur. For an amount below 300,000 rubles (depending on the type of simplified tax system chosen, the income base is also assigned) payments will be:

in Pension Fund- 19,356.48 rubles;
in FFOMS - 3,796.85 rubles;
in TFOMS in 2016, contributions are not paid.

In total, the total amount of contributions: 23,153.33 rubles.

From incomes over 300,000 rubles, the following contributions are paid:

there are no payments in the FFOMS;
in the PF - 1% of the amount of income, minus these 300,000 rubles.

Thus, the annual income will be: 180,000 * 12 = 2,160,000 rubles.

We do not include costs in our calculations. In a particular case, everything will depend on the chosen taxation system.

So, insurance payments will be: 23,153.33 + (2,160,000 - 300,000) * 0.01 \u003d 41,753.33 rubles. We remind you that this insurance payments not in a month but for the whole year.

Let's take the average monthly value of payments to calculate the profitability: 3,480 rubles.

Profitability: 86,720/180,000 = 48.18%.

Payback: 255,000/86,720 = 2.94. Opening a candy store will pay off in 3 months.

Risks

The prospects are bright. But it is important to think about the possible risks. The most significant risks include:

Cost growth . It will be associated with rising prices for raw materials and rent. You can protect yourself by concluding long-term contracts for the lease of premises and the supply of raw materials.
The growth of competition. It is important to work with client base, replenish it, offer to your regular customers discounts, promotions, bonuses (for example, after buying 4 cakes - pancakes are a gift!). Let's not forget about quality.
Legislative change . There is no way to protect yourself. But it is worth remembering that experienced lawyers can always help.
Technological risks (equipment failure). Everything is much simpler here. It will not be difficult to buy new equipment if there is such a need.
Risk of delayed deliveries . We do not forget about the formation of trade stocks, we are looking for a reliable supplier, we indicate the late delivery in the contract and the subsequent "sanctions" for the supplier.

Important: Remember that you can write a business plan for your business on your own. To do this, read the articles:

Last request: We are all human and we can make mistakes, ignore something, etc. Do not judge strictly if this business plan or others in the section seem incomplete to you. If you have experience in this or that activity or you see a defect and can supplement the article, please let us know in the comments! Only in this way can we jointly make business plans more complete, detailed and relevant. Thank you for your attention!

In the process of producing goods and services, living and past labor is expended. At the same time, each company seeks to obtain the highest possible profit from its activities. To do this, each company has two ways: to try to sell its product at the highest possible price, or to try to reduce its production costs, i.e. production costs.

Depending on the time spent on changing the amount of resources used in production, there are short-term and long-term periods in the activities of the company.

Short-term is the time interval during which it is impossible to resize manufacturing enterprise, owned by the company, i.e. amount fixed costs carried out by this company. Over a short time period, changes in output can result solely from changes in variable costs. It can influence the course and effectiveness of production only by changing the intensity of the use of its capacities.

During this period, the company can quickly change its variable factors - the amount of labor, raw materials, auxiliary materials, fuel.

In the short term, the number of some production factors stays the same, the number of others changes. Costs in this period are divided into fixed and variable.

This is due to the fact that the provision of fixed costs is determined by fixed costs.

fixed costs. Fixed costs got their name because of their nature of immutability and independence from changes in the volume of production.

However, they are classified as current costs, because their burden lies on the firm daily if it continues to rent or own the production facilities it needs to continue its production activities. When these current costs take the form of periodic payments, they are explicit monetary fixed costs. If they reflect the opportunity costs associated with owning one or another production facility acquired by the firm, they are implicit costs. On the graph, fixed costs are depicted by a horizontal line parallel to the x-axis (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Fixed costs

Fixed costs include: 1) the cost of wages of management personnel; 2) rent payments; 3) insurance premiums; 4) deductions for depreciation of buildings and equipment.

variable costs

In addition to fixed costs, firms also incur variable costs (Fig. 2.). variable costs can quickly change within an enterprise of a given size as output changes. raw materials, energy, hourly payment labor - examples variable costs most firms. It depends on the specific situation which costs are fixed and which are variable.

Fig 2. Variable costs

What type of market (perfect or imperfect competition) does this graph correspond to? Why?

What is the price of the goods produced by the firm?

At what level of output does the firm earn economic profit?

P

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Q

Answer:

1) The graph corresponds to a perfectly competitive market, because the TR function expresses a directly proportional relationship between P and Q, which is characteristic only of a perfectly competitive market.

2) The price of goods produced by the firm is in the range from 50 to 90.

3) The firm earns an economic profit when output is between 250 and 450.

How do taxes affect the processes in the economy and the position of market participants with different elasticity of demand?

How do taxes affect the processes in the economy and the position of market participants with different elasticity of supply?

In the table below, mark with the words “above” or “below” those cells in which the manifestations of the listed consequences of imposing taxes are more or less pronounced:

Label the names of the curves on the graph

a) What type of market is shown in the figure? Why?

b) Show on the graph the average fixed costs for output Q 1 and Q 2 .

c) How will the gross fixed costs of this firm calculated for point Q 1 look on the graph?

a) Perfect competition, because MR=D .

TFC 1 = AFC 1 *Q 1

Label the names of the variables on the attached graph.

What type of market does this picture describe?
Determine the size of the profit (or loss) for the firm optimizing the volume of production. Show them graphically.

This graph shows the market of imperfect competition in the short run, because MR and D do not match, and MR falls much faster than D.

Loss incurred by the firm

In the presented figure, mark the available curves and answer the following questions: A) What is the value of the average variable costs in the production of a product in volume Q2?

B) It is required to name (letters) and shade the area of the figure corresponding to the gross variable costs in the production of a product in volume Q1.

B C

AVC 2

A D

The dependence of the total costs of the enterprise ( TC) on the volume of production ( Q) is represented by the table:

Q	0	10	20	30	40	50
TC	100	175	195	240	300	380
MS	-	7,5	2	4,5	6	8

If the unit price ( P) is equal to 6 rubles, then what is the volume of production ( Q) will the firm choose?

2) What will the firm do in this situation: maximize profits or minimize losses?

1) Q = 40.

2) Minimization of losses, because ATC at Q=40 (ATC=TC/Q=7.5) > MC.

Label the curves on the graph and answer the following questions:

A) What is the equilibrium level of output Q 0 at which the firm's profit is maximized?

B) Mark on the chart the area of the figure representing this maximum amount of profit.

C) If this industry is in equilibrium, and the firm is typical for this industry, then what kind of industry equilibrium does this graph indicate - long-term or short-term?

A) Q * - at this point, the maximum amount of gross profit is reached.

B) ABCD \u003d π max

C) The graph indicates a short-term equilibrium, because D=MR=P

B C

A D

Q *

Label the function name on the graph. Based on the data presented in the graph, answer the following questions.

1. Show in the form of a shaded rectangle the total variable costs (TVC) for the production of Q 0.

2. What is the value of TFC at Q 0 ?

3. What is the marginal cost MC at Q 1 ?

1.AB 1 C 1 D

2.B 1 BCC 1

3. MC 1