Serov Dmitry
This presentation contains basic and additional material on jet propulsion, its manifestation and use. The material covers interdisciplinary connections, provides interesting technical and historical references.
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JET PROPULSION
Jet motion Under the jet motion is understood the movement of a body that occurs when a part of it separates at a certain speed V relative to the body, for example, when combustion products flow out of the nozzle of a jet aircraft. In this case, the so-called reactive force F appears, pushing the body.
The reactive force arises without any interaction with external bodies. For example, if you stock up on a sufficient number of balls, then the boat can be dispersed without the help of oars, by the action of only internal forces. Pushing the ball, the person (and hence the boat) himself receives a push according to the law of conservation of momentum.
Jet propulsion is the only type of propulsion that can be carried out without interaction with environment
At the end of the first millennium of our era, jet propulsion was used in China, which powered rockets - bamboo tubes filled with gunpowder, they were used as fun. One of the first car projects was also with a jet engine and this project belonged to Newton
Jet propulsion of living organisms According to the principle of jet propulsion, some representatives of the animal world, for example, squids and octopuses, move. They are capable of reaching speeds of 60 - 70 km / h.
Squid and octopus move in a jet way. Sucking in and pushing out the water with force, they glide through the waves like living rockets. Crazy cucumber grows on the Black Sea coast. One has only to lightly touch the ripe fruit, similar to a cucumber, as it bounces off the stalk, and through the hole formed from the fruit, seeds with mucus beat like a fountain. Cuttlefish, jellyfish take water into the gill cavity through the slit, and then vigorously squirt a stream of water through the funnel, thereby swimming rather quickly with the back side of the body forward. Examples of jet propulsion in nature
the great Russian scientist and inventor, discovered the principle of jet propulsion, who is rightfully considered the founder of rocket technology Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935)
Move the straw to one of the chairs and tape the ball to it. Move the ball to one of the chairs and untie the hole. A straw with a ball attached to it slides along the string and stops moving when it rests on a chair or when all the air comes out. The balloon experience
Examples of jet propulsion in technology Practical use of the principle of jet propulsion: in aircraft moving at a speed of several thousand kilometers per hour, in the shells of the famous Katyushas, in combat and space rockets
Any rocket consists of two main parts. 1) Shell. 2) Fuel with an oxidizer. The shell includes: a) Payload (spacecraft). b) Instrument compartment. c) engine. Fuel and oxidizer Kerosene, alcohol, hydrazine, nitric or perchloric acid, aniline, gasoline, liquid oxygen, fluorine They are fed into the combustion chamber, where they turn into gas high temperature, which rushes out through the nozzle. When the combustion products of the fuel are exhausted, the gases in the combustion chamber receive a certain speed relative to the rocket and, consequently, a certain momentum. Therefore, the rocket itself, according to the law of conservation of momentum, receives the same impulse in absolute value, but directed in the opposite direction.
If the ship has to land, then the rocket is turned 180 degrees so that the nozzle is in front. Then the gas escaping from the rocket gives it an impulse directed against its speed
Tsiolkovsky's formula υ = υ 0 + 2.3 υ g Ĺġ(1+ m/M) υ 0 - starting speed. υ g - the speed of the outflow of gases. m - initial mass. M is the mass of the empty rocket. Since the gas is not ejected instantly, therefore the Tsiolkovsky equation is much more complicated.
Rocket engine Anti-aircraft guided missile Russian complex"Strela 10M3" is capable of hitting targets at a distance of up to 5 km and at an altitude of 25 to 3500 m. ROCKET ENGINE - a jet engine that does not use the environment (air, water) for operation. Chemical rocket engines are widespread (electric, nuclear and other rocket engines are being developed and tested). The simplest rocket engine runs on compressed gas. According to their purpose, accelerating, braking, controlling, etc. are distinguished. They are used on rockets (hence the name), aircraft, etc. The main engine in astronautics.
Thank you for your attention
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JET PROPULSION
Tsigareva L.A.
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Wildlife is the primary source of jet propulsion
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Dragonfly larvae
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History of jet engines
Back in the first century AD, one of the great scientists of ancient Greece, Heron of Alexandria, wrote the treatise "Pneumatics". It described machines that used heat energy. Number 50 describes a device called Eolipil - the ball of "Eol". This device was a bronze cauldron mounted on supports. From the lid of the cauldron, two tubes rose upwards, on which the sphere was attached. The tubes were connected to the sphere in such a way that it could freely rotate at the junction. In this case, steam from the boiler could enter the sphere through these tubes. Two tubes came out of the sphere, bent so that the steam coming out of them rotated the sphere.
Slide 8
The principle of operation of the device was simple. A fire was made under the cauldron, and when the water began to boil, the steam entered the sphere through the tubes, from where it burst out under pressure, spinning the sphere. It is generally accepted that the Aeolipilus in ancient Greece was used only for the purpose of entertainment. In fact, the Aeolipylus was the first steam turbine known to us.
The first ideas about jet propulsion
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EOLIPIL - The first steam engine of the 1st - 2nd centuries. AD
H2 O
Creator - Heron of Alexandria
Q
Slide 10
The Chinese are the first to use the principle of jet propulsion
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On March 3, 1849, field engineer staff captain Tretessky turned to the Caucasian governor, Prince Vorontsov, with a proposal to build a controlled balloon. Attached to the note were the work “On the Ways to Control Balloons, Assumptions of the Field Engineer Staff Captain Tretessky” and a detailed drawing pasted onto the canvas. The balloon, which had an elongated shell, was divided inside into compartments, so that in the event of a breakthrough of the shell, "the gas could not get out of the balloon." The balloon was supposed to be moved by a reactive force resulting from the release of gases through a hole in the stern of the balloon.
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Kibalchich N.I.1853-1881
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showed that the only apparatus capable of overcoming gravity is a rocket, i.e. an apparatus with a jet engine using fuel and an oxidizer located on the apparatus itself.
(1857-1935), Russian scientist, pioneer of astronautics and rocketry. Born on September 17 (29), 1857 in the village of Izhevskoye near Ryazan.
Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky
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K.E. Tsiolkovsky developed the fundamentals of the theory of jet propulsion and the design of a liquid-propellant jet engine.
Slide 17
Tsiolkovsky's projects were carried out in our country by the outstanding scientist and designer S.P. Korolev
Sergey Pavlovich Korolev (December 30, 1906 (January 12, 1907), Zhitomir - January 14, 1966, Moscow) - Soviet scientist, designer and organizer of the production of rocket and space technology and rocket weapons of the USSR.
Sergei Pavlovich Korolev
Slide 18
Reactive propulsion is based on the principle of recoil. In a rocket, during the combustion of fuel, gases heated to a high temperature are ejected from a nozzle with high speed regarding the rocket. Let us denote the mass of ejected gases as m, and the mass of the rocket after the outflow of gases as M. Then, for the closed system "rocket + gases", based on the law of conservation of momentum, we can write:
ZSI IN JET MOTION
Slide 19
What is a jet engine?
A jet engine is an engine that creates the traction force necessary for movement by converting the potential energy of the fuel into the kinetic energy of the jet stream of the working fluid.
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Components of a jet engine
Any jet engine must have at least two components: Combustion chamber ("chemical reactor") - it releases the chemical energy of the fuel and converts it into thermal energy of gases. Jet nozzle ("gas tunnel") - in which the thermal energy of gases is converted into their kinetic energy, when gases flow out of the nozzle at high speed, thereby creating jet thrust.
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Jet engine classes
There are two main classes of jet engines:
Air-jet engines are heat engines that use the energy of oxidation of combustible oxygen air taken from the atmosphere. The working fluid of these engines is a mixture of combustion products with the remaining components of the intake air. Rocket engines - contain all the components of the working fluid on board and are capable of operating in any environment, including in a vacuum.
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N.E. Zhukovsky, "the father of Russian aviation", who first developed the main issues of the theory of jet propulsion, is rightfully the founder of this theory.
Creation of the first jet engines
Nikolai Egorovich Zhukovsky
Slide 25
Scientists have studied the effects on animals of most factors of a different nature: altered gravity, vibration and overload, sound and noise stimuli of varying intensity, exposure to cosmic radiation, hypokinesia and hypodynamia. When conducting such experiments in the USSR, additional tests were carried out on emergency rescue systems for missile warheads with passengers.
Animals in space
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Dogs in space
Laika
Dezik and Gypsy
Courageous and Malek
Chanterelle and Seagull
Slide 27
Belka and Strelka
The main purpose of the experiment was to study the influence of space flight factors on the organism of animals and other biological objects, to study the effect of cosmic radiation on animals and plant organisms, on their state of vital activity and heredity.
Soviet cosmonaut dogs who made an orbital space flight and returned to Earth unharmed. The flight took place on the Sputnik-5 spacecraft. The launch took place on August 19, 1960, lasted more than 25 hours, during which time the ship made 17 complete orbits around the Earth.
Slide 28
Cats in space
It is believed that the cat Felix made a successful suborbital flight, but many sources claim that the cat Felicette made the first flight. On October 18, 1963, France launched a rocket with a cat into near-Earth space. 12 animals took part in the preparation for the flight, and Felix was the main candidate. He underwent intensive training and was approved to fly. But shortly before the launch, the cat escaped and was urgently replaced by Felicette.
Slide 29
In total, 32 monkeys flew into space. Rhesus monkeys, crabeater monkeys and common squirrel monkeys, as well as pig-tailed macaques were used. As part of the Mercury program, the chimpanzees Ham and Enos flew to the United States.
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Turtles in space
On September 21, 1968, the Zonda-5 descent vehicle entered the Earth's atmosphere along a ballistic trajectory and splashed down in the Indian Ocean. Turtles were found on board. After returning to Earth, the turtles were active, eating with appetite. During the experiment, they lost about 10% in weight. Blood tests did not reveal any significant differences. The USSR also launched turtles into orbital flights aboard the Soyuz-20 unmanned spacecraft. On February 3, 2010, two turtles made a successful suborbital flight on a rocket launched by Iran.
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Creation of the first jet engines
Although the first patent for a workable gas turbine (turbojet) engine was received by Frank Whittle, but von Ohain was ahead of Whittle in the practical implementation of the design of a turbojet engine, laying the foundation for practical jet aviation.
Ohaina powered Heinkel 178 turbojet
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Turbojet engines and dual-circuit turbojet engines are equipped with most military and civil aircraft around the world, they are used in helicopters. Liquid propellant rocket engines are used on space launch vehicles. aircraft and spacecraft as marching, brake and control engines, as well as on guided ballistic missiles.
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Practical applications of jet engines
Electric rocket engines and nuclear rocket engines can be used in spacecraft. Solid-propellant rocket engines are used in ballistic, anti-aircraft, anti-tank, and other military missiles, as well as on launch vehicles and spacecraft.
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Application of jet propulsion in nature
Many of us in our lives have met while swimming in the sea with jellyfish. But few people thought that jellyfish also use jet propulsion to move around. And often the efficiency of marine invertebrates when using jet propulsion is much higher than that of technical inventions.
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Jet propulsion is used by many mollusks - octopuses, squids, cuttlefish.
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Cuttlefish
The cuttlefish, like most cephalopods, moves in the water in the following way. She takes water into the gill cavity through a lateral slit and a special funnel in front of the body, and then vigorously throws a stream of water through the funnel. The cuttlefish directs the funnel tube to the side or back and, rapidly squeezing water out of it, can move in different directions.
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Squid
Squids have reached the highest level of excellence in jet navigation. They even have their own bodies. external forms copies the rocket (or better, the rocket copies the squid, since it has an indisputable priority in this matter)
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Squid is the largest invertebrate inhabitant of the ocean depths. It moves according to the principle of jet propulsion, absorbing water into itself, and then pushing it with great force through a special hole - a "funnel", and at high speed (about 70 km / h) moves back in jolts. In this case, all ten tentacles of the squid are collected in a knot above the head and it acquires a streamlined shape.
Slide 7
flying squid
This is a small animal the size of a herring. He pursues fish with such swiftness that he often jumps out of the water, rushing over its surface like an arrow. Having developed maximum jet thrust in the water, the pilot squid takes off into the air and flies over the waves for more than fifty meters. The apogee of the flight of a living rocket lies so high above the water that flying squids often fall on the decks of ocean-going ships. Four or five meters is not a record height to which squids rise into the sky. Sometimes they fly even higher.
Slide 8
Octopus
Octopuses can also fly. The French naturalist Jean Verany saw an ordinary octopus speed up in an aquarium and suddenly jump out of the water backwards. Describing in the air an arc about five meters long, he plopped back into the aquarium. Gaining speed for the jump, the octopus moved not only due to jet thrust, but also rowed with tentacles.
The use of jet propulsion in nature Many of us in our lives have met while swimming in the sea with jellyfish. But few people thought that jellyfish also use jet propulsion to move around. And often the efficiency of marine invertebrates when using jet propulsion is much higher than that of techno inventions.
Cuttlefish Cuttlefish, like most cephalopods, moves in the water in the following way. She takes water into the gill cavity through a lateral slit and a special funnel in front of the body, and then vigorously throws a stream of water through the funnel. The cuttlefish directs the funnel tube to the side or back and, rapidly squeezing water out of it, can move in different directions.
Squid The squid is the largest invertebrate inhabitant of the ocean depths. It moves according to the principle of jet propulsion, absorbing water into itself, and then pushing it with great force through a special hole - a "funnel", and at high speed (about 70 km / h) moves back in jolts. In this case, all ten tentacles of the squid are collected in a knot above the head and it acquires a streamlined shape.
Flying squid This is a small animal about the size of a herring. He pursues fish with such swiftness that he often jumps out of the water, rushing over its surface like an arrow. Having developed maximum jet thrust in the water, the pilot squid takes off into the air and flies over the waves for more than fifty meters. The apogee of the flight of a living rocket lies so high above the water that flying squids often fall on the decks of ocean-going ships. Four or five meters is not a record height to which squids rise into the sky. Sometimes they fly even higher.
Octopus Octopuses can also fly. The French naturalist Jean Verany saw an ordinary octopus speed up in an aquarium and suddenly jump out of the water backwards. Describing in the air an arc about five meters long, he plopped back into the aquarium. Gaining speed for the jump, the octopus moved not only due to jet thrust, but also rowed with tentacles.
Mad Cucumber In the southern countries (and here on the Black Sea coast too) a plant called "mad cucumber" grows. One has only to lightly touch the ripe fruit, similar to a cucumber, as it bounces off the stalk, and liquid with seeds flies out of the fruit at a speed of up to 10 m / s through the hole formed. Shoots a mad cucumber (otherwise it is called a "lady's pistol") more than 12 m.
Presentation on school-level physics (grade 9) on the topic "Jet propulsion" in ppt format (powerpoint 2003), contains 23 slides.
Fragments from the presentation
- body momentum. Force impulse.
- Law of conservation of momentum.
- Jet propulsion:
- jet propulsion in nature and technology;
- history of the development of jet propulsion;
- the importance of space exploration.
"I tell a man: believe in yourself!
You can do everything!
You can know all the secrets of eternity. become the master of all the riches of nature. You have wings on your back. Wave them! Well, wave, and you will be happy, powerful and free ... "
K. E. Tsiolkovsky
Body impulse, force impulse
- The momentum of a body is a vector physical quantity, which is a measure of mechanical movement, numerically equal to the product of the body's mass and the speed of its movement.
- The impulse of force is a vector physical quantity, which is a measure of the action of a force over a certain period of time.
- The change in the momentum of the body is equal to the momentum of the force.
- When bodies interact, their momenta can change.
Conditions for applying the law of conservation of momentum:
- The system must be closed.
- External forces acting on the bodies of the system are compensated or their action can be neglected.
- It is performed in inertial frames of reference.
Jet propulsion
All types of motion are impossible without the interaction of the bodies of a given system with the environment. And for the implementation of jet propulsion, the interaction of the body with the environment is not required.- The movement of a body that occurs as a result of the separation of part of its mass from it at a certain speed is called reactive.
- The principles of jet propulsion are widely practical use in aviation and astronautics.
Sergei Pavlovich Korolev was the largest designer of rocket and space systems. Under his leadership, the world's first artificial satellites of the Earth, the Moon and the Sun, the first manned spaceships and the first human spacewalk from a satellite.
The value of space exploration
- Use of satellites for communication. Implementation of telephone and television communications.
- The use of satellites for navigation of ships and aircraft.
- The use of satellites in meteorology and for the study of processes occurring in the atmosphere; forecasting natural phenomena.
- Use of satellites for conducting scientific research, implementation of various technological processes under weightlessness, refinement of natural resources.
- The use of satellites to study space and the physical nature of other bodies in the solar system
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