In any profession, there are norms that must not be violated. They do not always look like commandments, but they are always based on the foundations of universal humanity. morality. This is an introduction to Prof. The translator's code has long been established in world practice.
1. Translator - a translator who re-expresses an oral or written text created in one language into a text in another language. It follows that the text is inviolable for the translator.
2. He does not have the right, at will, to change the text during translation, shorten it or expand it, if the additional task of adaptation, selection, etc. not supplied by the customer.
3. When translating, he, with the help of prof. action always tends to transfer when translating to max. least invariant of the original text.
4. In some cases, in the context of an oral consecutive P. or a simultaneous interpreter, he turned out to be a person who was also charged with diplomatic powers, for example, when politicians spoke out. If these diplomatic powers are recognized for the translator, he has the opportunity to err in the translation, performing the function of an auxiliary person in support of the diplomat. rel., preventing their violation, but not obliged to protect the interests of any. 1 side.
5. In other cases, the translator does not have the right to interfere in the relations of the parties, as well as to reveal his own position regarding the content of the translated text.
6. The translator is obliged to maintain confidentiality in relation to the content of the translated material and not to disclose it unnecessarily.
7. The translator is obliged by means known to him to ensure a high level of competence in the areas of the original language, the target language, the translation technique and the subject matter of the text.
8. The translator has the right to demand all the necessary conditions to ensure a high level of translation competence, incl. and acc. conditions of their work: when interpreting, the reliability of broadcasting equipment, if necessary, reducing the rate of speech of the speaker. With simultaneous translation - the provision of speeches by the speaker the day before, pauses in work for rest, etc. In writing - the provision of reference and other literature on the topic.
9. The translator is responsible for the quality of the translation, and if the translation is poor or publicistic, he has a copyright on it, protected by law. And when publishing a translation, its name must be indicated.
With prof. The ethics of translators are closely related to the rules of situational behavior, which require the observance of decency, and the rules of behavior aimed at maintaining health. The rules of situational behavior imply a complete adaptation of the interpreter to the situation in which he finds himself. A great scientist/movie star may be provocatively dressed or misbehaving, a translator is not. Because being in the role of a translator, he must be invisible as a person, not distract attention to himself, his task is to serve as a transmission link of information. Therefore, he must be dressed neatly and according to the occasion, observe the generally accepted. moral standards. He violates them only when they are incompatible with his main professional role in the situation. For example, if he needs to translate during the official. lunch, then he doesn’t have to eat, he doesn’t have to drink anymore. During behind-the-scenes communication (corridor, tete-a-tete), the translator cannot participate in the conversation as an equal interlocutor, otherwise he will distort the source information and lose his reliability as a translator.
Rules guaranteeing the translator the preservation of prof. health are usually tacitly respected, first of all they relate to interpretation and the higher the volume of mental. costs, the harder they are. The work of a translator with good reason can be classified as extreme. Working, the translator constantly finds himself in a situation of the so-called. communication stress, i.e. a state of exceptional concentration of the resources of the body and psyche.
According to the latest neurophysiological studies, in terms of the amount of brain resources used, simultaneous translation is in second place among the types of human activity after the performance of an unfamiliar work on the violin from sight. Naturally, such a load must be dosed. In the field of professional translation, there is a physiological norm. An interpreter, even a consecutive interpreter, should in no case work more than two hours in a row. It is believed that the normal work of an interpreter in the mode is synchronous without a shift: 20-30 minutes. Although in reality, circumstances can make him work for wear and tear - nervous exhaustion.
Before intense mental work, he must sleep well, at least 8 hours. Alcohol during oral work is excluded. You also need to remember that the fulfillment of a translation order, no matter how important it may be, is not the last for the translator, to whom he must give his all, but only one of the episodes of a long career, the number of orders of which exceeds thousands. Being a professional, he is simply obliged to maintain his physical. and psycho. conditions at the right level.
The translator is a unique accumulator of information about different areas of people. knowledge and people actions, and it is equally important for him to know the essence of the process of the phenomenon, and how all this is called in native and foreign languages. language. In addition to the constant focus on expanding erudition, the translator has to be ready for the urgent development of an unfamiliar area.
The upcoming work tomorrow, say, with representatives of the nuclear power industry, may include new inf. material designed using 3 main. language layers:
1. Officially book speech, letters. text.
2. Officially oral. speech, official communication.
3. Prof. jargon - informal. prof. communication.
An experienced translator with a trained memory masters all this rich arsenal on the go. It is important to use max. number of sources possible in a given situation. Those. directories, dictionaries, internet and expert advice.
There is an opinion that in order to translate prof. texts, the translator himself must be a professional acc. area - at least a diploma. specialist. This is partly true when applied to written translation. Here, professional knowledge and experience are of great help, since translation provides enough time for analysis, reflection, and selection of material. However, in oral and especially simultaneous translation, deep knowledge of subject area, can do a disservice to the translator by forcing him to do it where it is not necessary.
UE requires max-but adequate and, most importantly, fast selection of correspondences. Paradoxically, the level of UE can be the higher, the lower his knowledge in the subject area. Of course, at the same time, he must master the terms and understand what they mean, but mastering them is a matter of several days, hours and even minutes for a professional, depending on the task. In other words, good translator- this is not the one who knows more, but the one who translates better. The translator, as a rule, is not only a philologist, but also a country expert, which makes it possible. use his knowledge not only for translation work, but also for building trusting relationships with partners. A professional translator plays a key role in establishing a spirit of cooperation, especially when negotiation processes are carried out with representatives of peoples and cultures, worldviews, whose etiquettes have the noun. different from those in the West. The translator needs to take action if he finds that he is being misunderstood. The interpreter may, if necessary, ask either party to explain the idea in other words or repeat it again.
In any profession there are moral norms and laws of professional behavior that cannot be violated. They do not always look like commandments, but, perhaps, they are always based on the foundations of Christian morality. There are such ethical standards and in professional activity translator. They gradually developed and developed in world practice and are a moral code modern representative the profession we are talking about. It will be useful for us to get acquainted with some of these rules:
A translator is a TRANSLATOR who "re-expresses" an oral or written text created in one language into a text in another language.
THE TEXT FOR THE TRANSLATOR IS INVIOLABLE. The translator does not have the right to voluntarily change the text during translation (reduce, expand), if additional terms not supplied by the customer.
When translating, the translator always strives to convey as much as possible the INVARIANT of the source text, i.e. translate from a foreign language all language units of the original text.
The translator is not obliged to translate language units in other languages. (If, for example, in German scientific text there were quotes in Latin, English, French, etc.). This is not part of the translator's tasks if he does not speak other languages.
The translator is obliged to maintain confidentiality (secrecy) in relation to the content of the translated material and not to disclose it unnecessarily.
The translator is obliged to ensure the highest possible level of proficiency in the original language, the target language, and the translation technique.
Requirements for the design of the written text are agreed in advance with the customer. It is always observed: the transfer of graphic information (the location of parts of the text, headings, subheadings) and the indication of the original pages.
The translator has the right to demand all necessary conditions to ensure high-quality translation (providing reference and other literature on the topic).
The translator is responsible for the quality of the translation, and if the translation is artistic or journalistic, he has a copyright on it, protected by law, and when publishing the translation, his name must be indicated.
Questions for self-control:
Why is it impossible to name the exact number of languages that exist on the globe?
How is an interpreter different from a written translator?
Explain the expression "translation as an activity".
What is the basis for the success of the translation profession?
What is background knowledge and what is its role for a translator?
Formulate at least a few basic rules of translation ethics.
Why do you think an interpreter's code of morals is needed?
In any profession there are moral norms and laws of professional behavior that cannot be violated. They do not always look like commandments, but, perhaps, they are always based on the foundations of Christian morality.
Moral Code of the Translator
A translator is a TRANSLATOR who translates an oral or written text created in one language into a text in another language.
It follows from this that the TEXT for the translator is INCOLUTABLE. The translator does not have the right, at will, to change the text during translation, shorten it or expand it, if the additional task of adaptation, selection, additions, etc. is not set by the customer.
When translating, the translator, using professional actions known to him, always strives to convey to the maximum extent the INVARIANT of the source text.
In some cases, in an environment of consecutive or simultaneous interpretation, the interpreter turns out to be a person who is also vested with DIPLOMATIC powers (for example, when translating the statements of major politicians in international contacts). If these diplomatic powers are recognized for the translator, he has the right to deviate from the accuracy of the source text, acting as an auxiliary person in supporting diplomatic relations, preventing their complication, but is not obliged to protect the interests of any one side.
In other cases, the translator does not have the right to interfere in the relations of the parties, as well as to reveal his own position regarding the content of the translated text.
The translator is obliged to maintain confidentiality in relation to the content of the translated material and not to disclose it unnecessarily.
The translator is obliged, by means known to him, to ensure a high level of competence in the areas of the original language, the target language, the translation technique and the subject matter of the text.
The interpreter has the right to demand all the necessary conditions to ensure a high level of translation competence, including the appropriate working conditions (in case of interpreting - the reliability of the broadcasting equipment, if necessary - reducing the pace of the speaker's speech; in case of synchronous - providing the speakers' speeches the day before, pauses in work for recreation, etc.; in case of writing - providing reference and other literature on the topic).
The translator is responsible for the quality of the translation, and if the translation is artistic or journalistic, he has a copyright on it, protected by law, and when publishing the translation, his name must be indicated.
Ethics - the art of behavior
With rules professional ethics As an interpreter, the rules of situational behavior, which require respect for decency, and the rules of behavior aimed at maintaining health, are closely intertwined.
The rules of situational behavior imply a complete adaptation of the interpreter to the situation in which he finds himself. A great scientist or movie star may dress provocatively or behave inappropriately. Translator - no. Because, being in the role of a translator (see code, paragraph 1), he must be invisible as a person, not distract attention to himself, his task is work as a messenger of information. Therefore, he should be dressed neatly and according to the occasion, observe the generally accepted rules of decency. He violates them only when they are incompatible with his main professional role in the situation. For example, if he needs to translate during a formal dinner, then he does not have to eat or drink. During behind-the-scenes communication, the translator cannot participate in the conversation as an equal interlocutor, otherwise he will distort the source information and lose his reliability as a translator. So his task is to adapt, but work.
The rules that guarantee the translator the preservation of professional health are usually tacitly observed. First of all, they relate to interpretation, and the higher the amount of mental costs, the tougher they are. It is believed that in the synchronous mode an interpreter can work without a shift for 20-30 minutes, although in reality circumstances can force him to work without a shift for a long time, for wear and tear. Before strenuous oral work, he must sleep well (at least 8 hours). Alcohol during oral work is excluded.
The rules of professional ethics govern the behavior of a translator as well. In addition to those listed in the code, this includes the rules for approaching the composition of the text and the rules for formatting. The ethics of text handling prescribes (if the customer has not stipulated special conditions) to translate from a foreign language or into a foreign language all language units of the original text. The translator is not obliged to translate linguistic units in other languages: for example, if he comes across quotations in Latin, English and French in a German scientific text, it is not his task to translate them into Russian. If the equivalence of the translation of the whole text depends on the content of these fragments in third languages, the translator will have to take professional advice from specialists in the respective languages. However, there are happy cases for the customer when the translator has bilingual professional competence, that is, he translates from both English and German - then everything that is formulated in the text in these two languages is included in the translation task.
The requirements for the design of a written text are agreed in advance with the customer and may be different, but two of them are always observed: the transfer of graphic information that accompanies the verbal (location of parts of the text that organizes it into a global text - headings, subheadings), and an indication of the original pages. The last requirement helps the user navigate the text, compare the right place with the original.
Representatives of any profession have their own norms and rules of conduct. With the help of these norms and rules, the profession asserts its place in society, and society, for its part, influences the ethics of the profession. In any profession there are moral norms and laws of professional behavior that cannot be violated. The translation profession is no exception. Such well-known translators as P. Palazhchenko, A. Chuzhakin, G. Miram, A. Pago, I. S. Alekseeva, R. K. Minyar Beloruchev dealt with the issues of the ethics of the translator.
The ethics of a translator, according to I.S. Alekseeva, “includes moral principles (moral code), norms of professional behavior, requirements for professional suitability, a firm knowledge of the translator’s legal status, familiarity with the technical support of translation ".
Moral principles suggest the following:
The need to transfer up to 80 percent of the information of the source text. The translator is not an interlocutor or opponent of the client, but a translator who re-expresses an oral or written text created in one language into a text in another language. It follows from this that the text is inviolable for the translator. The translator does not have the right, at will, to change the meaning and composition of the text during translation, to shorten it or expand it, if the additional task of adaptation, selection, additions, etc. is not set by the customer.
The translator, with the help of professional actions known to him, always strives to convey the invariant of the source text to the maximum extent, focusing on the functional dominants of the original.
In a situation of translation, the interpreter is obliged to observe the ethics of oral communication, respecting the freedom of the client's personality and not infringing on his dignity.
In some cases, in an environment of consecutive or simultaneous interpretation, the interpreter turns out to be a person who is also vested with diplomatic powers (for example, when translating the statements of major politicians in an environment of international contacts). If these diplomatic powers are recognized for the translator, he has the right to sin against the accuracy of the source text, performing the function of an auxiliary person in supporting diplomatic relations, preventing their complication, but is not obliged to protect the interests of any one side. In other cases, the translator does not have the right to interfere in the relations of the parties, as well as to reveal his own position regarding the content of the translated text.
The translator is obliged to take care of his health, since the quality of the translation depends on his physical condition.
The translator does not have the right to react emotionally to individual defects in the speaker's speech and should not reproduce them; he is guided in interpretation by the oral version of the literary norm of the target language.
The translator is obliged to immediately signal about his lack of competence, and to correct the mistakes noticed behind him, and not to hide; it's a guarantee High Quality translation and trust of others around him.
In a written translation, the translator is obliged to follow the rules for its execution, which ensure correct attitude to the customer.
In necessary cases, the translator is obliged to maintain confidentiality in relation to the content of the translated text and not to disclose it unnecessarily.
The translator's ethics also includes the requirements of professional suitability - certain psychological qualities that meet professional requirements. By professional suitability, I.S. Alekseeva understands “ natural background to the implementation of this activity, including the psychological attitude. Professional requirements are a broader concept; along with professional suitability, they include the necessary set of skills and abilities.
Among the qualities that determine professional suitability, she names speech reactivity, good memory, switchability, mental stability, contact, intelligence.
Speech reactivity is the ability to quickly perceive someone else's speech and quickly generate your own. If this ability is given to a person by nature, in any case it must be systematized and developed further. This ability is essential for interpreting.
Memory is also necessary quality translator. A translator needs a professionally organized flexible memory that allows, on the one hand, to absorb a large amount of information and, on the other hand, to quickly forget the unnecessary. Long-term memory should be distinguished by the ability to accommodate a much larger (compared to memory ordinary person speaking a foreign language) the amount of vocabulary in the active stock, both in the native and in the foreign language. RAM is characterized by the ability to remember for a short time a significantly larger number of language units than the memory of an ordinary person.
Switchability is the ability to quickly move from one activity to another. Translation requires a specific kind of switchability from one language to another, from digital to verbal coding. The initial predisposition to quick switching should develop in the translator into a stable skill of the ability to switch in the field of language.
The author puts mental stability in the first place among the qualities of professional suitability, since both forced long speaking, and inevitably frequent switching, and an increased speed of speech, and the need to follow only other people's thoughts for a whole day, not allowing one's own - all this leads to to mental stress.
Contact, i.e., the desire to communicate with other people, is also considered a necessary quality for a translator. It's about about a conscious psychological attitude to contact. The translator must be well aware that he is an expert not only in the language, but also in the culture of two or more peoples and countries at once, and actively contribute to establishing contact between the parties.
Next professional quality What a translator must possess is intelligence. Here, I.S. Alekseeva does not mean encyclopedic education, but liveliness and a creative mindset that allows her to apply her extensive knowledge at the right time. A good education, breadth of interests and active self-education are of great importance.
Under the professional requirements, I.S. Alekseeva assumes the following:
1. An interpreter must have a professional voice and be able to use it, as well as know how to restore the voice in case of overstrain.
2. An indispensable professional requirement is pure diction, the absence of speech defects.
3. Mandatory knowledge of translation techniques. These include: mnemonics (memorization techniques); switching skill different types coding; the skill of speech compression and speech deployment; the skill of applying complex types of transformations of descriptive translation, generalization, antonymic translation, compensation.
4. The translator needs the ability to use dictionaries and other sources of information.
5. Possession of translation notation, or abbreviated notation, is desirable.
6. The translator must have knowledge foreign language at a level close to bilingualism, as well as knowledge of the culture of the people speaking this language, i.e. have background knowledge.
7. No less important condition The success of his professional activity is the active possession of the main speech genres and the main types of text both in his native and in a foreign language.
8. The translator is obliged to constantly replenish the active vocabulary in both languages.
The translator must also be able to use various equipment that serves his activity, i.e. be familiar with the technical support of translation - the operation of audio and video equipment, a computer, etc.
The work of an interpreter is carried out according to his legal and social status. This means that the content of its activities is always pre-specified and fixed in contracts, agreements and job descriptions.
Chapter 1 Conclusions
Translation is an activity that consists in variative re-expression, re-decoding of a text generated in one language into a text in another language, carried out by a translator who creatively chooses an option depending on the resources of the language, the type of translation, the tasks of translation, the type of text and under the influence of his own individuality.
Translation competence is the knowledge, skills and abilities of a translator, the totality of which allows him to successfully carry out his professional activities.
Translation competence consists of the main (basic) and additional (pragmatic) components.
The basic part of the translation competence includes linguistic and communicative competence, the additional one includes translation techniques and personal characteristics translator.
Communicative competence includes background knowledge necessary for a translator and consists in mastering the socio-cultural concepts and phenomena of another nation.
Professional ethics and moral qualities of a translator are necessary conditions for the implementation of translation activities.
Irina Sergeevna Alekseeva - Professor of the Russian State Pedagogical University named after Herzen, translator fiction, in 2004 awarded diploma Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation for a great contribution to the training of personnel, the development of education and science. I.S. Alekseeva compiled a kind of translator's code, which included the following points:
The translator is not an interlocutor or opponent of the client, but a translator who re-expresses an oral or written text created in one language into a text in another language.
It follows from this that the text is inviolable for the translator. The translator does not have the right, at will, to change the meaning and composition of the text during translation, to shorten or expand it, if the additional task of adaptation, selection, additions, etc. not supplied by the customer.
When translating, the translator, using professional actions known to him, always strives to convey to the maximum extent the invariant of the source text.
In some cases, in an environment of oral consecutive or simultaneous translation, the interpreter turns out to be a person who is also vested with diplomatic powers (for example, when translating the statements of major politicians in an environment of international contacts). If these diplomatic powers are recognized for the translator, he has the right to deviate from the accuracy of the source text, acting as an auxiliary person in supporting diplomatic relations, preventing their complication, but is not obliged to protect the interests of any one side.
In a situation of interpretation, the interpreter is obliged to observe the ethics of oral communication, respecting the freedom of the client's personality and not infringing on his dignity.
In other cases, the translator does not have the right to interfere in the relations of the parties, as well as to reveal his own position regarding the content of the translated text.
The translator is obliged to maintain confidentiality in relation to the content of the translated material and not to disclose it unnecessarily.
The translator does not have the right to react emotionally to individual defects in the speaker's speech and should not reproduce them; he is guided in interpretation by the oral version of the literary norm of the target language.
The translator is obliged, by means known to him, to ensure a high level of competence in the areas of the original language, the target language, the translation technique and the subject matter of the text. The translator is obliged to immediately signal about his lack of competence, and to correct the mistakes noticed behind him, and not to hide; This is a guarantee of the high quality of the translation and the confidence of others in it.
The translator is responsible for the quality of the translation, and if the translation is artistic or journalistic, he has a copyright on it, protected by law, and when publishing the translation, his name must be indicated.
The interpreter has the right to demand all the necessary conditions to ensure a high level of translation competence, including the appropriate working conditions (in case of interpreting - the reliability of the broadcasting equipment, if necessary - reducing the pace of the speaker's speech; in case of synchronous - providing the speakers' speeches the day before, pauses in work for recreation, etc.; in case of writing - providing reference and other literature on the topic).
In written translation, the translator is obliged to follow the rules for its execution, ensuring the correct attitude towards the customer [Alekseeva, 2008, p. 347].
Loading...