1. Appointment
The camera is designed for amateur photographers and photojournalists.The camera "FED" is a modern and perfect camera that works on normal film.
The camera can take pictures of scenic landscapes, portraits, group shots, individual sports moments, etc.
2. Main technical characteristics of the camera
1. Image format 24×36 mm.2. Number of shots 36 with film length 1.6 m.
3. Curtain shutter.
a) shutter exposure: 1/20: 1/30; 1/40: 1/60; 1/100; 1/200; 1/500 and 1/1000.
4. Lens "Industar-22" with enlightened "Blue" optics:
mm.
b) aperture ratio 1:3.5.
c) aperture 3.5; 4; 5.6; 8; 11 and 16.
d) distance scale in meters 1; 1.25; 1.5; 1.75; 2; 2.5; 3; 4; 5; 7; 10; 20 and infinity ∞.
5. Optical viewfinder for lenses with focal length 50 mm.
6. Optical rangefinder with base 38 mm, interlocked with the focusing mechanism of the lens.
7. The camera has an interlocked film feed with a winding mechanism and a frame counter.
8. The camera is equipped with a film rewind mechanism, which will allow the camera to be reloaded in normal, but not too bright light.
9. Camera size: width 135 mm, height 70 mm mm .
10. Camera weight 580 gr.
3. The device of the camera and the rules for handling its parts during operation
Rice. 1
1. Crown
Turn the head only in the direction of the arrow, until it stops. When the machine is wound up, film is automatically fed into one shot, while the curtain shutter is started and the counter works.
2. Limb of the counter of taken pictures.
3. Protrusions for setting the dial scale to "0" after charging the device. The limb is connected with neighboring parts by friction. Rotate only against the arrow indicated on the head "1",
4. An arrow indicating the number of shots taken.
5. The release button has a safety nut that can be replaced with an adapter sleeve (supplied with each machine) for cable operation.
6. Mechanism switch. To rewind the film into the cassette, turn the switch in the direction of the arrow towards the letter "B".
7. Drive exposure speed.
The exposure value should be set only when the mechanism is running. Raise the dial slightly, then turn it to set the desired exposure level. Rotation of the disk is possible only within the scale of 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000 and vice versa.
In the range between 2-1000, the disk cannot be rotated.
The digits on the disk scale indicate fractions of a second, the letter makes it possible to obtain an exposure corresponding to the time the shutter release button was pressed.
8. Arrow pointer to set the desired exposure value.
9. Terminal for installing special devices for the FED camera (optical viewfinder for lenses with other focal lengths, frame viewfinder, self-timer, etc.).
10. Optical viewfinder lens.
11. Optical rangefinder windows.
12. Film rewind knob.
When rewinding, raise the head and rotate in the direction of the arrow.
13. The removable bottom cover has a lock and a threaded socket to secure the apparatus on a tripod.
14. Pin fixing the bottom cover.
15. Ring for mounting lenses on the device.
16. Scale of distances.
17. Leash setting the lens for sharpness. In the extreme position, with the pointer at ∞, the leash is latched. To turn the lens inside out and set it to focus, move the leash out of its extreme position by releasing the lock by pressing the button.
18. Limit pin.
19. Limb with a scale of depth of field ("limits of sharpness").
20. Lens barrel.
To bring the lens into working position it is necessary to pull it out by the front ring 22 to the full forward, then turn it clockwise until it fits snugly into the slots of the bayonet.
To retract the lens into the camera, you need to do the opposite.
21. An engine with an aperture scale indicator.
Rice. 2
22. Front lens ring with aperture scale. The scale indicates the relative openings of the lens.
23. Lock on the bottom cover (not visible, see fig.).
4. How to open the camera
Hold the camera as shown in fig. . Raise the lock shackle 23 and turn it counterclockwise half a turn so that the lock arrow points to the “Open” sign.The internal arrangement of the cassette and take-up spool for filmed film can be seen from the figure.
Rice. 3
The cassette lies freely in the device and can be easily pulled out by the head “A”.
The spool for the photographed film must sit in the apparatus with an interference fit on a springy axis and can be pulled out by the head "B".
5. Cassette and loading it
The cassette (Fig. ) consists of three parts: clips, coils and covers. The cassette must be disassembled before charging, for which take, as shown in fig. , and lightly hit the coil head against something hard.
Rice. 5
Subsequent charging operations should be performed either in red light or in complete darkness, depending on the grade of film.
Cut off the end of the film and fix it in the spool under the “K” spring, as shown in fig. . Pay attention to the careful bending of the film, press down the bent end with your fingernail. The film layer must be facing inwards, towards the axis of the reel. Wind the film tightly on the spool. It is absolutely unacceptable to compact the winding by holding the spool and tightening the film by the free end, while the turns rub strongly against each other and scratches are inevitably formed on the layer. Do not touch the surface of the layer with your fingers or even reverse side both when loading the cassette and when working with film; it is necessary to hold the films only by the perforated edges.
Rice. 6
Rice. 7
Put the film package with the spool into the holder (fig. ) and put on the cover. Further operations with the cassette can be carried out outside the dark room.
Rice. 8
6. Charging the camera
1. Remove spool “B” from the filmed film from the device (Fig. ).2. Pull out from the cassette the end of the film no longer than 10 cm, cut it neatly to the shape (fig. ) or using a special template.
Rice. 9
3. Take the coil "B" in the left hand, and the loaded cassette in the right and, as shown in fig. , fasten the end of the film under the spring "K" of the spool. Make sure that the uncut side of the film is pressed firmly against the spool flange.
Rice. 10
4. Place the open camera with the lens away from you (Fig. ). Holding cassette "A" with your right hand and spool "B" with your left, insert the film into slot "C", dropping them evenly into the slots. If the cassette does not reach the place, then turn the rewind knob 11 (in Fig. ).
Rice. eleven
5. Put on the bottom cover 13 (Fig. ), press it tightly and turn the lock shackle 23 clockwise by half a turn. The lock arrow will point to "Closed". Check if the cover is closed.
6. Wind the mechanism twice by pressing the release button 5 after each winding, while observing that the mechanism pulls the film correctly and that the film rewind knob 2 rotates.
If the head does not rotate, you should check that the machine is loaded correctly with film.
7. Set "0" of the scale of counter 2 against pointer 4.
7. Shooting with a camera
When using the camera, adhere to the following order:1. Mount the lens.
2. Set the required aperture.
3, Start the mechanism.
4. Set the desired exposure.
5. Set the lens to sharpness, observing through the eyepiece "D" of the range finder (Fig.).
Rice. 12
6. Aim at the object to be photographed, observing through the eyepiece "B", the viewfinder (Fig. ).
Rice. 13. Correct horizontal position of the device
Take a picture by gently pressing the shutter release button. When shooting, do not forget the main thing on which success depends:
a) unconditionally stable position of the apparatus. Therefore, when shooting handheld, do not abuse aperture, shoot at low exposures and carefully study the pictures with the correct and incorrect position of the camera during shooting.
Rice. 14. Correct vertical position of the device
Rice. 15. Incorrect horizontal position of the device
Rice. 16. Incorrect vertical position of the device
B) Right choice aperture and exposure values
For this purpose the best way use an objective exposure meter or exposure meters in the form of counting rulers.
8. Discharging the camera
1. Press the shutter button 5. (The lens must be capped).2. Move mechanism switch 6 to "B".
3. Pull out the film rewind knob 12 (fig. and ) and turn it in the direction of the arrow. Detect the end of the rewind by the force that will be required to tear the film out of the reel, and also because the protective nut 5 stops rotating.
4. Open the machine as described earlier.
5. Remove the cassette and store it until developed.
Rice. 17
6. Turn the mechanism switch 6 against the arrow to its original position and turn the crown 1, after which the device can be charged again.
9. Using an optical rangefinder with distance and depth of field scales
1. Hold the machine as shown in fig. and, through the left viewing eye "D" (Fig. 12), aim at the object that you are going to shoot.2. With the lens in the ∞ position, objects that are not at infinity, close to 100 meters or so, will have a double image.
In this case, press the leash button.
After disengaging the leash, turn the lens with it, observing with your eye the images of the object in the central (reddish) field of the rangefinder (Fig.).
The images will get closer. Continue turning the leash 17 until the images are completely aligned.
In this position, the lens will be focused, and on the distance scale 16 against the hole of the limb 19 there will be a number corresponding to the distance from the film to the object being shot.
3. If you know exactly the distance to the object being filmed, you can install the lens without using a range finder, but directly set the dial hole 19 against the scale number corresponding to the distance from the film to the object being filmed.
4. In cases where it is necessary to shoot objects that have a considerable depth, or a number of objects located at different distances, it is necessary to take into account the depth of field scale 19 when choosing a value for the aperture.
At the same time, one must clearly know that the depth of field is not understood as the absolute and equal sharpness of the image within the specified boundaries, but there is a limit beyond which the blurriness goes beyond conventionally accepted tolerances (for a depth scale of 19, this limit is taken in the form of a circle of scattering with a diameter of 0.04 mm).
Scale 19 clearly shows the main position - the smaller the aperture, the greater the depth of field, the less important focusing is.
Example: the device is aimed at 4 meters with an aperture of 16, the sharpness limit is from 2.5 m to 10 m;
,25 m up to 5.25 m;
at aperture 3.5 sharpness limit from 3.65 m up to 4.5 m.
10. Film development
Film development is carried out in a commercially available plastic container. The tank consists of 4 parts (fig.).
Rice. 19
1. Tank. 2. Cover and split coil in two parts. 3. Lower disc with spiral and 4. Upper smooth disc
To charge the tank, separate the upper disk of the spool, insert the end of the film into the cutout of the upper disk with the emulsion outward, and then connect the two halves of the spool together. The protrusion on the lower disc bushing should fit into the notch of the upper disc bushing and clamp the end of the film.
After fixing the film, wind it on the spool by turning it counterclockwise, while the film must be slightly tilted so that it enters the grooves of the spiral. Lower the film reel into the tank and close the lid. After that, the process of manifestation and fixation can take place in ordinary, but not too bright light.
When manifesting, it is necessary to strictly observe:
1. So that the tank is thoroughly washed.
2. The temperature of the developer was monitored and taken into account.
3. Developer recipe and film grade have been checked.
4. After developing the film for the time recommended by the development recipe, without opening the tank, pour out the developer, rinse the tank with the film in 2-3 waters and then pour in the fixer.
5. When developing and fixing, rotate the coil in the tank in the direction of the arrow indicated on the cover.
6. After fixing, rinse the film with water for at least 10 minutes, while changing the water five to six times.
11. Zoom from film
The prints from the negative are produced mainly by projection, i.e. using a U-2 enlarger (commercially available), resulting in large format photographic positives.12. Rules for handling a coated lens
1. Coated lens surfaces have thin films of magnesium fluoride or cryolite. A thin film in reflected light gives the enlightened surfaces a lilac tint.2. A film of magnesium fluoride or cryolite is softer than glass, and this must be borne in mind when handling anti-reflective surfaces.
3. Dusting with a brush is acceptable.
4. Non-oily soiling can be removed by lightly wiping with a clean flannel or chamois.
5. Grease stains (fingerprints, etc.) can be removed by wiping without pressure with a flannel cloth moistened with anhydrous alcohol or ether.
6. Moisture adversely affects anti-reflective surfaces and can completely ruin the anti-reflective film over time.
7. In order to preserve the anti-reflective film, it is necessary to protect the anti-reflective surfaces from contamination so that the need for cleaning occurs less frequently.
12. Camera kit
The camera kit consists of:1. Camera with an Industar-22 lens.
2. Camera take-up coil.
3. Adapter sleeve for trigger cable.
4. Safety nut on release button sleeve.
5. Lens cap.
6. Cassette.
7. Leather case with shoulder strap.
8. Description of the FED camera.
9. Passport.
13. Camera accessories
The following accessories are manufactured for the FED camera:1. Cable release.
2. Light yellow filter.
3. Yellow filter.
4. Orange filter.
5. Case for filters.
6. Spare cassette.
7. Universal photographic tripod.
8. Template for cutting the film.
9. Magnifying glass for viewing films 6 x .
10. Magnifier U-2.
These accessories are not included with the camera and can be purchased separately from the camera.
The FED camera, in addition to the Industar-22 lens described above, can also be equipped with lenses that have a large aperture ZK-50 1: 2; ZK-50 1:1.5 (see attachments and).
Each camera produced with one of the three lenses specified is only aligned to the lens it is equipped with. If you need to install another lens in the camera, you need to remember that the camera should be re-adjusted for the lens being newly installed in it.
Application No. 1
The camera is equipped with a ZK-50/2 lens
a) Lens focal length 50 mm.
b) Aperture 1:2
c) Aperture: 2; 2.8; 4; 5.6; 8; eleven; 16 and 22.
d) Distance scale in meters: 1; 1.2; 1.5; 1.7; 2; 2.5; 3; 4; 5; 7; 10; 20 and infinity "∞".
2. Dimensions and weight of the camera with a ZK-50/2 lens.
a) Width 135 mm, height 70 mm and length at working position 70 mm.
b) Weight 590 grams.
3. The device of the lens and the rules of handling during operation.
Rice. 20
1. Scale of distances.
2. The order of setting the lens for sharpness.
In the extreme position, with the pointer ∞, the leash is latched. To set the lens to sharpness, move the leash out of its extreme position by releasing the lock by pressing the button.
3. Depth of field scale.
4. Lens barrel. To bring the lens into working position, it is necessary to pull it out by the knurled ring 7 to the full forward, then turn it clockwise until it fits snugly into the slots of the bayonet. To retract the lens into the camera, you need to do the opposite.
5. Aperture scale ring. The relative apertures of the lens are indicated on the ring.
6. Front lens ring.
The ring contains the characteristics of the lens and the number of the lens.
7. Knurled ring.
There is an index on the ring for setting the aperture to different aperture ratios of the lens.
1. Hold the machine as shown in fig. and , through the left viewing eye D fig. aim at the subject you are about to shoot. In the middle part of the rangefinder field of view, a reddish transparent circle is visible on a greenish background.
In this case, press the driver button (2) fig. , disengaging the leash, turn it, observing with your eye the image of the object in the central (reddish) field of the rangefinder fig. . The images will get closer. Continue turning the leash until the images are completely aligned.
In this position, the lens will be brought into focus, and the stroke of the distance scale (1), corresponding to the distance from the film to the object being photographed, will be opposite the stroke of the index of the depth of field scale (3).
3. If the distance to the object being shot is known, the lens can be set to sharpness without using a rangefinder. To do this, you need to set the stroke of the distance scale (1), corresponding to the distance from the film to the object being shot, against the stroke of the index of the depth of field scale (3) and shoot.
4. In cases where it is required to shoot objects that have a considerable depth, or a number of objects located at different distances, it is necessary to take into account the depth of field scale (3) when choosing a value for the aperture. At the same time, you need to know that the depth of field is not understood as the absolute and equal sharpness of the image within the specified boundaries, but there is a limit beyond which the blurriness goes beyond conventionally accepted tolerances.
From the scale (3), the main position is clearly visible - the smaller the aperture, the greater the depth of field and the less focusing matters.
EXAMPLE: The device is pointed at 4 meters; at aperture 16 sharpness limit from 2.2 m up to ∞;
at aperture 5.6 sharpness limit from 3 m until 6 m;
m up to 4.8 m.
Application №2
The camera is equipped with a ZK-50/1.5 lens.1. Basic specifications lens.
a) Lens focal length 50 mm.
b) Aperture 1:1.5
c) Aperture: 1.5; 2; 2.8; 4; 5.6; 8; eleven; 16 and 22.
d) Distance scale in meters: 1; 1.2; 1.5; 1.7; 2; 2.5; 3; 4; 5; 7; 10; 20 and infinity.
2. Dimensions and weight of the camera with a ZK-50/1.5 lens.
a) Width 135 mm, height 70 mm and length 75 mm.
b) Weight 605 grams.
3. The device of the lens and the rules for handling during operation.
Rice. 21.
1. The distance scale with distances in meters marked on it has a knurled collar. The scale turned fully clockwise sets the lens to the ∞ position.
2. Depth of field scale.
3. Aperture scale ring. The relative apertures of the lens are indicated on the ring.
4. Front lens ring. The ring indicates the characteristics of the lens and the lens number.
5. Ring with an index. The ring has a stroke for setting the aperture to different apertures of the lens.
4. Use of an optical rangefinder and distance and depth of field scales.
1. Hold the machine as shown in fig. and , through the left viewing eye D fig. aim at the subject you are about to shoot.
In the middle part of the rangefinder field of view, a reddish transparent circle is visible on a greenish background.
2. With the lens in the “∞” position, objects lying not at infinity, closer than 100 meters, will have a double image.
In this case, turning the scale (1) fig. counterclockwise, observe with your eye the image of the object in the central (reddish) field of the rangefinder fig. .
The images will get closer. Continue turning the scale (1) until the image is completely aligned. In this position, the lens will be brought into focus and the stroke of the distance scale (1), corresponding to the distance from the film to the object being photographed, will stand against the stroke of the index of the depth of field scale (2).
3. If the distance to the object being shot is known, the lens can be set to sharpness without using a rangefinder.
To do this, you need to set the stroke of the distance scale (1), corresponding to the distance from the film to the object being shot, against the stroke of the index of the depth of field scale (2) and shoot.
4. In cases where it is required to shoot objects that have a considerable depth, or a number of objects located at different distances, it is necessary to take into account the depth of field scale (2) when choosing a value for the aperture. At the same time, you need to know that depth of field is not understood as absolute and equal sharpness. images within the specified boundaries, but there is a limit beyond which the blur goes beyond the conventionally accepted tolerances.
From the scale (2), the main position is clearly visible - the smaller the aperture opening, the greater the depth of field and the less focusing matters.
EXAMPLE: The device is pointed at 4 meters; at aperture 16 sharpness limit from 2.1 m up to 80 m;
at aperture 5.6 sharpness limit from 3 m until 6 m;
at aperture 2.8 sharpness limit from 3.5 m up to 4.8 m.
Clarification on the presence of bubbles on the objective lenses
The melting of special grades of optical glass presents significant technical difficulties. It is especially difficult, and for some types of glass, impossible to get rid of air bubbles that form in the thickness of the glass during the melting process. Methods for eliminating these bubbles in some types of optical glass have not yet been mastered by either our or foreign glassmaking technology. For these reasons, a certain amount of bubbles can always be seen in the lenses of complex foreign and Soviet lenses. Bubbles themselves have little to no effect on lens quality and image sharpness, and therefore lenses with bubbles on the lenses are not a marriage at all.The only thing we can talk about is a certain loss of image brightness, since the light is refracted in the bubbles at much larger angles than in the rest of the lens field and is absorbed by the camera walls with the blackened walls of the lens mount, not reaching the photosensitive film.
Let us calculate the value of such light loss, which depends on the area of the bubbles. So, for example, in the presence of five bubbles with a diameter of 0.3 mm each their total area will be equal to:
The area of the active aperture of the lens with a diameter of about 30 mm is equal to:
So, the area of the bubbles in the process is from total area:
Of course, such a loss of light has practically no absolutely no value.
Now let's try to calculate what the area of the bubbles should be in order for the loss of light in the lens to be 1%.
For simplicity, let's assume that we have the same 5 bubbles, but of a larger size. Let's say the diameter of each bubble is about 1.431 mm, then their area will be:
We have already determined the area of the active aperture of the lens:
The area of bubbles as a percentage of the total area of the active hole will be in this case:
As can be seen from this simple calculation, even with such significant sizes of bubbles, which almost never occur in such a quantity in lenses, the loss of light is still so insignificant that in practice it is not necessary to reckon with it.
The widespread opinion that the image of bubbles is obtained on film is completely untrue and is only a consequence of complete illiteracy in elementary questions of optics.
Based on the foregoing, the factory does not take into account consumer claims regarding lens blistering and does not exchange such lenses.
This explanation was already given by the OGPU plant in 1935 in the description of the FOTOKOR 1 camera.
Notes:
Scanning of the original -- Yury Fatyanov.Passport dropped.
The quality of the illustrations corresponds to the original.
The original was: 60 mm, corrected according to the attached sheet with "Necessary corrections".
The original was: clockwise, corrected according to the attached "Corrections required" sheet.
Plant named after the OGPU - GOMZ, Leningrad. Similar explanations were given at that time by foreign manufacturers of photographic optics.
Today, almost every person has a camera - these are SLR cameras, amateur soap dishes, or simply built-in Cell phones multi-megapixel cameras...
Today, there is no need to develop films, run to the store for photo chemicals and photographic paper.... We take thousands of pictures, sharing the shots on our blogs, posting them on VKontakte or simply sending them by e-mail.
But until quite recently this was far from the case.
IN Soviet time also many were fond of photography, but then everything was a little different. Remember how we captured our most memorable moments with a camera, closed ourselves in the bathroom, turning on the red light to develop the film, and then took the photos, hanging them up right there to dry ...
For someone it was difficult, but for gourmets of this business - it was a pleasure. For those who did not want to mess around with all this, there were photo studios where you could give the film for development and print photos there.
Each photo was very valuable for a Soviet person - after all, our memory was captured on these pictures.
in many homes, these pictures, dear to the heart and memory, are still stored in home albums.
In the assortment of every photography enthusiast in the USSR, there should have been a mandatory set in addition to the camera itself - various films, a photo tank, a photo enlarger and a photo gloss, a photo flashlight, as well as photo paper and photo chemicals.
And then the process itself!
First, the film had to be developed, intermediate washed, fixed, rinsed and dried.
After that, the photographs themselves were printed - with the help of a photographic enlarger, the image was projected onto the exposed photographic paper. Black and white shots were made under a special red light, colored ones - under a special green light. The processing steps for photographic paper are similar to the processing steps for photographic film. At the very end, the developed photographs were neatly hung to dry in the same room. 
Some models of popular cameras in the USSR
Zenit-4- Soviet single-lens reflex camera with a central shutter, developed at the Krasnogorsk Mechanical Plant (KMZ) and mass-produced from 1964 to 1968. The basic model of the family, which also included the devices Zenit-5, Zenit-6 and Zenit-11 (the first under this index, non-serial). The first mass-produced KMZ camera with a built-in exposure meter.
Zenit-6- it differed from Zenit-4 only in its configuration: it was sold with a Rubin-1Ts lens with a variable focal length (for the first time in the USSR). In 1964-1968, 8,930 units were produced.
In the comedy film Zigzag of Fortune by E. Ryazanov, Zenit-6 is the dream of the protagonist, photographer Oreshnikov. He looks at a camera with a price tag of 400 rubles in a shop window. 
Zenit-E is the most massive Soviet single-lens reflex camera developed at the Krasnogorsk Mechanical Plant (KMZ) and mass-produced in 1965-1982. at KMZ and from 1973 (according to other sources, from 1975) to 1986 at the Optical and Mechanical Plant in Vileyka (Belarus) of the Belarusian Optical and Mechanical Association (BelOMO). Issued in quantities of more than 8 million pieces. (3,334,540 of them at KMZ) - a world record for single-lens reflex cameras. The index "E" was assigned to the camera in honor of the director of the KMZ from 1953 to 1965, N. M. Egorov.
The camera was sold complete with one of two lenses: "Helios-44-2" (focal length 58 mm, relative aperture 1:2) or "Industar-50-2" 3.5/50.
Retail price of "Zenith-E" in 1980. with the lens "Helios-44-2" was 100 rubles, with the Olympic symbols 110 rubles, with the lens "Industar-50-2" - 77 rubles.
If there was a choice, buyers preferred cameras manufactured by KMZ rather than BelOMO, not without reason considering them to be of better quality (this also applied to other models produced at two enterprises).
Outside the USSR, Zenit-E was sold both under the original name (in Latin spelling - "Zenit-E"), and under the brands "Revueflex-E" (Germany), "Phokina", "Photokina-XE" (France) , "Kalimar-SR200", "Kalimar-SR300", "Prinzflex-500E", "Spiraflex", "Cambron-SE" (USA), "Meprozenit-E" (Japan), "Diramic-RF100" (Canada). 
Zenit-ET- modernization of the Zenit-E camera, had a non-rotating shutter speed head, a focusing screen with a microraster and other improvements. The BelOMO Vileika plant produced this model in many versions, including with a push diaphragm drive, without a light meter, etc. Produced - KMZ - 1981-1988, 61099 units, and Vileika plant - from 1982 to the mid-90s , about 3 million pieces. 
Zenit-11- a single-lens reflex camera designed for a wide range of amateur photographers.
The camera was sold complete with one of the lenses: Helios-44M, MS Helios-44M, Helios-44M-4, MS Helios-44M-4. A total of 1,481,022 copies were issued. It is an improved device "Zenit-E" (the mechanism of the pressure aperture is added, the non-rotating shutter speed head, the hot shoe for the flash, the focusing screen with the microraster, and other minor changes have been made). 
Lomo-135- scale camera manufactured by LOMO. Since 1975, 85,902 copies have been produced. The model marked "M" differed only in symbolism. The latter were produced 89,500 copies. Lens "Industar-73" (2.8 / 40). Focusing on a scale of distances. 
Lomo-Compact Automatic (LCA, LCA)- the first Soviet pocket camera equipped with a wide-range automatic electronic shutter controlled by an electronic exposure meter. The camera is durable, light and compact, and easy to use. 
Smena-8, 8M- a scale Soviet camera produced by the LOMO association since 1970. Smena-8 and Smena-8M were produced in total in the amount of 21,041,191 (through 1995 inclusive). "Change-8M" became known as "Change-9", but in a modified case and differed in that focusing could be carried out not only on a distance scale, but also on a character scale. Lens - "Triplet" T-43 4/40 (3 lenses in 3 components), non-replaceable, coated. The angular field of view of the lens is 55°. iris diaphragm 
Smena-35- a scale Soviet camera produced by the LOMO association since 1990. The camera was a restyled version of Smena-8M in a new housing with a central sync contact. Lens - "Triplet" T-43 4/40 (3 lenses in 3 components), non-replaceable, coated. The angular field of view of the lens is 55°. iris diaphragm 
Sokol-2- a rare rangefinder film camera produced in the early 80s. The lens "Industar-702 F = 50 mm 1: 2.8. The camera worked in two modes: manual and automatic. Automation takes into account all installed filters and attachments. 
Viliya, Viliya-auto- Soviet scale cameras. Produced in 1973-1985, BelOMO production. Improved versions were produced under the names "Silhouette-Electro" (1976 - 1981) and "Orion-EE" (1978-1983) ( original titles"Viliya-electro" and "Viliya-EE", respectively). Lens "Triplet-69-3" 4/40 (3 lenses in 3 components), non-replaceable, thread for M46 × 0.75 light filter. Focusing on a scale of distances (characters). Focusing limits from 0.8 m to infinity. The four-bladed diaphragm is located outside the optical block of the lens, behind the shutter.
"Viliya-auto" is the basic model, "Viliya" is a simplified model without exposure automatics and a light meter. 
Zorkiy-4. Soviet camera from the Zorki family of rangefinder photographic devices. Produced by the Krasnogorsk Mechanical Plant (KMZ) in the city of Krasnogorsk, Moscow Region in 1956-1973. It is an improved camera "Zorkiy-3S". The most massive and technically advanced model among the Zorkiy cameras. A total of 1715677 pieces were produced.
Zorkiy-4 was sold with one of two lenses - Jupiter-8 2/50 (more expensive option) or Industar-50 3.5/50. There is evidence that a small number of devices were equipped with a Jupiter-17 2/50 lens. Allows the use of interchangeable lenses.
On the basis of "Zorkoy-4" cameras were also released:
"Mir" is a cheaper device, which differed from the basic model in a simplified design: automatic shutter speeds are only from 1/500 to 1/30 s, there is no slow shutter mechanism. Probably, for the Mirs, shutters made for the Zorkih-4 were used, but rejected due to fuzzy working out of the shutter speed of 1/1000 s. Lenses - "Industar-50", less often "Jupiter-8" or "Industar-26M" 2.8 / 50. In 1959-1961. 156229 pieces were issued;
"Zorkiy-4K" with a trigger cocking mechanism and a non-removable receiving coil. Lenses - "Industar-50" or "Jupiter-8". In 1972-1978 and 1980. released 524646 pcs.
Various photo recorders for use in scientific and military equipment. They were supplied with a special attachment to the optical channel of the corresponding device. They did not have a viewfinder, rangefinder, or flash shoe that was unnecessary in this case. Foreign collectors call similar cameras "Labo" 
Kyiv-4, 4a. Rangefinder cameras "Kyiv" are based on the design of the German devices Contax II and III. Documentation, technological equipment and spare parts for Contax cameras were taken to the USSR from Germany as reparations after the Great Patriotic War from the Zeiss Ikon factories. The first batches of Kyiv-2 and Kyiv-3 cameras were actually relabeled Contax cameras. From their prototype, the Kiev cameras inherited a very complex design of shutter speed, focusing and rangefinder mechanisms. The Kyiv-4 and Kyiv-4-a cameras differed in the presence and absence of a built-in exposure meter and were produced from 1958 to 1985. 
Kyiv-60 TTL- a reflex camera with a frame format of 6x6 cm of the TTL system was intended for amateur filming and was produced since 1984. The camera is designed for the use of non-perforated roll film 60 mm wide (type 120). This film produces 12 frames. 
Amateur 166- Soviet medium format twin-lens reflex camera, aimed at amateur photographers. The case of the device is plastic. Lens frames, viewfinder shaft and mechanisms are metal. Built on the basis of the "Amateur-2" camera. Produced in various modifications from 1976 to 1990. 
Moscow-2- Soviet rangefinder camera from the Moscow family. It was produced from 1947 to 1956 by the Krasnogorsk plant in the city of Krasnogorsk, Moscow Region. A total of 197,640 pieces were produced. The German camera Zeiss Super Ikonta C served as a prototype. The camera is foldable, the lens is connected to the camera with leather fur, it extends automatically on the lever system when the front cover is opened. The case is metal with a hinged back cover. Lens "Industar-23". 
Moscow-5- further improvement of the second version of "Moscow-2". It has a more durable and rigid body, a larger aperture lens with a shorter focal length is installed. It was the last production model in the Moscow family of scale and rangefinder devices. Produced from 1956 to 1960 by the Krasnogorsk plant in the city of Krasnogorsk, Moscow Region. A total of 216457 pieces were produced. 
Photographer No. 1(also "Photokor-1", often just "Photokor") - Soviet folding plate camera of the 1930s-1940s. It was a universal rectangular chamber of 9×12 cm format with a retractable front wall and double fur extension. The first Soviet mass camera - over 11 years of production (from 1930 to 1941 inclusive) more than 1 million copies were produced. 
FED-1 or simply FED- Soviet rangefinder camera. Produced by the Kharkov industrial machine-building association "FED" from 1934 to 1955.
Most of the questions are caused by the numbering system (or, rather, the lack of a system that is understandable to us) of the FED cameras of the first years of production. At the moment, the generally accepted version among collectors is that "chrome", "zinc", "nickel", etc. "FED"s had different numbering lines.
It was produced from 1934 until the mid-50s, when it was replaced by FED-2. Under the name "FED" (namely the first model), countless options and upgrades of this camera were produced. It is well known that "FED" was a copy of the Leica II, produced by the Kharkov Labor Communal. It had a curtain-shutter shutter made of rubberized fabric shutters with shutter speeds: B (or Z), 20, 30, 40, 60, 100, 250, 500. The rangefinder and viewfinder (of the Albada type) had different viewing windows; the viewfinder had a magnification of 0.44x, the rangefinder had a base of 38 mm and a magnification of 1.0. The bottom cover opened to charge the camera. There was no synchrocontact and self-timer. It was equipped with a FED lens (later Industar-10, Industar-22) 3.5 / 50 in a retractable tube with the following aperture steps: 3.5, 4.5, 6.3, 9, 12.5, 18 (the first experimental batch of lenses was produced at VOOMP, and designed at GOI). Threaded lens mount - M39. 
FED-2. It was produced by the Kharkov Production Machine-Building Association "FED" from 1955 to 1970. It was completed with an enlightened lens "Industar-26M" 2.8 / 50; the shutter had shutter speeds B, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500. The shutter speed could only be set after cocking the shutter (in 1956 the shutter speed head was redesigned, as a result of which it became possible to set shutter speeds before cocking the shutter), the shutter speed head was rotating. The viewfinder is combined in one field of view with a rangefinder with a base of 67 mm and a magnification of 0.75x. The camera was provided with the possibility of diopter correction. The rear wall was opened to charge the camera. Both standard single-cylinder cassettes and two-cylinder cassettes were used, which, when the lock of the case back cover was closed, opened and formed a wide slot, which significantly reduced the possibility of damage to the film surface during its advancement. In subsequent models, a synchrocontact appeared (1956).
In 1958, a self-timer appeared on the camera with an operating time of 9-15 seconds, in the same year a new GOST was introduced for a number of shutter speeds - 1/30, 1/60, 1/125, 1/250, 1/500, since 1957 it was equipped with an Industar-26m lens, since 1963 - Industar-61l / d 2.8 / 52 with lanthanum optics (FED-2l). Since 1969, a lever cocking with an under-cocking locking mechanism has been introduced, and a new case with a reduced rangefinder base. In total, 1,632,600 models under the name "FED-2" were produced. 
FED-3. It was produced by the Kharkov Production Machine-Building Association "FED" from 1961 to 1979. Compared to the previous model, the shutter speed range was expanded, 15, 8, 4.2, and 1 second were added, in connection with which the vertical size of the camera increased. It could also be equipped with an Industar 61 2.8 / 52 lens. Rangefinder base reduced to 41 mm, magnification 0.75x Viewfinder with diopter correction +/- 2 dpt. The release options differed in the shape of the viewfinder window, the presence of a cocking head or lever cocking, and the inscription "FED-3". Since 1966 it was produced with a lever cocking, since 1970 a mechanism for blocking the undercocking of the trigger has been introduced.
A total of 2,086,825 pieces were produced. In shipments abroad, the camera was called Revue-3 (especially for Foto-Quelle). 
FED-4 was produced from 1964 to 1980. The main difference between this model and the FED-3 is the presence of a selenium exposure meter. Several types of cameras were produced, differing in design features. The export version of the camera was called Revue-4. 
FED-5V was produced by the Kharkov Industrial Machine-Building Association "FED" from 1975 to 1990. The camera differs from previous models in the absence of a light meter and a luminous frame with parallax marks. The presence of a curtain-slit shutter ensures the development of shutter speeds from 1 s to 1/500 s. The camera is completely mechanical. Exposure is measured only with an external exposure meter. The viewfinder eyepiece allows you to focus within a small range, depending on your vision. 
FED-Mikron-2 was produced by the Kharkov Production Machine-Building Association "FED" from 1978 to 1986. In total, about 35 thousand pieces were produced.
The camera was intended for amateur and professional photography on standard black-and-white and color film type 135 with a frame size of 24 × 36 mm. The fixed lens "Industar-81" provided focusing limits from 1 m to infinity. 
Seagull ("Seagull", "Seagull-2", "Seagull-2M", "Seagull-3")- a series of Soviet scale semi-format cameras.
Named in honor of Valentina Tereshkova (her call sign during space flight is "The Seagull").
They were produced in 1965-1974 at the Belarusian Optical and Mechanical Association (BelOMO) by the Minsk Mechanical Plant named after S. I. Vavilov.
Lens - "Industar-69" 2.8 / 28. Starting with the Chaika-2 model, the lens is removable, the connecting thread is M39 × 1, like the rangefinder FED and Zorkiy, but the working length is different (27.5 mm), so the lenses from rangefinder cameras to Chaikas (and vice versa) are not suitable. 
Etude- the simplest medium format camera, produced in the USSR by the BelOMO association.
The lens is a single-lens plastic 9/75 mm (11/60 mm) mounted at the hyperfocal distance. 
Things essential for a Soviet photographer
Carbolite tank for processing 35 mm film 
framing frame 
Film cassette 
Photographic films 
Positive photographic film 
flash lamp 
A set of chemicals for processing color photo papers 
Jupiter-21 lens 
Lens Industar-50 
Reliever, 1983 
Developer, 1988 
Fixer, 1985 
Photo Cutter 
Time relay for photo printing Silhouette, 1985 
Photorelay TRV-1 
Cable for cameras for smooth button release 
Photo roller. Used to smooth wet photos on glossy 
photo paper 
Flash NORMA1 
Photo flash SEF-3M 
Flashlight Electronics 
Enlarger Leningrad 4 
Enlarger Leningrad 6U 
Photo enlarger Tavria 
Photo enlarger UPA-3 
Photo exposure meters 
Instructions from a set of chemicals for processing color photographic papers 
Film instructions. 
Photo corners for photo album 
It was the 9th episode of the series.
FED is a brand of the famous camera, produced in Soviet times at the Kharkov Machine-Building Plant with the same name. It is well known that the FED rangefinder camera became a copy of the German Leica camera. Allegedly, Soviet engineers dismantled a German camera and copied its device one by one. However, this statement is not true. The camera, which is known to us as the FED, appeared much earlier than is commonly believed.
In pre-revolutionary Russia, there was an enterprise of the Optical Kharkov Society, where in 1906 a small-format camera was developed and its prototype was presented. It was developed by a talented engineer Kornely Yevtushenko. Two years later, the serial production of the Cyclops was launched - this was the name given to the camera developed by Yevtushenko, which later became the prototype of the famous FED.
The shooting was carried out on 35mm film, the camera had a 45mm lens with an aperture of 1:3.2, a fabric rubberized curtain-slit shutter, high shutter speed accuracy (from 1/20 to 1/500 of a second). The durable body of the camera was made of brass. Its cost was quite high and amounted to 120 rubles. Despite this, the camera was in demand, and not only in Russia.
"Cyclops" were used at the court of Emperor Nicholas II. In 1913, the model was improved - a built-in optical viewfinder appeared, it also became possible to replace the lens. At the same time, Oskar Barnack's apparatus, which would later be called Leica, appeared. His invention did not become popular, since there was a Cyclops, and he was more perfect than the invention of a German engineer. Even during the First World War, the release of "Cyclops" did not stop. A series of nickel-plated and gold-plated cameras was created. One of them was presented to Nicholas II as a gift. In 1916, the plant began to produce military products followed by years of revolution, civil war and devastation. Only in the 30s the production of Cyclops-Lux was resumed, its production was entrusted to juvenile delinquents from the Dzerzhinsky Kharkov labor commune.
By this time, Barnack's invention of the second modification was already being produced at the Ernst Leitz factory. So, the well-known legend about the origin of FED is not true. The quality of the German Leica of 1932 was achieved by Russian engineers as early as 1913.
FED camera models
At first, the camera was manually assembled by pupils of the Dzerzhinsky children's labor colony. Hence the name of the FED apparatus, which stands for Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky. Its serial production began in 1934. The camera was constantly improved, 18 thousand copies rolled off the assembly line per month.
Convenient, compact, very durable and inexpensive, the camera has become a popular favorite, displacing bulky and heavy old cameras. There is a legend about how the FED fell from the Eiffel Tower, and to the general surprise of Parisians and tourists, it did not crash and remained operational. Only the upper shield was crushed from the impact.
In the interval between 1934 and the mid-1950s, many FED upgrades were produced. A feature of the models was the absence of synchrocontact and self-timer. From 1938 to 1941, the second model "FED-S" was produced with a wide range of shutter speeds and a 2.0 / 50 lens. In 1941, the "B" model came out with the addition of slow shutter speeds.
In 1955 - 1970 they launched "FED-2" with the possibility of diopter correction. Later, a synchrocontact was added, a self-timer with an operating time of 9-15 seconds. In 1969, a lever cocking with an undercocking lock appeared, a new case and a reduced rangefinder base. The circulation of "FED-2" was 1,632,600 pieces.
"FED-3" was produced in 1961-1979 (-1983?) years. The shutter speed has been increased, a moderator has been added for the second curtain, due to which long exposures ranging from seconds to five hundred. The vertical size of the camera has been increased. Issued 2086825 copies. The export version of the camera was called Revue-3.
In 1964-1980, the FED-4 and FED-4k models were produced with a built-in non-coupled selenium exposure meter, which added vertical dimensions. Issued 633096 pcs. The export version was called Revue-4. In 1977 -1990 - improved models "FED-5" and "FED-5s".
The latest model developed by the factory design bureau was the FED-6. It was a reflex camera, the level of which significantly exceeded its predecessors. But he did not get into mass production, since in the 90s he could not stand the competition with cheap and simple foreign "soap dishes". Currently, the plant where the FED was produced produces aircraft parts.
TweetContinuing the theme of rangefinder cameras, I decided to tell you about my best friend. This is a FED 5V camera. Favorite heavy brick hanging on a thin female neck.
Credits: fish300"Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky" - Soviet rangefinder camera. Produced from 1975 to 1990. Modification of the camera "FED-3". Regular lens - "Industar-61 L / D" 2.8 / 53, enlightened. Photometer is missing. Rewinding the film with a tape measure. There is a mechanism for diopter adjustment of the viewfinder (within + / - 2 diopters). Pure mechanics.
The metal case inspires confidence in the reliability of the device, pleasant and simple. He fell into my hands a year and a half ago from a classmate. This is my first camera, first experiments on film, first experiments, first love.
Credits: gotoarizona
The camera is really simple! There is no exposure meter on it, and before it I had never encountered manual adjustment. I looked at the exposure meter table a couple of times, this turned out to be quite enough. All the first frames turned out surprisingly well. Maybe it's magic, and the camera itself corrected the parameters, I don't know. But I lived two years without a light meter and I'm going to continue to live. It's at the level of feeling.
You can photograph absolutely everything with it, use any films and any chips with films. The classic use case for the camera is, of course, landscapes:
Credits: gotoarizonaI honestly admit that for the first six months I did not know at all how to use the rangefinder focusing method. Articles about this either did not understand, or did not want to understand: I put it at random, and for 2 months I was happy with the pictures, which were almost always in focus. Then came a streak of failures… One film, the second, the third. All frames were fuzzy, except for those that were shot at "infinity". I couldn't understand what was the matter. I re-read the articles, figured out the focus. I took the camera to a friend, he hastened to upset me with the fact that the rangefinder broke down and no longer works. I walked in sadness for no more than three days, since a two-hour “reeling of the pin” back and forth solved the problem, and in the future, FED did not let me down again.
Let's get back to the review. In addition to landscapes, you can also shoot excellent portraits on the FED, if you open the aperture wide, for example, and focus accurately, the background will be blurred no worse than any reflex camera. I also like to lighten up the face a bit. Then the portraits look softer and, perhaps, a little kinder, lighter:
Credits: gotoarizonaBlack and white film. I tried this on this camera only a couple of times. I'm not a fan of bw, but I'm not saying that it's bad, I just need color now. I have a whole story about the first bw film, but I'll just show you the photos:
Credits: gotoarizonaRedscale. I have tried it many times on this camera. I never came across a finished film, I always made it from ordinary negatives. FED, like other similar cameras, copes with such films "excellently". And why? Because by opening/closing the aperture, you have complete control over the light and therefore the hue of the redscale. It remains only to choose the film and the “hole” you need and you will have a peach, bright yellow or raspberry color:
Credits: gotoarizonaCross process. A favorite technique of most Lomographers, not the easiest to perform on cameras like FED. In general, everything is simple if you have a light meter or your eye has been trained for years to determine the illumination correctly. The slide does not tolerate mistakes, it's true, but if you expose the film correctly, and even shoot in the sun, you can get very rich colors and wonderful contrast:
Credits: gotoarizonaMultiple exposure. Unfortunately, there is no such built-in function, but it's not scary. You can always reload the film you have shot and get unexpected results. Although I like it better when you consistently overlay frame by frame. The FED 5V model has a convenient tape measure, it is enough to make one turn back until a barely audible click and cock the shutter again. So you always have a choice - to do a multiple exposure or not.
Under this brand of the same name, the first device was released. Often, consumers called it "FED-1", but this designation was not officially used. The adaptation was made from 1934 to 1955.
A little about the camera
The first generation of FED cameras was produced from 1934 to the mid-50s. After that, he was replaced by the FED-2 camera. Under the name of the first generation (without numbering), a large number of different cameras were supplied, which differed from each other in minor details. This device is considered a copy of the Leica II of German origin. The shutter is made of shutters, which were previously rubberized. Self-timer and sync contact are not provided.
Modifications
The FED camera was released in several modifications. What are their differences? Was used various technologies coatings, inscriptions are made differently and configurations of parts are changed. Thanks to this diversity, collectors have long had a genuine interest in this model.
Non-serial release
In 1933, 30 cameras were created manually, which had an attached rangefinder. But these devices never made it into the series. At the same time, the Pioneer was created at the Leningrad plant - a camera of a similar design.
By the middle of spring 1934, a batch of 500 cameras was released. They were a copy of the Leica II, like the FED itself. A little later, another similar design called "FAG" was released for sale. The batch consisted of 100 pieces, and production was established in the city of Moscow.
War and release
Initially, the FED camera was produced at the Kharkov plant, but due to the outbreak of war, the documentation was transferred to the Krasnogorsk conveyor. The continuation of production was established by 1948.
The sale of the Zorky camera has begun. She was a complete copy of the FED, which was produced before the war. The first copies were called the same as their predecessors. The only difference was that the logo of the plant was additionally applied. Until 1949, the combined name "FED 1948 Zorky" was used. From the next year, the name was shortened to "Zorky".
Instead of a conclusion
Many are interested in how much the FED camera costs. It should be noted that the first model is not very expensive. It is often sold at a negotiated price, leaving the buyer to bargain. The average price is about 1 thousand rubles, if you purchase a model on various trading auction sites. The following camera models sell for much more.
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