Lesson #11 ___________________
Lesson topic: general characteristics Africa
The purpose of the lesson: educational -
to study the common features of the GWP and GWP of African countries,
find out the history of the development of African countries,
assess the natural resource potential and level of development of the African continent as a whole and individual states,
describe the people of africaved - to study general information and the level of development of the African continent;
developing –
develop the ability to work with maps and statistical materials,
develop problem solving skills
form students' own opinionsattitude to negative social phenomena based on the identified problems of the population of the region,
to promote the development of interest among students in the study of this topic through independent learning activities;
educating - to educate students' political outlook, tolerance, interest in the subject.
Lesson type: study of new material (technology "Creating a problem situation").
Equipment: political map of the world, atlas, map of mineral resources, video, presentation, computer, projector, screen
During the classes.
Organizational moment.
Good afternoon guys! I want to start today's lesson with wonderful lines calling for perseverance, diligence, joy of life, and creativity. Let them be our motto:
You don't know - find out
You can - keep it up
Do not be afraid of the steep path!
Try it
Look for
do it,
reach
So that your life becomes a song!
II . Actualization of knowledge and definition of the topic of the lesson.
SLIDE 1
Teacher: we have already studied 2 regions. Remember which ones?
(Suggested answer: Overseas Europe, Overseas Asia and Australia)
There is still a lot of interesting things ahead of us, three regions have not yet been studied.
I bring to your attention a short video clip. And you yourself will understand which region we will study in the next lessons (view video) (suggested answer: we will study the Africa region).
Teacher: formulate the topic of the lesson (suggested answer: general characteristics of Africa).
SLIDE 2
So, let's write in the notebook the topic of the lesson: "General characteristics of Africa" (recording the topic on the board and in the notebook).
What do you know from 7th grade about Africa? (random student responses)
Teacher: remember the 10 centers of the world economy (Theme 4 P.3 in the GEF textbooks - page 115)
Student answer: foreign Europe, North America, CIS, Japan, China, India, Mexico, Brazil, Persian Gulf countries, NIS countries (list)
SLIDE 3
Is there such a center in Africa?
- Teacher: So, in Africa there is not a single center of the world economy. What is the conclusion?
the expected answer of the students is the conclusion: there are no developed countries or centers in Africa, which means that all African countries (except South Africa) are developing. By all indicators, Africa lags noticeably behind other large regions, and this gap is even increasing.
problem situation modeling.
Teacher: indicate the problem that suggests itself from the output (student answers)
Problematic question: why is Africa to this day the most backward region of the world?
Africa is the most backward region up to the present time. Let's try to find the reasons for the lag.
Teacher: to solve this problem, it is necessary to remember what determines the level of economic development of any region, that is, what should we find out about the region of Africa? (corrects students' statements and posts a plan for studying the material)
SLIDE 4
Natural resource potential
Population
History of the region.
Based on the plan, formulate the goals and objectives of our lesson?
III. Learning new material.
SLIDE 5 (background)
The numbers are posted on the board.
1.Common features
1) the Africa region and mainland Africa + adjacent islands - occupies 1st place in terms of area (30.3 million km 2, for comparison, Asia 27.7 million km 2, Europe - 5.4 million km 2) and 2nd place in terms of population (1 billion people in 2010, after Asia 4.1 billion people).
Task at the blackboard for 2 people: determine the length of Africa using a degree grid in kilometers. Answer: length: s-th about 8 thousand km, s-v about 7.5 thousand km
2) By what criteria can these countries differ from each other?
(suggested answer: by area, by number, etc.).
Assignment: look in the textbook for a business card "of countries and determine in Africa:
1 option; 3 largest countries by area (Answer: Algeria, DR Congo, Sudan)
Option 2: 3 largest countries by population (answer: Nigeria, Egypt, Ethiopia)
Additional information: Algeria and DR Congo are in the top 10 countries by area
And the area of Egypt, South Africa, Algeria, Ethiopia is 2.5 times larger than S France (the largest European state)
2) The total number of states in Africa (information on each desk)
- 55 sovereign (with islands) states,
10 holdings (or dependencies):
O. St. Helena, Ascension and Tristan - de - Cunha (Great Britain)
British Indian Ocean Territory (Chagos Archipelago, metropolitan Britain)
Mayotte (France) - Reunion (France) - Eparce Islands (France)
French Southern Territories (France)
Ceuta and Melilla (enclaves in Morocco, metropolitan Spain)
Canary Islands (Spain) - Madeira (Portugal) - Azores (Portugal)
3 self-proclaimed unrecognized states on the site of the state of Somalia: in the northern part of Somaliland, in the eastern part - Puntland, in the central part - Galmudug
3) Characterization of the EGP and GWP of Africa.
B) The main features of the EGP (work with the description plan).
Teacher: Before you is a plan for characterizing the EGP. Think about the characteristics of the EGP of Africa (student responses).
Teacher: Listening to the opinions of students, concretizes the answers
SLIDE 6
1) Proximity to Overseas Europe and Asia.
2) Position at the intersection of the main sea transport routes from Europe to Asia and America (via the Suez Canal)
3) Coastal position of most countries of the continent.
4) Proximity to the markets of raw materials and sales of products.
5) The possibility of trade with the countries of the world through two oceans and the Mediterranean Sea, the development of maritime transport
6) the countries of the central part have no access to the seaand are located at a distance of 1.5 thousand km from the coast , removed from centers of economic power, such as 15 states in Africa(give examples)
7) Features state borders (according to DT-1 p. 298) - conditional.
40% of borders are not demarcated
44% - along parallels and meridians
30% - along arcuate and curved lines
26% - along natural boundaries coinciding with ethnic boundaries
8) If the borders of states are not formed, then territorial disputes often arise (1/5 of the entire territory is the area of territorial disputes (For example, Ethiopia and Somalia, Morocco and Western Sahara, Chad and Libya)
SLIDE 7
Teacher distinguish positive and negative. traits, what traits more? What conclusion can be drawn about the EGP of the region?
Estimated student responses: in general, the PGP of Africa is beneficial, contributes to the development of the economy
PROJECTOR OFF
C) GWP: work with calling card textbook: all the states of R, with the exception of Swaziland, Lesotho, Morocco, the republics are mostly presidential. However, military, dictatorial political regimes often hide under the republican form of government.
All unitary states, with the exception of 4 states ( Republic of South Africa, Federal State of Nigeria, Ethiopia, Comoros with capital Moroni).
Modern Africa is an arena of active, interethnic political and economic integration. To solve the problems of the continent, several organizations were created:
HANG CARDS (entry in the transcript notebook)
AfDB- African Development Bank
YOU– East African Community
ECOSAG- Economic Community of West African States
COMMONWEALTH,UK led
UAE- Organization of African Unity, which includes 53 states (formed in 1963), it was modified in 2002. to the African Union.
4. Natural conditions and resources (drawing up a table and independent work of children).
1 pair - studies mineral resources (work with text p. 287, appendix table 3, 4, 5 p. 403, additional text 2 p. 298)
2 pair - land resources (work with text p. 287, table 6 p. 404, atlas)
3rd pair - agro-climatic resources (work with text p. 287)
4 pair - forest resources (work with text p. 287, appendix table 8 p. 405)
5 pair - hydropower resources (work with text, appendix table 7, additional text 3 p. 298).
6 para - water resources
7 para - recreational resources
Suggested answers.
Mineral resources. Africa ranks first in reserves of manganese, chromite, aluminum ores, gold, silver, platinum and phosphorites.
All raw materials are mined almost open way. The richest country in Africa is South Africa. It contains all minerals, except for. oil, natural gas, bauxite. Especially large reserves of platinum, gold, diamonds
The first diamond in South Africa was found in 1869. A year later, the city of Kimberley was founded here, by the name of which the bedrock diamond-bearing rock became known as kimberlite. The content of diamonds in kimberlites is very low - no more than 0.0000073%, which is equivalent to 0.2 g or 1 carat, for every 3 tons of kimberlites.
Land resources are 1 person more in Africa than in South Asia, but only 1/5 of the area is cultivated. The land is rapidly degrading.
1/3 of all arid land in Africa
2/5 of the land is subject to desertification.
Agro-climatic resources.
Heat resources are in abundance, it is known that Africa is the hottest continent, because. crossed by the equator and the tropics, and is located mainly in the equatorial and tropical latitudes.
Water resources are insufficient in all latitudes, except for the equatorial ones. The large rivers of the Congo, Nile, and others are distributed unevenly over the territory. Artificial irrigation makes up 4-5% of the land. In the equatorial zone, on the contrary, there is an excess of moisture.
The Congo River is rich in hydropower. Its fall is 275 meters, in the lower reaches there are 32 waterfalls. Here it is possible to build a hydroelectric power station with a capacity of 80 million cubic meters. kW = capacity of all US hydroelectric power plants.
forest resources
In terms of forest area, Africa is inferior to Latin America, but the forest cover is even lower.
Recreational resources provided: pyramids, National parks, nature
Conclusion : there are natural resources, but they are distributed unevenly across the mainland.
3. The population of Africa (work with statistical material)
SLIDE 8
We found out the availability of natural resources in the region.
But the main wealth of any region is its people. Africa has the second largest population in the world after Asia. Let's do the following task: study the population of the region (group work)
Complete tasks using text and cards
1st row Peculiarities of population reproduction.
2 row Composition of the population
3 row Placement of the population
TURN ON THE PROJECTOR
group.
SLIDE 9
The population for 2010 is 1 billion people. The reproduction of the population is characterized by the following features.
The birth rate is very high (Niger, Chad, Angola, Somalia, Mali with P = 45-50 people / per 1000 inhabitants); Kenya 42 people/1000 inhabitants
Slogan: "Not having money is a disaster,
But not having children means being doubly poor.”
Mortality and morbidity are high, life expectancy is low. The average life expectancy for women is 56 years, for men -54 years,
EP (p. 63, map) 37-15=22 - high despite high mortality. Countries - 2 types of reproduction
SLIDE 10
The ethnic composition is very diverse. More than 300 ethnic groups stand out here. In North Africa, large nations have developed, but the majority are at the level of nationalities: remnants of the tribal system are also preserved. Hence, ethnopolitical conflicts - in Sudan, Kenya, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nigeria, Angola, often acquire the character of genocide.
Genocide (writing in a notebook) is the extermination of entire groups of the population along racial, national, ethnic or religious grounds.
Example. In 1994 between the tribes of the Tutsi and the Hutu, a conflict arose in densely populated Rwanda. As a result, about 1 million people died, 2 million. fled to neighboring countries.
Overall, Africa accounts for half of all refugees. And this type of migration always leads to outbreaks of famine, epidemics, and increases infant and general mortality.
The legacy of the past is the official languages of the metropolitan countries: English in 11 countries, French in 17, and Portuguese in 5.
SLIDE 11
Population distribution: cf. the density is 34 persons/km2, which is less than in Europe. The population is distributed unevenly (in the Nile Valley -1700 people / km 2, and in the desert - 1)
Urbanization on the map on p.77, large agglomerations (p.76)
In Tropical Africa: Burundi - the capital of Bujumbura -100% mountains. us.
Guinea - the capital of Conakry - 81% of the mountains. us.
Key features of Africa's urbanization: low but highest rate of urbanization in the world: urban population doubling every 10 years
Conclusion: there are problems associated with the population explosion in Africa (environmental problems, an excess of children in relation to the working population, the problem of employment, the problem of health, the “urban explosion”.
But, despite the scale of the "urban explosion", 2/3 of Africans still live in countryside.
SLIDE 12
Teacher: Let's summarize: What does the data on the population of Africa show?
3) General features of historical development (student's report)
Suggested message: The historical path of most African states went through three stages:
1) European colonization.
2) National liberation movements.
The colonization of African lands by Europeans took place in different ways in the northern and southern parts of the mainland. So, if North Africa was completely divided between the colonialists during the 19th century without any special difficulties, then the conquest of the southern and central parts of the continent was slower and more difficult. The reason for this was the complete lack of infrastructure in these areas, as well as various dangerous tropical diseases. One way or another, but by the beginning of the twentieth century there were only two independent states in Africa: Ethiopia and Liberia (as colonies of convicts). All other countries were controlled by the European metropolises: France, Italy, Germany, Portugal and Britain. Different countries Africa experienced the period of decolonization in different ways, which began in the 1920s and ended at the end of the 20th century. And if in North Africa the national liberation movements were more successful, then in South Africa they were in the nature of individual situations. Libya was the first to gain independence in 1951. And the climax for the decolonization of the continent was 1961, which historians called "the year of Africa." This year, as many as 17 countries on the mainland became independent.
The last state to become independent was Namibia, which liberated itself from Germany in 1990.
But even later. Eritrea in 1993 (since 1950 it has been part of Ethiopia)
South Sudan seceded from the Republic of Sudan in 2011 as a result of a referendum.
What is the peculiarity of the development of the country - the colony?
We have studied all the points of our plan (show the plan), and now remember what problem we identified at the beginning of the lesson. Explain what is the main reason for the backwardness of the region?
What problem did we solve in class?
How did we solve it? What material did you study?
Try to formulate a solution to the problem yourself?
What was our goal at the beginning of the lesson?
Have we reached our intended goal?
IV . Homework
SLIDE 13.
Topic 8 P.1 pp. 286-290 to the economy.
Rear 2 page 300
optional: make a crossword puzzle
V . Consolidation of the studied material.
Performance test tasks(7 questions) offered on the screen as slides
SLIDE 14-20
VI . The stage of summing up the lesson
Teacher: Tell me, did today's lesson help you acquire new knowledge, remember the knowledge gained in the 7th grade? (student answers)
VII . stage of reflection.
Can you say that at some stage you flew? Or maybe, on the contrary, you felt insecure?
After an hour, the hour goes away,
Flashes of light and shadow.
A star above the river means night.
And the sun means day.
A presentation on the theme "Africa" is an excellent tool for showing in a geography lesson in grades 10-11. On training session a general acquaintance with the peculiarities of the geographical position of the continent, mastering the ability to work with various cards. The topic of the lesson is revealed on 16 slides. The work can be downloaded for free for everyone who is preparing a thematic lesson or is going to answer homework in the next lesson or test, exam.
Multimedia development introduces high school students to the African continent. Children will learn the features of the climate and the life of people in Africa. The African continent has a hot climate. Part of the land is occupied by deserts. This work describes how to find the geographical position of the given plan. High school students will test their skills in determining the coordinates, after which they will use various ways location records. In the same lesson, it is proposed to consider several types of maps, repeat the definition of meridians, parallels, and the equator.
Fulfilling practical work, schoolchildren will determine the extreme points of the mainland, repeat the climatic zones, name all the seas and oceans washing Africa. Eleventh graders will independently mark these objects on the contour map.
Education in Canada - presentation The presentation tells about the features of the education system in Canada. The material will be of interest to those who study the country in geography lessons in grades 10-11 or those who ... African countries - presentation The presentation presents design work students on the theme "Countries of Africa". An electronic design demonstration would be appropriate in a geography lesson as supplementary material. Students will be interested ... The population of Africa - presentation The presentation introduces students to the lesson of geography with information about the population of Africa, and also classifies knowledge about the religious, racial, linguistic composition of the population of the African continent. At first...
The video lesson is devoted to the topic "Composition, political map, population of Africa." This topic is the first in the Africa section of the lesson. You will get acquainted with the diverse and interesting countries of the region, with their features and political systems. The teacher will tell you in detail about the composition, borders, and originality of African countries. Much attention in the lesson is given to the population of the region. Three topics are considered as additional material in the lesson: "African Union", "Conflict of conflicts", "Slavery".
Theme: Africa
Lesson: Composition, political map, population of Africa
Africa- the second largest continent in terms of area and population after Eurasia. Africa is washed by the waters of the Atlantic and Indian oceans. The area of Africa is 29.2 million square kilometers. km, with islands - about 30.3 million square meters. km, thus covering 6% total area the surface of the earth. The population of Africa is about 1 billion people.
The total number of states and dependent territories in Africa is over 60.
Rice. 1. Political map of Africa ()
Africa's largest country by area is Algeria, by population Nigeria.
Regions of Africa:
1. North Africa.
2. West Africa.
3. Central Africa.
4. East Africa.
5. South Africa.
Rice. 2. Map of regions of Africa ()
The boundaries pass along orographic objects or along certain degrees. Almost all African countries are republics (with the exception of Lesotho, Morocco and Swaziland, which are still constitutional monarchies). The administrative-territorial structure of states is unitary, with the exception of Nigeria, Comoros, Ethiopia and South Africa. Many countries in Africa are ruled by a military or dictatorial regime.
The ethnic composition of Africa is very complex, there are up to 700 different peoples.
The largest nations of Africa:
3. Fulbe.
4. Yoruba.
6. Amhara.
8. Rwanda.
9. Malagasy.
According to the linguistic principle, 1/2 of the population belongs to the Niger-Kordofan family, 1/3 to the Afro-Asian family, and only 1% are residents of European origin.
The population consists mainly of representatives of two races: Negroid - south of the Sahara and Caucasoid in North Africa (Arabs) and South Africa (Boers and Anglo-South Africans).
Culturally and ethnographically, Africa is divided into two regions: North Africa and Tropical Africa.
The autochthonous languages of Africa are divided into 32 families, of which 3 (Semitic, Indo-European and Austronesian) "penetrated" to the continent from other regions. The most widely spoken language of the Afroasian language macrofamily, Arabic, is used in North, West and East Africa as a first and second language. Many African languages (Hausa, Swahili) include a significant number of borrowings from Arabic (primarily in the layers of political, religious vocabulary, abstract concepts). Indo-European languages became widespread due to the era of colonial rule: English, Portuguese, French are official in many countries. South Africa has 11 official languages.
Religions: Christianity and Islam.
Africa stands out worldwide with the highest rates of population reproduction. The high birth rate is explained by age-old traditions of early marriages and large families, religious traditions, as well as an increased level of healthcare. Most countries of the continent do not pursue an active demographic policy.
The change in the age structure of the population as a result of the demographic explosion also entails great consequences: in Africa, the proportion of children's ages is high and still growing (40-50%). This increases the "demographic burden" on the working-age population. In Africa, high infection with various diseases, high mortality, low life expectancy. The population explosion in Africa exacerbates many of the problems of the regions, the most important of which is the food problem.
Rice. 4. Providing humanitarian assistance to the people of Africa ()
An important feature of African countries is the mismatch of political and ethnic boundaries as a result of the colonial era of the development of the continent. As a result, many united peoples found themselves on opposite sides of the border. This leads to inter-ethnic conflicts and territorial disputes.
In terms of urbanization, Africa still lags far behind other regions. However, the rate of urbanization here is the highest in the world. As in many other developing countries, Africa is experiencing false urbanization, 2/3 of the population lives in rural areas.
Africa's largest cities:
Rice. 5. The capital of Egypt - Cairo ()
African Union- an international intergovernmental organization that unites 54 African states. The most important decisions within the organization are made at the Assembly of the African Union - a meeting of heads of state and government of the member states of the organization, which is held every six months. The Secretariat of the African Union and the African Union Commission are located in Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. In February 2009, a decision was made to transform the African Union Commission into an African Union Authority. It is planned to create many common governing bodies, the introduction of a common currency. The objectives of the African Union are to maintain peace on the mainland, the development of countries.
Rice. 6. Flag of the African Union ()
Conflict conflict. Africa is the most conflict-prone region in the world. In recent decades, Africa has firmly established the reputation of the most conflict-prone region of our planet. Therefore, it has been increasingly referred to as the continent of conflicts, or, more figuratively, the seething continent. Indeed, already in the post-colonial period, 35 armed conflicts were recorded here, during which about 10 million people died. For many years and even decades, Angola, Somalia, Sudan, Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo), Rwanda, Burundi, Liberia, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Western Sahara, Uganda, Chad, Mauritania, and some other countries have remained pain points on the continent. .
Rice. 7. Military conflict in Mali ()
Slavery. Europeans began to enslave the inhabitants of Africa long ago and used them as labor force thereby making a profit.
Homework
Topic 8, P. 1, 2
1. What regions (subregions) are distinguished in Africa?
2. Tell us about the process of urbanization in Africa.
Bibliography
Main
1. Geography. A basic level of. 10-11 cells: Textbook for educational institutions/ A.P. Kuznetsov, E.V. Kim. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2012. - 367 p.
2. Economic and social geography of the world: Proc. for 10 cells. educational institutions / V.P. Maksakovskiy. - 13th ed. - M .: Education, JSC "Moscow textbooks", 2005. - 400 p.
3. Atlas with a set of contour maps for grade 10. Economic and social geography of the world. - Omsk: Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Omsk Cartographic Factory", 2012. - 76 p.
Additional
1. Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 672 p.: ill., cart.: tsv. incl.
Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections
1. Geography: a guide for high school students and university applicants. - 2nd ed., corrected. and dorab. - M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2008. - 656 p.
2. Africa // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
Literature for preparing for the GIA and the Unified State Examination
1. Thematic control in geography. Economic and social geography of the world. Grade 10 / E.M. Ambartsumova. - M.: Intellect-Centre, 2009. - 80 p.
2. The most complete edition of typical options for real USE assignments: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: Astrel, 2010. - 221 p.
3. The optimal bank of tasks for preparing students. Unified state exam 2012. Geography. Tutorial/ Comp. EM. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukov. - M.: Intellect-Centre, 2012. - 256 p.
4. The most complete edition of typical options for real USE assignments: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2010. - 223 p.
5. Geography. Diagnostic work in the format of the Unified State Examination 2011. - M .: MTSNMO, 2011. - 72 p.
6. USE 2010. Geography. Collection of tasks / Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 272 p.
7. Tests in geography: Grade 10: to the textbook by V.P. Maksakovskiy “Economic and social geography of the world. Grade 10 / E.V. Baranchikov. - 2nd ed., stereotype. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2009. - 94 p.
8. Unified state exam 2009. Geography. Universal materials for the preparation of students / FIPI - M .: Intellect-Center, 2009. - 240 p.
9. Geography. Answers on questions. Oral exam, theory and practice / V.P. Bondarev. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2003. - 160 p.
10. USE 2010. Geography: thematic training tasks / O.V. Chicherina, Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 144 p.
11. USE 2012. Geography: Standard exam options: 31 options / Ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M.: National Education, 2011. - 288 p.
12. USE 2011. Geography: Standard exam options: 31 options / Ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M.: National Education, 2010. - 280 p.
Materials on the Internet
1. Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements ( ).
2. federal portal Russian Education ().
3. Electronic version journal Geography ().
Abstract of a geography lesson in grade 11 on the topic
"Economy of African countries"
The purpose of the lesson: identify the features of the economy of African countries, the position of the region in the MGRT; consider the causes that influenced the economic backwardness of the mainland.
Lesson objectives:
Educational: to promote the development of educational and cognitive competence - to form an idea of the features of the economy of African countries, the position of the region in the world economy.
Developing:
To contribute to the formation of communicative competence - to master the basic techniques of oral speech, to express their opinions, to give detailed and short answers to questions, to correctly and clearly formulate their thoughts.
Develop information competence - continue to develop skills in working with various sources of information (diagrams, maps, atlases, materials from the Internet)
Develop reflexive competence - the ability to analyze your learning activities, evaluate the performance of group members.
Educational: to cultivate the qualities of a tolerant personality
Equipment: computer, multimedia projector, interactive whiteboard, atlases, handouts
Lesson type: combined
During the classes
Introductory-motivational stage
We continue with you the study of Africa. Open the textbook on page 274 (topic 8 outline). What have we already learned? What will be discussed today?
(slide 1, 2, 3- Lesson objectives.
Today we will get acquainted with the main features of the sectoral and territorial structure of the African economy. We will continue to learn to listen to a lecture, take notes, work with a map.
At the end of the lesson there is a small test that will help you evaluate the effectiveness of your work in the lesson.
Review: Slide 4 - 8
1. Are the following statements true?
Most African countries achieved independence in the second half of the 20th century.
Africa is the region with the highest birth rate and the highest death rate in the world.
African countries are characterized high rates urbanization.
The average population density in Africa is 15 people per 1 sq. km.
2. Which of these states has an area of more than 1 million square meters. km and is washed by the Red Sea?
A) Libya b) Eritrea c) Mauritania d) Sudan
Choose a kingdom with the correct capital:
A) Lesotho - Cairo
B) Kenya - Nairobi
B) Morocco - Rabat
D) Swaziland - Pretoria
3.Select the option that lists the countries where the largest urban agglomerations in Africa are located:
A) Algeria, South Africa b) Sudan, Congo c) Kenya, Cameroon d) Nigeria, Egypt
4. Define the country:
1. From the south it is washed by the waters of the bay, from the north by the waters of the river. The country is among the ten largest countries in terms of population. This country is a region of ongoing inter-ethnic conflicts. The main type of mineral raw material is oil; oil palm, cocoa, hevea, and peanuts are grown.
A) Sudan b) Tanzania c) Nigeria d) South Africa
2. The Arab population predominates, the production of phosphate fertilizers is developed, citrus fruits are grown, the capital is not the largest city in the country.
A) Morocco b) Egypt c) Libya d) Algeria
Learning new material.
Teacher's lecture.
Africa is the least economically developed part of the world.
Africa has the world's lowest share of manufactured products, the lowest per capita income, and the most backward economic structure. More than ½ of the active population is employed in the agricultural sector.
Africa's place in modern world– slides 9 - 15
What do you think is the reason for the underdevelopment of the African economy? ? (in its colonial past).
slide 16. Among the 54 countries in Africa, only 9 countries have the most stable position in the IGR. South Africa occupies a special place in the African economy. This country accounts for only 4% of the territory, 6% of the population. But it produces 30% of Africa's GDP, 40% of manufacturing products, 60% of electricity, 85% of steel, and 30% of the continent's car park.
slide 17. In addition to South Africa, relatively strong positions in the MGRT are occupied by Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Liberia, Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, and Gabon. What indicators do you think? (oil-producing countries with developed oil refining and petrochemistry).
Work according to the textbook - p. 279 - write out in a notebook the distinctive features of the colonial structure of the economy.
Find a textbook definition monocultures and write it down in your notebook.
Africa's place in the world economy is determined mainly by two groups of industries : mining and tropical and subtropical agriculture.– Analysis of table 8 on page 280 of the textbook – Africa's share in mining and agricultural production in the world.
Mining industry - slide 18
Today, Africa has an important place in the world in the extraction of many minerals. The main part of the produced fuel and raw materials is exported to the world market. This means that it is the mining industry that primarily determines Africa's place in the MGRT.
Gold mining in South Africa began in 1886. Until the end of the 19th century, it was at the level of only 20-50 tons per year, but at the beginning of the 20th century it increased to 200-300 tons.
Africa is the world leader in oil production diamonds. slide 19.
Student's report on the history of diamond discovery in Africa.
Diamond mining is a complex and time-consuming process that requires significant financial investments. More than one year, and sometimes even a whole decade, passes from the moment the search for a deposit begins to its discovery.
slide 20. The first deposits of oil and gas in Africa were discovered in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. 60% of all discovered deposits are in North Africa. Oil and gas is produced in Egypt, Libya, Algeria, Tunisia, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Angola, Zaire (Gulf of Guinea). Giant fields: oil - Hassi-Messaud, Selten, Jalu, Serir (with reserves of over 500 million tons each), and gas - Hassi-Rmel.
Slide 21. Africa has been a leader in uranium mining since the 1980s. The combined uranium production in South Africa, Namibia and Nigeria accounts for a third of the world's output.
Among the manufacturing industries, the food, light, non-ferrous metallurgy, and chemical industries have received the greatest development.
Practical work: using the material of the lecture, maps of the atlas, fill in the table 1. Applications.
Agriculture.
Africa's agriculture is characterized by low, unstable rates of development, a sharp predominance of crop production, and a special role for export crops. In some countries (Chad, Mali, Central African Republic) it employs up to 90% of the population. At the same time, agriculture in many countries is monocultural in nature, associated with specialization in almost a single crop.
slide 22. The assessment of a monocultural economy cannot be unequivocally negative or positive. On the one hand, monoculture has made the economies of entire countries dependent on world price fluctuations, deprived many of them of fertile lands, and led to soil depletion. But on the other hand, monoculture provides significant income, and in hard currency. It links countries to the world market.
We turn to table 8 on page 280 of the textbook. What agricultural crops is Africa leading in the world? ? (cocoa beans, cassava, sisal, peanuts, palm nuts).
The names of some African plants are unusual, exotic for us. Not all of you have an idea about them, so I suggest you listen to a little information about some of them. Student Message - (ylang-ylang, sisal, peanut, sorghum, cassava)– Slide 22-26
The cocoa tree has found a second home in Africa. Côte d'Divoire, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon 91,3,5, 6th in the world are specialized in the production of cocoa beans. Cocoa is depicted on the coat of arms of Ghana (60-70% of all exports).
The oil palm is a typical West African crop. Palm fruits contain 65-70% oil. She is depicted on the coat of arms of Benin.
slide 27. animal husbandry in relation to agriculture is subordinating. This industry is distinguished by the predominance of extensive forms of production, low productivity due to low pedigree and unsatisfactory maintenance of livestock, and low marketability. As a result, taking a leading place in the world in terms of livestock, African countries are not able to provide the population with meat and dairy products.
Practical work: using the lecture material, atlas maps, fill in table 2. Applications.
To consolidate the acquired knowledge, I propose to perform a small test.
Summary of the lesson.
Discussion of questions posed before the study of new material.
4 Reflection.
Students complete cards with the task "Continue the phrase":
It was interesting to me…
Today I realized that...
I learned …
It was difficult for me...
Are you satisfied with your work?
Application
Listening to the lecture and using the atlas for grade 10 (p.), fill in the tables:
Table 1
|
Types of raw materials and fuel |
Main producing countries |
|
Manganese |
|
|
Phosphorites |
|
|
Natural gas |
|
|
Iron ore |
Table 2 . Enter in 1 column of the table the countries of origin
|
natural area |
Export crops |
consumer cultures |
|
Subtropics |
||
|
Citrus fruits, olives |
Sorghum, corn, cassava |
|
|
Semi-deserts and deserts |
||
|
spices |
||
|
Savannahs and woodlands |
||
|
Moist equatorial forests |
||
|
Oilseeds |
||
|
cocoa beans |
TEST
Most African states are countries:
With a diversified economy
Monocultures
Select the industry that is the main one in most African countries:
Mechanical engineering 2) ferrous metallurgy 3) agriculture
4) light industry
3. Find the error in the list of African countries specializing in the export of ores and metal concentrates:
1) Zambia 2) Egypt 3) Liberia 4) Guinea
4. The main export crops of Tropical Africa are:
1) wheat 2) sisal 3) peanut 4) coffee 5) cocoa 6) millet
5. Which of the following industries defines the face of South Africa in the MGRT?
1) oil industry 2) non-ferrous metallurgy
3) chemical industry
Reflection
Please complete the task "Continue the phrase":
It was interesting to me…
Today I realized that...
I learned …
It was difficult for me...
Are you satisfied with your work?
What do you want to praise yourself or one of your classmates for?
AFRICA
The second largest continent (after Eurasia), washed by the Mediterranean Sea from the north, the Red Sea from the north, the Atlantic Ocean from the west and the Indian Ocean from the east and south.
Africa is the part of the world that consists of the mainland Africa and the surrounding islands.
The area of Africa is 29.2 million km², with islands - approx. 30.3 million km².
On the territory of Africa there are 54 states, 5 unrecognized states and 5 dependent territories. The most developed country RSA, the rest are developing.
The population of Africa is approx. 1 billion people.
Africa is considered the ancestral home of mankind: it was here that the most ancient remains of early hominids and their probable ancestors were found, including Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Australopithecus africanus, A. afarensis, Homo erectus, H. habilis (Skillful Man) and H. ergaster (H. working).
Territory – 30,221,532 km²
Population – 1,032,532,974 (2011) people
Density – 30.51 people/km²
Includes – 54 states
extreme points
Northern – m. Blanco (Ben Secca)
South - metro station Igolny
Western - m. Almadi
Eastern - m. Ras Hafun
origin of name
Initially, the inhabitants of ancient Carthage called the word "afri" people who lived near the city - from the Phoenician afar - "dust". After the conquest of Carthage, the Romans named the province Africa. Later, all known regions of this continent began to be called Africa, and then the continent itself.
Another theory says that the name of the people "Afri" comes from the Berber ifri - "cave", referring to the cave dwellers.
"Africa" came from the ancient language of Ta-Kem (Egypt): "Afros" is a foam country. This is due to the collision of several currents that form foam as they approach the continent in the Mediterranean Sea.
Latin aprica means "sunny".
Greek αφρίκη - "without cold". The word φρίκη ("cold" and "horror"), combined with the negative prefix α-, denotes a country where there is neither cold nor horror.
Relief
For the most part it is flat, the Atlas Mountains are located in the northwest, and the Ahaggar and Tibesti highlands are located in the Sahara. To the east is the Ethiopian Highlands, to the south of it is the East African Plateau, where the volcano Kilimanjaro (5895 m) is located - the highest point on the mainland. To the south are the Cape and Dragon Mountains. The lowest point (-157 m) is located in Djibouti - this is the salt lake Assal.
Minerals
The richest deposits of diamonds (South Africa, Zimbabwe) and gold (South Africa, Ghana, Mali, DRC).
Large oil fields in Nigeria and Algeria.
Bauxites are mined in Guinea and Ghana.
The resources of phosphorites, manganese, iron and lead-zinc ores are concentrated on the northern coast.
Inland waters
One of the longest rivers in the world is located - the Nile (6852 km), flowing from the south to the north. The other largest rivers are the Niger in the west, the Congo in the center and the Zambezi, on which the airway is located. Victoria, Limpopo and Orange in the south.
The largest lake is Victoria (average depth is 40 m, the largest is 80 m). Other large lakes are Nyasa and Tanganyika, located in lithospheric faults. One of the largest salt lakes is Chad, located on the territory of the state of the same name.
Climate
The hottest continent on the planet. The reason is the geographical location of the mainland: the entire territory of Africa is located in hot climatic zones and the mainland is crossed by the equator. Africa is home to the hottest place on Earth, Dallol, and has recorded the highest temperature on Earth (in Tripoli, +58.4°C).
The center belongs to the equatorial belt, there is abundant rainfall throughout the year and there is no change of seasons.
To the north and south of the equator are subequatorial belts. Humid equatorial air masses dominate here in summer (rainy season), and in winter - dry air of tropical trade winds (dry season).
To the north and south of the subequatorial belts are the northern and southern tropical belts. They are characterized high temperatures with low rainfall, which leads to the formation of deserts.
The northern and southern extremities of the mainland are included in the corresponding subtropical belts.
To the north is the largest Sahara desert on Earth, to the south is the Kalahari desert, to the southeast is the Namib desert.
Fauna and flora
The flora of the tropical, equatorial and subequatorial zones is diverse. Ceiba, pipdatenia, terminalia, combretum, brachistegia, isoberlinia, pandanus, tamarind, sundew, pemphigus, palm trees and many more grow everywhere. etc. Low trees and thorny bushes (acacia, terminalia, bush) predominate in the savannahs.
Desert vegetation is sparse, consisting of small communities of grasses, shrubs, and trees growing in oases, highlands, and along waters. The flora of the desert regions is well adapted to the irregularity of rainfall. Perennial drought-resistant grasses and shrubs have an extensive and deep (up to 15–20 m) root system. Many of the herbaceous plants are ephemera, which can produce seeds in 3 days after sufficient moisture and sow them within 10 to 15 days after that.
A notable Namib desert plant is Welwitschia mirabilis. It grows 2 giant leaves, slowly growing throughout its life (more than 1000 years), which can exceed 3 m in length. The leaves are attached to a stem that resembles a huge cone-shaped radish with a diameter of 60 to 120 cm, and sticks out of the ground for 30 cm. Velvichia roots go into the ground to a depth of 3 m. fog as the main source of moisture. Welwitschia - endemic to the northern Namib - is depicted on the state emblem of Namibia.
The tropical, equatorial and subequatorial zones are inhabited by a variety of mammals: okapi, antelopes (duikers, bongos), pygmy hippopotamus, bushy-eared pig, warthog, galago, monkeys, flying squirrels, lemurs (on Madagascar), viverras, chimpanzees, gorillas, etc. Nowhere there is no such abundance of large animals in the world as in the African savannah: elephants, hippos, rhinos, lions, giraffes, leopards, cheetahs, antelopes (cannes), zebras, hyenas, African ostrich.
Among the birds, jaco, turaco, guinea fowl, hornbill, marabou predominate.
Reptiles and amphibians of the tropical equatorial and subequatorial zones - mamba (one of the most poisonous snakes in the world), crocodile, python, tree frogs, poison dart frogs and marble frogs.
In humid climates, the malarial mosquito and tsetse fly are common, causing sleeping sickness in both humans and mammals.
Political division
The total number of states and dependent territories in Africa is 62 (of which 54 are independent). This includes 10 island, 15 inland and 37 states with wide access to the seas and oceans.
Most of them were colonies of European states for a long time and gained independence only in the 1950s and 1960s. 20th century Currently, many African countries are ruled by regimes that discriminate against the white population.
In the north of the continent are the territories of Spain (Ceuta, Melilla, Canary Islands, Minor Sovereign Territories) and Portugal (Madeira).
In 1963, the Organization of African Unity (OAU) was created, uniting 53 African states. On July 9, 2002, this organization was transformed into the African Union. Morocco is not part of the African Union - in protest against the adoption of Zap. Sahara, which Morocco considers its territory.
The chairman of the African Union is elected for a period of 1 year by the head of one of the African states. The administration is located in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia).
Tasks of the African Union:
Political and socio-economic integration;
Protecting the interests of the continent and its population;
Peace and Security in Africa.
Total EHC of African countries
A feature of the GP of 15 countries is the lack of access to the sea. In countries facing the ocean, the coastline is slightly indented, which is unfavorable for the construction of large ports.
Africa is exceptionally rich in natural resources. Especially large are the reserves of mineral raw materials - ores of manganese, chromites, bauxites, etc.
Oil and gas are produced in North and West Africa (Nigeria, Algeria, Egypt, Libya).
Enormous reserves of cobalt and copper ores are concentrated in Zambia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo; manganese ores - in South Africa and Zimbabwe; platinum, iron ore and gold - in RSA; diamonds - in the Congo, Botswana, South Africa, Namibia, Angola, Ghana; phosphorites - in Morocco, Tunisia; uranium - in Niger, Namibia.
Africa has large land resources, but soil erosion has become catastrophic due to improper processing. Forests cover approx. 10% of the territory, but as a result of predatory destruction, their area is rapidly declining.
African countries have not yet succeeded in changing the colonial type of sectoral and territorial structure of the economy.
African countries have achieved the greatest success in the mining industry. In the extraction of many minerals, Africa holds a leading and sometimes monopoly place in the world (in the extraction of gold, diamonds, platinoids, etc.). The manufacturing industry is represented by light and food industries.
The second sector of the economy that determines Africa's place in the world economy is tropical and subtropical agriculture. Agricultural products make up 60-80% of GDP. The main cash crops are coffee, cocoa beans, peanuts, dates, tea, rubber, sorghum, and spices. IN Lately began to grow crops - corn, rice, wheat. Animal husbandry is extensive, characterized by a huge number of livestock, but low productivity and low marketability. The continent does not provide itself with agricultural products.
Transport retains the colonial type: railways go from the areas of extraction of raw materials to the port, while the regions of one state are practically not connected. Relatively developed rail and sea modes of transport. In recent years, other types of transport have been developed - automobile (a road has been laid across the Sahara), air, and pipelines.
Population
Population approx. 1 billion people Population growth on the continent is the highest in the world - 2.3%. Over the past 50 years, life expectancy has increased from 39 to 54 years.
The population consists of representatives of 2 races - Negroid south of the Sahara and Caucasoid in northern Africa (Arabs) and RSA (Boers and Anglo-South Africans).
The most numerous people are the Arabs of North Africa.
During the colonial development of the mainland, many state borders were drawn without taking into account ethnic characteristics, which still leads to interethnic conflicts.
The average population density is 30.5 people/km².
Urbanization is less than 30%, but the rate of urbanization is the highest in the world, many African countries are characterized by false urbanization. The largest cities on the African continent are Cairo (Egypt) and Lagos (Nigeria).
African languages are divided into 32 families. There are 7 isolated and 9 unclassified languages.
Indo-European languages became widespread due to the era of colonial rule: English, Portuguese, French are official in many countries. in Namibia since the beginning of the 20th century. there is a compact community that speaks German as the main language.
The most widely spoken language, Arabic, is used in N., W., and E. Africa as a first and second language. Many African languages include a significant amount of loanwords from Arabic.
Islam and Christianity (Catholicism, Protestantism, and to a lesser extent Orthodoxy) predominate among world religions. Buddhists and Hindus live in East Africa (many of them come from India).
Africa section
The race for Africa or the fight for Africa is a period of intense competition among a number of European imperialist powers for holding research work and military operations, ultimately aimed at capturing new territories in Africa.
By 1902, European powers controlled 90% of Africa. In Africa, only Liberia (US patronized) and Ethiopia retained their independence.
The colonial division of Africa ended in the year of the outbreak of the First World War (07/28/1914 - 11/11/1918).
After the Second World War, the process of decolonization of Africa quickly began. 1960 was declared the Year of Africa - the year of the liberation of the largest number of colonies. In this year, 17 states gained independence. Most of them are French colonies: Cameroon, Togo, Malagasy Republic, Congo, Dahomey, Upper Volta, Ivory Coast, Chad, Central African Republic, Gabon, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Mali. The most independent were proclaimed large country Africa in terms of population - Nigeria, which belonged to Great Britain, and the largest in terms of territory - the Belgian Congo. British Somalia and Italian Somalia are merged into the Somali Democratic Republic.
Dates of independence for African countries:
1960 - Cameroon, Togo, Malagasy Republic, Congo, Dahomey, Upper Volta, Ivory Coast, Chad, Central African Republic, Gabon, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Mali, Belgian Congo, Somalia.
1961 - Sierra Leone, Tanganyika.
1962 - Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda.
1963 - Kenya, Zanzibar.
1964 - S. Rhodesia (=Republic of Zambia), Nyasaland (=Malawi).
1965 - Gambia.
1966 - Bechuanaland (=Republic of Botswana), Basutoland (=Kingdom of Lesotho).
1968 - Mauritius, Equatorial Guinea and Swaziland.
1973 - Guinea-Bissau.
1975 - Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde Islands, Sao Tome and Principe, 3 of 4 Comoros (Mayotte remained a French possession).
1977 - Seychelles, French Somalia (=Republic of Djibouti).
1980 - Southern Rhodesia (=Republic of Zimbabwe).
1990 - South West Africa (=Republic of Namibia).
The declaration of independence of Kenya, Zimbabwe, Angola, Mozambique and Namibia was preceded by wars, uprisings, guerrilla struggle. But for most African countries - without major bloodshed, with mass demonstrations and strikes, the negotiation process, UN decisions.
Due to the fact that the borders of African states during the “race for Africa” were drawn artificially, without taking into account the resettlement of various peoples and tribes, and the fact that African society was not ready for democracy, civil wars began in many African countries after gaining independence. Dictators came to power in many countries.
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