Led by Yuri Kormilitsyn, together with the Research Institute. Krylov since 1974.
The main feature of the project 877EKM ("export commercial modernized") was the possibility of operation and functioning of mechanisms and equipment in tropical conditions.
The submarine adopted a single-shaft propulsion system, an axisymmetric hull shape, and an optimized ratio of its length and diameter.
The internal strong hull of the submarine is divided by watertight bulkheads into six compartments. In the first - bow - compartment there are torpedo tubes, in the second - batteries and the main command post. The third compartment is residential, two-deck, includes a galley and cabins. In the fourth compartment there are diesel generators, in the fifth - propeller motors. In the tail compartment there are electric motors of economic progress and a backup power plant.
The power plant consists of several powerful electric motors, allowing this type of submarine to move only under electric motors, without using a diesel engine.
Most submarine mechanisms are equipped with vibration-absorbing coatings and mounted on shock absorbers or special platforms.
The six-blade propeller, reduced to 250 rpm, significantly reduces noise levels, leaving enemy anti-submarine forces less likely to detect a submarine with noise direction finders.
The maximum immersion depth of the submarine is 300 meters.
Full submerged speed - 17 knots.
Underwater cruising range at economic speed - 400 miles.
Autonomy - 45 days.
Crew size - 52 people.
The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources
Diesel-electric submarines of project 877 "Halibut" / Photo: army-news.ru
The Russian Project 877 Halibut submarine is considered one of the best diesel-electric submarines in the class. Even the US Navy is not eager to enter into a confrontation with it, the columnist writes magazine National Interest, defense and national security specialist Kyle Mizokami.
The author draws attention to the low hydroacoustic visibility of the Halibut. Thanks to its special design, the submarine emits significantly less noise than its competitors. The life support system allows her to stay under water for up to two weeks, and the cruising range is 7.5 thousand nautical miles (14 thousand kilometers), which exceeds the distance from the base of the Northern Fleet of the Russian Navy to Cuba, the author writes.
"Halibuts", created in Soviet time, after the collapse of the USSR went for export. India bought ten submarines, three - Iran, two - China. Many samples remained in the countries of the former Warsaw block, RIA Novosti reports.
"Project 877 submarines turned out to be very successful both in technical and export terms," writes K. Mizokami. He is convinced that due to the growth of conflict moods in the Asia-Pacific region, the world community may soon witness the combat use of "Halibuts" and "Varshavyanka".
Technical reference
Diesel-electric submarine "Vladikavkaz" project 877, code "Halibut" -is the fifth in a series of seven submarines built at the Krasnoye Sormovo plant in the city of Gorky (now Nizhny Novgorod) for the Soviet Navy.
The submarine was laid down under the name "B-459", construction number 608, on February 25, 1988. Launched on April 29, 1990. On September 28, 1990, she was accepted into the Navy.
Initially, the submarine was part of the Black Sea Fleet, in 1991 it was relocated to the Northern Fleet.
Project 877 diesel-electric submarines were designed by the Rubin Central Design Bureau for Marine Engineering.
Submarines of this project are intended to combat surface and submarine ships, lay minefields, and conduct reconnaissance. They are one of the quietest mass-produced submarines.
On August 2, 1997, the crew of the submarine signed a sponsorship agreement with the administration of North Ossetia and the ship received its current name "Vladikavkaz" in honor of the capital of the republic.
Until 2008, the submarine served in the Red Banner Northern Fleet.
The Vladikavkaz diesel-electric submarine arrived at the Zvezdochka CS for medium repairs and modernization in 2008. The state contract for the repair of the submarine was concluded in 2011, and Zvyozdochka shipbuilders launched full-scale work to return the submarine to service.
On September 19, 2014, the boat was withdrawn from the boathouse and launched. In 2015 at Vladikavkaz mooring trials begin , and at the beginning of summer 2015, with the opening of navigation in the White Sea, the ship will go to sea to carry out the program of factory sea trials.
The transfer of the Vladikavkaz diesel-electric submarine to the navy will take place in 2015, after which the ship will serve for the next ten years.
Photo: www.korabli.eu
The main characteristics of diesel-electric submarines of project 877
| Displacement, tons: | surface - 2300; underwater - 3040 |
| Maximum length, m | 72,6 |
| Maximum width, m | 9,9 |
| Average draft, m | 6,2 |
| Speed, knots: | surface - 10; underwater - from 17 to 19 |
| Immersion depth, m: | working - 240; limit - 350 |
| Autonomy of navigation, days | 45 |
| Crew, man | 57 |
| Power point: |
|
| Diesel-electric with full electric propulsion: | 2 diesel generators 1000…1500 kW each; main electric motor 4,050…5,500 hp; 190 hp economical running electric motor; two standby electric motors of 102 hp each; one low-noise six-bladed low-speed fixed-pitch propeller; 2 rechargeable batteries of 120 cells. |
| Armament: |
|
| Torpedo-mine armament: | 6 bow TA caliber 533 mm, normally loaded, with automatic loading, 18 torpedoes or 24 mines. |
| Missile armament: | Turquoise ZM-54E1 (Club-S, modification 08773) |
| Air defense: | "Strela-ZM" or "Needle-1" |
Astronauts are, of course, heroes. They go to places where human life is impossible. They are separated from the hostile environment only by the walls of a cramped apparatus. To maintain the existence of man in space, a complex life support system is used.
If something happened to this technique, it would be very difficult to escape. However, if we are not talking about astronauts, but about submariners, not about space, but about sea depths, it will all be true again.
Submarine "Vyborg" is moored in Kronstadt. There is an ice field around, but if necessary, a military icebreaker standing right next to it will quickly cope with it. Near the Marine Plant, where a year ago the submarine was undergoing regular repairs.
The project 877 warship (“Kilo” according to NATO classification) is no longer young. It was built in 1982 in Komsomolsk-on-Amur, but even now the Vyborg is still in service, protecting the country's security in the waters of the Baltic. This is not a giant nuclear reactor and missile weapons, the dimensions of the ship are much more modest: the underwater displacement is 3040 tons. But the relatively small size, shape and design of this submarine give it a very important advantage - low noise and stealth. In the West, the 877th project was nicknamed the "Black Hole".
The compartments of the submarine are separated by hatches. In the event of an emergency, they will be battened down and create an airtight barrier between the compartments.
Only electricity
One of the design features of the boat, allowing it to reduce noise, was full electric propulsion. For those times when "Vyborg" was built, the solution was very innovative. Diesel-electric boats of earlier projects on the surface were diesel-powered, and only under water the propellers were spinning with the help of electric motors powered by batteries. Vyborg has two thousand-kilowatt diesel engines, and they have nothing to do with the propeller. While the boat is on the surface or at periscope depth, the diesel engines rotate the shafts of the generators, and they charge the batteries. The propeller is driven either by the main propulsion motor PG-142 (4040 kW) or by the economic stroke motor.
Diesel-electric submarines of the previous generation had a long and thin hull. "Vyborg" has a thickened spindle shape. This somewhat worsens the seaworthiness of the ship while moving on the surface, but optimizes the hydrodynamic properties under water. Vibration-absorbing coatings on the body also contribute to low noise and low visibility.
The central control post, located in the second compartment, is perhaps the most spacious room on the submarine.
The 877th project turned out to be so successful that from the mid-1990s submarines of the 636 Varshavyanka project began to be built on its basis. They have more high speed, more powerful propulsion motor and latest system navigation. Unlike project 877, the Varshavyankas carry not only torpedo and mine weapons, but also anti-ship cruise missiles launched through torpedo tubes (the export name of the Club-S missile system).
Long sleep in Kronstadt
But, despite the appearance of "Varshavyanka" (in the west they are called Improved Kilo - improved Kilo), boats of the 877th project remain in service. An example of this is Vyborg. We get acquainted with the commander of the ship: Sergey Oleinikov, captain of the 2nd rank, was appointed to the post in December 2013, just when the next repair of the submarine was being completed at the Marine Plant. “Even though the Vyborg is not a nuclear submarine, it cannot be called small,” says Sergey Oleinikov. - Operating here, in the Baltic, NATO submarines have a maximum underwater displacement of 1500 tons, but there are smaller ships (500-700 tons). Nevertheless, the dimensions allow the Vyborg to remain a low-noise, inconspicuous and multifunctional ship. It can fight enemy surface and submarine ships, carry out minelaying, conduct reconnaissance, including landing reconnaissance groups.
“How intense is naval activity in the Baltic?” We ask the commander of the Vyborg. “At sea, exercises and reconnaissance activities are constantly conducted near NATO countries and other neighboring states, and, naturally, we often record the presence of foreign warships. Someone meets us, someone accompanies us, someone sees us off. But all this is within the rules, there are no conflicts here.”
"Vyborg" did not become "Vyborg" immediately. After being built in Komsomolsk-on-Amur, the B-227 submarine went to the Pacific Fleet, and two years later, under its own power, crossed to the Baltic, where it served in the ranks of the Baltic Fleet of the USSR Navy. In 1993, the ship was transferred from the then already foreign Liepaja to Kronstadt. And then for a decade the submarine stood idle. As if in a long repair. Only by the end of the last decade, after testing, she returned to service. Then, in 2008, the administration of the Vyborgsky district of the Leningrad region took patronage over the ship, and the boat was given the name "Vyborg". After several years of service, Vyborg was sent back for repairs. “It was not a question of serious modernization,” says the ship's commander, “but the equipment on board is constantly changing, and this mainly concerns electronics - a radio station, information output means. Plus current repairs.
Gate of salvation
We are invited to inspect the boat. And immediately the linguistic surprises begin. The superstructure above the hull of a submarine is usually colloquially referred to as a wheelhouse. In fact, the correct name for this structural element is the fencing of retractable devices. Antennas, periscopes, snorkels... No, our submariners don't agree with the word "snorkel" either. "Snorkel" is a German word, but even during the First World War, such devices were created in Russia. Therefore, it is more correct to say - "a mine for diesel operation under water." As for the "fencing of retractable devices", in addition to these same devices, the Vyborg has a navigation bridge here, and this partly justifies the term "cutting". However, there are submarines, inside the fence of which there are no control posts.
The boat is built according to a two-hull scheme - inside a strong hull, outside - light. Between them is a ballast system. Scuppers are visible on the sides of the boat - slots through which water drains from the interhull space.
Speed (above): 10 knots // Speed (underwater): 17-19 knots // Working depth: 240 m // Maximum diving depth: 350 m // Endurance: 45 days // Crew: 57 people // Displacement surface: 2300 t // Underwater displacement: 3040 t // Maximum length: 72.6 m // Maximum hull width: 9.9 m // Average draft: 6.2 m.
Even before going down inside the strong hull, you can see how many devices in the design of the boat are associated with rescue in an emergency. Here is the emergency buoy. In the event of a disaster, special mechanisms release the cable, and the buoy floats over the accident site. It not only signals the location of the boat, but even allows you to talk to the crew on the phone - the device is located in a special sealed container. Another device is a hydroacoustic signaling device: it sends sound signals that will help rescuers locate the location of a submarine lying on the bottom.
Above the first and sixth compartments on the hull of the boat, two large, almost polished metal rings are visible. These are coaming platforms. In the event of an accident, a rescue vehicle will be able to moor to them. The surface of the rings must be smooth to ensure a tight connection with the soft gasket of the apparatus. After mooring, the apparatus pumps out water from the space between two hatches - its own and the submarine, the pressure there becomes equal to the pressure inside the submarine. Now you can open the hatch, and the crew will be able to move into the rescue vehicle.
Captain 2nd Rank Sergey Oleinikov, commander of the Vyborg submarine: “The dimensions of the Vyborg allow the submarine to remain a low-noise and inconspicuous ship. It can fight enemy surface and submarine ships, carry out minelaying, and land reconnaissance groups.
Periscope - forever!
To get inside the ship, you need to enter the fence of retractable devices, climb up a few steps, and then descend a few meters down a vertical ladder. The tightness inside submarines is a well-known fact, but here it is felt as the saturation of the surrounding space with an infinite number of structural elements. Everything is in plain sight here. Here everything looks like a steampunk lover's joy and a plumber's nightmare. Pipes of hydraulic and pneumatic systems run along the walls at all levels. huge amount nuts, valves, valves. “Of course, on boats more modern designs control systems based on mechanics and hydraulics are being replaced by electric actuators controlled by wires, and this saves space, reduces the weight of equipment, the crew members tell us, but, on the other hand, electronics are a capricious thing, especially in the context of improving methods of electronic fight (EW). Hydraulics are simpler and more maintainable in field conditions.
Only here, moving from compartment to compartment through round hatches, examining tiny rooms for everything from a galley to residential cabins, you understand that it is difficult to talk about comfort in an underwater service. Everything here is adapted to the limited space. Even the wardroom, if necessary, turns into an operating room. We are interested in whether there are restrictions for divers in terms of height and build. No, they answer us, everyone is being mastered. There are more serious health restrictions: one must be able to live and work with a lack of oxygen in the air.
The submarine is a closed gas volume, which is why all sorts of problems arise. For example, explosive mixtures may occur. In the event of an explosion or fire, it is necessary to immediately suppress the combustion reaction, for which the LOH system (boat volumetric chemical protection) is used, which acts on the combustion points with an inert gas (freon). This system can save lives, but it can also be deadly: in 2008, an unauthorized launch of a LOH on the K-152 Nerpa nuclear submarine led to the death of 20 submariners.
Born in St. Petersburg
Submarine "Vyborg" refers to the project 877 "Halibut". Initially, it was assumed that some of these ships would be delivered to the Warsaw Pact countries, so the project received the unofficial name "Varshavyanka". Today, "Varshavyanki" is called submarines of project 636 - the modernization of the "Halibut". Project 877 boats, belonging to the third generation, were developed by the Leningrad Design Bureau "Rubin" under the leadership of Yu.N. Nurse. The first boats of the "Halibut" type (including the B-227 "Vyborg") were produced in Komsomolsk-on-Amur, then production was transferred to Leningrad and Gorky. Boats of this type have a double-hull design, traditional for Soviet submarine shipbuilding. The ship is divided into six compartments; torpedo armament is placed on the upper deck of the first compartment. The armament includes six 533 mm torpedo tubes, up to 18 torpedoes or 24 mines. In the surface position, the Strela-3 defensive air defense system could be used.
A submarine is a ship that must always be ready to fight for survivability and rescue of the crew. The first, second and sixth compartments, which are the survivability compartments, store rafts and communication equipment. In the event of an accident, divers can leave the boat wearing wetsuits and breathing apparatus through the hatches of the coaming platforms (the first and sixth compartments) or through the decompression chamber (the second compartment). It is also possible to get out of the boat through the torpedo tubes from the torpedo deck of the first compartment. In each compartment (which can be hermetically sealed in case of an accident) there are food and water supplies, batteries for air regeneration.
The “brain” of the ship is the central post. It is located on the upper deck of the second compartment. Under it are the cabins of the radio operator and navigator. It is through the second compartment that all retractable devices, such as a periscope, pass. Is it needed in our time? Has it not become unnecessary in the presence of modern hydroacoustic and radar equipment and other systems for monitoring the surrounding space?
“No,” Sergey Oleinikov answers, “the periscope will never lose its relevance. Technical means observations and detections are subject to different influences - for example, by means of electronic warfare. And the visible range is not affected by them. In addition, information from locators is only marks on the screen, often they are not very informative. A glance through the periscope immediately allows you to assess the type of ship, its displacement, course, speed. And all this according to the periscope marks, quickly, without complicated calculations.
In the 1970s, it was decided to replenish the Navy with a new generation of diesel-electric submarines, which needed to act against submarines and surface ships, lay minefields, and conduct reconnaissance. Submarines must be relatively small, fast, low noise, have perfect radio, sonar and electronic equipment. Since such submarines were going to be supplied to the allies under the Warsaw Pact, in addition to the usual project number - 877, she was given a proper name - "Varshavyanka".
Submarine B-871 "Alrosa" project 877V KILO enters the roadstead of Cartagena (Spain) to participate in joint maneuvers with NATO fleets "Bold Monarch 2011". May 25, 2011
Their development in 1974 according to the TTZ approved by the USSR Navy was carried out by the designers of the Rubin Central Design Bureau, headed by Yu.N. Kormilitsyn together with the Research Institute. Krylov. If Project 641 boats were traditionally narrow and long, then the outer and light hull was made spindle-shaped, with a round bow configuration like that of a nuclear submarine. The hull itself was designed in such a way that the hydrodynamic resistance was minimal. Several models have been tested and perfected in the experimental pool and on the benches.
The design of the Project 877 Halibut submarines is double-hulled. The shape of the case is maximally adapted to reduce noise and resistance.
The robust body is made in the form of a cylinder, the cross sections are circular. Body end structures are spherical. Strong watertight bulkheads divide the hull into six compartments:
1st - bow, serves to accommodate torpedo tubes;
2nd - main command post and batteries;
3rd - two-deck, residential, galley and cabins on the upper deck, batteries on the lower deck;
4th - diesel generators;
5th - propeller motors;
6th - reserve power plant and electric motors of economic progress.
AK-25 steel was used for the manufacture of a durable case.
Submarine pr.877EKM serial number 01325 Sindhurakshak of the Indian Navy on tests after repair with modernization at the Zvyozdochka shipyard in Severodvinsk, 11/25/2012
The light body was given a streamlined spindle-shaped "Albacore" shape. A special coating absorbs the radiation of enemy sonar systems. Tanks of the main ballast, other tanks, as well as various equipment are located in the double-hull space. Although, due to the double-hull design, the submarine has a significant underwater volume, in emergency situations this makes it possible to increase survivability by ensuring unsinkability with large flooded volumes of the ship. In the cruising position, the submarine can be afloat even if any compartment and two adjoining tanks of the main ballast of one side are flooded.
The fencing of the shafts of retractable devices is located approximately in the middle of the ship. The navigation bridge is also equipped in it. All retractable devices, with the exception of the commander's periscope, are made not penetrating into the rugged case. Thanks to this, the central post was made more spacious and convenient to control the ship and its combat systems.
Nasal horizontal rudders were also retractable. To reduce the interference caused by them in the operation of the hydroacoustic complex, they were moved from the bow to the middle part of the hull. Also, the scuppers were removed from the bow, and all the mechanisms that emit noise from the first compartment were removed.
The main power plant was designed according to the scheme of full electric propulsion, that is, in the surface and underwater position, the movement is provided by a propeller motor.
The main power plant includes:
- main propulsion motor PG141 (power 5500 hp). A low-speed PG165 engine of the same power is installed on the B-800 submarine and on Project 636 boats.
- 2 diesel generators 4DL-42MH (power of each 1500 kW, the first two submarines of project 877 installed 2x4DL-42M power of each 1000 kW) with a diesel generator operation system under water. On modifications 877M and 636, a 30DG diesel generator (power of one 1500 kW) is installed, which also works with RDP.
- two groups of lead-acid batteries.
For economy mode the course is provided with a special rowing 190-horsepower electric motor PG142. Starting with the submarine B-800 / project 877V / project 636, a low-speed 190-horsepower PG166 engine was installed.
Submarine B-871 "Alrosa" project 877V KILO and a disassembled water jet propulsion unit. Sevastopol, floating dock PD-30, next repair, January 12, 2006
A design feature of Project 877 submarines is the presence of a pair of backup 102-horsepower PG-168 electric motors. These engines provide the boat with movement in narrow places, allow maneuvering during mooring, and can also be used to move in case of damage to the main shaft and propeller.
A low-speed six-bladed fixed-pitch propeller was used as a propeller. On boats B-470 and B-800 7-bladed from the Aurora alloy with saber-shaped blades. On the sides in the aft part of the hull are thruster water cannons. The process of submersion/surfacing of the submarine is automated.
When moving in a submerged position, the submarine develops top speed at 17 knots, in the surface - 10 knots. The range of navigation under water at a speed of 7 knots in diesel mode is 6000 miles, the boat can overcome 400 miles at an economical speed at a speed of 3 knots in a submerged position.
Starting with the B-800 submarine, they are equipped with a rescue hatch that allows you to leave the flooded submarine from depths of up to 250 meters (made in the stern).
Energy - two groups of lead-acid batteries with 120 cells each. Project 636M submarines use batteries that have a 2.5 times longer service life while maintaining the same power.
The boats were equipped with an advanced navigation system. On various modifications of the project 877 "Halibut" complexes "Andoga", "Apassionata-EKM", "Apassionata-EKM.1" are installed. To search for surface targets and control the air situation, a radar station is used, as well as means that detect enemy radar radiation. Hydroacoustic equipment - active and passive. Information from all surveillance equipment and posts enters the multi-purpose BUIS ("Lama" / "Uzel", "Lama-EKM" / "Uzel"), is processed by a computer, and then transferred to the commander, to the command post, which is isolated from other compartments . General ship systems are controlled from the Palladium or Palladium-EM control panel (depending on the modification).
Loading torpedo 53-65KE on the submarine pr.877EKM KILO of the Chinese Navy
Loading a missile of the Club-S complex into the torpedo tube of an Indian submarine pr.08773. For loading, a platform fixed on the hull of the submarine is used (the picture was taken no later than 2009,)
Most of the mechanisms are equipped with vibration-absorbing coatings and mounted on shock absorbers, others are arranged on special platforms in blocks, which, together with a low-noise propeller, streamlined hull, makes the submarine less noticeable compared to other types of submarines.
The armament of the submarine is six 533-mm torpedo tubes located in the bow. Of these, two devices in the upper tier are designed for firing remote-controlled torpedoes. Management and reloading (the Murena quick reloading device was used) - remote from the gearbox. Loading of torpedoes was carried out using a special loading device. Ammunition - 18 torpedoes, 6 of which were in torpedo tubes, 12 - on racks. Torpedoes 53-56B, 53-56BA, 53-65K, SET-53M, TEST-71M, SET-65E, USET-80K could be used. Instead of torpedoes, 24 DM-1 mines could be taken on board: 12 mines in torpedo tubes (2 per tube) and the same amount on racks.
For air defense, Project 877 submarines that were part of the Soviet Navy were armed with the Strela-3 retractable anti-aircraft missile system (in the process of modernization, Strela-3M, Igla-1 9M313 were installed). The ammunition of the complex is 8 missiles.
Projects 08773, 636M/06361 used missile system Club-S with the launch of cruise missiles from torpedo tubes of the upper tier from a submerged position. Ammunition - 4 missiles. Project 06363 used the Caliber-PL missile system with the launch of missiles from a submerged position.
A powerful mine-torpedo weapon system can solve multi-purpose tasks. They provide firing of ammunition at any depth of immersion and, together with the CICS, allows you to conduct not only single, but also salvo fire at 2 targets.
In Komsomolsk-on-Amur in 1979, the shipyard began to build the lead submarine of project 877, in September 1982 it entered service. Later, the ships of this project were produced in Leningrad, as well as at the Krasnoye Sormovo plant. After they were spotted by foreign observers in 1981, NATO awarded symbol"Kilo".
The construction of a series for the Navy continued after 1992. During the construction process, the project was constantly improved. So, for example, the B-800 submarine (created according to project 877LPMB) had a saber-shaped seven-bladed propeller made of Aurora alloy. This submarine was the first of the 877 projects to be equipped with an escape hatch and a system that allowed the submarine to exit from a depth of 250 meters. Other equipment in the BS-5 was carried out on a new element base. The submarine received a low-speed main propulsion motor and an ECT and other innovations, as well as additional acoustic equipment from the MGK-400 hydroacoustic complex (the SPK cabin was even reduced for this), new navigational equipment not included in the navigation complex, and so on.
The last eight ships of the series were built according to a slightly modified project. Due to the increase in the hull of the boat by two spaces (2x600 mm), more powerful diesel generators (1.5 times) were mounted on them, with improved platform damping, a Hall anchor that retracted inward, and a low-speed main electric motor. In total, 30 pieces of equipment were replaced with new, more maintainable and low-noise ones. The resource of the equipment has increased by 2 times, the maintainability of the ships has improved.
Submarine project 877 (probably pryu877EKM B-806) with a diesel generator operating under the RDP, Baltic Sea, 09/10/2007
Modifications:
Project 877 "Halibut" (sub-series 08770) - the basic serial version of the submarine, the lead - B-248, B-401. In addition to the 08770 series, there were 08771 or 08772 series - which differed between manufacturing plants.
Project 877E "Varshavyanka" - export modification of the submarine of project 877 of the first series. Supplied to the countries of the Warsaw Pact. It differs mainly in equipment and is not equipped with air defense systems.
Project 877EK - submarines were not built, it is an "export commercial" version adapted to tropical operating conditions.
Project 877EKM is an “export commercial upgraded” version of the Project 877 submarine. Deliveries were made to Algeria, India, Iran and China. The hydroacoustic system MGK-400E was installed. The project was adapted to tropical operating conditions. In 1999, project 08773 was modernized for the Indian Navy and received the designation Project 08773. Modification of equipment and weapons systems (equipped with Club-S cruise missile launchers). She received the Lama-ER control system, the new MGK-400EM/MGK-EM sonar system, and the Palladium-M combat information and control system. On the modification of the submarine, the rudder propeller group and design are kept similar to the 877EKM project.
Project 877LPMB (B-800 "Kaluga") - equipped with a 7-blade propeller made of Aurora alloy with saber-shaped blades. A rescue hatch was also equipped, which allows evacuation from a depth of up to 250 m. The BCh-5 equipment was redesigned, the economical running engine and the main propulsion motor were slower. Additional navigational equipment was installed on the boat.
Project 877B - equipped with a jet propulsion. By main performance characteristics similar to project 877.
Project 877M "Halibut-M" - 8 last submarines of the series of projects 877 for the Russian Navy. The body is extended by 1.2 m.
Project 877B is a project for the modernization of a submarine of project 877. Research and development work was carried out in the 1980s on the basis of project 877M. According to this project, an experimental submarine B-90 "Sargan" was laid down, later completed according to project 20120.
Projects 877K / 877MK - modernized projects 877 and 877M. after the modernization of equipment (in particular, the combat information and control system).
Project 636 - developed by the Central Design Bureau "Rubin", is an export modification of the project 877M for the Chinese Navy, the equipment is modernized according to the type of project 877M, sound-absorbing technologies are widely used.
Project 636M is a modernized version of project 636. The composition of the equipment has been changed, an inertial navigation system, a periscope with a laser rangefinder, a TV channel and a night vision channel have been installed. Towed communication antenna of HF and VLF bands. Submerged Club-S cruise missiles can be used. Project 06361 - modification of a submarine for the Vietnamese Navy. Project 06363 - modification of the project with updated equipment. Armed with the Kalibr missile system.
The project of a special submarine based on the project 877 - probably intended for work on laying pipelines on the seabed. Perhaps, after equipping, it can be used for a wide range of jobs.
Project 877 "Halibut" submarines and their modifications were supplied to:
Algeria - 2 submarines of project 877EKM;
India - 9 submarines of project 877EKM (8 modernized 08773) + 1 built according to project 08773;
Iran - 3 submarines 877EKM;
China - 1 project 636M submarine + 2 project 877EKM submarine;
Poland - 1 submarine project 877E;
Romania - 1 submarine project 877E.
Submarine B-464 "Ust-Kamchatsk" project 877 (modernized) in the floating dock
The Russian Navy has 24 Project 877 Halibut diesel-electric submarines and their modifications.
Tactical and technical characteristics: (2000)
Surface displacement - 2300 tons (project 636/636M - 2350 tons);
Underwater displacement - 3040 tons (project 636/636M - 3100 tons);
The greatest length is 72.6 m (projects 877M / 636 / 636M - 73.8 m);
Buoyancy margin - 32%;
Durable hull length - 51.8 m;
The greatest width is 9.9 m;
Draft on design waterline - 6.2 m;
Main power plant:
- number and power of diesel engines - 2x1000 kW, type DL42MH (on the last 8 boats 2x1500 kW, type 30DG);
- the number and power of the HEM - 1x5500 hp, type PG-141 (on the last 8 boats 1x5500 hp of the PG-165 type, on 877EKM - 1x4050 hp)
- quantity and power of EH electric motors - 1x190 hp (PG-166);
- the number and power of standby propulsion engines - 2x102 hp (PG-168);
- propellers - low-noise VFSh;
- fuel reserve - 172 tons;
- number of battery groups, number of cells - 2x120;
Surface speed -10 knots (project 636/636M - 11 knots);
Underwater speed -17 knots (on the last 8 - 19 knots);
Economic underwater speed - 3.0 knots;
Submerged range (speed 7 knots, under RDP) - 7500 miles (projects 636/636M with increased fuel reserve);
Submerged range (speed 3 knots) - 400 miles;
Submerged range (speed 21 knots) - 12.7 miles;
Working immersion depth - 240 m (projects 636/636M/877M - 250 m)
Periscope diving depth - 17.5 m (maximum excitement 5 points);
Maximum immersion depth - 350 m (projects 877EKM/636/636M - 300 m);
Autonomy - 45 days;
Crew - 57 people (projects 877EKM / 877V / 636 / 636M - 52 people), incl. officers - 12;
Armament:
- missile system (project 08773) - Ciub-S;
- bow torpedo tubes - 6 pcs.;
- caliber - 533 mm
In continuation of publications about submarines that were previously in service with the Navy of the USSR and Russia, and converted into museums, we bring to your attention short review modern Russian submarines. In the first part, non-nuclear (diesel-electric) submarines will be considered.
Currently, the Russian Navy is armed with diesel-electric submarines of three main projects: 877 Halibut, 677 Lada and 636 Varshavyanka.
All modern Russian diesel-electric submarines are built according to the scheme with full electric propulsion: the main engine is an electric motor powered by batteries, which are recharged on the surface or at periscope depth (when air enters through the RDP mine) from a diesel generator. A diesel generator compares favorably with diesel engines in smaller dimensions, which is achieved by increasing the shaft rotation speed and no need for reverse.
Project 877 "Halibut"
Project 877 submarines (code "Halibut", according to NATO classification - Kilo) - a series of Soviet and Russian submarines 1982-2000. The project was developed in the Central Design Bureau "Rubin", the general designer of the project Yu.N. Kormilitsin. The lead ship was built in 1979-1982. at the factory. Lenin Komsomol in Komsomolsk-on-Amur. Subsequently, Project 877 ships were built at the Krasnoye Sormovo shipyard in Nizhny Novgorod and the Admiralty Shipyards in St. Petersburg.
For the first time in the USSR, the hull of the boat was made in an "airship" form with an optimal length-to-width ratio in terms of streamlining (slightly more than 7:1). The chosen form allowed to increase the speed of the underwater course and reduce noise, due to the deterioration of seaworthiness in the surface position. The boat has a two-hull design traditional for the Soviet school of submarine shipbuilding. The light hull limits the developed bow end, in the upper part of which there are torpedo tubes, and the lower part is occupied by the developed main antenna of the Rubikon-M sonar system.
The boats of the project received an automated weapon system. The armament included 6 533 mm torpedo tubes, up to 18 torpedoes or 24 mines. In Soviet times, the ships were equipped with the Strela-3 defensive air defense system, which could be used on the surface.
Submarine B-227 "Vyborg" project 877 "Halibut"
Submarine B-471 "Magnitogorsk" project 877 "Halibut"
Longitudinal section of the submarine project 877 "Halibut":
1 - main antenna SJSC "Rubicon-M"; 2 - 533 mm TA; 3 - first (bow or torpedo) compartment; 4 - anchor spire; 5 - bow hatch; 6 - spare torpedoes with a quick loader; 7 - bow horizontal rudder with a tilting mechanism and drives; 8 - living quarters; 9 - bow group AB; 10 - gyrocompass repeater; 11 - navigation bridge; 12 - attack periscope PK-8.5; 13 - anti-aircraft and navigation periscope PZNG-8M; 14 - PMU device RDP; 15 - strong felling; 16 - PMU antenna RLC "Cascade"; 17 - PMU antenna of the radio direction finder "Frame"; 18 - PMU antenna SORS MRP-25; 19 - container (fender) for storing air defense missile systems "Strela-ZM" MANPADS; 20 - second compartment; 21 - central post; 22 - third (residential) compartment; 23 - feed group AB; 24 - fourth (diesel generator) compartment; 25 - DG; 26 - cylinders of the VVD system; 27 - fifth (electromotive) compartment; 28 - GGED; 29 - emergency buoy; 30 - sixth (aft) compartment; 31 - aft hatch; 32 - GED economic progress; 33 - stern rudder drives; 34 - shaft line; 34 - aft vertical stabilizer.
Tactical and technical data of the project 877 "Halibut":
Project 677 "Lada" ("Cupid")
Project 677 submarines (code "Lada") - a series of Russian diesel-electric submarines developed at the end of the 20th century at the Rubin Central Design Bureau, the general designer of the project Yu.N. Kormilitsin. The boats are intended for the destruction of enemy submarines, surface ships and vessels, the protection of naval bases, the sea coast and sea communications, and reconnaissance. The series is a development of the project 877 "Halibut". The low noise level was achieved due to the choice of a single-hull structural type, a reduction in the dimensions of the ship, the use of an all-mode main propulsion motor with permanent magnets, the installation of vibration-active equipment and the introduction of a new generation of anti-sonar coating technology. Project 677 submarines are being built at the Admiralty Shipyards in St. Petersburg.
The Project 677 submarine is made according to the so-called one and a half hull scheme. The axisymmetric strong case is made of AB-2 steel and has the same diameter almost along the entire length. The bow and stern ends are spherical. The hull is divided along the length into five watertight compartments by flat bulkheads, by means of platforms the hull is divided by height into three tiers. The light hull is given a streamlined shape, providing high hydrodynamic characteristics. The fencing of retractable devices has the same shape as that of the boats of projects 877, at the same time, the stern plumage is cross-shaped, and the front horizontal rudders are placed on the fence, where they create minimal interference with the operation of the hydroacoustic complex.
Compared to the Varshavyanka, the surface displacement has been reduced by almost 1.3 times - from 2,300 to 1,765 tons. Full submerged speed increased from 19-20 to 21 knots. The crew size was reduced from 52 to 35 submariners, while the autonomy remained unchanged - up to 45 days. Boats of the "Lada" type are distinguished by a very low noise level, a high level of automation and a relatively low price compared to foreign analogues: the German type 212, and the Franco-Spanish project "Scorpene", while possessing more powerful weapons.
Submarine B-585 "St. Petersburg" project 677 "Lada"
Longitudinal section of the submarine project 677 "Lada":
1 - baffle of the main antenna of the SJC; 2 - nasal CGB; 3 - 533 mm TA; 4 - torpedo loading hatch; 5 - anchor; 6 - bow (torpedo) compartment; 7 - spare torpedoes with a quick loader; 8 - partition of auxiliary mechanisms; 9 - nasal AB; 10 - navigation bridge; 11 - strong felling; 12 - second (central post) compartment; 13 - central post; 14 - main command post; 15 - modular enclosure REV; 16 enclosure for auxiliary equipment and general ship systems (bilge pumps, pumps for the general ship hydraulic system, converters and air conditioners); 17 - third (residential and battery) compartment; 18 - wardroom and galley block; 19 - living quarters and a medical unit; 20 - stern AB; 21 - fourth (diesel generator) compartment; 22 - DG; 23 - partition of auxiliary mechanisms; 24 - fifth (electromotive) compartment; 25 - HED; 26 - fuel tank; 27 - stern rudder drives; 28 - shaft line; 29 - feed CGB; 30 - stern vertical stabilizers; 31 GPBA exit channel fairing.
Tactical and technical data of the project 677 "Lada":
* Amur-950" - export modification of project 677 "Lada" is equipped with four torpedo tubes and UVP for ten missiles, capable of firing a salvo of ten missiles in two minutes. Immersion depth - 250 meters. Crew - from 18 to 21 people. Autonomy - 30 days .
Due to shortcomings power plant the planned serial construction of boats of this project in its original form was canceled, the project will be finalized.
Project 636 "Varshavyanka"
Submarines of project 636 (code "Varshavyanka", according to NATO classification - Improved Kilo) multi-purpose diesel-electric submarines - an improved version of the export submarine of project 877EKM. The project was also developed in the Central Design Bureau "Rubin", under the leadership of Yu.N. Kormilitsin.
Submarines of the "Varshavyanka" type, which combines projects 877 and 636 and their modifications, are the main class of non-nuclear submarines produced in Russia. They are in service with both the Russian and a number of foreign fleets. The project, developed in the late 1970s, is considered very successful, so the construction of the series, with a number of improvements, continues into the 2010s.
Submarine B-262 "Stary Oskol" project 636 "Varshavyanka"
Tactical and technical data of the project 636 "Varshavyanka":
To be continued.
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