The camera in everyday life of modern man. The design of the camera, its application. Camera types. their pros and cons

A couple of decades ago, people could not use a camera in everyday life. To capture the bright and amazing moments of life, a person had to visit a photo studio and various photo salons, or invite a photographer to his house. It was an expensive pleasure, so they rarely used such services.

At present, the situation has changed. The camera is now present in almost every home. At first they used ordinary film cameras, and now high-tech digital ones. Few people are able to imagine their daily life without this amazing device. Going to any important event, we always take a camera with us. The camera is an amazing invention of mankind. Not only are photographs a memory, looking at them we feel the atmosphere of some grandiose event, it is also a device with which we can color our mood and get positive emotions. It's so great just to go outside with a camera and capture nature or various flowers and trees.
The first cameras appeared only in the thirties of the twentieth century. But they were released in very small numbers. By the sixties of the last century, about forty-five models of these devices were produced, but few people were able to purchase a camera for themselves. Digital devices are very much superior to earlier models in all parameters and image quality. The leading position here is undoubtedly occupied by Digital camera samsung which proved to be excellent when photographing. Currently, you can immediately see the result, rather than taking the film to specialized organizations and waiting for a long time. Pictures taken with a modern camera can be immediately seen on the built-in display or on the monitor of a conventional desktop computer. Cameras come in a variety of designs, colors, and various specifications and functions. Nowadays, the process has gone so far that these wonderful devices are everywhere. They are built into cell phones, computers and tablet laptops. Sometimes it seems that every day is similar to others and there is basically nothing to photograph. In fact, this is not true at all. You can do this experience. Take your camera and take one picture every day for one year. Capture the most interesting moments that you had to see during this day. And after a year has passed, mount a photo report. Believe me, in five or ten years you will be extremely interested in seeing these pictures.
In addition to conventional digital cameras, there are professional devices. With the help of such a camera, people can not only photograph joyful moments, but also earn decent money. IN modern world there are special schools that teach proper use cameras. A person with professional photography skills can shoot various celebrations.
good camera just necessary in a house where there are children. After all, babies change almost every week and it is very important to fix his growth.
Cameras have firmly entered our daily life, and it is difficult for us to imagine it without them.

About modern cameras - short review, types of equipment

Modern SLR digital cameras are characterized by high image quality and an excellent level of technical development, so an amateur photographer can buy almost any model of a SLR camera with a whale lens and still not make any serious mistake in choosing. The vast majority of cameras are really high-quality and allow you to take high-quality pictures. But each brand of photographic equipment has its own pros and cons, which you should know about before buying, so that you don’t regret your choice later.

Canon PowerShot is a line of digital cameras manufactured by Canon since 1995. Depending on the price category, and, accordingly, target audience, models are usually divided into the following series: A, G, S / SX and Pro.

There are two types of optics in Canon - full-frame (EF) and crop factor 1.6 (EF-S). Moreover, there are completely unique lenses that other manufacturers simply do not have. All Canon optics have an internal autofocus drive, a high-speed ultrasonic drive is indicated in the camera label as USM. The line of full-frame optics has a professional series, which is easily recognizable by the red stripe on the lens and the letter L in the designation.

The main advantages of Canon photographic equipment include:

A very wide selection of cameras, flashes, optics and accessories.

Acceptable prices.

Fast autofocus.

The brand is available even in remote regions.

Nikon cameras are considered the second most popular brand after Canon. They are considered professional photo reporter equipment, and even entry-level cameras carry certain features of reporter equipment. For its D3 and D700 cameras, Nikon has developed and produces a 12 megapixel full-frame sensor, for all other cameras of the company, Sony sensors are used.

Today, Nikon produces five lines of cameras - D60, D90, D300, D700, D3, from amateur to professional. There are two types of optics in Nikon: full-frame (FX) and crop factor 1.5 (DX). In addition, Nikon optics can be motorized internally (AF-S) or in-camera (AF). Professional optics has no special designations.

The main advantages of Nikon photographic equipment include:

Large selection of cameras, optics, flashes and all kinds of accessories.

Availability of the brand in the regions.

There are full-frame SLR cameras.

All cameras have accurate and fast autofocus.

Entry level lenses give good quality Images.

Mounted photographic equipment is compatible with old Soviet optics with H mount and Nikon F optics.

Previously, Sony produced 6 megapixel CCD matrices for such well-known manufacturers of photographic equipment as Pentax, Nikon and Konica Minolta. Sony fully entered the photographic equipment market in 2006 by purchasing the Konica Minolta division. Why Sony DSLRs? inherited the Minolta hot shoe and the Minolta A mount.

The company emphasizes that it produces photographic equipment for amateurs, but it has two quite professional lines - A700 (reportage) and full-frame A900. Amateur cameras are presented in the A200/A300/A350 line.

Optics are available in two types - full-frame and with a crop factor of 1.5 (DT). The abbreviation SSM denotes the presence of an internal motor in the optics.

The main advantages of Sony photographic equipment include:

Widespread brand.

Compatible with flashes and older Minolta cameras.

Fast autofocus.

There are full frame cameras.

swivel screen and live mode View with phase focus in the A300/A350 cameras.

There is image stabilization directly in the camera.

On this moment Pentax is collaborating to produce three lines of K-m/K200D/K20D cameras ranging from entry-level to semi-professional. Samsung is represented by the GX-10 and GX-20 models, which are essentially complete clones of the K10D and K20D models.

Optics are divided into the following types:

Beginner and intermediate level DA-L, DA.

High quality FA Limited and DA Limited series lenses.

Professional optics with full dust and moisture protection DA *.

Macro lenses are full frame D-FA and 1.5 DA crop factor.

The main advantages of Samsung photo equipment include:

Quality optics.

Unique. The unparalleled line of DA Limited lenses.

Compatible with old optics, starting with M42 (adapter required).

The viewfinder, even in entry-level cameras, is one of the best on the market.

The cameras have image stabilization.

Starting with amateur-level cameras, good dust and moisture protection.

There are models of cameras that run on AA batteries.

The value for money is very decent.

Today, you can choose exactly the Fujifilm model that will suit you according to all criteria. For this, you need to familiarize yourself with technical specifications cameras, decide what you are buying a model for, and then enjoy shooting.

The main advantages of Fujifilm photographic equipment include:

Quite a large number of plot programs.

The presence of modes that use the technology of merging several frames.

Auto switch to macro.

Good burst shooting capabilities.

The presence of a very wide angle (from 24 eq. mm).

Optical image stabilizer.

Face recognition.

Rich filtering options for images by various criteria.

A fairly well-known manufacturer of filters, flashes and alternative optics for SLR cameras. The main feature of the cameras of this manufacturer is the Foveon X3 sensor, on which the image is formed differently, completely different than on cameras with a Bayer color filter, which are already considered traditional. In cameras with a Foveon X3 sensor, the principle of layered color perception by cells is used, as a result, literally every pixel carries information about color and brightness.

The main advantages of Sigma photographic equipment include:

Proprietary Foveon X3 sensor.

Relatively low cost.

4/3 (Four Thirds System) - Olympus/Panasonic/Leica

4/3 is the standard of Olympus, Kodak, Leica, Fujifilm, Panasonic, Sanyo, Sigma for SLR digital cameras, which implies the conformity of lenses, cameras and other photographic equipment from different manufacturers.

The 4/3 standard assumes that the sensor has an aspect ratio of 3:4, the sensor area is approximately 4 times smaller than the 35 mm frame area, the crop factor for converting focal lengths to the 35 mm frame standard is 2.0.

Optics for 4/3 standard systems are produced under the brands Olympus Zuiko Digital, Leica and Sigma.

The main advantages of 4/3 standard systems include:

High quality optics.

Compact and lightweight systems.

Affordable entry level cameras.

Voltage stabilization in the chamber.

Shorter than other DSLRs, working segment.

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Khachukaeva F. S.

During its existence, photography has penetrated literally into all areas of human activity. For some people it is a profession, for others it is just entertainment, for others it is a faithful assistant in work. Photography has had a huge impact on the development of modern culture, science and technology. At present, photography is one of the rapidly developing modern information technologies. Photo products include cameras, photosensitive materials, photo accessories.

A modern camera is an electronic optical-mechanical device for creating an optical (light) image of an object on the surface of a photosensitive material (photographic film or image converter). The main structural components of the camera are the body, lens, diaphragm, shutter, viewfinder, focusing and exposure meter, electronic flash lamp, indicator device, frame counter.

Photographic film is used to record and store a light image in film cameras. In digital cameras, an image intensifier tube (a matrix consisting of a large number of light-sensitive elements, pixels) is used to register an image, and flash memory (a non-volatile storage device for digitized images) is used to store image information.

A pixel is the smallest element of a digital image. A million pixels is called a megapixel. Pixels react to light and create an electric charge, the magnitude of which is proportional to the amount of light that enters. To form signals about a color image, microscopic elements (pixels) of the photosensitive matrix are covered with microfilters of red, green and blue colors and combined into groups, which makes it possible to obtain an electronic copy of a color image. Electrical signals are read from the pixels, converted in an analog-to-digital converter into binary digital data, and written to flash memory. Image intensifier tube (IOC) is characterized by resolution (in megapixels) and diagonal size (in inches). Resolution is determined by the product of the number of pixels horizontally and vertically. For example, the designation 2048 x 1536 pixels corresponds to a resolution of 3.2 megapixels. The most common matrices with a diagonal of 1/2; 1/3; 1/4 in.

The housing is the supporting part of the camera, in which all components and mechanisms of the camera are mounted and photosensitive material is placed. There is a lens on the front of the case. The lens can be fixed to the body rigidly or be removable. In the latter case, the lens mount can be threaded or bayonet. Behind the lens of a film camera, on the side of the rear panel of the case, there is a frame frame, the gap in which is called the frame window. The frame window defines the dimensions of the image field (frame format) on the photosensitive material.

The lens is a system of optical lenses enclosed in a common frame and designed to form a light image of the subject and project it onto the surface of a photosensitive material. The quality of the resulting image largely depends on the properties of the lens, as well as the photosensitive material. Aperture, focusing mechanisms and changes are introduced into the lens barrel focal length. Aperture is designed to change the size of the light aperture of the lens.

The device and principle of operation of the diaphragm

With the help of the diaphragm, the illumination of the photosensitive material is adjusted and the depth of field of the imaged space is changed. The aperture opening is formed by several crescent-shaped petals (lamellae) arranged symmetrically around the optical axis of the lens. In cameras, manual and automatic iris control can be used.

Manual aperture control is carried out by a ring located on the outer surface of the lens barrel, on which a scale of aperture numbers is applied. A number of diaphragm values are normalized by numbers: 1; 1.4; 2; 2.8; 4; 5.6; 8; eleven; 16; 22. The transition from one aperture value to the next changes the amount of light passing through the lens by half - in proportion to the change in the area of the light hole.

Automatic aperture control is carried out by the exposure meter of the camera, depending on the shooting conditions (brightness of the object being shot, film speed) and shutter speed.

The focusing device of the lens is designed to match the optical image created by the lens with the plane of the photosensitive material at different distances to the subject. Focusing the lens (focusing) is carried out by moving the lens or any part of it along its optical axis. In modern cameras, lens focusing is possible from photographic infinity to a certain minimum distance, called the near focus limit. The near focus limit depends on the amount of maximum extension of the lens.

The cameras can be used manually and automated system focus. In some of the simplest compact cameras lenses do not have a focusing mechanism. These lenses, called fixed-focus lenses, have a large depth of field and are focused at some constant distance. The mechanism for changing the focal length of the lens allows you to change the angle of the lens field of view and the image scale on the photosensitive material by changing the focal length of the lens. The mechanism for changing the focal length is equipped with lenses of expensive cameras of medium and high class.

The shutter is a camera mechanism that automatically transmits light rays to photosensitive material for a specified period of time (exposure) when the shutter button is pressed. A number of numerical values of shutter speeds automatically set by the shutter are normalized by the following numbers (in seconds): 1/4000; 1/2000; 1/1000; 1/500; 1/250; 1/125; 1/60; 1/30; 1/15; 1/8; 1/4; 1/2; 1; 2; 3; 4. There are models of cameras with constant, manual and automatic exposure settings. According to the principle of operation, the shutters used in modern cameras are divided into electronic-mechanical, electronic and electro-optical. The electronic-mechanical shutter consists of light shutters that block the light flux, an electronic time relay that fulfills the set exposure time, and an electromagnetic drive that ensures the movement of the light shutters. Electromechanical shutters include central and slotted shutters. In the central shutters, light shutters in the form of thin metal petals open the light aperture of the lens from the center (from the optical axis) to the edges, and close it in the opposite direction, like a diaphragm.

Scheme of the device and the action of the central shutter

optical lens aperture frame

Central shutters are located, as a rule, between the lenses of the objective or directly behind the lens and are used in compact film and digital cameras with a rigidly built-in non-removable lens. A special group of central shutters are diaphragm shutters, in which the functions of the shutter and diaphragm are combined in one mechanism with the regulation of the size and duration of the opening of the light hole. They are capable of working out shutter speeds up to 1/500 s.
Slot shutters pass the light flux to the photosensitive material through a slot formed by two light shutters in the form of fabric curtains or metal lamellas. When the shutter is fired, the curtains (or two groups of slats) move one after the other, with a certain time interval, along or across the frame window. One of the light shutters opens the frame window, and the other closes it. The shutter speed depends on the width of the slit. Slit shutters are capable of working out faster shutter speeds (1/1000 s and shorter) and are used in cameras with a removable lens.

Diagram of slotted shutter device

The electronic shutter is used in digital cameras. It is an electronic switch that turns on (or off) the image intensifier tube at a certain point in time while reading the recorded electronic information. The electronic shutter is capable of working out shutter speeds of 1/4000 and even 1/8000 s. The electronic shutter operates silently and vibration-free. In some digital cameras, along with an electronic one, an electronic-mechanical or electro-optical shutter is used.

An electro-optical (liquid crystal) shutter is a liquid crystal located between two parallel glass polarized plates, through which light passes to an electron-optical converter (IOC). When voltage is applied through a thin transparent electrically conductive coating to the inner surface of the glass plates, an electric field arises that changes the plane of polarization of the liquid crystal by 90° and, accordingly, ensures its maximum opacity. Thus, by applying voltage, the liquid crystal shutter closes, and when there is no voltage (turned off), it opens. The electronic shutter is simple and reliable because there are no mechanical components.

The viewfinder is used to visually compose the frame. For the correct determination of the frame boundaries, it is necessary that the angular field of view of the viewfinder correspond to the angular field of view of the shooting lens, and the optical axis of the viewfinder coincides with the optical axis of the shooting lens. If the optical axis of the viewfinder does not coincide with the optical axis of the shooting lens, the boundaries of the image observed in the viewfinder do not coincide with the frame boundaries on the photosensitive material (parallax phenomenon). When photographing distant objects, parallax is not noticeable, but increases as the shooting distance decreases.

Modern cameras may have a telescopic, reflex (periscopic) viewfinder or liquid crystal panel. Compact cameras are equipped with a telescopic viewfinder, which is located in the camera body next to the lens. An identification feature of cameras with a telescopic viewfinder is the presence of a viewfinder window on the front panel of the camera body. In reflex viewfinders, the shooting lens is also the viewfinder lens. This viewfinder design provides parallax-free sighting. The optical image of the subject, seen in the eyepiece of the viewfinder and obtained on the photosensitive material, are identical to each other.

Cameras with a reflex viewfinder are called SLR (Single Lens Reflex). The identification feature of a single-lens reflex camera (viewfinder) is the absence of a viewfinder window on the front panel of the camera body and the prismatic shape of the top panel of the body. The exposure meter in modern cameras provides automatic or semi-automatic determination and setting of exposure parameters - shutter speed and aperture value, depending on the film speed and illumination (brightness) of the subject.

The exposure meter consists of a light receiver, an electronic control system, an indicator, and executive bodies, which control the operation of the shutter, the aperture of the lens and coordinate the operation of the shutter and the flash lamp. As a light receiver in most modern cameras silicon photodiodes are used. In compact cameras, the light receiver of the exposure meter is located on the front of the body, next to the lens. IN SLR cameras a high-class light receiver is placed inside the camera body, behind the lens, which allows you to automatically take into account the real light transmission of the lens (the real illumination of the photosensitive material). Cameras with light metering inside the body behind the shooting lens have the international designation TTL or TEE.

The film transport mechanism is used to move the film one frame, accurately place it in front of the lens, and rewind the film into the cassette after exposure. The film transport mechanism is linked to a frame counter that counts exposed or unexposed frames.

The flash is intended for short-term illumination of the subject when photographing in conditions of insufficient natural light, shooting the subject against the light, as well as highlighting the shadow areas of the subject in bright sunlight.

The indicator device is used to indicate the shooting modes and control the operation of the camera. As indicator devices in cameras, liquid crystal displays (LCD - indicators), light-emitting diodes and arrow indicators are used.

It was complete information about the description of modern cameras, without which it is impossible to imagine human life in this era, the era of modernization and the use of new technologies.

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The design of the camera, its application

The object of this term paper is a small-format film camera "Smena 8M".

Every film camera has:

b Lens;

l Shutter (its role can be played by the lens cover);

b Housing: protects photosensitive material from being exposed to extraneous light during shooting. Together with the lens mount or objective board, it can be used for focusing;

b Cassette with photosensitive material (in disposable cameras, this can be the case). Protects photosensitive material from stray light before shooting, after shooting and before processing.

All other elements of the camera do not directly affect the technical quality of the image and may or may not be present in the design. They determine the convenience and efficiency of working with the camera, ensure framing accuracy (viewfinder), help the photographer in determining shooting parameters (exposure meter, automatic focusing and exposure metering) and simplify taking pictures in difficult conditions (flash, image stabilizer, etc.).

"Smena 8m" is a cult symbol of the country of the USSR. The Smena scale 35 mm camera has been produced since 1939 at the Lomo enterprise (Leningrad Optical and Mechanical Association, originally the GOMZ plant), but most of all these cameras were manufactured in postwar period. Many models were produced, but since 1963 the Smena-8 camera, and subsequently the Smena 8M, has received the most widespread distribution. They filmed a lot and willingly, the cameras were known to everyone, and really became popular. Moreover, the Smena 8M camera was even listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the most massive camera in the world. (Annex 3)

Photography in the modern world

Today it is difficult for a person to imagine his life without photography. For most people, photographs are valuable documents, evidence of a lifetime of personal history. A photograph is not just a snapshot in which someone looks great or not very good, but a specific moment, a “clump” of reality, a material embodiment of his state, feelings, desires, emotions, experiences, a piece of the inner world.

Each person is endowed with a unique ability to convey a certain meaning to photography by their presence or emotional story about it. Photographing each other and the world, we are able to feel the joy, inspiration and creative attitude to life. Thanks to photography, we can to some extent create a new reality for ourselves, see and capture the world, a person from different angles, with different emotions, experiences, in different colors, with different possibilities.

Photography is a powerful way of communication, with the help of which, on the one hand, it is a presentation of oneself to a wide audience of people (close people, friends, acquaintances, work colleagues, readers of newspapers and magazines, Internet visitors, etc.), on the other hand, a dialogue with myself.

Photography in the modern world is also a type of activity that is not only associated with the technical achievements of mankind, but is also a part of scientific and artistic culture. There were and are more than serious reasons for this. After all, a photograph, on the one hand, can capture an event without the slightest embellishment, in the form in which it exists or actually happened. This documentary authenticity of photography makes it possible to use it in those areas of life where the requirements for maximum accuracy are the meaning of their existence. On the other hand, modern technical means(For example, Photoshop program) allow you to create photographs that are completely far from reality, and create images that have nothing to do with it.

In the first case, photography becomes very close to scientific, research, investigative activities. In the second case, it approaches the best samples visual arts. Moreover, in terms of the techniques used, such a photograph could compete with the paintings of artists if they had exactly the same originality and irreproducibility as the works of Salvador Dali or Picasso. Nevertheless, real photographers use a camera to create images that can deeply reflect and reveal the psychology of people, the meaning of ongoing events, etc.

Real professional photographer He is both a research scientist and an artist. The photographer's scalpel and paints are the quality of his photographic equipment, other technical, and now also software tools, used photographic materials. As the visual means that the photographer uses, the angle, shooting point, plan, perspective, lighting, linear exposure and many others are used, which allow you to take a picture very High Quality, both from the technical, and from the documentary and artistic side. In addition, chemical-physical and digital ways processing.

The currently existing genres of photography largely repeat the genres of fine art (still life, landscape, nude), but some of them are related only to photography. For example, astrophotography, lomography, advertising photography, etc.

It should be noted that photography has repeatedly changed and continues to change different kinds activities. For example, photography has left and continues to leave a bright mark in jurisprudence. Her ability to impartially record what was happening made it possible to use photographic images as important evidence that objectively interprets the situation.

Camera.

Cameras are divided into analog, using film and digital, where there is no film, and the image is formed on the matrix. But both analog and digital cameras are divided into 2 groups, which differ in design: mirror and non-mirror. Each system has both advantages and disadvantages.
In DSLRs, the photographer looks straight through the lens, i.e. as he sees, so it will be filmed on camera. In non-mirror - a little worse. You see one thing, but the picture will be a little different.
Film cameras can also differ in the type of film. Regular film - 35 mm. But there are also those where the film is 61 mm, wide film.

Principle of operation.

* Conversion of the luminous flux.
o The light flux from the real scene is converted by the shooting lens into a real image; calibrated by intensity (lens aperture) and exposure time (exposure); color balanced with filters.

* Fixing the luminous flux.
o In a film camera, the image is stored on light-sensitive materials (photographic film, photographic plate, etc.).
o In a digital camera, the optical image is recorded in the photosensor in the form of analog signals, which are sampled in the ADC, quantized, restored, followed by digitization, stored in the buffer and external flash memory.

Camera device.

Every camera has:

1) lens
2) shutter (lens cap can play its role)
3) body. Serves for fastening mechanisms of the camera. Protects photosensitive materials from exposure to extraneous light during shooting. Together with the lens mount or objective board, it can be used for focusing.
4) a cassette with photosensitive material or a matrix with related equipment.

A general-purpose camera has a viewfinder and shutter-release button as the main controls for point ant shoot actions during photography. It is these two actions that remain non-automated and leave scope for the creativity of the photographer, no matter what photographic equipment he uses.

First camera.

Long before the discovery of photographic processes, the camera obscura was known, which means "dark room" in Latin. It was first mentioned by Arab scholars of the end of the 10th century. At first it was just a dark box with a small hole in one of the walls. If you turn this hole towards luminous or illuminated objects, then on the opposite wall inside the box you will get a color inverted image of objects that conveys the smallest details. The smaller the hole, the more distinct the outlines of objects, but the lower the brightness of the image. The English physicist J. Rayleigh showed that the sharpest image in a camera obscura is obtained when the radius of the hole is almost equal to the radius of the first Fresnel zone.

For a long time, the Italian physicist Giovanni Battista della Porta, who described in Natural Magic (1560) the device itself and a method for increasing the brightness of the image by replacing the hole with a lens, was mistakenly considered the inventor of the camera obscura for a long time. In fact, the effect given by the camera obscura was rather noticed by the inquisitive human eye in natural conditions. It is possible that at first it was given a religious, sacred content. So, for example, the famous Polish writer Boleslaw Prus, based on the study of a large number of ancient Egyptian documents, in his historical work "Pharaoh" described how the priests in a dark tent showed their master pictures of the battle taking place on the sunlit plain. At the same time, the ruler did not even suspect that everything he saw was not a divine sign, but an ordinary physical phenomenon.

However, large camera obscura were not always easy to handle. In 1665 the first compact camera obscura was designed by Robert Boyle (1627-1691). In 1680, a portable camera obscura was described by Robert Hook. A variant of the device with a mirror located in the upper part of the chamber to reflect the rays emanating from the object was described by Zahn in 1685.

In 1812, the English physicist Wollaston used a meniscus lens with a diaphragm instead of a biconvex one, thus improving the quality at the edge of the image. Using the same principle, he created the so-called "landscape" lens. Subsequently, millions of these lenses were used in box cameras. The invention in 1807 of the lucida camera ("light camera") is also associated with the name of Wollaston. It is a four-sided prism located at the required height from the paper. By placing the eye near the top of the prism so that part of the eye is above the prism, the observer can see the reflected image of the object in front of the prism and appearing to be on the paper. It can be circled with a pencil. Optically, the difference between a camera obscura and a camera lucida is that in the first, the true image of the object is projected onto paper with the help of a lens, and in the second, the imaginary image seems to lie on the paper.

The founders of photography are the inventors L. J. M. Daguerre (1839) and J. N. Niepce (France), W. G. F. Talbot (1840-41, Great Britain). Color photographic images were first obtained by L. Ducos du Auron (1868-69, France).
1835 First pictures L-F. Dagger, who used a copper plate with a light-sensitive silver iodide coating, developed in mercury vapor and fixed in sodium thiosulfate solution.
January 7, 1839 - the generally accepted date of birth of photography - a report by the physicist D.F. Arago of the Paris Academy of Sciences on Dagger's work in the field of physical imprinting of images. In the same year, D. Herschel coined the term "photography" itself, but for the next 20 years it was called "Daggerotype" after the name of the inventor - Louis-Jacques Dagger.
1841 F. Talbot patents a negative-positive callotype printing method and publishes the first photo album in history.
1851 F. Archer invents a colloidal method of photography (that is, the development of photographic plates occurs in a "wet" way - by immersion in a chemical solution).
1861 D.K.Maxwell obtains a three-color stable image of a checkered ribbon in an additive way (colour separation). W. England constructs a curtain-type shutter with a variable aperture - the beginning of a departure from primitive pinhole cameras with exposure control using a lens cap. In the same year, T. Sutton from England patented a single-lens reflex camera.
1878 The famous snapshot of galloping horses by I. Muybridge. Photography is no longer static.
1878-88 American G. Goodwin patents celluloid reel film. KODAK sells the first film camera. The beginning of the era of mass photography.
1891 KODAK launches daylight charging film.
1900 A prototype of a modern "soap box" appears on the US market - a KODAK camera worth one dollar.
1903 The Lumiere brothers from France develop the Autochrome process, the first commercially available color photographic material.
1924-25 The LEIKA-1 camera became the first mass-produced technically perfect camera using a standard 35 mm interchangeable film on spools. It had a focal length shutter with shutter speeds from 1/20 to 1/500 sec., a fixed 50mm f3.5 lens, and mass production accuracy that was phenomenal for that time.

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