World central banks“must continue to support demand and build confidence,” said International Monetary Fund (IMF) Managing Director Kristalina Georgieva.
Stock market support
The IMF believes that the international community should take additional fiscal stimulus measures and coordinate their efforts to prevent the possibility of long-term damage to the global economy due to the spread of the coronavirus.
Georgiev added that "about 20 countries have expressed interest" in obtaining loans in connection with the situation around the outbreak of coronavirus, in the coming days the organization will consider these issues. The IMF, Georgieva stressed, is “ready to mobilize its $1 trillion in lending capacity to provide assistance” to its 189 member countries.
The US Federal Reserve cut interest rates to almost zero, resumed buying bonds, and used other measures from its anti-crisis arsenal, connecting the world's leading central banks to support the global economy falling under the onslaught of the coronavirus. The Fed will provide $1.5 trillion to the short-term repo market, where banks take short loans secured by Treasuries.
The Fed announced the re-launch of the program of purchases of short-term corporate debt to improve the situation in credit markets, which were under pressure from the outbreak of the coronavirus, which threatens American economy recession. Under the Commercial Paper Funding Facility (CPFF), first used in 2008, the Fed will buy short-term corporate debt directly from issuing companies. The commercial paper market is one of the key sources of short-term financing for a number of companies.
Actively stimulates the national securities market and the Japanese regulator. On March 16, the Bank of Japan decided to double the buyback of exchange-traded funds (ETFs) and real estate investment trusts (J-REITs). In March, the central bank has so far bought back just over 600 billion yen ($5.62 billion) in ETF shares, about 80% of which are tracked by the Topix index. On Monday, Japan's central bank doubled its annual buyback target to 12 trillion yen ($112 billion), also launching a lending program in an attempt to match the level of interest rate cuts the Fed implemented over the weekend.
Japanese regulator has been buying up shares since 2010 domestic companies and three years ago he owned 75% of the country's exchange-traded funds. Today, the Bank of Japan is among the ten largest shareholders of half of all Japanese companies. The uniqueness of the Central Bank of Japan is that it is a pioneer in the implementation of ultra-loose monetary policy (SMP), when the amount of money created by the Central Bank grows rapidly, while money becomes cheap, sometimes free.
Unconventional monetary policy measures are not limited to these examples. Experts talk about additional measures to provide domestic liquidity. These are direct money market instruments in the form of reserve requirements and liquidity ratios; systemic agreements for the allocation of liquidity - unlimited provision of national money, expansion of the list of counterparties, mitigation of collateral requirements; provision of liquidity by securities such as the exchange of illiquid securities for liquid ones. Non-traditional monetary policy measures include both credit easing through the purchase of certain private securities or direct loans to investors in certain securities, and quantitative easing through outright purchases of unsterilized government securities and foreign exchange.
Kazakh support measures
“The increase in the base rate to 12% on March 10, 2020 had a preventive effect on the spread of panic in the markets and made timely adjustments to the strategies of market agents, which made it possible to limit emerging inflationary risks and protect the value of tenge assets,” the press release of the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan says. – At the same time, the expansion of the interest rate corridor to 1.5 percentage points is intended to limit the possibility of speculative pressure on the exchange rate by market participants, increasing the cost of tenge borrowing for banks in the National Bank to 13.5%. Money market rates approached the upper limit of the updated interest rate corridor and reached 13.48%.
The regulator said that on a daily basis it conducts operations to provide liquidity to banks without restrictions in volumes. At the same time, the National Bank has necessary tools to further stabilize the situation in the domestic financial market. In the event of a deterioration in the situation in the global economy, additional measures are not excluded to maintain price stability, the situation in the foreign exchange market and the financial market of the country.
Meanwhile, the situation in the money market of Kazakhstan since the beginning of 2020 remains difficult. Overnight REPO rates (concluded for one day) on state securities(GS) at the Kazakhstan Stock Exchange (KASE) are kept at the level of 13.5% per annum. Market participants believe that in a situation of imbalance, the regulator could provide additional liquidity to stabilize the situation. In a conversation with Kursiv, several market players agreed that "the system is not balanced, and second-tier banks cannot ensure the normal functioning of the repo market, so again the intervention of the regulator is required."
When asked by Kursiv what non-traditional monetary policy measures would help the Kazakh stock market, market players offered several options for broader incentives for the Kazakh regulator. For example, according to experts, REPO transactions for shares of national companies or the redemption of bonds of national companies could become incentives. This "won't drive inflation and has the logic of a buyout." Members stock market believe that such measures “will not allow a repeat of the tenge famine of 2014-2016, will not allow the domestic capital market to close and will free up liquidity and squeeze money into the corporate sector.”
MUNICIPAL BUDGET GENERAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
"SEVERAGE SCHOOL №18 p.TEPLOOZERSK"
Routing lesson on the topic "The largest producers of agricultural products"
Item: geography (profile level)
Educational visual complex: V.N. Kholina “Geography. profile level. 11 cells
Educational and methodological support :
Personal computer (1 pc.), Windows XP operating environment, Microsoft Office Power Point, media projector, screen.
political map world, agriculture of the world.
V.P. Maksakovskiy. Economic and social geography of the world. Grade 10. M .: "Enlightenment" - 2006
Lesson type: combined
media product :
Operating environment - Windows XP; Microsoft Office Power Point, CD "Great Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius", CD "Geography of the World Grade 10", Internet resources.
Type of media product - Visual presentations of intermediary firms, Microsoft Office PowerPoint.
The expediency of using a media product is to increase the efficiency of assimilation of the material; development of design and research competence of students; intensification of the educational process.
Tasks:
Educational - the formation and consolidation of a system of knowledge, skills on the topic "Geography of agriculture in the world"
Developing - development of design, research and creativity students.
Educational - the formation of communication skills, the ability to work in a team, increasing motivation to study the subject.
Lesson Implementation Time : 45 minutes
Setting goals and objectives for the lesson. Motivation learning activities students.Knowledge update.
Teacher. Modern agrogeography is represented by a wide variety of types of agriculture, formed as a result of the impact of natural and climatic. social and economic factors. Agriculture originated about 10 thousand years ago, when man moved from gathering to growing plants and breeding animals.
Speech by a student with the message "Hypotheses of the origin of agriculture"
Complete task #1. Remember:
what natural conditions affect the agricultural specialization of the territory;
name the branches of specialization of crop production.
Teacher. The expedition of the All-Union Institute of Plant Industry in 1919-39, led by the outstanding biologist and geographer Academician Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov, to Africa, Asia and Latin America proved that most cultivated plants originated from seven main areas.
N.I. Vavilov singled out 8 main areas.
Completion of task number 2. The teacher shows on the map.
East Asian: millet, soy, hemp;
South Asian: tea, lemon, orange, cucumber, sugar cane;
Central Asian: melon, peas, barley;
Western Asian: soft wheat, rye, oats;
Mediterranean: durum wheat, cabbage, carrots, beets, onions, turnips;
Ethiopian: coffee, sorghum, wheat;
Central American: sunflower, pepper, beans, tobacco, pumpkin, cocoa;
South American: potatoes, tomatoes, cotton, corn.
Teacher. Initially, agriculture in these areas developed in isolation. The great geographical discoveries and the development of colonies in the New World led to intercontinental "migrations" of cultivated plants.
In your opinion, what are the main questions we will cover in the lesson, and what will be the topic of the lesson?
Teacher. Write the topic of the lesson in a notebook"The largest producers of agricultural products"
Students listen and take notes as needed.
Students complete the charts
Natural conditions affecting the agricultural specialization of the territory
and "Industries of specialization of crop production"
Performed locally.
Checking progress on the board.
Students at the same time as showing the teacher fill out the table ( Handout)
"Cultural Plant Centers"
Student responses:
1. How has the geography of agricultural production changed from the 19th century to our time?
2. Which countries are the largest producers of the most important agricultural crops at present?
Primary assimilation of new knowledge.
Teacher. Simple circuit analysis"Industries of specialization of crop production"allows you to see that the most important area is field farming, it is associated with the production of the main agricultural crops - cereals. 85% of all cereals grown come from wheat, rice and corn.
Cereal crops are the basis of world agriculture
economy.
The teacher offers to listen to the speeches and fill in the table. (task 3)
The performances of the students show the leading countries and the main areas of wheat growth, marking with icons.
1 student. Wheat - wheat beltUSA , steppe provincesCanada , Argentine pampa,Australia , steppe partRussia and Kazakhstan . Canada and Australia export 80% of the annual wheat harvestthreads.
On a note:
VApril - July, wheat is harvested in the southern regions of the United States, in the Mediterranean, China, India;
in July - August - in other regions of the USA, in most of Europeropes;
in September - in Canada, Northern Europe;
in December - March - in Argentina, Australia, New Zealand.
Corn - the largest producer areUSA ( taty Iowa, Illinois), here fertile soils, warm and humid climate, which contributed to the formation of the "golden" corn belt. This is 1/3 of the world's corn production. The United States has a dominant position in the world corn market, the second largest exporter isArgentina. In the production of corn, China andBrazil, but here this crop primarily provides for the needs of domestic animal husbandry, is fodder.
2 student. Among other grains, the following stand out: rye - forest zone, podzolized soils (Russia, Belarus); buckwheat - Russia, Ukraine, China; barley is unpretentious, grows everywhere, is a fodder crop. Sorghum is characterized by heat-loving, high drought tolerance. It easily adapts to various soils, therefore it grows in tropical and subequatorial zones.
Rice - a staple food that replaces bread, also for almost half of humanitycultivated under conditions high temperatures and excess moisture. First of all, it is East and Southeast Asia.The area is 2 times less than wheat, but the yields are the same (because they are harvested 2 times a year).
On the basis of rice growing in this region, the most densely populated areas of the rural population have developed. Other regions includeBrazil, Egypt, USA.
Teacher.As a result, we can single out the main producers of grain:China, USA, India, Russia, Brazil, France, Canada. Pay attention to Australia and Argentina - the grain harvest in these countries is not so large, compared to those already mentioned, they are the largest exporters of wheat along with the USA and Canada, while China, India, Brazil, large producers, import grain.
Students look at the diagram on the slide and analyze it.
Task 3. Students listen and complete the table.
Creative application and acquisition of knowledge in a new situation
Teacher. I propose to continue the lesson with the introduction of intermediary firms for the purchase of agricultural products for Russia.(Assignments to prepare a project of intermediary firms you received in the last lesson. I remind you that the project of creating a company should determine the area of \u200b\u200byour activity, the feasibility of creating your company, the location of representative offices in countries. In which countries will you place them? What cities do you recommend for locating offices? Why?
1. Performances of groups.
2. Independent work.
Teacher. You have two worksheets on your desks. On them you, independently distributing responsibilities, with the help oftextbook page:
1. mark on the contour map the distribution areas the following food and non-food crops different color or different type of shading and record the leading countries in production in a table.
Group 1 - narcotic and tuberous;
group 2 - oilseeds;
group 3 - sugar and tonic;
4 group -fibrous crops;
2. on the worksheet2 write answers toquestions on given cultures.
3. Select a person from the group who will present the results of the work.
4. In order to find out more than what is offered in the questions on "your" culture, you will prepare 1-2 questions each for other groups.
Creative presentations.
Groups take turns presenting their company using a computer. Answer questions posed by the class. Each group has 4 minutes for presentation and questions.
During the presentation, students continue to fill out the systematizing table:table"The largest producers of the most important agricultural crops"
In placesstudents continue to fill in the systematizing table: "table"The largest producers of the most important agricultural crops" and fill in the contour map.
Homework Information
The teacher announces homework with the preparation of additional messages (optional).
Paragraph 2 of Article 120-124, projects of firms for the production of livestock products
Lesson reflection
The teacher offers to speak briefly, or write in the margins your feelings from the lesson.
At the end of the lesson, a reflection and self-assessment takes place in the class. Students answer the questions of the self-control and reflection sheet and put a self-assessment.
Applications.
Table "Centers of origin of cultivated plants"
potatoes, tomatoes, cotton, corn.Geography of world agriculture
Food crops.
Oilseeds occupy the 2nd place in the diet of the populationof our planet after wheat. They require high costs. Their share is large in the diet of the population of Asia, Africa and Latin America.
By collection:
soybeans, the 1st place in the world is occupied by the USA (more than 1/2 of the world collection);
peanut - 1st place India;
olives - 1st place Italiya.
– sunflower
The most commontuber culture - potatoes. The homeland of the potato is South America, the highlands of Peru (but now it is the mainnom culture of the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere). First place inThe world's largest potato harvesters are occupied by China, Russia, the USA, and Poland.
sugar crops. More than 120 million tons of sugar are produced annually in the world: 2/3 - sugar cane, 1/3 - sugar beet. The main feature of growing sugar cane and sugar beet islaboriousness. Sugarcane is native to Bangladesh. Cuba has 150 sugar factories producing 4-5 million tons of sugar per year (from sugar cane).
Sugar crops:
A)sugar cane grown in his "second home" - in Amarica, in areas with a tropical and subtropical climate;
b)sugar beet - culture of the temperate zone. Its main producers are Russia, Ukraine, countries Foreign Europe and North America.
Tonic cultures - tea, coffee, cocoa. They are cultivated in the tropics (tea - in the subtropics) and have limited habitats.:
A)The birthplace of tea is China. And now 4/5 of the world's tea harvest comes from countries
Asia - especially India, China and Sri Lanka;
b)homeland of coffee - Africa. Nowadays2/3 of its collection is given by the countries of Latin America, especially Brazil and Colombia. About 50 countries export coffee. By cost in international trade among prodocoffee is second only to wheat in free commodities.
V)the birthplace of cocoa is America, but now its main producers
located on the Guinean coast of Africa.
As the well-being of people grows, an ever greater role in their nutritionplayvegetables and fruits. First place in terms of production of vegetables andmelons and gourds is occupied by China, for the collection of cabbage - the CIS, tomatoes - the USA, onions - China. The first place in the world in grape harvest - Italy, bananas - Brazil, oranges and lemons - USA, tangerines - Japan.
non-food crops.
Known from fibrous crops
A)cotton - world production of cotton fiber is 20 million tons; Asian countries take the first place in cotton planting and cotton harvesting, the American countries take the second place, and the African countries take the third place. Other fibrous crops;
b)linen - crops are limited, 3/4 of the world production of flax falls on Russia and Belarus
c) rubber - 85% comes from Southeast Asia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand;
b)sisal - the areas of distribution of culture are limited;
V)jute - Bangladesh; 85% is provided by the countries of Southeast Asia, especially Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia;
d) tobacco.
Questions 1
1. What plants are legumes?
2. To what environmental issues leads to unsustainable agricultural land use in Africa?
3. What is the "green revolution"?
4. Which of the following countries has the highest share of irrigated land in the total cultivated area? Ukraine; Pakistan; USA.
5. Which country has the largest number of sheep?
6. Which countries are leading in cotton production?
7. "Coffee is the main export product of Uganda, Burundi, Lesotho." One of the countries in this phrase is named erroneously. Which?
8. Tea does not grow in England, but there is a concept of "English tea" in the world. Why?
9. The ratio of the number of freshwater and marine fish caught in the world: 1:10; 1:1; 10:1.
10. Name the country - the world's largest producer of sugar cane.
Answers 1
1. Soybeans, beans, peas, beans, chickpeas, lentils, vetch.
2. Desertification due to overgrazing, depletion of soils with slash-and-burn agriculture, diversion of river waters in arid areas for irrigation, soil erosion in areas with rugged relief, deforestation in the zone of distribution of equatorial forests.
3. "Green Revolution" - the transformation of agriculture based on the achievements of modern biological and agronomic science (first of all, the breeding of new high-yielding varieties of grain crops), chemicalization, melioration, and the introduction of new technical achievements.
4. In Pakistan.
5. In Australia.
6. China, USA, India.
7. Lesotho.
8. The British Empire included India, where tea has been cultivated for a long time. The British brought tea to the metropolis and guessed to dilute it with milk. This is English tea.
9. 1:10.
10. Brazil.
Questions 2
2. What plants are cereals?
3. What environmental problems are caused by unsustainable agricultural land use in Europe?
4. What is an agricultural firm?
5. Which of the following countries has the highest share of vineyards in total area cultivated land? France; Ukraine; Germany.
6. Which country has the largest number of pigs?
7. Which countries are leading in potato production?
8. "Banana is the main export product of Ecuador, Costa Rica, Cuba." One of the countries in this phrase is named erroneously. Which?
9. Coffee does not grow in Turkey, but the concept of "Turkish coffee" exists in the world. Why?
10. The ratio of the number of freshwater and marine fish caught in the world: 1:10; 1:1; 10:1.
11. Name the country - the world's largest producer of sugar beet
Answers 2
1. Wheat, rye, rice, corn, millet, barley.
2. Soil erosion in areas with rugged relief, pollution of soils, as well as rivers and canals with pesticides and organic fertilizers, soil salinization.
3. Agrofirm - a large agricultural enterprise, which includes the production of agricultural products, their processing, storage, marketing, selection of seeds based on rational management and achievements in agricultural technology.
4. In France.
5. In China.
6. China, Russia, India, USA, Poland.
7. Cuba.
8. The structure of the Ottoman Empire (the core of which was Turkey) included Arabia. It was from here that coffee spread throughout the empire, and from there it came to Europe. The method adopted in the East, Europeans call coffee brewing "Turkish coffee".
9. 10:1.
10. France.
10 countries that, like all others, started with agriculture, but continue to succeed in it until now
While the most space-developed countries continue to push the boundaries of our existence, giant exporters create the basis for food and strengthen the power of all mankind, our own "fuel" - food. Also known as "mastering nature," agriculture has long been more than just ways to grow animals, plants, and fungi and other useful products. Modern technologies changed the face of agriculture and all related industries, it moved into a stage of development close to the plot of a sci-fi movie, sometimes quite frightening.
After all, not so long ago it was impossible to imagine that you go to the supermarket and buy yourself a few different items for lunch for cooking unusual dishes. In fact, before the industrial revolution took place in the world, most of the representatives of mankind were employed in agricultural work, since this was the main way of survival. Imagine if you had to go to China to eat Chinese food, since nothing like the ingredients of this cuisine is otherwise available! Agriculture took a huge and difficult path 11 thousand years long in order to isolate and cultivate plants and animals taken from wildlife. Through many generations of artificial selection, the nature of domesticated plants has changed a lot, and only comparing them with wild "ancestors" allows scientists to speculate about the difficulty of the road traveled.
After the advent of cultivation methods such as crop rotation, irrigation and numerous other technologies that keep your salad so fresh and crisp, including natural fertilizers, have emerged and quietly become a natural and autonomous technology of our time. Last century brought a particularly strong shift in the field, including such important advances as the use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, breeding and GMOs. All these high-tech transformations have played a role in turning our world into a much more hospitable place, although, unfortunately, not for everyone yet. Let's take a look at the 10 most developed countries in the field of agriculture:
10. Japan: total agricultural income $51 billion
Our list starts with Japan, a country with a large population, which also leads in many other industries. As we all know, Japan is one of the largest seafood producers in the world. The Japanese economy is heavily focused on agriculture, and for good reason.
9. Argentina: $59 billion in total agricultural income
Argentina's main agricultural exports are wheat, soybeans and corn. Despite the fact that the country is in 9th place, the population of the country is gradually moving away from agriculture as such.
8. Türkiye: $62 billion in total agricultural income
The agricultural sector in Turkey is widespread and developed. The country leads in the most diverse products, such as: figs, tobacco, lemon, lentils, pistachios, hazelnuts and much more.
7. Pakistan: total agricultural income $63 billion
Pakistan takes an honorable 7th place, which is not surprising, because almost half of the country's population is employed in agriculture. The agricultural capital of Pakistan, Punjab, is the most important center for growing wheat and cotton.
6. Nigeria: $106 billion in total agricultural income
Nigeria ranked 6th among the most developed countries in agriculture, with its impressive export volumes of fruits, beans and nuts, including natural rubber.
5. Brazil: $110 billion in total agricultural income
Brazil is widely recognized as a leader in the production of products such as sugar cane, coffee, soybeans and chicken. They and other countries South America continue to develop the agricultural sector.
4. Indonesia: $127 billion in total agricultural income
Fourth place goes to Indonesia, where almost half of the population works tirelessly in agriculture. The country which is the largest exporter of natural rubber, coffee, spices, cocoa and many other agricultural products.
3. United States: total agricultural income: $290 billion
The country is ranked 3rd for its impressive record as the world's largest corn producer. The remaining major exports of the country are different kinds meat, milk and other livestock products.
2. India: total agricultural income $4134 billion
Agricultural workers make up half of the country's population, although their number is slowly but surely declining. "Silver Prize" is engaged in exports, mainly to developing countries, but also to some developed ones.
1. China: total agricultural income: $1 trillion $88 billion
China, which leads the top 10 countries with the most developed agriculture, has come close to producing as much agricultural products as the rest of the rankings combined. China is by far the most major exporter agricultural products in the world.
10 countries that, like all others, started with agriculture, but continue to succeed in it until now
While the most space-developed countries continue to push the boundaries of our existence, giant exporters create the basis for food and strengthen the power of all mankind, our own "fuel" - food. Also known as "mastering nature," agriculture has long been more than just ways to grow animals, plants, and fungi and other useful products. Modern technology has changed the face of agriculture and all related industries, it has moved into a stage of development close to the plot of a sci-fi movie, sometimes quite scary.
After all, not so long ago it was impossible to imagine that you go to the supermarket and buy yourself a few different items for lunch for cooking unusual dishes. In fact, before the industrial revolution took place in the world, most of the representatives of mankind were employed in agricultural work, since this was the main way of survival. Imagine if you had to go to China to eat Chinese food, since nothing like the ingredients of this cuisine is otherwise available! Agriculture has taken a long and difficult journey of 11,000 years to isolate and cultivate plants and animals taken from the wild. Through many generations of artificial selection, the nature of domesticated plants has changed a lot, and only comparing them with wild "ancestors" allows scientists to speculate about the difficulty of the road traveled.
After the advent of cultivation methods such as crop rotation, irrigation and numerous other technologies that keep your salad so fresh and crisp, including natural fertilizers, have emerged and quietly become a natural and autonomous technology of our time. The last century has brought a particularly strong shift in this area, including such important advances as the use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, breeding and GMOs. All these high-tech transformations have played a role in turning our world into a much more hospitable place, although, unfortunately, not for everyone yet. Let's take a look at the 10 most developed countries in the field of agriculture:
10.Japan: total income from agriculture $51 billion
Our list starts with Japan, a country with a large population, which also leads in many other industries. As we all know Japan is one of the largest seafood producers in the world. The Japanese economy is heavily focused on agriculture, and for good reason.
9. Argentina: total income from agriculture $59 billion
Argentina's main agricultural exports are wheat, soybeans and corn. Despite the fact that the country is in 9th place, the population of the country is gradually moving away from agriculture as such.
8. Türkiye: total income from agriculture $62 billion
The agricultural sector in Turkey is widespread and developed. The country leads in the most diverse products, such as: figs, tobacco, lemon, lentils, pistachios, hazelnuts and much more.
7. Pakistan: total income from agriculture $63 billion
Pakistan takes an honorable 7th place, which is not surprising, because almost half of the country's population is employed in agriculture. The agricultural capital of Pakistan, Punjab, is the most important center for growing wheat and cotton.
6. Nigeria: total income from agriculture $106 billion
Nigeria ranked 6th among the most developed countries in agriculture, with its impressive export volumes of fruits, beans and nuts, including natural rubber.
5. Brazil: total income from agriculture $110 billion
Brazil is widely recognized as a leader in the production of products such as sugar cane, coffee, soybeans and chicken. They and other countries in South America continue to develop the agricultural sector.
4. Indonesia: total income from agriculture is $127 billion.
Fourth place goes to Indonesia, where almost half of the population works tirelessly in agriculture. The country which is the largest exporter of natural rubber, coffee, spices, cocoa and many other agricultural products.
3. USA: total agricultural income: $290 billion
The country is ranked 3rd for its impressive record as the world's largest corn producer. The remaining major export items of the country are various types of meat, milk and other livestock products.
2. India: total income from agriculture $4134 billion
Agricultural workers make up half of the country's population, although their number is slowly but surely declining. "Silver Prize" is engaged in exports, mainly to developing countries, but also to some developed ones.
1. China: total income from agriculture: 1 trillion. $88 billion
China, which leads the top 10 countries with the most developed agriculture, has come close to producing as much agricultural products as the rest of the rankings combined. China is by far the largest exporter of agricultural products in the world.
According to statistics from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the leaders in wheat production are the countries of East Asia.
10. Ukraine (24 million tons)
Wheat is grown throughout Ukraine, but the most big income bring the central and southern parts of the country. Sowing is carried out in autumn, and the crop is harvested between July and August. Once called the "breadbasket of Europe", Ukraine predominantly produces hard red winter wheat used in bread baking. The increase in grain production between 2013 and 2014 resulted in its eq in Ukraine growing by 41% in 2014.
9. Australia (25 million tons)
Wheat is one of the most popular crops grown in Australia during the winter. Western Australia, Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland are the states that produce the most grain on the continent. Sowing takes place in autumn, and harvesting takes place in spring or winter, depending on weather conditions. Western Australia is the largest grain exporter, especially to Asia and the Middle East.
Sales of wheat grown in this state alone bring in about $2 billion annually. Over the past 30 years, grain production in Western Australia has increased by 1% annually. Wheat for the domestic market is grown on the east coast.
8. Pakistan (26 million tons)
Wheat is the most popular cereal in Pakistan and a staple in the diet of the people. From 2013 to 2014, the area used for wheat planting increased by 4.4%. Wheat is grown in all parts of Pakistan, with the largest crops being harvested in the provinces of Punjab and Sindh.
deposits rocks, carried by the Indus River, make the soil in these regions fertile, which facilitates the cultivation of various crops, including wheat.
7. Germany (28 million tons)
Germany is one of the largest grain producers in the European Union. In 2013, it exported over 9 million tons of grain. According to expert estimates, every year in Germany 7.2 million tons of wheat are ground into flour. In winter, wheat is grown throughout Germany, but most actively in the central part.
Bavaria (19% of total production Germany) and Lower Saxony (17%) bring the largest amount of grain. With the predominance of normal climatic conditions, sowing is carried out in October, and harvesting - in August.
6. Canada (29 million tons)
The wheat crop is the most important for Canada; several types of it are grown here: winter, dark spring and durum wheat. Wheat grains are used for various purposes, such as making flour for bakery products and as feed for livestock.
Saskatchewan has the largest harvest of durum (76%) and dark spring wheat (55%), followed by Alberta (26% of dark spring and 18% of durum wheat of the total production in the country). Meanwhile, Ontario grows 82% of Canada's winter wheat crop.
5. France (39 million tons)
France is the largest producer of grain in Europe, its crops are harvested throughout the state. The center of France leads in the production of wheat (16% of the total crop), followed by Picardy (10%). Winter wheat is the most important grain crop grown in the country, it is sown in autumn and harvested in August.
4. USA (55 million tons)
Wheat is the main cereal plant in the United States and is grown throughout the country. Almost 55 million tons of wheat is produced in the US, which is the fourth largest amount of grain in the world. In recent years, the States have been swapping places in the rankings with Russia, which is now in 3rd place.
According to the classification of the US Department of Agriculture, there are 8 types of wheat that are grown in the country. The most important are durum wheat (used to make pasta), hard red winter wheat, hard red spring wheat, soft white and hard white.
70-80% of the wheat produced in the US belongs to the category of winter wheat (often used in bread baking due to its high gluten content). North Dakota, Kansas, and Montana were the top wheat producers in the country in 2014, according to the United States Department of Agriculture. 50% of the harvest goes to eq, which generates an annual income of $9 million.
3. Russia (60 million tons)
Russia is the third largest producer of wheat in the world. From 2006 to 2011, it was in the top 5 countries that export the largest amount of grain. Winter wheat is the most important variety grown in the country. The crop is mainly grown in the western part of the country near Moscow. Sowing takes place between August and the first week of October, and the crop is harvested between July and August of the following year.
2. India (95 million tons)
Wheat is the second most important cereal crop grown in India after rice. Hundreds of millions of Indians eat it every day. India accounts for about 8.7% of the world's production, and 13% of all Indian cultivated land is used to grow wheat. The implementation of the Green Revolution in India led to a strong increase in grain production and a doubling of the harvest, which occurred between 1960 and 1970. Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh are the main wheat producing states in the country.
1. China (126 million tons)
As the largest producer of wheat, China plays an important role in the world grain market. About 126 million tons of wheat is produced in the country annually on an area of 24 million hectares, which is equal to the area of Algeria. Wheat is one of the main products for the Chinese population, 40% of the cereals consumed are wheat. It is grown in the Huanghe and Huaihe river valleys along with corn and in the Yangtze River valley along with rice.
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