Many people are of the opinion that life in the village and farming are irrelevant. But think about it - every day on store shelves we see the products of small private farms. It is sometimes easier to earn money in the countryside than in the city. Combining different types of agricultural production, you can get by with relatively low costs.

How to become a farmer? This business is not limited to simply raising pigs, chickens and cows and growing vegetables. It's a whole system. It implies the existence of a business plan for a farm with official registration of activities. In addition - a well-thought-out system of regulation of costs and revenues.

Farming from scratch: how to start?

As you know, business always starts with an idea - regardless of the scale. Anyone who decides to open their own farm must, first of all, decide on a suitable direction. On the farmstead, you can engage in both crop production and animal husbandry. The main thing is to think over everything correctly and make a successful combination.

That is why a thorough study of the characteristics of the production of various crops and the rearing of animals will be required. Before you become a farmer, you should learn about the incompatibility of individual areas. In particular, the cultivation of certain fruit crops is strictly contraindicated near the places where cattle are kept.

Having decided where to start farming, you will need to think about material and financial resources required by future business. Everything should be foreseen - from initial financial investments to the arrangement of premises for keeping animals, organizing the territory of the farm, purchasing feed and fertilizers. In addition, the future economy will require mandatory registration. Most often, such activities are carried out in the form of IP.

Farming: activities

If you decide to open a livestock farm, the farm will provide you with meat, milk, eggs and skin. In addition, no one will forbid to combine the cultivation of animals, crop production, fish breeding or beekeeping. The main thing is to remember that all animals will require proper quality care and adherence to sanitary standards.

Let's take a closer look at exactly which directions can take place for individual entrepreneur in peasant farming.

We breed piglets

Pork is always in demand in the market and costs a lot. This business is quite profitable, because if you take this direction seriously, you can get up to 30 piglets from one sow during the year with good care. Each adult pig is about 200 kilos of meat and fat.

For breeding, piglets are usually purchased one month old. They are less prone to disease, adapt well to new conditions. The room for them (pigsty) should be kept clean, insulated in the winter and be sure to provide vents. Crowding is contraindicated for animals. They are fed according to the regime, with pauses not exceeding eight hours.

The food is greens (in large quantities), products of meat and dairy origin and special compound feed for pigs. One piglet can be purchased for an amount of 3,500 to 5,000 rubles. It depends on its breed, age and livestock area. You can breed pigs by starting with the purchase of a pair of healthy piglets.

Goats, cows, horses and sheep

In summer, they are all able to eat grass. They need soft hay for the winter. good quality. For top dressing, horses are given oats, and cows are given compound feed.

The yield of a good dairy cow is up to 30 liters of milk daily. From one goat you can get from 5 to 8 liters, and the cost of goat's milk is higher, since it belongs to delicacies.

Horses are most often used as draft power. Sheep are bred for their meat, which is also considered a delicacy. As for sheep, their wool has long been considered the most valuable material. Breeding, both goats and sheep, is one of the most popular and profitable types of business in the field. Agriculture.

rabbits

Both fur and meat are obtained from them. At the same time, the animals are quite unpretentious in terms of keeping and breeding. A rabbit farm is a system of enclosures, cages, pits, or sheds. The choice of premises for maintenance is a private matter of the farmer. However, certain conditions must be met:

• Keep animals away from direct sunlight and drafts.
• Provide adequate nutrition.
• Do not forget about timely vaccination.
• Maintain cleanliness in the cages and provide the animals with high-quality drinking water on time.
• Remember the optimal temperature regime.

The diet for rabbits combines a large amount of fresh fruits and vegetables according to the season with concentrated dry food. For top dressing, hay and grass are quite suitable for them.

Fish breeding

Today this business is one of the most profitable. But doing it requires certain knowledge, as well as considerable investments. Agricultural enterprises such as fish farms are most often arranged on the basis of artificial ponds, which can be different type. It depends on the volume of production and preferred species. Due to the need for a large area for the construction of a pond, the cost of this business may be overwhelming for a novice farmer.

Who can be most often found in an artificial pond? Carp, crucian carp, pike perch, silver carp, carp and tench. Although pond fish are able to provide themselves with food, they still cannot do without top dressing. As it is taken bran, cake, feed.

Since about May, the fish have been fed on "feeding tables", which are heavy square-shaped wooden trays measuring approximately 50 x 50 cm. Each hectare of the pond will require at least four of these "feeding tables" for fish.

Beekeeping

With the right approach, the profit from the apiary can be quite good. In addition, bees pollinate fruit plants. How are such agricultural enterprises organized? The place for the apiary is selected according to the principle of desertedness and remoteness from roads, close to the areas where honey plants are grown.

Then it is necessary to install hives on 12-24 frames, as well as an omshanik (winter house). Beekeepers can buy hives or make their own. To do this, the beekeeper will need a workbench, hand or power tools. Bees can be purchased both in bee packages and full-fledged families.

poultry breeding

It can be the most common - in the form of chickens, geese, turkeys and ducks. Or exotic enough for our area. It's about about breeding partridges, pheasants, guinea fowls, peacocks and even ostriches. The choice of breeds depends on the market in which the farmer wants to establish himself.

Where to start farming if you decide to go into poultry farming? As the most unpretentious option, the usual cultivation of chickens is suitable. These birds are inexpensive and unpretentious. From them you can get environmentally friendly eggs and high-quality chicken meat. The demand for ducks, geese and turkeys is somewhat less, but their cost is many times higher.

If you are thinking about breeding guinea fowl, pheasants and peacocks, then you should know that this is quite an expensive occupation, and most likely private buyers or restaurants will have to sell them.

For cultivation poultry you will need to acquire an incubator, special aviaries insulated for the winter, feeders, trays, as well as a certain space for walking. Most often, farmers buy couples for divorce, or a certain amount of young offspring, which are subsequently grown. Another option is to purchase eggs and put them in an incubator. Each method has its own merits and demerits.

To feed young chicks, you will need cereals, boiled eggs, greens, cottage cheese, insects, as well as special feed mixtures. The diet of adults is almost the same. Their menu is dominated by grain - wheat, barley, oats. Vitamins and minerals should be added to the feed mixture.

Growing plants

Crop production has always been and remains one of the most important areas rural business. Indeed, in the diet of any person, vegetables, fruits and berries are an indispensable component. In addition, in farm conditions it is quite possible to plant flowers. The flower business has a high profitability (from 70% to 300%).

The approximate amount of initial investment is from half a million rubles. On them you can rent land, buy cuttings, incandescent lamps for greenhouses, which must maintain a constant microclimate and well-fertilized soil.

Returning to the cultivation of greens and vegetables, it is worth noting that their choice for farming is very diverse. Unpretentious species, like potatoes, beets, carrots, radishes, etc., do not need any special conditions. If you plan to start growing greens, cucumbers, eggplants, peppers, tomatoes and zucchini, you cannot do without greenhouses during the cold season.

Building them along with renting land will require quite a serious investment. Seed costs are relatively small. In addition, in subsequent years you will provide them yourself. The payback of vegetable growing is quite fast. Already this year you can get the first serious harvest. If you can’t decide where to start farming, vegetable growing can become the best option.

We grow mushrooms, berries and fruits

For mushroom farming, the most unpretentious (albeit expensive) are truffles. And the most common are champignons and oyster mushrooms. Mushrooms are bred in a special room, where an even microclimate is maintained, in bags filled with mycelium and straw. You will spend from one and a half to two thousand rubles on seedlings for truffles. Much cheaper you can buy the basis for breeding champignons and oyster mushrooms.

If you are going to do strawberries, you can’t do without greenhouses. A number of varieties are also grown outdoors. Such a business would require start-up capital about 100,000 rubles. Add to them another quarter of that for monthly expenses.

Raspberries are grown in a different way. For her, seedlings are purchased and the site is being prepared. They are engaged in it in the summer season, for the winter the bushes are added dropwise in order to protect against frost.

Cherries, sea buckthorn or apples are grown on specially designated garden plots. You will need to purchase seedlings, a special film for shelter for the winter. Harvest from young trees you will wait at best for the next year. Business on fruits and berries is profitable at the level of about 60-100%.

How to register your activity

How to start a farm in legal terms? Every business needs to be registered, and agricultural business is no exception. The stages of the procedure consist in paying the state duty, notarizing the relevant application, preparing and submitting a package of documents to the IFTS. Next, you should wait for the issuance of ready-made documents, go through the registration procedure in the necessary funds and receive a letter from Rosstat, which will contain statistics codes. Of course, you should also take care of opening a bank account.

We rent land

You can take care of the lease of a land plot even before the legal registration procedure. The lease application is submitted to the local administration. After the case is considered, you will receive information about where the proposed site is located. There you will need to call representatives of the land management organization. They will survey and determine the exact boundaries of the site. Then the land is put on the cadastral register, an appropriate passport is issued.

After that, the documents are again sent to the administration, which issues a decision on the transfer of the site. In addition, registration of the lease agreement is required.

The state will help us

In recent years, assistance to young farms has been a priority for the state. Now it is easy to get a grant for the development of such a business, the amount of which can be from one to four million rubles. It can be designed specifically for the creation of a farm or have a one-time payment procedure for a household appliance.

This money is purposefully given to a novice farmer for renting or buying land, developing a project, acquiring the necessary equipment, conducting the required utilities, as well as buying materials for planting, animals, feed and fertilizers.

Who can apply for such a payment

Money is paid to citizens of the Russian Federation of working age, heads of farms and peasant farms, whose registration period is less than 24 months. At the same time, it is necessary to have an education and at least three years of experience in the field of agriculture.

The package of documents that need to be prepared consists of a business plan for the farm, a breakdown of costs with prices. The amount of own funds that will need to be invested in this case must be at least 10% of the grant amount. The person who receives it is obliged to create three or more jobs and spend the issued funds within 12 months from the date of issue.

Grants are issued based on the results of competitions, during which young entrepreneurs must prove the profitability and relevance of the future business. Such support can be considered a wonderful way to solve the problem of initial investment. In the case when the payment is denied, there are other options for assistance from the state - in particular, in the form of a loan for farming. In addition, various options for government subsidies are possible.

Summing up

The modern business in the field of agriculture is not at all the idea of ​​​​which is firmly rooted in the minds of many (hard and dirty work, low-income and ungrateful). Today, farms are equipped with the most advanced equipment. The most advanced technologies are used in growing animals and plants. It is quite possible to maintain cleanliness and the right microclimate in premises for breeding birds and livestock. Most operations can be automated, which will greatly facilitate farm work.

Especially important is the financial support of the state in the current crisis. It allows farmers to develop their business. In addition, due to the wide development of a network of cafes, restaurants and numerous private shops, sales problems finished products usually does not happen.

* Calculations use average data for Russia

A very important place in agriculture is the cultivation of fruit trees. The fruits serve as food for people, are used in many industries and go to feed livestock. But in order to deal with fruit trees, you need to be patient, because trees begin to bear fruit only after a few years of their life. Thus, it is not necessary to count on making a profit in the very first months of work; growing fruit trees involves doing some other business or business. Therefore, it is best when an already experienced farmer who grows many plants decides to receive Additional income and plant a garden of certain trees. In a few years this will become a good source of income, but in order for things to go smoothly, you should decide on crops from the very beginning and start growing fruits on own site. As you know, it will be possible to grow fruit trees on your own plot or, in the most extreme case, on a plot taken under a lease for a very long time and with permission from the owner of the plot to plant trees.

Therefore, it is assumed that there is a plot of one hectare in size, which is free from crops of cereals, melons and other crops and can be completely allocated for a garden. The cost of land can vary greatly depending on the region and distance from settlements. But it is quite possible to find an inexpensive plot (within 500 thousand rubles), which will be located, if not in a small village, then at least in close proximity to it. Although, of course, it is those who have already built their own house and have experience in farming who are engaged in gardening.

To legalize your activities, you need to register a business entity, and the form legal entity, and an individual entrepreneur, but most preferably - a peasant farm. By law, this form is actually equated to an individual entrepreneur, it also has the ability to make tax deductions under a simplified taxation system, but at the same time, a peasant farm still involves the association of several persons. It is optimal to indicate the code (OKPD 2) 01.25 Fruits of other fruit trees, shrubs and nuts, it is universal for all fruit trees, except for grapes. Thus, it is possible to grow any fruit trees without the need for additional reporting, changes in registration documents in the event of a slight re-profiling of the farm (change of one crop to another). But when contacting the phytosanitary supervision service (Rosselkhoznadzor), you need to find out all the requirements for farmers involved in fruit trees. Depending on the culture and region, there may be some restrictions or features from a legal point of view, and all this is best taken into account so that there are no problems with a sudden check by the state structure.

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After resolving all legal issues, you can start growing fruits. For some it is more convenient to deal with only one crop, completely occupied only with it and giving it maximum strength, while other farmers are much more pleased to see a garden filled with various types of plants. The main obstacle in making a farmer's dream come true is the possibility of growing a particular plant in the climatic conditions of the region. It is important not only to provide all the conditions for the tree to take root, but also for it to begin to bear fruit well. There is more great amount factors that affect which plants can be cultivated.

Apple tree. It is the most famous fruit tree, cultivated species - Mālus domestica, which is called the domestic apple tree. There are a huge number of varieties of apples, so they are grown everywhere in almost the entire territory of the country, except for very cold regions. The fruit of an apple tree is an apple, this is the name of not only a fruit specific to this plant, but also the name of a type of false fruit. That is, from a botanical point of view, an apple can only be called a fruit conditionally. Varieties of apple trees can produce crops at almost different times of the year (different varieties bear fruit from summer to late autumn), but in order to get fruits in winter, you need to equip greenhouses, which is quite difficult to do for trees. Some varieties of apple trees begin to bear fruit already a year after planting, which significantly reduces the payback period of the entire project.

Apples can almost always be sold; small and outwardly unattractive apples are sold at a small price in large quantities or livestock farms, or companies producing juices and purees, that is, processing these fruits. Large and marketable apples can be sold independently on the market or wholesale buyers can be found who will resell apples to stores. You can do your own search outlets in which apples will be sold at retail; this will remove one intermediary and earn a little more money.

Apple trees grow well after such predecessors as: sugar beet, corn, grain crops. Experienced gardeners recommend preparing the soil for growing apples on it in two years. Up to 300 small trees can be placed on one hectare, while it is important to properly plan the territory so that the trees do not interfere with each other later. The cost of one apple tree seedling is 500 rubles, so the garden will need 150 thousand rubles. The average yield of an apple tree per hectare is 15 tons, while it can vary greatly depending on the conditions of courtship and weather phenomena. Depending on the variety, a kilogram of apples can cost 10 rubles or 100, so if we take the average price of 30 rubles, then one harvest will bring 450 thousand rubles. This is a very, very good indicator, which only experienced agronomists can achieve. Apples are perhaps the most common and easy to implement fruit crop, it is relatively easy to deal with it due to the large number of varieties bred specifically for each region and local conditions.

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Pear. Like the apple, it belongs to the Rosaceӕ family and is its closest relative. The genus of plants that is edible and cultivated by humans is Pýrus. Pears are somewhat less popular with people than apples, but are still consumed in large quantities. There are also many varieties of them, which makes it possible to deal with a pear in relatively cold regions of the country. However, in the northern regions they are practically not grown anymore. Depending on the variety, it can be either a strong, full-fledged tree, or (which is most common) a low tree, more like a shrub with spreading branches strewn with fruits. This is what a cultivated pear looks like. Since the type of fruit of a pear and an apple practically coincides, these crops are used by people for almost the same needs, there are no implementation features in the case of a pear. Just need to count on a little less demand.

The cost of seedlings is also about 500 rubles for a future tree. The seedlings themselves may even be a little more if dwarf plants are chosen, but in general it is worth counting on the same amount of 150 thousand rubles for the purchase of seedlings. The yield of a pear averages about 3 tons per hectare, and the price for these heavy fruits is on average about 50 rubles per kilogram. Thus, according to the results of the sale, you can earn about 150 thousand rubles, which in the first year will not even cover all the costs of organizing a pear orchard. You might think that dealing with a pear is not so profitable, but you need to be aware of fluctuations in demand, and sometimes pear fruits can be in price. Elite varieties of pears can also exceed the price tag of one hundred rubles per kilogram; in general, pears are slightly more expensive than apples. Therefore, it is possible to allocate some area for a pear orchard, since the plant is relatively easy to grow, and it has a lot of varieties.

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Cherry plum. Together with blackthorn, it is the progenitor of the common plum. Cherry plum was traditionally cultivated in the regions of the Caucasus Mountains, but in the twentieth century varieties were bred that can grow in more northern latitudes. home view for cultivation - Prúnus cerasiféra, this plant can adapt very well to many types of soil, but is very sensitive to lower temperatures. For the northern regions, varieties of winter cherry plum have been bred, which retain all the positive properties of this plant (high yield, early maturity) in combination with good frost resistance.

The cost of one cherry plum seedling also averages 500 rubles, but much more plants can fit per hectare than in the case of pears or apples. Thus, some experiments among horticultural farms have shown the possibility of growing 8,000 small trees per hectare. However, it makes no sense to plant more than 500 trees per hectare, because anything more is intensive gardening with the expectation of short-term profit. Thus, 250 thousand rubles will be required for seedlings.

Cherry plum can be a very productive crop, give up to 300 kilograms of fruits from one tree, that is, ideally, you can harvest about 150 tons of crops from one hectare of plantings. But usually the yield is much lower and amounts to 25 tons per hectare. Wholesale cherry plum can be sold for about 20 rubles per kilogram, so the sale of 25 tons will bring the gardener 500 thousand rubles of income. Just keep in mind that cherry plum is not bought with such enthusiasm as the same apples, so in the case retail sales there is a chance of not selling a significant part of the crop, and therefore it is much easier to cooperate with resellers.

Plum. The well-known fruit is blue, although plums can have other shades. The cultivated species, Prúnus doméstica, grows in many regions of this country. It copes with winter a little better, therefore it is grown further north than cherry plum. Plum fruits are usually slightly larger. Plum is a honey plant, so it can be grown with your own apiary. The plant is somewhat more whimsical than cherry plum, but with proper care can also give good yields. In terms of the cost of seedlings, productivity, the number of tree plantations, it is completely close to cherry plum, only plum fruits are a little more expensive. Everything, of course, depends on the variety, but the average price here is about 40 rubles per kilogram. It turns out that for 25 tons of harvest you can already get 1 million rubles, however, this is possible in really good years.

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Quince. It is a fruit tree grown mainly in the Caucasus. In Russia, it is cultivated in the southwestern regions of the country. Only one species of Cydonia oblōnga is bred by man. Quince is not a very popular culture among the population, since its fruits are rarely eaten because of the very mediocre taste. But at the same time, a lot of various sweets are made from quince, and this fruit is used in many food industries. Some farmers specially dry quince and sell it in this form. Due to less popularity than other crops, quince seedlings can be bought for only 200 rubles per piece. There can be about 400 trees of this plant in the garden, while each adult tree can produce up to 50 kilograms of crop. And the average yield per hectare is 20 tons. Thus, with an average price of 30 rubles per kilogram, 600 thousand rubles are obtained from the sale of all fruits. And this is provided that the seedlings will cost only 80 thousand rubles. But it is possible to engage in this culture in Russia only in some regions, while in the rest of the territory the trees either will not take root or will not produce a good harvest.

But in order to achieve a good harvest, you need to carefully study all the information about the type of plants you choose and the varieties that will be grown. It is also necessary to take into account the fact that fruit trees do not always begin to bear fruit immediately. The minimum period is one to two years; for this, special varieties are bred, which are classified as fast-growing. But an ordinary tree does not begin to bear fruit until 8-9 years after planting, which makes the business of growing fruit trees designed for the long term. As already mentioned, it is good to deal with them in diversified farms and where the cultivation of annual plants has already been established - they become good predecessors for trees.

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One of the most important industries in Russia is the cultivation of grain crops. Let us briefly describe the technology and business plan of this type of entrepreneurship in order to navigate what is required for its organization.

Demand for crop products around the world is considered to be the highest. And in our country there are natural conditions in order to fully satisfy the buyer's requirements. The most important thing is to decide on a seed crop and a suitable site for its cultivation.

The relevance of the agricultural business

At the state level, a law has been adopted on the development and regulation of this industry, which contributes to the support of entrepreneurship in the cultivation of grain crops, and also makes it possible to increase the volume of their production and processing.

In this case, provided government subsidies for project investment, as well as various tax benefits. Even if you do not have enough funds to organize this type of business at the proper level, you can count on loans with favorable conditions.

Statistical data also speaks of an increase in acreage and growing sales of grain. And although there are certain risks when growing various crops, the profitability of the business remains at a high level. Experts say that in one year you can reach full payback only at the expense of wholesale sales products within the country.

If we add to this a high level of exports, then the profitability and attractiveness of this business idea only grows. It is important to decide what exactly you will grow. For example, about half of the crops are wheat, as it is considered the most popular crop from which bakery and confectionery, cereals, flour and much more. At the same time, there are several important factors influencing the development of a business:

• Expansion of areas for sowing wheat, which significantly increases the gross indicators.
• When exporting, the list of countries for the supply of goods is constantly updated, and its volumes increase every year.
• World prices for this species product changes frequently.
• In addition to the usual demand for cereals, there is also a need for this cereal on livestock farms.

But business strategy must be built deliberately. After all, there are various fluctuations in the market according to changes in weather conditions, the amount of grain reserves, price trends, etc. Even political sanctions affect the level of demand and the cost of the final product. Therefore, the entrepreneur in this industry will have to constantly monitor changes on a large scale.

Where to begin?

When organizing the production of grain crops as a business, you need to understand this issue. And if you do not have enough relevant experience or theoretical knowledge, then it is better to take a professional agronomist as a permanent assistant.

After all, when choosing a plot of land and the crops themselves, you need to focus on the climatic conditions of the region, take into account the timing of sowing and harvesting, the seasonality of the business, the need to use fertilizers, drawing up a plan for the purchase of equipment, etc.

The main stages of the organization of entrepreneurship will be the following:

1. Choice of crops for cultivation according to the possibilities of the region.
2. Search for investments for start-up costs.
3. Buying or renting a suitable field for sowing.
4. Registration of an enterprise with the issuance of a permit for this type of work.
5. Acquisition of specialized machinery, equipment, inventory, etc.
6. Creation of storage facilities in accordance with the requirements for grain storage.
7. Recruitment of personnel with proper training and experience.
8. Purchase of seeds in the right quantity.
9. Carrying out sowing work.
10. Field care according to standards.
11. Harvesting.
12. Storage and sale of goods.

Activity registration

In the case of the creation of such an enterprise, it will be necessary to register a personal subsidiary (LPH) or a peasant farm (KFH). But it should be noted that in order to reach high profits and to reduce risks in this industry, experts recommend growing crops in large volumes. Therefore, the second form of organization will be more acceptable.

It will be necessary to develop a competent business plan and make a feasibility study of the project. To do this, it is better to contact a professional who will develop the right strategy, which will become the basis for the successful development of the enterprise.

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Selection of land

With all the diversity of the territory of our country, it is better to focus on the southern regions for sowing most grain crops. Although the regions of the middle lane are also suitable for certain types plants. Take into account not only climatic conditions, but also the terrain, previous uses of the field, the duration of its operation, and much more.

It is important to understand that the land cannot produce a good harvest every year, therefore, periodically experienced agronomists provide it with rest or sow it with different crops, replacing them with each other. The ideal plan is:

• the available territory is divided into four zones;
• three of them are used, for example, for wheat, sunflower and barley;
• the fourth is left untouched;
• annually change the place of sowing for each of them and choose a new site for recreation.

As a result, there is a change in the composition of the soil and its periodic restoration, which has a beneficial effect on the overall yield, and hence the profitability of the project.

It makes no sense to engage in the cultivation of crops in a small volume. Therefore, it is recommended to rent an area of ​​at least 400 hectares. With an average business size, this figure is already 5,000 hectares.

When concluding a lease agreement, it is better to draw it up immediately for several years in advance in order to avoid the risks of changing payments and not disrupting the sowing schedule. If you want to do this business for a long period, it is better to try to buy the fields into your property as early as possible.

Dealing with plants

When choosing the crops that will be grown on the field, you need to think carefully about all the points. After all, the equipment used, sowing and harvesting time, business payback periods, average yields, sales markets and much more depend on this.

So, wheat can be lumpy and food, winter and spring. In addition to this type of crop, rye, barley and sunflower are in high demand. It is these plants that are considered the most favorable choice for growing in the middle and southern latitudes of Russia.

Equipment and machinery

In order to speed up and simplify the process of growing these crops as much as possible, it is advisable to purchase modern machines:

1. Seeding complex.
2. Baler.
3. Tractor.
4. Mowers.
5. seeder.
6. Disc harrow.
7. Plow.
8. Combine.
9. Freight transport.
10. Volokushka, etc.

And also in capital investments it is necessary to include expenses for the creation of warehouses, hangars, construction industrial premises, repair shops, purchase of various equipment, etc.

Staff

As mentioned above, in order to develop a successful grain growing business, it is imperative to hire an experienced agronomist. In addition, it is desirable to acquire other employees:

• the head of the enterprise may be the owner himself;
• with large volumes of production, a substitute is needed;
• several tractor drivers;
• combiners;
• other workers;
• accountant for competent tax reporting;
• product sales manager.

Since this type of business is seasonal, most of the employees are hired only for a few months a year. The permanent staff usually consists of three people.

Growing technology

The whole process goes through the following steps:

1. Harrowing the soil, which takes 8 to 10 days.
2. Spring sowing work, which can take up to 10-15 days.
3. Re-harrowing.
4. Treatment with herbicides, fertilizers, etc.
5. Harvesting, which will take at least 20 days.
6. Storage of grain in barns.

Using modern technology and high-quality fertilizers, we can talk about high yields and good business development prospects.

Financial calculations

There are various factors that influence the overall income:

• climate;
• weather;
• soil quality;
• success in the rapid sale of grain;
• general market prices.

To draw up an approximate plan with calculations, you need to take the average indicators for the volume of cultivation of certain crops, take into account the size of the sown area and the pricing policy of the enterprise.

	Capital investment	Cost, in rubles
1	Staff salary (per year)	300 000
2	Purchase of grain for sowing	100 000
3	Fuels and lubricants and other materials	500 000
4	Building a barn	800 000
5	Acquisition of equipment	1 300 000
6	Land lease	300 000
7	Other costs	200 000
	Total:	3 500 000

As a result, for the first year you will pay about 3.5 million rubles. But in the future, only the costs of paying for the work of employees, renting land and purchasing raw materials will be required. And with well-established sales markets, the sale of goods will be faster and easier every year, which will significantly affect the growth of profits.

From 200 hectares, 400-600 tons of grain can be harvested, depending on the yield and the specific crop. With an average cost of 6000 per ton of products, you can get 2,400,000-3,600,000 rubles. As a result, all initial investments will pay off in the first year. But since it is necessary to purchase or partially leave grain for the next crops, they usually talk about a full refund only after 2-3 years.

Sales market

Even when starting a business, you need to take care of how to sell products. In the agricultural direction, the usual methods of advertising are not needed.

For creating client base it is enough to conclude contracts with wholesale grain suppliers, food warehouses, large retail chains, farmlands, grain processing enterprises, etc.

Possible risks

As with anything, this industry is not without challenges. They usually consist of the following:

1. A sharp, unexpected drop in the price of a commodity, especially when there is a harvest year and supply exceeds basic demand. When concluding futures contracts, these risks can be partially avoided.
2. Equipment for harvesting and processing crops periodically fails and requires repair or replacement. If this happened during a critical period of active work, then the delivery time of products may be disrupted. Therefore, it is advisable to have several cars in stock or find an opportunity to rent equipment for a short time.
3. Reducing the liquidity of the enterprise due to the uneven cultivation and sale of grain crops. If you pay off the debt before the deadline, then such troubles can be avoided.
4. A lean year - sooner or later, all agricultural workers face this. Insurance and the formation of a plan will help to reduce risks, taking into account the minimum possible profit for the corresponding region.

Video: how to grow wheat?

If we consider various areas of family business, the development of their own agricultural business is of great interest to entrepreneurs. In Russia, peasant farming as a type of activity has become widespread among citizens. This is primarily due to the introduction of state programs to support agricultural business and farm enterprises. Thanks to the emergence of a number of benefits, peasant farming has become a promising and profitable type of business activity.

Future entrepreneurs face certain difficulties in the initial stages of work. What type of agricultural activity to choose? How much money will you need to develop your own business and how quickly will the investment pay off? How to arrange own enterprise? Similar questions are of interest to many novice farmers. Let's try to figure it out.

KFH - what is it?

A small commercial structure that receives about 60-70% of the profit from agricultural products produced by its own efforts is called a peasant farm. KFH can be created by members of a single family or by one citizen.

To open an enterprise, all participants in the farm make property or cash contributions in certain shares. This allows you to carry out further activities, process, store agricultural products, transport and sell them.

The farm enterprise uses for the production of its own products land plots of certain areas, equipment and warehouses. The profit received from its sale is the main part of the income of all family members. As a rule, the head of a peasant farm is a professional agrarian with knowledge and extensive experience.

The head of the peasant farm has the right to represent the interests of his enterprise before organizations various shapes property or certain citizens. He has a bank account and a seal at his disposal. This enables the head of the company to conclude cooperation agreements, issue the necessary powers of attorney, hire employees, and also carry out other actions necessary for the development of the farm.

Every novice entrepreneur who wants to organize a farm should know the main advantages of running this type commercial activities. First of all, agricultural products will always be in demand for well-known reasons. It must be understood that the cost of food is constantly rising, which provides producers with a stable profit. The advantages of opening your own farm should also include:

• representation of goods on the domestic market of agricultural products produced by domestic companies;
• availability of federal programs to support agricultural business;
• a wide range of activities;
• preferential taxation;
• strong consumer demand for domestic products.

It would be useful for novice businessmen to know that more than 80% of the grown vegetable crops are supplied to the markets and to the trading network by small farms. This allows us to present approximate volumes of consumer demand for this type of product and development prospects.

Law on Peasant Farming

It is important to know legislative framework on which the activities of peasant farms are based. The law defines KFH activities. Farms are associations of persons related by kinship (property) who have property in common ownership.

According to the law, the activities of farms include not only the production of agricultural products, but also their storage, processing, transportation and sale to the final consumer. The property of the farm belongs to him by right of ownership.

Peasant farms for the implementation of their activities have the right to use their own land, which can be allocated by the state, leased or received in lifetime inheritable possession. Land plots are subject to mandatory sale at public auction in favor of persons entitled to use them for their intended purpose. This is possible if the creditors applied to the judicial authorities with a claim to the land of the peasant farm.

Federal Law No. 74 defines legal provisions farms in the Russian Federation. The main ones include:

• citizens can unite to create a peasant farm on a voluntary basis;
• all members of a peasant farm must take a personal part in its activities;
• debt collection from the enterprise is carried out through the sale of property at public auction;
• all members of the farm are liable to each other (subsidiary liability).

According to Federal Law No. 74, a peasant farm can carry out its activities without forming a legal entity. note that government should provide all possible assistance in the formation of farms (providing access to finance, assistance in obtaining land plots). If there are no violations of the law on the part of the peasant farm, the state has no right to interfere in its activities.

Important: A person who has reached the age of 16 can become a member of a peasant farm. Third parties, in addition to family members, may be included in the enterprise, provided that their number does not exceed 5 people. If any of the members leaves the membership, he is entitled to receive monetary compensation.

Main types of farming activities

Entrepreneurs who want to open a KFH should know what the main activities are. Farms can specialize in growing crops, raising poultry and livestock, and producing a variety of foodstuffs.

Growing crops is characterized by high consumer demand at any time of the year. It is important to establish distribution channels, which will allow you to quickly get the desired income and avoid loss of profit due to product spoilage. If an entrepreneur plans to grow crops, he needs to decide on the direction. Thus, cereals are in great demand among consumers, including rye, corn, buckwheat, sunflower, barley, wheat and oats. Among vegetables, it is profitable to grow tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers, carrots, garlic, potatoes and eggplants.

KFH can specialize in the cultivation of fruit and berry crops (strawberries, prunes, pears, apricots, apples) and greens (parsley, dill, garlic and onions). good income bring farms that grow and sell mushrooms (champignons, oyster mushrooms, shiitake). The list of agricultural crops can vary significantly depending on the climatic conditions of the regions of Russia.

Livestock farms bring considerable income and have a number of distinctive features. First of all, there are several main areas of this type of activity: breeding domestic animals (cows, pigs, horses, rabbits, goats, sheep), beekeeping, fish farming (sturgeon, pike, trout, carps, silver carps) and poultry farming (chickens, ducks, pheasants). , turkeys, geese).

It is known that honey, meat of domestic animals and poultry, fish, as well as dairy products are in great demand among the population, regardless of the season, which ensures high profits. Many farmers scale up over time and expand their own production.

Yes, having livestock farm, you can open a line for the production of sausages, delicacies, stew, offal, as well as dairy products (cheese, cottage cheese, sour cream, milk). If a peasant farm specializes in growing grain crops, you should consider opening your own mill or bakery, and vineyard owners may consider producing their own varieties of wine.

Important: Beginners can take up growing fruits and vegetables. These agricultural products are considered to be in demand among consumers. As this area is mastered, it will be possible to scale up and include new types of activities.

How to open KFH?

Let's take a closer look at the algorithm of actions.

Collection of documents

Geographically, agricultural activities can be carried out in any region of Russia, while the registration of a peasant farm must be carried out at the branch of the Federal Tax Service at the place of actual residence of a citizen who will be the head of the company. To create an enterprise, the following constituent documents of a peasant farm must be submitted to the tax service:

• passport of the head of the farm organization;
• a certificate from the place of residence of the person registering the organization;
• application of the established form for registration of a peasant farm;
• agreement (agreement) on the organization of a farm;
• receipt for payment of state duty.

Important: payment of state duty (800 rubles) is a prerequisite for registering a peasant farm. If the entrepreneur was refused to open his organization, the funds for paying the tax are not returned.

As for the agreement on the organization of an agricultural enterprise, it is necessary to know the features of its preparation. The contract is concluded between relatives (family members) who have expressed a desire to establish a farm from scratch.

The agreement must necessarily contain a number of information. These should include information about:

• members of the created peasant farm;
• the head of the organization;
• rights and obligations of each member of the KFH;
• methods of capital formation, management and use of material resources;
• distribution of profits among the participants of the enterprise.

The document must contain a clause that indicates how each family member can enter the agricultural organization being created and on what conditions to leave it. You need to know that if the farm is organized by a single citizen, such an agreement will not be required. If there are originals of all documents for registration with the tax service, duplicates do not need to be notarized.

Farm Registration

How to register a farm from scratch and is this procedure mandatory? Each entrepreneur is obliged to legalize their activities within the framework of existing legislation. After collecting a standard package of documents, you must come to the department of the Federal Tax Service and obtain a permit to conduct business.

In addition, a package of documents can be sent to the fiscal authorities by mail, without forgetting to attach an inventory of available attachments and declare the value of the letter. MFCs operate on the territory of the Russian Federation. A novice entrepreneur can apply there and register his activity. Also, farmers can go to the official website tax service. As practice shows, the registration of a peasant farm quickly passes with a personal appeal to the fiscal authorities.

Waiting for the decision of the tax service

The process of registering farming activities takes 5 days from the date of application to the fiscal authorities. After that, the entrepreneur will receive a mandatory certificate of state registration of the head of the farm. You also need to take the following documents from the tax office:

• extract from USRIP;
• certificate of registration with the Federal Tax Service;
• information letter of the State Statistics Committee.

Please note that if the tax authorities find false data in the information submitted by the applicant (or there are too many errors in the execution), the documents will have to be put in order. To do this, a novice entrepreneur will be sent a notification. All errors and these shortcomings must be eliminated, after which it is allowed to re-apply to the Federal Tax Service for registration of a peasant farm.

State support for peasant farms in Russia

Future farmers should know that the state provides programs designed for the development of agriculture. For example, farmers can receive subsidies for the purchase of special machinery and various equipment. To find out the details of participation in assistance programs, entrepreneurs need to contact the department of agriculture in their place of residence.

Farmers can receive subsidies for the purchase of fuels and lubricants, take part in the tax grace period program (tax holidays last for 5 years, freeing novice farmers from mandatory contributions). As for agricultural production, the state often provides special orders to peasant farms, allowing them to develop quickly and earn decent money.

Entrepreneurs can count on receiving assistance from the state in the construction of greenhouses and other privileges. It is also necessary to know that support is being provided to rural farms, which consists in building a housing stock for workers, attracting young professionals and creating proper working and living conditions for them and their families.

At the initial stages of farming, the best option would be to rent land, since it is cheap and does not require time. With long-term cooperation, it is possible to agree with the landlord on the purchase of plots. To do this, it is worth taking advantage of the pre-emptive right of purchase, which provides for the opportunity to pay a price for land that does not exceed the cadastral value by more than 15%.

Entrepreneurs must be aware that if land plots are empty for more than 3 years and are not used for agricultural activities, the state may confiscate them. In addition, it is necessary to strictly observe the rules of environmental safety, otherwise the land plots will also be taken away.

The success of the development of a peasant farm largely depends on the experience of the head of the enterprise and his employees. Most experienced managers believe that the agricultural business is worth starting small and gradually increasing momentum.

As practice shows, farming can become a highly profitable activity over time, however, one should not forget about the existing risks (unsuitable weather conditions, poor harvest, animal diseases, etc.). For this reason, it is not recommended to apply to banks for loans and develop the economy with borrowed money.

Do not expect instant and big profits from your activity. In a competitive environment, an entrepreneur must provide consumers with inexpensive and high-quality products. For this reason, it is recommended to focus on the process of growing animals or crops in the initial stages. It is also recommended to find buyers who will provide continuous income. These can be large wholesale bases, supermarkets, market sellers. In addition to quality products, you should organize the delivery of products to customers, which will certainly take the business to a whole new level.

Frequently asked Questions

Consider the most common questions on the topic.

How is KFH different from LPH?

LPH is commonly understood as the management of personal subsidiary plots. This form of ownership allows any person who owns personal plot or a small piece of land. LPH allows you to:

• not pay taxes;
• do not submit reports;
• get a loan from 300 to 750 thousand rubles for the development of the economy;
• legally use land plots not exceeding 2.5 hectares.

If an entrepreneur has formalized his activity in the form of private household plots, he will not have the opportunity to obtain quality certificates for his products, as well as a declaration of conformity for their products. established standards and standards. This circumstance significantly reduces purchasing power. Moreover, in contrast to the farm peasant economy, it is impossible to get a large loan for the development of private household plots.

Please note that private household plots do not provide legal grounds for hiring a person, and therefore wages are paid illegally. This form of activity is considered non-entrepreneurial, which is associated with the direct production of agricultural products and their processing. Farms are registered as individual entrepreneurs and allow entrepreneurial activity: production, storage, processing and legal sale of products.

Is KFH a legal entity or an individual?

Almost every novice businessman does not know if KFH is a legal or individual? The state does not require farmers to register a legal entity, so most entrepreneurs draw up an IP. The system for accruing insurance, pension contributions, and taxes operates in such a way that farmers submit reports and enjoy the provided benefits on an equal basis with businessmen who have registered individual entrepreneurship.

Which taxation system to choose?

Representatives of peasant farms are recommended to choose ESHN (Unified Agricultural Tax). Taxation under the Unified Agricultural Tax is the best for farmers, since this scheme was originally developed to support peasant farms. Entrepreneurs pay the minimum tax under the so-called “profit minus expenses” system.

When paying taxes under the UAT scheme for the full tax period, a time period equal to 1 year is taken. The advance payment must be paid within half a year (reporting period). At the same time, the object of taxation is understood as the amount of income, which is reduced by the amount of expenses. Please note that the tax rate is 6%. ESHN replaces VAT, corporate property tax and income tax.

Which OKVED to choose for registration of a peasant farm?

For every kind economic activity there is a classifier - OKVED. For agricultural enterprises specializing in animal husbandry and crop production, this is the OKVED class - 01. Then there are subclasses. For example, if a farm raises animals for the subsequent sale of dairy products, you need to specify the code from 01.41.1 to 01.41.29; for sale meat products– from 01.42.1 to 01.42.12; for rearing artiodactyl animals - from 01.43.1 to 01.43.3, etc.

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It is easy to guess that many farmers choose for themselves KFH as the main form of business. This is easily explained by the available government programs support for agricultural enterprises and farms, both at the federal level and within a single region.

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