Regulates the relationship between producer and consumer. Relationships between manufacturers and market participants. Consumers and Producers in Market Relations

Introduction

The economy of the enterprise exists in the conditions of a developed system of social division of labor, and the relationship between production and consumption is the starting point for applying the regulatory impact of the economy, since production does not make sense if it does not end with consumption. An imbalance in any part of the economy can lead to chain reaction violations in the entire national economy. In a market economy, the solution of balance is especially important in connection with the need to implement an effective regulatory policy in this area, which involves the development of methodological aspects of the formation of a balance between production and consumption at a particular enterprise.

Relationship between production and consumption of products

Production is the interaction of all factors. The result of production is the total social product. Production is the main link of reproduction (constant repetition of the production process).

Consumption - the final phase of the reproduction process, which consists in the use of the product of labor in the process of meeting the needs of man, production and the non-productive sphere of society.

There is a complex relationship between production and consumption. For all the importance of production, it only makes sense when it serves consumption. Consumption forms the goal and at the same time the driving motive of production. Consumption dictates the social order for production, predetermines the volume, structure and quality of the social product. The appearance of consumption is determined to a decisive extent by production itself.

Distribution and exchange are the link between production and consumption, form a kind of mechanism for their interaction.

All these stages do not exist by themselves, in isolation from each other, but form parts of a single whole. Production is the starting point from which all movement begins.

Consumption is the final stage of product movement. It is here that it is implemented use value. As Marx wrote, a dress becomes really a dress only when it is worn. Consumption can be divided into two types: industrial consumption - burning coal in a steam engine - and personal consumption, during which food, clothing, housing, cultural and household items are used by a person to meet their needs.

Distribution relations and the very consumption of goods and services by people significantly affect production. They can either stimulate or hinder its development. For example, a significant role in the development of production in all developed countries plays the principle of distribution according to the quantity and quality of labor, applied to wage workers and employees. They are well paid for increasing productivity, for creative influence on manufacturing process. This increases the material interest of workers.

Consumption is a fundamental stimulus for the development of production, it affects the growth of its scale, the development of industries, including Agriculture, light industry, mechanical engineering, transport, communications, etc. In addition, one must keep in mind not only personal, but also production (oil, gas, electricity, etc.) consumption, which is necessary for the existence of the production process itself.

Manifestations of the economic life of society, namely the production of various kinds of goods and services, their distribution, exchange and consumption (personal and industrial) are closely related and interact with each other. Their connections and interactions are sometimes complex and contradictory. At the same time, the objective contradictions between production and distribution, distribution and exchange, production and consumption are the driving force behind the development of the entire economic life of society.

Needs bring to life, support and stimulate the production of certain products and services. No need - no production. Moreover, the range of needs is constantly expanding. In addition, they are developing qualitatively. It is important that the needs themselves, not only public but also personal, develop under the influence of the production of various goods and services. Such, for example, are the needs of people for many foodstuffs, modern clothes, household appliances, refrigerators, televisions, etc. Influencing the formation of these needs, production creates essential condition for its sustainable development.

As already mentioned, the needs, consumer requests stimulate production and, on the other hand, production, creating new values, benefits, has an impact on consumption.

But it is well known that production volumes, the number of types of products produced are limited. production resources. And the needs of people, the desire to consume more, better, more diverse, are growing and growing. How can production and consumption be reconciled? First of all it is necessary to assimilate the immutable truth: "You cannot consume more than what is produced, received." So the main regulator and limiter of the volume and structure of consumption is production. The use of stocks and imports can help the trouble only temporarily, it can ease the decline in consumption, the decisive word still remains with production. The consumer depends on the producer due to the fact that the producer creates commodities. In turn, the producer depends on the consumer, as the consumer acquires, buys consumer goods. The interaction between producers and consumers is different in different economic systems. It also depends on the degree of availability of goods on the market, the degree of monopolization of production. In an economy of a centrally planned type, where producers are formally obliged to produce planned the quantity of goods and provide them to the consumer, in reality, a different picture is observed. Since production efficiency is low, plans are not fulfilled and the manufacturer is not interested in meeting the needs of the consumer, there is a chronic shortage of goods. In such conditions, the consumer becomes completely dependent on the manufacturer and the so-called dictate of the manufacturer arises. In fact, it prescribes to the consumer what and how much to consume, releasing products of a certain type and quality in a certain volume. A different picture is observed in an economy with dominant market relations in these conditions, a free saturated market, market prices equalize demand and supply for goods and services, so that producers and consumers become equally dependent on each other. This is facilitated by competition between manufacturers. If the manufacturer does not meet the needs of the consumer, the consumer will turn to another manufacturer. The impact of consumers on producers in a competitive and free market so great that sometimes they even talk about the "dictatorship of the consumer." Relations between producers and consumers should not be built on opposition to each other at all. A normal relationship is a relationship of cooperation in which the producer seeks to satisfy the needs of the consumer, and the consumer pays him for this with "Clear coin".

The relationship that develops between the consumer and the producer is called the relationship of exchange.

Exchange is a process in which two parties offer and exchange equivalent values to each other.

According to Kotler, exchange is the act of receiving from someone the desired object with the offer of something in return.

To implement the exchange, the following conditions must be met:

1. There must be at least two parties involved in the exchange process.

2. Each side must have something that could be of value to the other side.

The object offered by the producer to the consumer is called commodity .

The object offered by the consumer to the producer is called compensation means.

The following can act as means of compensation (either individually or in various combinations):

Money (both personal funds of the consumer and funds received from other entities) - money exchange;

Other goods provided either by the consumer himself or by other interested parties - barter exchange;

Non-material reward - perception of ideas, gratitude, recognition, etc. (non-commercial exchange of values).

3. Each party must be able to communicate with the other party to transfer information about the object of the exchange, agree on the terms of the exchange, transfer the goods and receive compensation.

4. Each party must be completely free to accept or reject the proposal of the other party.

5. Each party must be confident in the expediency or desirability of dealing with the other party.

The conditions of exchange considered above create only the potential ability of exchange, and whether it takes place or not depends on agreement of the parties . If an agreement is reached, then we can say that for each side the exchange is beneficial, since each side was free to accept or reject the proposal of the other side. If an agreement is reached, then a deal takes place between the parties. Thus, the exchange is realized in a practical act - deal .

Distinguish two type of transactions :

Commercial transaction (cash or barter exchange),

Non-commercial transaction or transfer of goods (non-material values serve as means of compensation).

To complete the transaction, the following conditions must be met:

The presence of at least two objects of value,

Reaching an agreement on the terms of the transaction (characteristics of the objects offered for exchange, conditions and amounts of compensation, conditions for terminating the transaction),

The agreed place of the transaction,

The agreed time of the transaction.

One of the main conditions for the transaction is the availability of an agreed place of the transaction. The marketplace is such a coordinated place. To understand the nature of the market, how places of business, consider several schemes (see figures 1 - 3).

Rice. 1. No exchange, self-sufficiency.

Rice. 3. Centralized exchange in the market.

The presence of a market reduces the total number of transactions and increases the efficiency of transactions (trading operations).

Types of markets depending on the balance of relations

between producer and consumer

The market in which exchange relations develop more favorably for the producer is called the "seller's market".

The market in which exchange relations develop more favorably for the consumer is called the "buyer's market".

Marketing, as a system that directs the forces of the manufacturer to win the attention of the consumer, is most in demand in the buyer's market. The moment of transition from the seller's market to the buyer's market is called the "marketing point".

Point of Marketing - this is such a turning point in the history of the development of any market, when supply and demand are first balanced, and then supply steadily exceeds demand.

From lectures: The main thing for the manufacturer is to sell. good manufacturer exceeds consumer needs. There is a conflict of interest: buy cheaper / sell more expensive.

The consumer is interested in: availability of choice, price, terms of payment, delivery, after-sales service, guarantees, technical advantages. The consumer is not interested in labor productivity, profit of the enterprise. Manufacturer - create innovations, increase consumer value.

The costs are included in the self, but the costs are not all, the costs are always greater. Diversification of activities (activity, assortment) are important. A good entrepreneur creates buyers, a great market. D.b. the adequacy of the product to the requirements of the market, sensitivity to price, market change.

There is the concept of "your seller" - behaves according to the selected segment. You have to constantly add value.

"Business depends on a prosperous customer" is a Western thought. There is a social responsibility of business. Influence what people buy

2. a van with an orchestra and a soap bubble.

3. fashion. Very important for business.

4. Greed. This is good, but not economical.

5. habits.

6. commitment to the brand.

The main thing is to add value (value added). Every time a customer comes to you, you need to give him a little more than he expects. It is important to keep a regular customer. Attracting a new one is 5 times more expensive than keeping an old one. An unsatisfied buyer spreads the message at 2 p. More than satisfying.

Profit is a means, not a result.

Rules for the relation of the buyer and the seller (Hanner):

In business, you should not solve your problems, but the problems of customers. It is necessary to anticipate the needs of the buyer.
Sell to the consumer only what he needs. You need to know why he buys (system approach).
focus d.b. to the end user. although m.b. distributor. Sell not to a distributor, but across distributor.
maximum value and minimum price.
you need to anticipate what the consumer may need in the future.

Satisfied customers will come again, will pay more often and more. A satisfied customer is satisfied not only with the purchase, but also with the attitude and service.

Not from lectures: Orientation to marketing from the point of view of the manufacturer is through satisfying the needs of buyers, achieving its goal, namely making a profit. However, despite the apparent coincidence of interests of buyers and producers, there are serious problems concerning both the individual consumer and society as a whole.

What is the basis of controversy? An increase in the consumption of goods and services due to intensive measures to orient manufacturers to the needs of buyers leads to

Towards an increase in the consumption of natural resources

To increase the impact of all side effects of scientific and technological development, such as industrial pollution.

These are the two main sources of controversy. The first leads to a confrontation between consumers and the long-term interests of society, i.e. a high, and sometimes excessive level of consumption today takes place at the expense of the well-being of future generations. Trying to meet the smallest needs has created a “use and discard” attitude towards products, which has led to a wasteful use of resources.

The second leads to a conflict of interests of producers and the interests of society. The main task solved within the framework of social and ethical marketing is to unite the interests of producers and consumers within the framework of the promising benefit to society as a whole.

The concept of socially ethical marketing is based on the assertion that the activities of the manufacturer should be based on knowledge of the needs of the market, and the task of the manufacturer is to achieve its goals by meeting the needs of the market in more efficient and productive ways than competitors, while simultaneously strengthening the well-being of society. generally.

The above concepts take place in various countries in different times. In a single country, at different times, depending on the state of the market, one can observe the predominance of any one concept.

For financial settlements between suppliers and consumers of electricity, as well as for economic incentives for consumers to regulate the load, a system of rates-tariffs has been established, according to which payment for the received electricity is made.

Consider the main types of electricity tariffs.

Single-rate tariff for electricity with payment for the released amount of energy (meter tariff). The consumer is charged P for the consumed electricity E:

where b is tariff rate per 1 kWh of electricity consumed.

Since January 1, 2003, a tariff system has been in force in Belarus, consisting of three independent subsystems that can be used by industrial consumers on an alternative basis:

1. Two-part tariff with the basic rate a (r./kW) for 1 kW of the declared contractual value Rm3 of the highest consumed active power during the hours of the morning and evening peaks of the power system and an additional rate b (r./kW ⋅ h) for 1 kW ⋅ h consumed active energy Wmonth for the billing month. The electricity fee is:

П=a⋅Pmz+b⋅Wmonth

2. A two-part tariff with a basic rate a for 1 kW of the actual value Rmf of the highest consumed active power during the hours of the morning and evening peaks of the power system and an additional rate b (r. / kW ⋅ h) for 1 kW ⋅ h of consumed active energy Wmonth for the billing month. The electricity fee is:

П=a⋅Pmf+b⋅Wmonth (2.3)

3. A two-rate differentiated tariff with a basic rate a for 1 kW of the actual value Rmf of the highest consumed active power during the hours of the morning and evening peaks of the power system, an additional rate b (r. / kW ⋅ h) for 1 kW ⋅ h of consumed active energy and three tariff coefficients to this additional rate: kn - for the night zone of the day, kpp - for the half-peak zone, kp - for the peak zone of the day. Electricity fee

is:

П = a⋅ka ⋅ Pmаx + b⋅(kп ⋅Wп + kп ⋅Wп + kн ⋅Wн), (2.4)

where Wp, Wpp, Wn - power consumption for the billing period in the peak (800–1100), night (2300–600) and semi-peak (at other times) tariff zones of the day, kW ⋅ h; ka = 0.5 is a reduction factor to the basic tariff rate.

12. Regime relations between producers and consumers of electricity .

The continuity of production and consumption of electricity places high demands not only on technical, but also on planning and organizational decisions that ensure the regime interaction between the energy system and electricity consumers.

The procedure for compiling and applying schedules for limiting and disconnecting consumers electrical energy and power, the establishment and distribution of volumes of limitation of electrical energy and power between individual consumers and power systems are determined in accordance with the "Regulations on schedules for limiting and disconnecting consumers of electrical energy and power in the power systems of the Republic of Belarus" .

Consider the main indicators of power consumption limitation.

1. Electricity and power consumption limits

Electricity consumption limits are set for enterprises for a year in order to increase the level of rational use of electricity based on the total volume of its production planned for the coming year, planned targets for the production of products and types of work, energy consumption rates and tasks for saving it.

Electric power limits are set by industrial and equivalent consumers of electricity. To comply with them, consumers are obliged to develop and introduce additional adjustment measures to reduce the load. Power limits are set for the hours of the morning or evening highs or the hours of the morning and evening lows of the power system and are for them the highest limit of power consumption during these hours. Outside the hours of maximum loads of the power system, electricity consumers are allowed to use electric power within the limits of daily electricity consumption. The duration of the maximum load cannot exceed the values established by the current "Rules for the use of electrical and thermal energy". In case of non-compliance by consumers of electricity with the requirements to reduce power consumption to the established limit, after a warning, energy supervision forcibly limits the supply of electricity in an amount that ensures the specified reduction in power consumption.

2. Schedules for limiting consumption and power outages, the procedure for their introduction

In power systems, in case of emergency situations, the following schedules are developed:

– a schedule for limiting daily electricity consumption, which is introduced when there is a shortage of fuel in the power system and provides for a reduction in electricity consumption by 25% of the total power system consumption on the day of measurement in December of the previous year, broken down into 5 equal queues;

- a schedule for limiting the consumption of electrical power, which is introduced in power systems and associations (after using the operating reserve at power plants) to avoid unacceptable operating conditions for power plants and electrical networks

– a power outage schedule in case of a threat of an accident, which is introduced when there is a shortage of power, as well as in case of a threat of reducing the frequency and voltage of the current, when there is no time to introduce a schedule for limiting power consumption.

Such schedules are developed by power systems annually. The power outage schedule does not include:

- production with continuous technological processes and special consumers;

- production facilities, the power outage of which can lead to the release of explosive and toxic products and mixtures;

- buildings occupied by authorities state power and management, as well public organizations;

- hospitals and clinics;

– communication enterprises;

- water supply and sewerage facilities;

- objects of ventilation, drainage and main lifting devices of coal and mining enterprises;

- objects providing fire safety; 15

– railway transport, electrified transport common use and subway;

– system objects dispatch control, blocking, signaling and protection of air and water transport;

– preschool institutions(nurseries, kindergartens);

– dairy farms, livestock farms for rearing young animals, hatchery and poultry stations and poultry farms;

- bakeries;

- population.

When determining the magnitude and priority of consumption restrictions, state, economic importance and technological features of consumer production should be taken into account so that the damage from the introduction of these schedules is minimal.

Energy systems, together with consumers included in the relevant schedules, draw up bilateral acts of emergency and technological power supply armor.

Technological reservation of power supply is determined by the lowest power consumption and the time required by the consumer to complete technological process or production cycle, after which the corresponding electrical receivers are turned off.

The emergency reservation of power supply is determined by the lowest power or power consumption, which ensures the safety of equipment, the safety of people's lives, the operation of emergency and security lighting, ventilation, sewerage, heating, and fire safety equipment during a partial or complete shutdown of the enterprise.

Loads of emergency and technological armor are calculated separately. The total value of emergency and technological armor at most enterprises does not exceed 50% of the total load, and at many it is 15 ... 20%.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Introduction

Relationship between production and consumption of products

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar Documents