Pottery- one of the oldest types of folk craft. Already Tripolye pottery testifies to the delicate aesthetic taste of ancient potters, their high skill. Pottery carries valuable information about ethnographic features life of the most ancient tribes and peoples who inhabited our land in the past. Having information about the geomagnetic field of the Earth, scientists determine the age of pottery with an accuracy of 25 years (a pot burned on fire, having been magnetized, remains so for many centuries).
Ceramics(gr. keramos - clay) experienced technological innovations during the Middle Ages: the use of a foot potter's wheel, the production of tiles, etc. In the 17th century one of the varieties of ceramics spread in Ukraine - majolica, which was widely used in many cities of Ukraine, although the centers of its manufacture were only in Kiev, Nizhyn, Ichna, and later - in Opishna (Poltava region), Kosovo (Ivano-Frankivsk region), Slavyansk ( Donetsk region). Majolica products made of colored clay, covered with glaze and painted in folk style, still adorn the homes of modern Ukrainians. Ceramic plastic is also popular today: toys and sculpture. Ceramic products include bowls, jugs, pots, makitras, mugs, kegs. Products of ceramic plastics - lions, horses, deer, birds, plot sets of sculptures.
Thread- one of the oldest techniques of artistic decoration of wooden products. In the Carpathians and Bukovina, the technique of flat carving is very often combined with inlay - ornamental framing with pieces of wood, metal, ivory, mother-of-pearl, beads, etc.
For artistic decoration of wood, paintings of different colors have long been used, which are then varnished.
goofing- the manufacture of glass products - was known in Ukraine over a thousand years ago. The exact time of its occurrence has not been established, but necklaces made of glass with the addition of multi-colored dyes are already found in Scythian burials. The name of the craft comes from the word "guta", which means a glass furnace.
Glass products were not everyday things, they were used as festive artistic decorations. It was not only dishes, but also decorative toys, as well as various candlesticks and necklaces. Today, gutnic crafts are the rarest phenomenon in Ukraine. Only three of its centers are known: one in the Ivano-Frankivsk region and two in the Lviv region.
Weaving one of the oldest and most important elements national culture of the Ukrainian people. The presence of weaving production in the East Slavic lands in ancient times is evidenced by archaeological finds from the period of early Neolithic cultures. The practical human need for fabrics for clothing and household needs led to their mass production at home. Reshetylovka (Poltava region) is one of the centers of Ukrainian folk weaving, carpet weaving, embroidery and kushnirstvo. Reshetilovo carpets are distinguished by their unique floral ornament, each branch, each flower of which is like a hymn to the beauty of nature.
Embroidery- one of the oldest and most common types of folk arts and crafts. It originated a long time ago and was passed down from generation to generation. Nowadays, embroidery is practiced throughout Ukraine. The main function of embroidery is to frame clothes and fabrics for home improvement. Embroidery of clothes is an old East Slavic tradition.
Decorative painting. Petrykivka painting is a visiting card of Ukraine. The village of Petrikovka in the Dnipropetrovsk region is one of the few where the traditions of ancient folk crafts are carefully preserved. Petrikovka was founded by Pyotr Kalnyshevsky. And immediately an interesting custom arose in this Cossack village: women began to paint the walls of the huts with colorful flower patterns. They were painted with brushes made of cat hair, matches wrapped in soft cloth, and simply with fingers. Paints were bred on eggs and milk, and the brightest colors were chosen, to match the colorful nature of the Dnieper region. The hostesses competed with each other, trying to make their house the most picturesque. They said about the most successful murals: beautiful, like in a church. But if the hut remained white, they stopped greeting the hostess as if they were a stranger. The most diligent hostesses in Petrikovka were called "chepurushki". Thanks to them, painting skills were passed down from generation to generation until the 1930s. 20th century An attempt to revive the wonderful painting was made by the village teacher Alexander Statev. He opened a school and took the last Petrikov craftswoman Tatyana Pata as a teacher. And after the war, one of the students of this school - Fedor Panko - decided to devote himself entirely to folk art. Through his efforts in the village created creative association"Petrikovka" and an experimental workshop, which now employs more than 40 craftsmen.
cooperage- a type of woodworking industry associated with the manufacture of containers - barrels, tubs, buckets, etc. Compared with carpentry and other woodworking crafts, cooperage in Ukraine spread later. This craft required special skill, as it involved complex technical operations. Coopers owned the beginnings of geometry: in particular, the radius of the bottom of the tub was calculated by dividing the size of its circumference by six.
Blacksmithing– processing of metals by hot forging. The forging process went like this: a blacksmith heated a piece of metal red-hot in a furnace, where it burned charcoal(burning was intensified by fanning the flame), then he took iron with pincers, hit it with a hammer, giving it the desired shape. Often the blacksmith was assisted by an assistant - usually a teenager who acted as a hammerer. Having forged an object, it was thrown into a trough with water for tempering. The most important types of blacksmithing were the shoeing of horses, as well as the forging of carts, and especially the stretching of iron tires on wheels. With great honor and at the same time with a certain prejudice, blacksmiths were treated as wizards who mastered the complex and mysterious art of transforming metal into certain things. They saw defenders from evil spirits, "blacksmiths of human destinies." The forge in the village, as usual, was a meeting place for men, a kind of club. Today the largest center of blacksmithing is Donetsk region.
Folk crafts and trades in Russia
Russian folk crafts
In Russia, such centers of folk crafts are known:
v Khokhloma
v Zhostovo
v Gorodets
v Filimonovo
v Fedoskino
v Dymkovo
v Gus-Khrustalny and others.
Khokhloma
Khokhloma is one of the most beautiful Russian crafts, which originated in the 17th century. near Nizhny Novgorod. This is a decorative painting of furniture and wooden utensils, where herbal patterns of bright scarlet berries and golden leaves are intricately intertwined on a black background.
The painting looks bright, despite the dark background. To create a picture, the following paints are used: red, yellow, orange, a little green and blue. Also in the painting there is always a golden color. The traditional elements of Khokhloma are red juicy rowan and strawberry berries, flowers and branches. Often there are birds, fish and animals.
Zhostovo painting
At the beginning of the nineteenth century. in the village of Zhostovo, Mytishchi district, Moscow region, the Vishnyakov brothers lived, who painted lacquered metal trays, sugar bowls, pallets, papier-mâché boxes, cigarette cases, tea caddies, albums and other things. Since then, artistic painting in the Zhostovo style began to gain popularity and attract attention at numerous exhibitions.
Trays are made from ordinary sheet iron. In shape, they are round, octagonal, combined, rectangular, oval, etc. Forged products are primed, puttied, sanded and varnished, which makes their surface perfectly even, then painted with oil paints and coated on top with several layers of transparent colorless varnish. The most important operation is painting.
Rostov enamel
Enamel came to Rus' from Byzantium, so the Russian name for enamel - "finift" - comes from the Greek "fingitis", which translates as "light, shiny stone".
A vitreous mass of various colors was used for decoration. metal objects artisans Kievan Rus who mastered the techniques of champlevé and cloisonné enamels.
Vintage brooches, bracelets, pendants, which have rapidly “entered” into modern fashion, are nothing more than jewelry made using the enamel technique. This type of applied art originated in the 17th century. in the Vologda region.
Masters depicted floral ornaments, birds, animals on white enamel using a variety of colors. Then the art of multi-colored enamel began to be lost, it was replaced by monochromatic enamel: white, blue and green. Now both styles are successfully combined.
Tula samovar
In the 1760s, the gunsmith Fyodor Ivanovich Lisitsyn created his own private, or, as they used to say, "particular" enterprise in Tula, which produced not only pots, but also "appliances for heating water." The Lisitsyn samovars were famous for their variety of shapes and finishes: barrels, vases with chasing and engraving, egg-shaped samovars with dolphin-shaped taps, loop-shaped handles, etc.
IN early XIX V. The factory "Merchants Vasily and Ivan Lomov in Tula", founded in 1812, became famous. The inscription "Vasily Ivan Lomov in Tula" was engraved on the lids of samovars.
Behind high quality Lomov's samovars were among the first to have the right to wear the Russian state emblem as the highest award. And now samovars made by the hands of Tula masters are genuine works of art and an indispensable attribute of tea drinking in Russia.
gzhel
In the very center of Russia, in the picturesque region near Moscow (Ramensky district), porcelain is produced with elegant blue painting and multicolored majolica.
Gzhel is the cradle and main center of Russian ceramics.
In fact, no one knows when this craft arose, because the first mention of Gzhel was found in the will of Ivan Kalita dated 1328.
For centuries, Gzhel peasants have been making household items, dishes, tiles, tiles.
From the second half of the XVIII century. Gzhel became famous for the production of majolica dishes. These were products made of colored clay with bright multi-color painting on white enamel. At the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth century. there has been a gradual transition from multi-color painting, characteristic of majolica, to one-color, underglaze.
Palekh miniature
This is a folk craft that has developed in the village of Palekh, Ivanovo region.
The lacquer miniature is executed in tempera on papier-mâché. Caskets, caskets, capsules, brooches, panels, ashtrays, tie clips, needle beds are usually painted. Palekh miniature is a special, subtle, poetic vision of the world, which is characteristic of Russians folk beliefs and songs. The painting uses brown-orange and bluish-green tones.
Palekh painting has no analogues in the whole world. It is made on papier-mâché and only then transferred to the surface of caskets of various shapes and sizes.
Gorodets painting
Gorodets painting arose in the middle of the 19th century. in the city of Gorodets. Bright, laconic patterns reflect genre scenes, figures of horses, roosters, floral ornaments. The painting is done with a free stroke with a white and black graphic stroke; decorates spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, doors.
Filimonov toy
According to legend, the village of Filimonovo was named after the grandfather of Filimon, a fugitive convict, potter, bogomaz and toy maker. The age of the Filimonovo toy is rather arbitrary. Experts say that the art of modeling and painting clay toys came to the Odoev region of Tula from the distant Upper Paleolithic. And during the excavations of the Zhemchuzhnikovsky and Snedkovsky burial mounds, settlements in Odoev, pottery shards dating back to the 9th-11th centuries were found, with drawings and signs that are used today to paint the Filimonov toy.
The beauty and strength of the Filimonovo toy is in pagan antiquity. The main thing in the toy is the whistle. With its help, the pagan ancestors scared away the devil, evil spirits. It was whistled at the funeral, it was buried in the grave along with the deceased. Full of pagan symbols and colorful painting of toys. The bear is one of the leading characters folk tales- foreshadowed the awakening of nature, was a symbol of power. The deer depicted a successful marriage, warmth and fertility. In folk art, a horse is time, light, heroic strength. Birds are a sign of the resurrection of nature, the awakening of the earth, dawn, a good harvest, a happy family. The cow symbolized cheerful strength, fertility and power.
The bulk of the products of Filimonovo craftswomen are traditional whistles: ladies, horsemen, cows, bears, roosters, etc. Images of people are monolithic, stingy with details, they are close to ancient primitive figures. The narrow bell skirt of the Filimonovo ladies smoothly passes into a short narrow body and ends with a cone-shaped head, which is integral with the neck. In rounded hands, the lady usually holds a baby or a whistling bird. Cavaliers look like ladies, but instead of a skirt they have thick cylindrical legs shod in clumsy boots. The heads of the figurines are crowned with intricate hats with narrow brim. At almost all stages of the production of the Filimonovo toy, the craftsmen follow the old traditions. This is the method of modeling, and firing, and the classic Filimonov painting. After sculpting, the toys are dried and then fired at a temperature of 950 degrees. After firing, they start painting. Its main elements are Christmas trees and the sun.
Domestic industry, inextricably linked with agriculture and characterized by the processing of raw materials obtained in peasant economy the peasant family itself, was widely distributed in Ukraine during the period of feudalism and capitalism. Peasant crafts were very diverse - weaving, pottery, wood and metal processing, processing food products.
heavy economic situation The peasantry forced him to use his own products made of wood, clay, straw, and reeds in household and household use. Some of this production went to the market. Until the October Revolution, peasant crafts retained mainly primitive methods of extracting and processing raw materials, the same routine technique that existed during the period of feudalism. In the western regions of Ukraine, this persisted until their reunification in the Ukrainian SSR.
Thanks to the gradually growing trade relations with Russia, the products of Ukrainian artisans increasingly began to penetrate into Russian cities. First of all, this applies to tiles, free-cut glass products and carpets. One of the most common household crafts was the processing of vegetable fiber (flax, hemp), wool. The process of processing plant fiber was laborious: hemp was soaked in ponds, flax was spread in a thin layer on a wet meadow for soaking, and then dried and “ruffled”, that is, with the help of special devices (characteristic of all Slavs) - a grinder - the fiber was separated from bonfire, and then combed. Spinning with a homemade spindle. To dye yarn, the peasants used vegetable dyes, which they themselves made. From the second half of the XIX century. chemical dyes were used for coloring.
Wool processing was less complicated. Sheep were sheared with metal scissors (replies). Then the wool was washed in alkali, sorted and combed with wire brushes on special boards with nails (gremples). Yarn from the wool of coarse-wooled sheep was divided, depending on the length of the hairs, into thin (dovgu volost) and coarse (spin). From the first, decorative fabrics (carpets, tablecloths, etc.) were mainly made, from the second - cloth. Wool was spun with a spindle.
In Ukraine, horizontal and vertical looms were widespread. The main part of the vertical (more ancient) machine was a frame consisting of two pillars connected at the top and bottom by two crossbars. Vertical looms were of two subtypes: for weaving carpets (in Eastern Ukraine, these machines were called krosna, in Western Ukraine - razbo "1) and for weaving matting. Most simple view horizontal machines in Ukraine were cross or versshat. This type loom was widespread in the Chernigov and Kyiv provinces and Volyn Polissya. In some regions of Ukraine (Polesie), machines were distributed in a flock, only slightly different from crosses.
The technique of weaving among Ukrainians was varied. Weaving on two steps was considered the simplest, when white smooth fabrics were obtained. Traditional patterned weaving among Ukrainians, Russians and Belarusians was weaving on four steps. With this method, a pine-tree (herringbone) pattern was obtained. The technique of weaving under a bookmark was also known (this is how women's belt clothes were made in Volyn - spares and carpets). Linens, towels, tablecloths, carpets, sacking and matting were woven on looms. Weaving products were consumed mainly within the peasant economy, and only an insignificant part (carpets) went to the market.
Skin processing was a common trade in various parts of Ukraine. It was divided into four independent crafts: sheepskin dressing (kushtrstvo), leather dressing (chinbarstvo), shoemaking (shevstvo), horse harness making (limarstvo). Peasants made jackets and hats from sheepskins. Shoes, harness and other household items were made from the skin of oxen, horses and pigs. The skins of domestic animals were processed different ways(with the help of bread kvass, chalk, lime, ash, salt, oak bark, clay) depending on what kind of leather was made.
Woodworking was considered one of the most important domestic crafts in Ukraine. It was especially developed in the forest and forest-steppe regions of Ukraine.
An important woodworking industry was the manufacture of carts, wheels, runners for sledges, etc. (steelmash). Cooperage was widespread. The most difficult technical operation in the manufacture of barrels was the slitting of ymopie - curved grooves in the rivets, into which the bottom enters. The coopers had simple tools - a wooden compass (roz1ryach), a curved plow (morning) and wedges used when putting on hoops. Sometimes products were hollowed out from solid pieces of wood. This is how beehives, boats, mortars, troughs, ladles, salt shakers, spoons, etc. were made. In Ukraine, the manufacture of wooden combs, as well as chests (skryn), often decorated with painting or carving (Hutsul skryny), was also common.
In addition to these crafts, the weaving of products from vines, bark, and straw was widespread. Boxes, baskets, baskets for grain (straws), hats (bril), etc. were made from these materials.
Pottery also occupied one of the leading places among the peasant crafts. Ceramic products were consumed partly in the peasant economy itself, partly went on sale. In various forms of Ukrainian ceramics, there was much in common with the dishes of the Russian and Belarusian peoples. Potters produced their products mainly on foot potter's wheels. In Ukraine, two types of potter's wheels were common: Volosh and Shlen. Voloshsky consisted of two wooden disks - a larger lower one (stdnyak) and a smaller upper one (upper ones). The discs were mounted on a common axle and set in motion by foot. In the Śląsk, more ancient potter's wheel, the upper and the sshdnyak were connected with the help of six knitting needles. After drying, the dishes were fired in a special furnace (horn). Glazed pottery was fired twice. All types of ceramic products can be } divided into four groups: household utensils, household decorative utensils, ceramic decorative sculpture and technical decorative and building ceramics. The first group included utensils for storing, cooking and serving food: bowls, half-bowls, various pots (borscht, kashniki, twins), glechiki, tikvi, etc. Household decorative utensils covered from the inside with multi-colored watering and decorated on the outside with plant and animal ornaments , and figured dishes (kumansch, lamb, splashing) in peasant dwellings were constantly on open shelves - mysniks. It was used only on holidays, and on other days it served as an ornament. Ceramic sculpture is of interest as a kind of Ukrainian visual arts. Its most common species were all sorts of whistlers, chickens, twniki, ducks, rams, and dogs. Of technical decorative ceramics, the most interesting was the production of glazed tiles, which were used to line ovens. Bricks, tiles, facing tiles were produced for construction needs. The main pottery centers in Ukraine in the XIX century. were considered in the Poltava province. - p. Opishna, s. Khomutets; in Kievskaya - with. Dibintsy, p. Mezhyhirya, Vasilkov; in Chernihiv - Ichnya, Nizhyn; in Podolia - with. Bubnovka, s. Kryshintsy, p. Bar; in Galicia - with. Pistyn, p. Kosiv; in Transcarpathia - Uzhgorod, Khust. Well-known masters of ceramic products who created their own schools were D. Zabila, F. Chervinka (Poltava province), K. Masyuk (Kiev province), T. Gonchar and I. Gonchar (Podolia) and many others. etc. With the similarity of forms of Ukrainian folk ceramics, each pottery center produced products that differed in certain local features.
The production of glass has been known on the territory of Ukraine since the time of Kievan Rus. In the XVI-XIX centuries. in Volyn, in Chernihiv, Sumy, Kharkov and Kyiv provinces, in Podolia, in Galicia, Transcarpathia and Bukovina, glass was produced at small enterprises - guts. Guts were of different capacities - for one, two and three furnaces. Each kiln had several refractory ceramic vessels (doinits) for smelting simple, green, blue, smoky glass, as well as crystal. Guts produced mainly window glass and dishes: glasses, shtofs, baklags, plates. Figurative utensils for drinks in the form of bears, hares, etc. were a very peculiar product. The handmade products were often painted with oil paints. Hut production ceased to exist in the second half of the 19th century. with the development of capitalist production.
Saltpeter mining has long been known in Ukraine, which was used in the manufacture of glass, food preservation, and for the production of gunpowder (since the beginning of the 15th century).
The processing of metals has also become widespread: iron, copper, tin, lead, as well as gold and silver. Rural blacksmiths made tools for working wood (axes, wood chips, chisels); agricultural tools (naralniks, plowshares, shovels), household items (stags, knives, etc.). Blacksmiths also chained carts. The main blacksmith tools were: anvil, tongs, hammer, hammer-punch; at the end of the 19th century. hacksaws, wrenches for cutting screws, hoof borings, tools for the production of nails began to be used. Forging was used both cold and hot. The latter was common in Ukraine in the 19th century. wider.
Food processing among Ukrainians is very peculiar. Up until the beginning of the 20th century. in Ukraine, hand and foot mortars were common, as well as hand mills - millstones, which consisted of two millstones connected by an iron spindle.
The grinding of a large amount of flour was carried out on water and windmills - shakers. In the XIV-XV centuries. in Ukraine there were only water mills. They were stationary, with a dam, and on large rivers - floating, by ferry. Stationary mills were set in motion by water, which fell from the dam onto buckets mounted on a wheel, floating mills - by flowing water. Water mills had not only a device for grinding grain, but also groats, and were also used as a driving force in wood processing (sawmills), oilseed processing, felting, making gunpowder, in iron ore (from the 15th century), and in paper production. (since the 16th century). Windmills have become widespread since the 17th-18th centuries. throughout Ukraine - from Sloboda Ukraine to Bukovina and from the northern borders to the Black Sea.
There were a lot of design options for windmills (an octagonal tower with vertical walls, a truncated pyramid, a square one turning into an octahedral one, just a square one, etc.), but they were all divided into three main types. The first, the most ancient type, did not have a device for turning the wings to the wind and therefore disappeared over time. The second type, with a rotating base, was distributed mainly in the forest-steppe and steppe regions of Kharkov, Poltava, Kyiv provinces and in the southern regions of Ukraine. The third - with a revolving roof, most often met in the Chernihiv province. Mills usually belonged to landowners or kulaks. Many poor people used primitive hand mills.
Manual churns were used to extract vegetable oils. The basis of the churn was two pillars - paws, reinforced with ligature - a horizontal deck. In the middle of the pillars were placed two chopping blocks - machuhi. They pressed on a sack of grain placed in the recess of each step with wedges inserted into the holes on the legs.
Despite the commonality in manufacturing technology and tools of production, Ukrainian home craft products were distinguished by a significant variety. Local differences manifested themselves quite clearly in Ukrainian home crafts and during the period of capitalism. So, a feature of Chernihiv ceramics was the originality of ancient Slavic forms and ornamentation. Chernihiv craftsmen applied a different color to a damp background of one tone, which gave the surface of the dishes a marble tint. They also invested a lot of artistic resourcefulness and talent in the development of the ornament on the tiles, which were used to line the walls and stoves. A characteristic feature of Chernihiv tiles was a blue floral ornament on a white background. The original tonality was distinguished by Volyn and Polissya ceramics, the so-called black-polished dishes (sivaks with vertical shiny stripes). This type of dishes was widely used in the regions of Ternopil, Lvov and Stanislav. Podolsk ceramic products were famous for their polychrome bright colors and original shapes. Bowls made in the Poltava province were painted with floral ornaments on a dark brown, yellow, green and gray-blue background. Among the ceramic products of the Hutsuls, dishes covered with white glaze, with engravings and ornaments, prevailed. Local features also existed in the colors of the carpets. So, in central Ukraine, the "Poltava type" with a wavy pattern of large flowers was widespread. Podolsk carpets were decorated with solid geometric and floral ornaments without a common background.
The diversity and difference of many types of products of domestic crafts of Ukrainians, with the unity of their main, common features, testified that the development of crafts was peculiar in each of the local regions of Ukraine. In the second half of the XIX - early XX century. with the development of capitalism, folk crafts began to gradually decline; the artistic merit of products decreased. Home crafts existed for a longer time only in the economically backward regions of Ukraine (Polesie, Volyn, Carpathians).
The development of small peasant crafts contributed to the training of workers who were recruited to work in the manufacture and large-scale machine industry. V. I. Lenin noted: “Large-scale machine industry could not have developed so rapidly in the post-reform period, if behind it there was not a long era of training of workers by manufactory”*.
After the Great October Socialist Revolution, a new period began in the history of folk crafts. Craftsmen freed themselves from the oppression and exploitation of buyers and usurers.
- 1. Pottery Embroidery Wood carving Vitinanka Vine weaving Petrikov painting
- 2. Territory of the pottery center in Vyshgorod. Pottery Museum
- 3. Pavilion above the mountain Pottery Center
- 4. Old Russian pottery forge Old Russian pottery forge
- 5. Museum exposition Works of contemporary masters
- Opishnia is the center of Ukrainian pottery. More than 40 varieties of clay have been found here. Once in this village, almost everyone was a potter. This wonderful museum is famous not only in Ukraine, but also in the world. The best museums in the world acquire products from Oposhnya. The museum has a collection of pottery works from the best Ukrainian masters of the past and present. Some of the sculptures are exhibited in the open air, and the most valuable is stored in the museum. During the tour, everyone can try their hand at the potter's wheel.
- 7. Museum-reserve of Ukrainian pottery in the open air
- 8. Such work is called vitinanka - openwork paper cutting. Not to be confused with origami! Not so long ago, this art was still popular in Podolia, the Dnieper region, and the Carpathian region. In Ukraine, it has been going on since ancient times, from pagan times. Witinanki, as amulets, decorated beams, stoves and windows in houses, gave them to each other for Christmas and Easter. Each region has its own characteristics. The Dnieper region is characterized by colorful compositions: flowerpots, bouquets. Podolsk vitinanki are limited in color and convey ornamental motifs: branches with birds, circles, stars. The Carpathian ones are distinguished by geometric shapes and plant compositions.
- 9. The village of Petrikovka in the Dnipropetrovsk region is one of the few where the traditions of ancient folk crafts are carefully preserved. The famous Petrykivka painting has long been calling card Ukraine. In Canada, even a manual on this type of art has been published. Petrikovka was founded 230 years ago by Pyotr Kalnyshevsky himself. And immediately an interesting custom arose in this free Cossack village: women began to paint the walls of the huts with colorful flower patterns. They were painted with brushes made of cat hair, matches wrapped in soft cloth, and simply with fingers. Paints were bred on eggs and milk, and the colors were chosen - the brightest, to match the colorful nature of the Dnieper region. The hostesses competed with each other, trying to make their house the most picturesque, and looked jealously at someone else's art. They said about the most successful murals: beautiful, like in a church. But if the hut remained white, they stopped greeting the hostess as if they were a stranger. Petrykivka painting - a visiting card of Ukraine
- 10. The building where Petrykivka craftswomen work
- 11. The most diligent hostesses in Petrikovka were called "chepurushki". Thanks to them, painting skills were passed down from generation to generation until the 30s of the twentieth century. Works performed by "chepurushki"
- 12. whole year the villagers of Iza take care of the vine, fertilize, spud, water it abundantly, and then, in the fall on Pokrov (October 14), they cut everything grown to the last branch in one day. Even at school, classes are canceled on weekdays. In a word, the village is closed - everyone went to the sapling. And so from year to year. A freshly cut vine rod is not suitable for weaving. Because it breaks. But when the lozina is boiled for three hours in boiling water, it becomes flexible, like the back of a young Hutsul woman. Some artisans arrange cooking at home: they take out a bath into the garden, put water with a vine into it, make two fires under the bottom, and just have time to add firewood.
- As expected, the fire here burns underground. The oven, built of brick (probably pre-war firing), in the semicircular mouth of which a cow can easily fit, is lined with a meter-long earth embankment, very similar to a partisan dugout. A rectangular boiler is fixed above the furnace. Capacity - 1000 liters of water and 200 kg of vines. The rods placed in boiling water, like pasta, absorb all the water, swell and, it turns out, do not boil, but are steamed. The swollen vine constantly sticks out of the boiler.
- 14. Woodcarving is an art dating back more than one thousand years. Products from this environmentally friendly, warm material have been decorating homes for centuries and now help create an atmosphere of warmth and comfort in homes.
- 15. Embroidery is the art of sewing decorative stitches on fabric. This is a very ancient art. The remains of embroidered clothes were found during archaeological excavations of the ruins of Assyrian and Persian cities. The Old Testament describes the beauty of embroidery on the festive clothes of the Jews in biblical times. Embroidery is a type of arts and crafts in which the image is made on fabrics, leather and other materials. Use linen, cotton, wool, silk, metal threads, as well as hair, beads, pearls, coins or sequins.
- 16. Ornamental motifs of Ukrainian embroideries are rooted in local flora and fauna, in historical tradition. In ancient times, the main ornamental motifs displayed elements of the symbolism of various ancient cults.
- 17. When creating ornaments for embroidery, artists at all times turned to nature, but not just copied it, but processed it, simplified it in stylization, preserving the most characteristic. In Ukrainian folk embroidery, there are floral, geometric, floral-geometrized ornaments, ornaments with images of animals, ornaments with emblems. Floral ornaments consist of stylized (simplified) flowers, leaves, buds, stems. Geometric ornaments consist of a variety of geometric shapes: triangles, rhombuses, squares, stars, etc. In the embroidery of towels, napkins, tablecloths, panels, stylized animals, birds, and insects are found in ornaments.
- 18. Prepared by the primary school teacher Berezhnaya T.V.
Who among us does not love beautiful dishes with original design! Especially if it is made by the hands of masters who know the traditions from their grandfather-great-grandfather. Potter is an ancient profession, and in Ukraine this craft was widespread in all regions, as our country boasts deposits of various clays used for the production of ceramic dishes and all kinds of knick-knacks.
And now the traditions of glorious potters are alive. Today we will talk about them in our review: where you can see how dishes are made on a potter's wheel, try yourself in this craft and buy interesting products and cute knick-knacks made of clay.
History of pottery: before and after the potter's wheel
Pottery is an ancient craft, and it originated in the Neolithic era. It developed where there was raw material for fishing - clay, and the territory of Ukraine is just a fertile land for this.
Pottery in Ukraine reached its peak in the era of Trypillia culture. At first, clay products were molded by hand and fired on an open fire or in conventional ovens. Everything changed dramatically after the invention of the potter's wheel.
Rough manual work was transformed, the craft of potters developed, which improved from century to century, becoming a real art. People have learned to make a lot of clay products, not only dishes, but also various souvenirs, decorations, toys, tiles (or, as they used to say, tiles).
"It's not the gods who burn the pots," says folk proverb. But in fact, the craft of a potter is not an easy one, and in order to create beauty from ordinary clay, you need to work painstakingly for years, improving your skills.
Photo source: ufest.in.ua.
There are ceramists and special secrets. They begin with the preparation of clay. Since ancient times, having mined it on clay, they left it to “ripen”, stirring it with a shovel and pouring water on it so that it becomes plastic. It is believed that some types of clay need to be kept outdoors for a year or two before use, so the properties improve. And clay for porcelain was kept in special pits for decades.
You can get acquainted with the traditions of pottery in Ukraine and other arts and crafts without leaving the capital - in, a well-known artist and collector.
How to draw a drawing
Pottery can be natural in color, and for decoration, it is applied before firing. engobe - liquid clay coating. Engobes come in nature in different colors. Dyes could also be added to the clay. An engobe can be embossed. Characteristic decorations are strips, plaits of various shapes.
Photo source: esu.com.ua.
In addition, various techniques were used:
- glossing (burnishing) - on a dry shard;
- carving - applying engobe with a stream to the finished product using a special horn, then the craftsmen replaced it with a rubber pear;
- straightening - scratching patterns;
- flirting - with the help of a sharp object, three or four multi-colored engobe ribbons were connected, in the finished product they looked like stars.
Another technology for applying a pattern is glaze. It is applied to an already dried product.
Traditions of pottery in Ukraine
To date, pottery, like other handicrafts, has somewhat receded into the past. But still in the regions where it was common, and now there are followers of the traditions. Today it is more of an art than a craft.
Each region of pottery in Ukraine had a characteristic technique and distinctive features. by which it was possible to determine the origin of a product. And now we will try to understand these features.
Opishna - pottery capital
The village of Opishnia in the Poltava region is not without reason considered the capital of pottery in Ukraine, because craftsmen have glorified this region for a long time. The well-known poshnyansky ware was thin-walled. It is characterized by two- or three-color painting in the form of dashes, krivulin, dots and the like. Opishna was also famous for clay decorative sculptures and children's toys.
Photo source: ceramiko.livejournal.com.
Modern craftsmen apply floral ornaments, usually large ones, to products. Flowers are similar to those that are typical for Ukrainian wall painting. The patterns are usually light yellow, made on a white, red-brown or green background.
According to researchers, it was the Poltava region that was the leader in pottery for more than 100 years, as well as in the study of this craft. Products of local masters since the end of the 19th century began to be a success in Europe, among collectors.
As early as 1894, the first specialized profile was opened in Opishna on the left bank of Ukraine. educational institution- Zemstvo exemplary pottery workshop. Poltavet Yakov Ryzhenko was the first to defend a scientific dissertation on ceramology in 1929.
Opishnya is an interesting tourist site, it is located just in the middle of the route through Gogol's places, between Velikie Sorochintsy and Dikanka. There is beautiful nature, friendly people, eco-tourism is developing. And today you will get inexpressible pleasure from the rich collection of the museum and live communication with modern potters.
Photo source: travel-guide.at.ua.
It is in Opishna that today is located and scientific institution for the study of traditions and craft techniques - the Institute of Pottery and Ceramics at the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. It is headed by Oles Poshivailo, the successor of the well-known dynasty of potters. In the excursion routes of Oposhnya - a visit to the memorial museum-estate of the Poshivaylo family, Memorial.
Painting by Yavdokha Poshivailo, an exhibit of the family's estate museum. Photo source: prostir.museum.
The National Festival "Pottery Shift" has already become traditional, which attracts masters from all over Ukraine.
Photo source: telegraf.in.ua.
Also, the village of Khomutets in the Poltava region is known for the traditions of pottery.
Podolsk potters
Bubnovka (Vinnitsa region), Dybintsy, Irpin (Kiev region) and others were well-known centers of pottery in Podolia.
Distinctive features of Podolsk ceramics are a fiery red background and lush original ornaments: flowers, bunches of grapes, branches with fruits.
Photo source: vinceramics.inf.ua.
Typical for Bubnovskaya ceramics was the manufacture of huge pots "for borscht". Also, painted dishes, toys - rams, horses, goose, figures of people were made here.
Photo source: kraina-ua.com.
In Bubnovka, even now there are modern masters - the successors of the traditions of their ancestors. A museum-estate of potters Gerasimenko brothers was created in the village.
And in Vinnitsa there is a memorial at the heart of the exposition - ceramic products from the creative heritage of the master.
If we talk about modern Dybintsy, today ecotourism is developing here, and as an entertainment, guests are offered to take a pottery master class.
Pottery in Chernihiv region
Chernihiv region has long been a pottery region. In the 17th century, decorations in the form of geometric ornaments were characteristic of the products of this region; in the 18th century, local potters became famous for their white glazed dishes, which resembled earthenware. Painted on white glaze. And some craftsmen used a specific technique of splashes and smudges to decorate.
The Chernihiv region was also famous for its tile industry, which flourished in the 18th century and expanded into the Poltava and Sloboda regions. The centers of pottery in the Chernihiv region were Ichnya, Gorodnya, Korop, Nizhyn, Oleshnya, Shatrishchi.
Polesie pottery
For the products of Polissya (the current Zhytomyr, Volyn, Rivne regions) were characterized by baroque ornaments. Traditionally, in the first half of the 19th century, various krinkas, makitras, bowls and plates, flowerpots were made here.
The distinguishing features of Volyn ceramics were gray, black, blue-black colors - the so-called "sivaks". And patterns in the form of pine trees, columns, Christmas trees, cells. As well as dark smoky ceramics.
Photo source: 3.bp.blogspot.com.
One of the most famous pottery centers in Volhynia is the village of Rakita. Previously, potters were here "through the hut" - that is, virtually every second person was engaged in the craft. Characteristic were the krinks of a squat shape with thin ears.
Building ceramics also actively developed in Polissya. Interestingly, elongated clay pots began to be built into the vaults of temples - to improve acoustics. For example, Dmitrovskaya Church and in Vladimir-Volynsky.
Pottery in the Hutsul region
The most famous pottery center in the Hutsul region was and remains Kosiv. The local craftsmen created a highly artistic technique of engraved painting, tiles of the original form for decorating stoves, lamps, painted bowls and many other original products. Tiled stoves made in Kosovo were willingly installed in Romania, Hungary. The variety of drawings is striking: from stylized floral ornaments to images of animals, people and entire everyday scenes.
Photo source: svitppt.com.ua.
Ceramic products were made using a unique engraving technique - they painted items covered with white clay and dried. After the first firing in a potter's kiln, the product was painted with green, brown, yellow, and less often blue paints (there was no white glaze in Kosovo, only white engobe before firing). The product was covered with transparent glaze and burned out again. This technique is the only one in the world. Today, both traditional floral ornaments and images of scenes from the life of the Hutsuls are popular.
Photo source: etnoxata.com.ua.
And in the village of Kobolchin, Sokiryansky district, a regional pottery museum has been opened. There are more than a thousand exhibits in the collection, there is a pottery workshop.
Where to learn pottery and buy ceramics
In art salons you will definitely find shelves with ceramic souvenirs and utensils. But in order to buy original products of famous modern masters, it is worth visiting specialized exhibitions. As already mentioned, a festival is held annually in Opishna. It is already known that "Shift-2017" will be held from June 26 to July 2. Here, of course, you will be able to visit master classes and buy ceramics not only from Oposhnya masters, but also from potters from other regions.
And if you want to learn more seriously, and you have time for this, Opishnia offers to become a member of the summer pottery academy from June 12 to July 2. Training is paid. A master class in pottery is also offered at the Stary Khutor estate. .
Photo source: opishne-museum.gov.ua.
By the way, a specialized institution of higher education operates in the Poltava region - the Gogol Mirgorod Art and Industrial College, leading its history since 1895 (formerly a ceramic technical school).
You can also buy original pottery and not only at the annual festival, which takes place in Velikie Sorochintsy, sung by Gogol.
You can buy original products of Hutsul masters at a unique one - so if you are traveling around Bukovina, do not forget to visit it.
Photo source: vsitury.com.ua.
Creative workshops of folk craftsmen of this region invite you to master classes.
They thoroughly teach pottery at the Kosovo Institute of Decorative Applied Arts of the Lviv Academy of Arts.
In Kyiv, a pottery school operates on the territory, as well as in. To date, you can find many proposals for teaching the ancient craft of potter.
Creating beauty is great, and it's never too late to discover your talent. Or start collecting ceramics at home, which may become a family heirloom for your family.
Pottery has been made and widely used on the territory of Ukraine since time immemorial. This is perhaps the most ancient type of folk art, which carries invaluable information about the culture of ancient life. So what is pottery and how did it develop on the territory of our state?
Making various household products, dishes, toys, tiles, etc. from potter's clay. and firing these products - that's what pottery is. This craft is quite ancient, originated in the Neolithic period, later developed into a kind of folk art. Clay is a plastic raw material at the time of product formation, after processing - firing (at a temperature of 900 degrees) - it becomes a solid material. Clay has a very wide palette of natural colors - ranging from white, cream, moving on to ocher, red, brown and dark gray. There are also ceramic paints, which in general give pottery an amazing effect. They are made of colored clay - engobe. Decorative or transparent glazes are also used, which cover the finished product from above.
Potters of primitive times sculpted their products by hand: they covered a stone or any wooden form with small pieces of clay mass, no more than a finger thick, or twisted a clay ribbon in a spiral, thus sculpting and perfecting a vessel that was cone-shaped in shape, with thick walls and a sharp bottom. . Such dishes did not have clearly defined roundness or a clear silhouette, but such a product performed its function. This technique has stood the test of time and existed on a par with working on a potter's wheel, it is known to masters today.
The potter's wheel was invented in the 4th millennium BC. At first it was manual and rotated rather slowly, then it improved and became high-speed in the Middle Ages, received a foot drive, and this then became a significant revolution in the development of the entire pottery. The circular turning technique made it possible not only to increase the output of ceramic products, but also to make products more perfect and elegant. A vessel made on such a circle had thin light walls, its forms had harmonious outlines, it was possible to apply ornamental stripes, lines and other decorations on the surface.
Folk pottery masters used several techniques for decorating the finished product in their craft. These were glossing, polishing, carving, stamping, flinting, modeling.
Let's take a closer look at each of these techniques.
Ritirovanie (or scratching, engraving, "edge") - was done by applying a deep groove with a small wooden stick or nail, like a pencil. So a pattern of any shape was scratched out.
Glossing (or also called polishing) was carried out with a smooth object, it could be a stone, on a dry shard - lines, stripes and other decor were applied.
When working in the carving technique, a special horn was filled with an engobe, either a goose feather or a glass tube was inserted into the hole-hole at the bottom. The jet of engobe was thus easily applied to the surface of the finished product. Later, closer to our time, the horn was replaced for convenience with a rubber pear. In this technique, the masters wrote out lines, straight and wavy, applied dots, leaves, rosettes or other ornament.
Fliandrovanie - a technique in which three or four engobe ribbons of different colors were connected with a sharp object, it looked like marble stains, clear and zigzag. Today, pottery distinguishes four types of products by purpose: a variety of dishes for anything, sacred objects (icons, crosses, candlesticks, etc.), toys, items for housing and its arrangement (these could be tiles, flowerpots, vases or other similar products).
When in the tenth century the Old Russian state was formed, the production of pottery gradually developed and grew. This was especially true for cities. Products began to be covered with opaque, and later transparent glaze. The potters of Ancient Rus' usually made pots in which grain was stored, or bowls, mugs, pots, jugs.
For the XIV century. It was typical to make convenient inexpensive dishes for cooking. She was decorated with polishing, wooden stamps - circles, rays, cloves, stars, swallows.
Pottery reached its highest level of development in the 17th-18th centuries. At that time, products were painted not only with engobes, but also with enamels - ceramic paint similar to glass. This opened up the possibility of using different colors and enriched the potters' palette. Popular at that time were floral ornaments, images of figures, which were mainly used to decorate bowls and tiles. The most widespread pottery was in the Poltava region, and among the Poltava pottery centers like Glinsk, Zinkov, Mirgorod, Opishnia stood out the most. In 1789, about two hundred potters worked here, they produced festive utensils for various drinks (flasks, jars, jugs, kegs) and decorative figured ware of a sculptural nature: lions, lambs, roosters, horses, they were decorated with floral ornaments. Glinsk was famous for the creative work of the Sulim family, who made the fliandrovka the city's leading technique, sometimes combining it with floral patterns and motifs.
In the Dnieper pottery centers - Dybintsy, Reevka, Kanev, Sunki, Tsvetnoy, etc. - good-quality applied utensils, decorated with drawings, and figured utensils for drinks, mainly in the form of animals and birds, were popular.
As for Podolia, pottery production there was widespread in Gaisin, Bar, Bubnovka, Smotrych, Letichev, etc. Bubnovskaya, for example, was characterized not only by clear floral patterns, but also by small fashioned bird figurines, which were placed on the covers of the market, dzbanks, etc. In Western Ukraine, Yavorov, Potelich, Pustyn, Kolomyia, Mukachevo, etc. were considered the leading centers of pottery. The pottery workshop in Kolomyia was established in 1661. Dishes were produced here, as well as candlesticks, tiles, which were decorated with flyandrovka or carving.
In the 19th century Each region that was engaged in pottery had certain peculiarities. They depended primarily on the quality of the materials used in the work, the level of technical development of production, the traditions of the region and other factors.
The products of the Opishni potters were distinguished by their originality. For example, one of the local craftsmen, Fyodor Chervinka, not only engraved on the wet surface of the product, but also stuck ornamental relief motifs on it. Vasily Porosny introduced into the lace of floral ornament various fantasy fabulous birds and animals.
Andrey Gonchar from the village of Bubnovka was famous among the potters in Podolia: he was the first to introduce the production of red painted dishes in his native village. Bar village potters Petr Lukashenko and Pavel Samolovich decorated bowls with figurative compositions revealing entire themes. In the village of Adamovka, Yakov Batsutsa worked, who gained popularity not only within Ukraine, but also far beyond them: he made spherical dishes and painted them with silhouette figures.
In the Hutsul region of the XIX century. became the leading centers of pottery in Kosiv and Pistyn. Ceramics of Kosovo became famous thanks to the creativity of the original Alexei Bakhmetyuk. His father, Petr Bakhmetyuk, was engaged in the manufacture of unwatered dishes. As a young man, Aleksey studied and worked with Ivan Baranyuk, a well-known tiler potter in those days, who lived on the outskirts of Kosovo, in Moskalevka. Later, Alexei inherited his father's workshop, and his own creativity was marked by the original painting of tiles and dishes. The ornamentation of this master consists of flowers with many petals, triangular leaves, bunches of grapes, birds on the branches, goats, horses, deer. Boldly decorated floral ornaments were called "Bakhminshchina".
The Pista pottery center is associated with the work of entire pottery families who became famous for their work: Voloschuks, Zondyuks, Koshaks, Mikhalevichs, Timchuks and other families. They specialized mainly in painted bowls, jars, dishes, and the like. Petr Timchuk also made unusual unique figurines of rams, goats, deer, which carried pots on their backs - they were used for indoor flowers.
Long-standing pottery centers of the Lviv region were formed - Gavarechchina, Glinsk, Lagodov, Sasov, Sokal, Shpikolosy, Yavor, etc., which made dishes for a wide range of purposes and various shapes.
Folk ceramics of the 20-30s of the XX century. in the villages of Adamovka, Bar, Dybintsy, Shatrishche, Opishnia and other centers of pottery almost did not differ from similar products of the last century. However, we note that forced collectivization contributed to a significant decline in the pottery industry. They tried to establish pottery artels in many cells in the villages, but these attempts failed. The number of handicraft potters decreased, because the entire able-bodied population of the villages had to work on collective farms.
The post-war years made pottery a little more lively. Applied utensils were very few in everyday life, and this contributed to the restoration of ceramic production at a fairly fast pace in the same Oposhnya, Valki, Vasilkovo. In the ancient centers of excellence, artels began to be created again - in Dybintsy, Bubnovka, Bar, Adamovka, Kosovo, Smotrych. Among the outstanding craftsmen who worked in them are the Gerasimenko brothers from Bubnovka, Gavrila Poshivaylo from Opishna, Oleksandr Pirozhok from Adamovka, Grigory and Pavlina Tsvilinkiv from Kosovo, and others.
In the 60s, where there were centers of gray ceramics, which was beautiful due to its shape, a brilliant simple pattern only emphasized the nobility and expressiveness of the finished product with its contrast. Among such centers can be called Gorodishche (Poltava region), Shatryshche (Sumy region), Plakhtyanka (Kiev region), Pastyrskoe (Cherkassy), Shpikolosy and Gavarechchina (Lviv region).
However, since the 1970s and 1980s, pottery in Ukraine has been gradually declining. Experienced potters are becoming less and less. Instead, semi-mechanized workshops for the production of ceramics began to spread more and more, factories that manufacture mass products that only imitate folk products potters.
Our variety offers you a huge variety. The greatest craftsmanship - which allows a great many, being the centuries-old cradle of pottery. We sincerely hope that from the assortment of ETHNOHATS you will be able to pleasantly amaze you.
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