Today, many industrial enterprises use an industrial reverse osmosis installation. The method is based on a natural phenomenon. It refers to the membrane method for removing contaminants. The reverse osmosis method can completely solve purification issues in many areas of human activity. An example is an industrial reverse osmosis water filtration system for boilers, various technologies, food use and removal of salts in sea water. Sometimes industrial systems are called membrane water desalination plants. During the treatment process, the liquid is completely desalted using reverse osmosis.
Membrane use
Reverse osmosis systems use a membrane with a porous structure. It is made from a thin layer of film of a composite material with many pores. Their space should allow only water molecules to pass through and impurities to be retained. Typically in industrial installations, a pore diameter of 0.0001 microns is used. In order for the cleaning process to begin, it is necessary to provide osmotic pressure - the force of water supply to the surface of the membrane, so that water molecules can pass through the pores. The rate of water purification is directly proportional to osmotic pressure, temperature range of water and salt concentration. So, in low-pressure osmosis, a pressure of 6 atm is provided, and in high-pressure osmosis, a pressure of 15 atm is provided. Highly salty waters, for example sea water, require a working osmotic pressure of 45 to 80 atm.
In a reverse osmosis system, water is divided into two streams:
- permeate or filtrate – water that has undergone filtration;
- brine or concentrate - water that goes into drainage systems or is further processed.
Applications of industrial systems
Industrial installations are selected based on operating conditions. Additionally, the performance of the system is taken into account to ensure the purification of this volume of supplied water. It is better to consult specialists on an individual basis.
Pay attention to the number of membranes, pump performance, degree of control, instrumentation and other necessary design parameters. the main task– obtain the required permeate and its constant production for a certain type of object.
The complex takes into account the initial and required composition of water. For example, water from the chemical industry is first subjected to mechanical and ionic purification, while water from the agricultural industry is subject to mechanical filtration, aerobic oxidation and water softening.
The unit is mounted on a wall or in a dust-proof cabinet. Additionally, a UV disinfector and water collection containers can be installed.
Reverse osmosis installation device
Two-stage filters for reverse osmosis are significant in industry. The liquid to be cleaned is supplied to the first membrane. Next, the filtrate is sent to the second membrane unit. The output water is completely desalinated or deeply desalinated. It is used in electronics and chemical industry at some stages.
When developing a reverse osmosis purification installation for industrial purposes, the following rules are adhered to:
- priority water preparation and the design of the reverse osmosis system are established for a certain chemical composition of water, requirements for purified water and operating conditions;
- the reverse osmosis water purification system must fully cover production needs;
- all materials and components must have a certificate for use in the food industry;
- make maximum use of energy-saving technologies;
- automatic control must be carried out according to three criteria: time cyclogram, volume of purified water, manual control;
- during operation, pressure, water temperature, operating time, salt composition, pH value and other parameters must be monitored;
- provide for regulation of the concentration of microelements in filtered water, as well as blocking in case of disturbances in the operation or quality of water;
- the rated performance value must be maintained throughout the entire service life at any temperature;
- V technical operation The installation and startup of the system, its maintenance as a whole and individual parts should be described in detail.
The reverse osmosis installation is based on a supporting frame. It not only influences appearance system, but also necessary to ensure rigidity and strength. Proper system layout will facilitate installation, use and maintenance of all equipment. Typically the frame can be adjusted in height and moved on wheels.
A centrifugal pump with several stages, a solenoid valve, a pressure switch and a check valve for flushing the membrane are installed on the frame. A rotameter, a pressure gauge, a control cabinet and an adjustable valve are mounted in front of the frame.
A mechanical filter, solenoid valve, protection relay and check valve are installed in the supply water pipeline in the following sequence.
At the water outlet, the pipeline is equipped with a safety valve and a conductivity meter.
Reverse osmosis installations for industrial use are fully equipped and installed directly into the water supply.
Types of industrial installations
There are 3 design options. The construction of the membrane group depends on the ratio of the resulting water to the concentrate.
The first type includes low-productivity installations - up to 5 cubic meters per hour. All membrane elements in this type are mounted in one pressure housing. This is how maximum simplicity and low cost are achieved. With one membrane, the installation is made vertical, with several - horizontal.
The second type consists of medium-performance systems. All membrane elements are distributed over two parallel housings. The complexity of the system is justified by the large output. It can purify sea waters. The installations are arranged horizontally with an even number of housings.
The most difficult type is the third, which has great productivity. It is distinguished by the supply of concentrate to additional membranes in order to ensure the maximum permissible yield of filtered water (up to 75%), energy saving, sewer emissions and the cost of the resulting water. Additional membranes carry a greater load, since the concentrate contains more impurities. To ensure uniform operation, additional membranes are cleaned or regenerated. This group has sophisticated controls and hardware.
The working principle of industrial osmosis
Removal of salts from water occurs through the principle of reverse osmosis. Salt water is pumped through a semi-permeable thin membrane under a certain pressure. It is necessary for the passage of water molecules and the retention of salt ions and trace elements.
The performance of the membrane system is not equal to the performance of the pump, but is much lower. It is affected by temperature and concentration of impurities.
Advantages of an industrial reverse osmosis plant
If complex technologies or expensive equipment are used in production, then the reverse osmosis method is quite relevant.
As mentioned above, the system can be supplemented with a UV lamp, mineralizer and other necessary devices.
The liquid is 99% purified and will not harm the human body or complex production.
Disadvantages of a reverse osmosis system
The installation is powerless against the gaseous form of chlorine and some organics. Thanks to smaller molecules, herbicides, chlorine and other substances pass freely through the pores of the membrane.
Today the question is being raised about the dangers of using demineralized water for food.
At the outlet, the volume of permeant is only a third of the total volume of the supplied liquid.
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Modern industrial production Regardless of the industry, it is characterized by a high degree of unification, mechanization and automation.
Industrial installations can be classified in different ways:
- by type of industry - chemical, energy, metallurgical, etc.,
- by importance - main and auxiliary, by organization production process– continuous or periodic action,
- by scope – universal and specialized,
- by type of process - mechanical, hydromechanical, thermal, chemical, mass transfer,
- by level of automation - automatic, semi-automatic and self-adjusting units.
A significant part of industrial installations can be considered universal, that is, applicable in most industries, regardless of the industry. These include refrigeration, pumping, heating, and lifting units. Most technological processes in a variety of industries are associated with heating, cooling and transfer of mass and heat over a distance.
For highly specialized industries, for example, in the chemical industry, specialized equipment is used - aerators, crucibles, centrifuges, plasmatrons, scrubbers, in metallurgy - installations for induction heating, etc.
An industrial ventilation unit is an example of an organization.
Any technological process requires energy, therefore any industrial installation is supplied with a power unit - electric, solid or liquid fuel. In addition, it is necessary to supply raw materials to an operating installation and pick up the finished product, so any installation requires a transport module for production loading operations. This could be a piping system if the installation handles liquids or gases, a conveyor or a loader (for solids).
In some cases, industrial installations are carried out in a mobile version, for example, on the basis truck or an all-terrain vehicle (as an example -).
A mandatory component of any industrial installation is a safety system that protects equipment from breakdowns and accidents (sensors, meters, fire extinguishing system), and operating personnel from injuries (railings, fences). Maintenance and repair of these auxiliary systems often takes more time and resources than maintenance of the main unit of the installation. On hazardous industries and continuous cycle installations, all auxiliary systems are duplicated.
Thus, we can say that an industrial installation is an automated complex consisting of a set of specialized units that ensures industrial production in a given volume.
The main requirements for industrial installations are reliability, durability, efficiency, ease of operation and safety.
Automated industrial plants are actively used in the chemical industry.
During operation of the equipment, it is exposed to many factors - pressure, temperature, corrosion and mechanical loads; the range of action of these factors can be very large. To prevent possible breakdowns and avoid production stoppages, periods for routine inspection, maintenance and repair are established for industrial installations.
Automation of industrial plants
Modern software allows you to automate even very complex production processes.
Automatic installations do not require human intervention. They control the parameters technological process and stop the process if the parameters go beyond the specified limits.
Self-adjusting installations are a more intelligent type of machine that allows you to take into account changing conditions and adjust the operation of the system in accordance with the situation.
Sets of sensors and controllers can monitor all operating parameters of the installation - temperature, pressure, chemical composition, condition of components and much more. The range of monitoring equipment is constantly being improved and becomes more compact.
Controllers are produced in many countries around the world, by a variety of manufacturers, so their prices are low.
For ease of use, many software products provide visualization (even voluminous) of the processes occurring in the installation. Such visualization allows the operator to remotely monitor the situation and quickly respond to changes.
Industrial installations for air purification in production
This cleaning is done using special devices collecting dust located at production sites. According to established legislation, the dust concentration corresponds to no more than 0.15 mg/m3. In institutions related to the manufacture of medicines, the content of toxic impurities should not exceed 3 mg/m3. They also deodorize harmful substances.
Dust in production premises occurs during the manufacturing process of a product. If aluminum is being manufactured or smelted, a coke mass is formed, the particles of which fly in the air. There are an infinite number of such industries. People staying in rooms without equipped ventilation and air purification receive severe poisoning.
Dust neutralization equipment
Removal occurs mainly through coarse and fine filters made on a fiber basis, as well as carbon filters. It all depends on the harmfulness of the plant. Ventilation must be installed above each workplace, through which dust from the technological process is directed through air ducts into non-filtration devices:
- cyclone;
- dust chambers;
- rotating chambers.
Devices of this type have a dust collector, which is removed to specially designated places after it is filled. Replacement of fiber and carbon filters occurs according to the established rules of the plant and the recommendations of the manufacturers. All products for this process have an internal device designed to remove different types of dust.
Industrial waste incineration plants
We are talking about waste incinerators. Every day people produce a certain amount of waste, which accumulates every day. The data is no longer suitable for use again, so MSW (municipal solid waste) must be disposed of. For this purpose, different methods are used, but one of the most beneficial is.
It is believed that this method of getting rid of unnecessary waste can reduce the original volume by three times, as well as rid the population of harmful properties, namely: toxic liquids, unpleasant odors, and protect animals, since the appearance attracts attention and puts their lives in danger.
Previously, this method was used only for production volumes of solid waste disposal, but then special ovens were made that allow you to get rid of waste in a household way.
Waste incinerators and their advantages
- An environmentally friendly way to dispose of unnecessary solid waste;
- Efficiency. Productivity indicator this method much higher than others;
- Speed. Thanks to waste incinerators, disposal is fast and environmentally friendly.
What groups are waste incinerators divided into?
All waste incinerators are divided into three groups:
- Industrial - the purpose of which is aimed at recycling waste from production, for example, medical waste, greenhouse waste, livestock waste, flammable waste and others;
- Household – designed for disposal of household waste. These incinerators are small in size and look like a regular oven. These incinerators are very convenient in offices and small medical offices;
- Country houses - destroy garbage in garden and private areas.
What does an industrial waste incineration plant consist of and how does it work?
A completely metal structure for burning waste, which contains 4 units, each of which has its own task.
- The first unit deals with the destruction of solid waste. It looks like a cylindrical chamber, in which there are 2 compartments separated by a grille, and hollow pipes located along the entire length of the chamber and responsible for the air supply. In one half the combustion takes place, in the other half garbage is loaded, which dries out during the combustion of some waste. In addition, 80% of the constituent organic substances, which pollute the atmosphere, evaporate, and then spontaneous combustion occurs. Due to this, combustion occurs continuously during operation of the device, which leads to complete combustion of waste.
- The second unit consists of a column that neutralizes the released gases. This happens due to thermochemical reactions, namely when air enters the column. A large number of harmful gases and tiny solid particles in the air are neutralized.
- The third unit is responsible for separating the exhaust gases using a smoke exhauster. As a result, settled solid soot particles are formed, which are pure carbon (can be called fertilizer).
- The last fourth node is the catalyst. In this part of the incinerator, redox reactions of gases passing through it occur. As a result, purified air is formed, which is released into the atmosphere.
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