Gas industry is the youngest and fastest growing industry. It is engaged in the production, transportation, storage and distribution of natural gas. Gas production is 2 times cheaper than oil production and 10-15 times cheaper than coal production.
On the territory of Russia there are about 1/3 explored world reserves of natural gas, the potential reserves of which are estimated at 160 trillion. m3, of which the European part accounts for 11.6%, and the eastern regions - 84.4%, the shelf of inland seas - 0.5%.
Over 90% of natural gas is produced in Western Siberia, including 87% in the Yamal-Nenets and 4% in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. The largest deposits are located here: Urengoyskoye, Yamburgskoye, Zapolyarnoye, Medvezhye, etc. The industrial reserves of natural gas in this region account for more than 60% of all the country's resources. Among other gas producing territories, the Urals (Orenburg gas condensate field - more than 3% of production), the Northern District (Vuktylskoye field) stand out. There are natural gas resources in the Lower Volga region (Astrakhan gas condensate field), in the North Caucasus (North Stavropol, Kuban-Azov fields), in the Far East (Ust-Vilyuiskoye, Tungor on Sakhalin Island).
Shelf areas of the Arctic and the Sea of Okhotsk are considered promising areas for gas production. Gas supergiants have been discovered in the Barents and Kara Seas - Leningradskoye, Rusanovskoye, Shtokmanovskoye fields.
For gas transportation in Russia, a one system gas supply, including fields under development, a network of gas pipelines (143 thousand km), compressor stations, underground storage facilities and other installations. There are large gas supply systems: Central, Volga, Ural, multi-line system Siberia-Center.
Russia's gas industry is dominated by RAO Gazprom is the world's largest gas production structure, one of the country's most important natural monopolies, providing 94% of all Russian gas production.
Oil industry
Oil industry engages in the extraction and transportation of oil, as well as the extraction of associated gas. Russia has quite large proven oil reserves (about 8% of the world's - the sixth largest in the world).
The resources of the Volga-Ural oil and gas province have been studied and developed the most. There are large deposits here: Romashkinskoye - in Tataria, Shkapovskoye and Tuymazinskoye - in Bashkiria, Mukhanovskoye - in the Samara region. and etc.
Main oil resources concentrated in the West Siberian oil and gas province. Since 1960, the Shaim, Surgut and Nizhnevartovsk oil regions have been outlined here, where such large fields as Samotlor, Ust-Balyk, Megionskoye, Yuganskoye, Kholmogorskoye, Variegonskoye and others are located.
The formation of the Timan-Pechora oil base continues, the largest field is Usinskoye. Heavy oil is extracted here (by the mine method) - the most valuable raw material for the production of low-temperature oils necessary for the operation of mechanisms in harsh climatic conditions.
Oil was also found in other regions of Russia: in the North Caucasus, in the Caspian lowland, on about. Sakhalin, in the shelf zones of the Barents, Kara, Okhotsk, Caspian Seas.
Oil production is concentrated in the three most important oil and gas provinces, which together provide more than 9/10 of all Russian oil, including more than 2/3 in the West Siberian province, and about 1/4 of the total production in the Volga-Urals.
The privatization of oil and gas complex facilities has fragmented the previously unified centrally controlled state system. Private oil companies took over production facilities and the country's national wealth - oil fields and their reserves. There are 17 companies in the Russian oil complex. Among them, the largest are LUKOIL (18.7% of Russian oil production), TNK (18.5%), Rosneft (15.6%), Surgutneftegaz (13.6%) and Sibneft ( 9.7%.
The advancement of production to the eastern regions and to the north of the European part sharply poses the problem of oil transportation. The most effective means for this in Russia are pipelines (see chapter “Transport Complex”). The development of the network of oil pipelines contributes to the further approach of oil refining to the places of consumption of oil products.
gas processing industry is engaged in the primary processing of associated gas from oil fields and is located in large oil production centers - Surgut, Nezhnevartovsk, Almetyevsk, Ukhta. However, the most powerful gas processing centers in Russia are the centers of gas condensate fields - Orenburg and Astrakhan.
The location of enterprises in the oil refining industry depends on the size of the consumption of petroleum products in different regions, the technology of processing and transporting oil, and the territorial relationships between resources and places of consumption of liquid fuel.
Currently there are 28 refineries(refinery) with a total capacity of 300 million tons per year. Almost 90% of the capacities of the oil refining industry are located in the European part of Russia, which is explained by its predominant attraction to the consumer: it is cheaper to transport crude oil through pipelines than to transport petroleum products, and technological process Because of this, most of the country's refineries are located on the Volga and its tributaries (Volgograd, Saratov, Nizhny Novgorod, Yaroslavl), along the routes and at the ends of oil pipelines (Tuapse, Ryazan, Moscow, Kirishi, Omsk, Achinsk, Angarsk, Komsomolsk-on- Amur), as well as in points with an advantageous transport and geographical position (Khabarovsk). A significant amount of oil is also processed in the places of its production: Ufa, Salavat, Samara, Perm, Ukhta, Krasnodar.
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Listed 20 largest enterprises Almost half of Russia is oil companies. The largest companies in terms of profit: Gazprom, Rosneft, Surgutneftegaz, Lukoil, Tatneft, Rusneft, NOVATEK.
The oil and gas industry in our country is the main source of state budget revenues. Short review shows that the largest oil companies in Russia are operating at a profit, despite the fall in world prices for hydrocarbons. The list was compiled on the basis of Expert RA (RAEX) data, the rating is based on the amount of net profit for 2015 (Fig. 1).
1. PJSC Gazprom
- Legal address: Russia, Moscow (Gazprom Neft - St. Petersburg)
- Information about the owners.Russian Federation owns a controlling stake - 50.2% of the global energy company, including 95.7% of the shares of the Gazprom Neft subsidiary. In American depositary receipts - 27.7%, and other persons - 22%.
- Capitalization -$44 billion as of December 2015 (MICEX - Moscow International Currency Exchange).
Gazprom produces 72% of gas in Russia, the share in world production is 11%. In terms of reserves, it ranks 1st in the world. It has a monopoly on the export of pipeline gas. Gazprom Neft ranks 4th in the production of liquid hydrocarbons, and is among the top three in terms of refining volume. The consolidation of Gazprom's assets was carried out by the Russian billionaire Alisher Usmanov, thanks to whom in 2007 the company was included in the list of 100 largest companies peace.
2. PJSC Surgutneftegaz
- Legal address: Russia, KhMAO, city of Surgut
- Information about the owners. Information about beneficial owners is not directly disclosed. In indirect sources, there is information that the main part belongs to to CEO Vladimir Bogdanov, but he never officially confirmed it. In the list of affiliated persons, he has only 0.3% of the shares.
- Capitalization -$18.2 billion as of December 31, 2016 (LSE - London Stock Exchange).
The company is engaged in oil and gas production in Western and Eastern Siberia, on the Timan-Pechora Ridge (67 fields in total). It is known for keeping most of its profits on deposits (at the end of 2014 - about 2 trillion rubles). Surgutneftegaz is not interested in the growth of shares, and pays very small dividends. He invests in non-core assets, is the owner of the air carrier UTair (75%).
3. PJSC NK Rosneft
- Legal address: Russia Moscow
- Information about the owners. As of December 2016, 50.1% belong to the Russian Federation (OJSC Rosneftegaz); 19.75% - British BP; 19.5 - joint consortium (Switzerland, Qatar); 7.5% - circulate in the form of global depositary notes.
- Capitalization -$57.6 billion as of December 31, 2016 (MICEX).
Rosneft entered the list of major oil companies in Russia after the purchase of TNK-BP (2012), one of the main owners of which was Mikhail Fridman. $54 billion was paid for the new assets, and 4 years later, the full cost of Rosneft dropped to this figure. In October 2015, as part of privatization, it acquired a 50.08% stake in NK Bashneft (state-owned stake), which in 2015 ranked first in terms of production growth (+11%).
4. PJSC Oil Company LUKOIL
- Legal address: Russia Moscow
- Information about the owners. For 2015, the company's managers consolidated more than 50% of the shares. The largest stake belongs to President Vagit Alekperov - 22.96%, Vice President Leonid Fedun - 9.78%. Subsidiary "Lukoil Investments Cyprus Ltd." owns 16.18%, the rest are in free float.
- Capitalization -$35.5 billion as of December 31, 2015 (according to LSE).
The structure of over 45 subsidiaries in almost 20 countries, including Iraq, Egypt, Iran, countries South America, Europe. In 2009, on the orders of the Federal Antimonopoly Service, the FAS paid a fine of 6.5 billion rubles for actions that led to an increase in wholesale prices for gasoline, kerosene and diesel fuel. In 2012, at the auction for the right to develop fields in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, the company paid almost 51 billion rubles, beating major competitors: Gazprom and Rosneft.
5. PJSC Tatneft im. V.D. Shashina
- Legal address: Russia, Republic of Tatarstan, city of Almetyevsk
- Information about the owners. Largest owner The government of Tatarstan - 35.9%, the Ministry of Land Property of the Republic of Tatarstan - 30.44%, Russian citizens own about 9% of the shares, 5% is owned by Taif LLC (controls over 95% of the petrochemistry and oil refining of Tatar oil).
- Capitalization -$9.8 billion as of December 31, 2015 (according to the company).
The main resource base of the company is located on the territory of Tatarstan. Outside the republic (Syria, Libya) in 2015, less than 1% of the volume was produced. Tatneft is actively developing refining production. Over the period from 2010 to 2015, the share of refining in relation to production increased from 0.8% to 34.1%. Nizhnekamsk Tire Plant, owned by the company, provides 72% of the total volume of tires produced in Russia tires SMC.
6. PJSC NK RussNeft
- Legal address: Russia Moscow
- Information about the owners. According to the company, as of November 2016, 60% of the shares belong to Mikhail Gutseriev and his family, 25% to the Swiss trader Glencore, and 15% are in free float, traded on the MICEX.
- Capitalization -$2.5 billion as of November 25, 2016 (MICEX).
RussNeft is the only oil company in Russia, which was established in 2002, having nothing to do with privatization, but by consolidating the assets of a number of small enterprises. From 2006 to 2010, she was persecuted by the FAS. In November 2016, she held an IPO on the Moscow Exchange, placing a 20% stake, and raised about $500 million. It develops deposits in the Volga region, the Orenburg region, Azerbaijan, and Western Siberia (123 licenses in total).
7. PJSC Novatek
- Legal address: Russia Moscow
- Information about the owners. The founder of the company, Leonid Mikhelson, owns a 24.8% stake, 23.5% - oil trader Gennady Timchenko, Gazprom - 10%, 15% - Total E&P Arctic Russia.
- Capitalization -$28 billion as of April 22, 2016 (LSE).
The company has 36 licenses for gas fields in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, and is among the 5 largest companies in the world in terms of gas reserves. Currently, he is implementing a global project for the construction of a plant for the production of liquefied gas, from where it will be sent to China, Korea, and Japan. A cargo port is also being built there. About 22 thousand builders and 3.6 thousand units of equipment are employed in the construction of the complex.
In 2015, almost all the largest oil companies in Russia showed a decrease in net profit. Exceptions: Gazprom and Novatek: they have grown many times over.
Fuel resources provide energy not only for the entire industry of any country in the world, but also for almost all spheres of human life. The most important part Russia are the oil and gas sector.
The oil and gas industry is the generalized name of the complex industrial enterprises for the extraction, transportation, processing and distribution of end products of oil and gas processing. This is one of the most powerful sectors of the Russian Federation, largely forming the country's budget and balance of payments, providing foreign exchange earnings and maintaining the national currency.
The history of development
The beginning of the formation of the oil field in the industrial sector is considered to be 1859, when mechanical drilling of wells was first used in the United States. Now almost all oil is produced through wells with only a difference in the efficiency of production. In Russia, the extraction of oil from drilled wells began in 1864 in the Kuban. The production debit at that time was 190 tons per day. In order to increase profits, much attention was paid to the mechanization of extraction, and already at the beginning of the 20th century, Russia took a leading position in oil production.
The first major areas for oil extraction in Soviet Russia were North Caucasus(Maikop, Grozny) and Baku (Azerbaijan). These dwindling older deposits did not meet the needs of the developing industry, and significant efforts were made to discover new deposits. As a result, several fields were put into operation in Central Asia, Bashkiria, Perm and Kuibyshev regions, the so-called Volga-Ural base was created.
The volume of oil produced reached 31 million tons. In the 1960s, the amount of black gold mined increased to 148 million tons, of which 71% came from the Volga-Ural region. In the 1970s, deposits in the West Siberian basin were discovered and put into operation. With oil exploration, a large number of gas deposits have been discovered.
Importance of the oil and gas industry for the Russian economy
The oil and gas industry has a significant impact on the Russian economy. Currently, it is the basis for budgeting and ensuring the functioning of many other sectors of the economy. The value of the national currency largely depends on world oil prices. The carbon energy resources produced in the Russian Federation make it possible to fully satisfy domestic demand for fuel, ensure the energy security of the country, and also contribute to significant contribution in the global energy economy.
The Russian Federation has a huge hydrocarbon potential. The Russian oil and gas industry is one of the world's leading ones, fully meeting domestic current and future needs for oil and refined products. A significant amount of hydrocarbon resources and their products is exported, providing replenishment of the foreign exchange reserves. Russia ranks second in the world in terms of liquid hydrocarbon reserves with a share of about 10%. Oil reserves have been explored and developed in the bowels of 35 constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Oil and gas industry: structure
There are several structural basic processes that make up the oil and gas industry: the oil and gas production, transportation and processing industries.
- Hydrocarbon production is a complex process that includes field exploration, well drilling, direct production and primary purification from water, sulfur and other impurities. Enterprises or structural units, the infrastructure of which includes booster and cluster pumping stations, water discharge installations and oil pipelines.
- Transportation of oil and gas from production sites to metering stations, to processing enterprises and to the final consumer is carried out using pipeline, water, automobile and railway transport. and trunk) are the most economical way to transport hydrocarbons, despite the very expensive facilities and maintenance. Oil and gas are transported by pipelines over long distances, including across different continents. Transportation by waterways using tankers and barges with a displacement of up to 320 thousand tons is carried out in intercity and international communications. Rail and trucks can also be used to transport crude oil over long distances, but are most cost-effective on relatively short routes.
- The processing of crude hydrocarbon energy carriers is carried out in order to obtain various types of petroleum products. First of all, these are different types of fuel and raw materials for subsequent chemical processing. The process is carried out at oil refineries refineries. The final products of processing, depending on the chemical composition, are divided into different grades. The final stage of production is the mixing of the various obtained components in order to obtain the required composition corresponding to a specific
Fields of the Russian Federation
The Russian oil and gas industry includes 2,352 oil fields under development. The largest oil and gas region in Russia is Western Siberia, it accounts for 60% of all extracted black gold. A significant part of oil and gas is produced in the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs. The volume of production of the product in other regions of the Russian Federation:
- Volga-Ural base - 22%.
- Eastern Siberia - 12%.
- Northern deposits - 5%.
- Caucasus - 1%.
The share of Western Siberia in natural gas production reaches almost 90%. The largest deposits (about 10 trillion cubic meters) are in the Urengoyskoye field in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The volume of gas production in other regions of the Russian Federation:
- Far East - 4,3%.
- Volga-Ural deposits - 3.5%.
- Yakutia and Eastern Siberia - 2.8%.
- Caucasus - 2.1%.
and gas
The task of processing is to turn crude oil and gas into marketable products. Refined products include fuel oil, petrol for Vehicle, fuel for jet engines, diesel fuel. The refinery process includes distillation, vacuum distillation, catalytic reforming, cracking, alkylation, isomerization and hydrotreating.
Natural gas processing includes compression, amine cleaning, glycol drying. The fractionation process involves the separation of the liquefied natural gas stream into its constituent parts: ethane, propane, butane, isobutane and natural gasoline.
The largest companies in Russia
Initially, all major oil and gas fields were developed exclusively by the state. Today, these objects are available for use by private companies. In total, the oil and gas industry of Russia has more than 15 large producing enterprises, among which are the well-known Gazprom, Rosneft, Lukoil, Surgutneftegaz.
The oil and gas industry in the world allows solving important economic, political and social tasks. Given the favorable situation on the world energy markets, many oil and gas suppliers are making significant investments in the national economy through export proceeds and are demonstrating exceptional growth dynamics. The most illustrative examples are the countries of Southwest Asia, as well as Norway, which, with low industrial development, thanks to hydrocarbon reserves, has become one of the most prosperous countries in Europe.
Development prospects
The oil and gas industry of the Russian Federation is largely dependent on the behavior of the main competitors in the market for production: Saudi Arabia and the United States. By itself, the total amount of hydrocarbons produced does not determine world prices. The dominant indicator is the percentage of production in a single oil power. The cost of production in different leading countries in terms of production varies significantly: the lowest in the Middle East, the highest in the United States. When the volume of oil production is unbalanced, prices can change both in one direction and in the other.
The oil industry of the world is one of the most important components of the world economy and has a significant impact on the development of other industries. Russia occupies one of the leading positions in the oil industry, as it has a sixth of the world's oil reserves.
Characteristics of the state economy
The most promising areas of oil production in the Russian Federation are European North and the Far East. Oil in these areas is produced by pumping and flowing methods.
On the this moment the importance of the oil industry in the fuel and energy complex is dominant. There are several main oil regions of the country.
West Siberian region. It produces more than sixty percent of all oil in the country. These fields are distinguished by the fact that the oil is shallow, the concentration of reserves is quite high, the conditions for drilling are optimal, in addition, the oil produced is of high quality.
Ural region. Large reserves and concentrations of production are located in Bashkortostan.
North Caucasus. The main deposits are Grozny and Dagestan, in addition, there are located in the Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories.
Northern region. Up to a hundred oil fields have been discovered here, where it is shallow and there are conditions for drilling. The largest deposit is considered to be Timan-Pechora.
Far East region. The most promising is Sakhalin and the seas surrounding it.
An important element of the characteristics of the state's oil industry is its. The main enterprises are located in the Central, Povolozhsky, Ural, East Siberian, Far East and West Siberian energy regions.
16 cities of Russia are mainly involved in production and oil, including:
- Moscow;
- Yaroslavl;
- Permian;
- Komsomolsk-on-Amur;
- Khabarovsk;
- Volgograd;
- Saratov;
- Nizhny Novgorod.
world industry
The oil industry of the world is the leading branch of the world economy and the fuel and energy industry, in particular, which influences the trends of this economy and even the political relations of countries.
Oil and gas industry are distinguished by large capital investments, the number of oil wells in the world that are currently being exploited to extract the resource reaches a million.
Industrial mining began in the nineteenth century in the United States, Russia and Romania. One hundred years later, refineries were operating in twenty countries, and another forty years later, in forty countries. The leading roles in mining in the twentieth century remained with Iran, the United States, the Soviet Union and Venezuela.
Oil industry
World oil production
With the growth of production and as they developed, the volume of the world market also gradually increased. Half a century ago, oil was relatively inexpensive, but after the onset of the energy crisis, the cost of oil went up sharply.
This fact also affected the areas of extraction of the resource, since production in hard-to-reach deposits in extreme conditions became unprofitable.
Only by the 1990s did the oil industry enter a phase of stable development. The main regulator of the cost of oil produced was OPEC, an international government organization formed by oil-producing countries in order to control the oil production quota.
Economic aspect
In 1998, the price of oil dropped to $80 a ton, which is catastrophically cheap. This fall in value has led to a significant decline in the income of countries exporting oil.
In order to return these revenues to their previous levels, the countries that are members of OPEC began to gradually reduce the volume of oil production. The result was a gradual increase in the price of oil, up to three hundred dollars per ton.
Such a jump hit the economic condition of the main countries importing oil, including Britain, the USA, and Germany. This so-called artificial crisis of oil consumption led to the fact that these countries were forced to use part of their inviolable resources.
Distribution of world production
The most important characteristic of the global oil industry is the geography of resource extraction within certain regions. At the end of the twentieth century, they talked about two groups of oil-producing countries - socialist and capitalist, since the regulation of production and its sale was carried out almost entirely by the formed OPEC.
Now OPEC controls more than forty percent of world oil production, the share of world oil production in developing countries reaches 66%, in Western countries - 19%.
The main oil-producing countries of the world in the current decade remain:
- Saudi Arabia;
- Russia;
- China;
- Iran;
- Mexico;
- Canada;
- Venezuela;
- Norway;
- Kuwait;
- Libya;
- Nigeria.
Placement factors
Location factors of the oil industry is such a set of conditions that provides the most rational and expedient choice of the location of an industrial and economic facility or their groups.
A large number of factors that the oil and gas industry is subject to in locating its facilities are classified by their origin.
natural factors. These include a comprehensive economic evaluation natural conditions - geological, seismic - and the volume of resources for the further development of the industry and the area in which the deposit is supposed.
Economic forces. The economic factor is considered to be a factor that takes into account the remoteness and expediency of transporting the extracted resources for their processing, as well as the rational use of natural resources and environmental protection.
demographic factors. These are systems for the resettlement of workers, ensuring adequate working conditions infrastructure, the provision of the region with a sufficient amount of labor resources.
This also includes the state of infrastructure, economic and economic-geographical factors. The oil industry gravitates towards sources of raw materials that are not always located close to developed infrastructure.
Resource conditions
When locating the capacities of the oil refining and fuel industries, one also takes into account economic condition resources. It means:
- mining and geological conditions of mining;
- reservoir thickness and density;
- its depth, volume of reserves, quality.
To assess the quality, an analysis of the composition of gas or oil is carried out, and the energy value is estimated.
Fuel and energy complexes have a large area-forming potential and create conditions for the creation of fuel-intensive industries. The environmental strategy in such complexes should be aimed at reducing negative impact on the environment.
Industry composition
Industry composition is a classification system in which the class of communication between production facilities within the same industry, there can be more than 10 connections, especially if we are talking about the intersectoral complex.
Communication within the industry composition can be:
- Horizontal - if the industries between which the relationship is calculated are in the same category.
- Vertical - if there is a hierarchy of industries in ascending order.
In the case of the oil industry, the sectoral composition plan consists of horizontal links:
- Resource extraction;
- Resource transportation;
- Primary processing;
- Recycling.
An example of a vertical industry composition is the petrochemical industry and the oil industry as its component.
Significance in the world economy
Oil and gas production is an industry that requires large investments, but, on the other hand, significantly replenishes the budget of a country that supplies oil to less industrialized regions. Fluctuations in the cost of oil significantly affect the ratio of the values of currencies and shares of industrial giants.
The economic and political picture of the world, spheres of influence in the sectors of the world economy depend on it. Such industries as transport, petrochemical, organic, pharmaceutical, trade are subject to it, since the development of these industries is impossible without fuel and products for fine organic synthesis.
Video: Oil 2017
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